Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ITGS Terminology
ITGS Terminology
Processing technologies
Clock speed Speed of a processor, in ticks per second.
Central Processing Unit
Hardware responsible for processing all instructions the computer runs.
(Processor/Microprocessor)
Gigahertz (GHz) Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 MHz.
Multiprocessing A system with more than one processor, to increase its performance.
Multitasking A single processor running multiple tasks by switching rapidly between them.
Software The instructions and programs which are run by the CPU.
Terahertz (THz) Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 GHz.
Input devices
Bar code scanners Input device that uses a laser to read a bar code.
Concept keyboard Keyboard with keys that perform programmable, customised functions.
Digital cameras Camera that saves images digitally, often in JPEG format.
Game controllers Input device with buttons used for games playing.
Joystick Input device used for games playing and flight simulators.
Keyboards Input device that lets the user enter text and numeric data.
Multi-touch Input device able to recognise touches and gestures made with multiple fingers.
Multimedia keyboard Keyboard with buttons to perform common tasks such as program launching.
Optical Character Input device that reads printed text, scans it, and converts it to text that can be edited in
Recognition a word processor.
Input devices that read simple multiple-choice style answers by looking for marks on
Optical Mark Recognition
the paper.
Scanner Input device used to digitise photographs and paper copies of data.
Sensors Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.
Stylus Input device used in conjunction with touch screens.
Touch screen Input device that lets the user touch areas of the display to perform tasks.
Webcam Input device used to record video, often found in laptop computers.
Output devices
CRT monitor Output device. Older type of monitor, now almost obsolete.
Inkjet printer Printer that works by spraying ink through nozzles at a sheet of paper.
Interactive whiteboard Device that uses a projector for output and touch inputs, using a special pen.
LCD screen Output device. The newer type of monitor which is flat.
Native resolution Resolution of an LCD display that produces the best display quality.
MB See megabyte.
Megabyte Storage unit: 1024 kilobytes
Solid state secondary storage device, often used for digital
MMC cameras.
PB See petabyte.
Petabyte Storage unit: 1024 terabytes
Storage systems which are found inside the computer and are
Primary storage electronic. RAM and ROM are examples.
Redundant Array of System where multiple hard disks contain duplicate data, to
Inexpensive Disks be used in the event of one failing.
TB See terabyte
Terabyte Storage unit: 1024 gigabytes
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including
Universal Serial Bus mice, printers, and digital cameras.
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including
USB mice, printers, and digital cameras.
Volatile storage Storage which loses its contents when the power is removed.
YB See Yottabyte.
ZB See Zettabyte
Yottabyte Storage unit: 1024 zettabyes
Zettabyte Storage unit: 1024 exabytes
1-5 Miscellaneous
Uninterruptible Power Backup power system which powers a computer if the mains
Supply electricity fails.
Voice over Internet Protocol System that lets users make telephone calls over the Internet.
VoIP See Voice over Internet Protocol.
1-6 Types of computers
1-7 Accessibility
Braille keyboard Special keyboard designed for users with eyesight problems.
Braille printer Special printer that can produce Braille text.
Accessibility software that tracks where a user is looking on
Eye tracking software the screen.
Accessibility software that tracks a user’s head movements to
Head control systems allow them to input data.
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input using a wand
Head wand connected to their head.
High contrast mode Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems.
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input data by pressing
Input switches a simple on-off switch.
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2-Software
2-Software – page 9
2 Software
2-Software – page 10
Licence agreement for software that sets out the users rights
End user licence agreement and responsibilities.
Free and open source Software whose source code is freely available and can be
software changed and distributed.
2-Software – page 11
Restore (a backup) Copying data from a backup copy back to the main system.
Safety critical system System whose failure could result in injury or loss of life.
Registration number needed during software installation, used
Serial number to reduce illegal copies.
Software which is free to use initially, but which must be pay
Shareware for if use continues.
Software licence that allows the use of only a single copy on a
Single-user licence single computer.
Software licence that allows an organisation to use software
Site licence on an unlimited number of computers.
Instructions that make up the software, entered by the
Source code programmer using a programming language.
Application software for performing numerical calculations
Spreadsheet software and analysis.
Video editing software Application software for creating and editing video.
Voice controlled interface Ability to operate a computer by issuing spoken commands.
Web development software Application software for creating HTML pages for web sites.
Web-based software See cloud computing.
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2-Software – page 12
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2-Software – page 13
3-Networks
3-Networks – page 14
3 Networks
3-Networks – page 17
Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other
Storage Area Network computers on the network.
Hardware device for connecting several computers on a
Switch network.
Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are
Synchronous synchronised, allowing higher speed transfer.
Adding key words to an item such as a photo to describe its
Tagging content.
Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Common
TCP/IP protocol for LANs and the Internet.
Networking system whereby client computers rely on servers
Thin client to perform their processing tasks.
3-Networks – page 18
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3-Networks – page 19
3-Networks – page 20
4-Security
4-Security – page 21
4 Security
4-Security – page 23
Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key
Public key encryption used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to
decrypt it.
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4-Security – page 25
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4-Security – page 26
5-Multimedia
5-Multimedia – page 27
5 Multimedia
Composite image Image which was created from several separate images.
Compression Reduction in the amount of data used to store a file.
Technical graphics software used to design products for
Computer Aided Design manufacture.
5-Multimedia – page 30
Number of samples taken each second when recording
Sample rate sound.
Video CODECs (coder- Software required to view certain compressed video and
decoders) audio formats.
5-Multimedia – page 31
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5-Multimedia – page 32
6-Databases
6-Databases – page 33
6 Databases
Composite key Primary key which consists of more than one field.
Combining several databases to build up more information
Computer matching about a person or set of people.
Validation check in which two fields' values are mutually
Consistency check dependent.
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and
CSV records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also
TSV (Tab Separated Values).
6-Databases – page 35
Method of extracting data from a database that matches
Searching specific criteria
Web databases
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6-Databases – page 36
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6-Databases – page 37
7-Models & Simulations
High performance
High speed computing using multiple processors
computing
Parallel processing High speed computing using multiple processors
7-Models & Simulations – page 39
Prediction Output of a computer model.
In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which updates when
Relative cell reference moved.
Difference between a computer model's representation of a
Simplification process, and the real life process.
Application software for performing numerical calculations
Spreadsheet and analysis.
Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of
Supercomputer calculations per second.
Components of a computer model which can be altered to
Variables vary the output.
Graphical or animated output from a computer model or
Visualisation simulation.
Use of a computer model to test the results of different
What-if scenario situations and scenarios.
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7-Models & Simulations – page 41
8-Business (traditional)
Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do
Acceptable use policy with IT systems.
Systems designed to reduce credit card fraud by requiring the
Chip and pin user to authenticate themselves at the point of sale.
Application software to let users work together on projects
Collaborative software even if they are geographically remote.
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8-Business (traditional) – page 45
9-Business (on line)
Active Server Pages Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by
Extended Microsoft.
Back-end Database which stores web site content 'behind the scenes'.
Graphical adverts that are typically displayed across the top
Banner ads of a web page.
Percentage of users who visit a web site but immediately
Bounce rate leave it.
Feature of a web site to help user navigation by showing the
Breadcrumb trails current page name and the names of pages which led to it, in
order.
An essential check to ensure that a web page appears the
Browser compatibility same way on all web browsers.
Email sent to large numbers of users at once. May be
Bulk email considered spam by some users.
E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a
Business-to-Business business and their suppliers.
E-commerce conducted between a business and their
Business-to-Consumer customers, for example, online shopping.
E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other,
C2C such as in online auction.
Technology to specify styling and formatting information for
Cascading Style Sheets web pages.
Click Through Rate Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it.
Domain Name System System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from
Dynamic web site data stored in a database. For example, when a user
performs a search in a shop, all matching products are
extracted from the database and a web page is generated to
display them.
External link HTML link which points to a separate, external web site.
System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for
File Transfer Protocol uploading web sites.
Software which blocks some Internet content, based on a
Filtering series of rules or lists of content.
HTTPS Protocol used to send web pages securely over the Internet.
Area of a web page – text or an image – which when clicked
Hyperlinks takes the user to another web page.
Internal link HTML link which points to a different part of the same page.
Company that provides Internet access to homes and
Internet Service Provider businesses.
Company that provides Internet access to homes and
ISP businesses.
Programming language often used to create interactive web
Java pages.
Scripting language often used to create interactive web
JavaScript pages.
Keyword density Frequently with which key words appear in a web page.
Keyword prominence Locations within a web page that key words appear.
Overuse of key words in a web page in an attempt to increase
Keyword spamming search engine ranking.
Service that links many pages to each other in an attempt to
Link farm increase search engine ranking.
Web page which alters the information it displays based on
Location based service the user's geographical location.
Unique identification
Used by cookies to help recognise return visitors to web sites.
number
To transfer data from a client to a server computer.
Uploading
9-Business (on line) – page 50
Measure of how long a computer system has been operating
Uptime without restarting.
Advertising on social media networks which spreads rapidly
Viral advertising from user to user.
3D environment in which character select an avatar and then
Virtual world explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing
purposes.
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9-Business (on line) – page 51
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Route planning Software to plan the optimum route between two points.
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound,
Sensors heat, or light.
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11-Education – page 56
11 Education
1-1 Programme Scheme in which every student is given their own laptop.
Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do
Acceptable use policy with IT systems.
Hardware and software features to help disabled users
Accessibility operate computer systems.
Software to detect plagiarised work by searching the Internet
Anti-plagiarism software and previous work samples.
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does not
Asynchronous learning require the teacher and student to be online at the same time.
Forums Online areas where users can post messages to each other.
11-Education – page 57
Refers to creations of the mind – non-physical property such
Intellectual property as photographs, music, stories, and films.
A computer input and output device often used in classrooms.
Interactive whiteboard Displays computer graphics as output and allows input using
special pens or a finger.
11-Education – page 58
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11-Education – page 59
11-Education – page 60
12-Environment
12-Environment – page 61
12 Environment
12-Environment – page 62
figures can be layered on a map of a city.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their
Global Positioning System position on Earth using a special receiver.
System of satellites that allows a user to determine their
GPS position on Earth using a special receiver.
Part of the GPS system which calculates its distance from
GPS receiver satellites in space.
Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by
Laser imaging satellites.
12-Environment – page 63
Substances
During digitisation, the number of bits used to represent each
Sample precision sample.
Sample rate During digitisation, the number of samples taken per second.
The process of converting analog data into digital computer
Sampling data.
Satellite navigation system Portable device that uses GPS to plot the user's position.
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound,
Sensors heat, or light.
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12-Environment – page 64
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12-Environment – page 65
13-Health
13-Health – page 66
13 Health
13-Health – page 67
Devices used to replace a user's arms or legs if they have
Prosthetics been amputated. Increasing becoming computerised.
Use of IT to monitor the health of patients over a large
Remote monitoring distance.
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer,
Repetitive Strain Injury which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer,
RSI which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
Credit card sized card containing a microchip for data storage
Smart cards and processing.
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13-Health – page 68
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13-Health – page 69
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13-Health – page 70
14-Home & Leisure
Cave Automated Virtual Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls
Environment surrounding a user.
Motion Picture Association Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of
of America films.
Pan European Game Organisation that provides content ratings for computer
Information games in Europe.
Recording Industry Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of
Association of America music.
Social news News sites which rank news stories based on user ratings.
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Automatic Number Plate Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle
Recognition number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.
Digital Millennium Copyright Law designed to improve copyright protection for media
companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection
Act systems such as DRM.
Voting machines where users cast votes by touching a
Direct Recording Electronic screen.
Law designed to improve copyright protection for media
DMCA companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection
systems such as DRM.
A database, often national, that contains DNA samples taken
DNA database from people arrested by the police.
Internet voting Systems which allows users to vote over the Internet.
Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to
Internet Watch Foundation illegal content on the Internet.
Keyword filter Filter that blocks web pages containing specified key words.
Online donations collected in small amounts, but which add
Micro-payments up when contributed by thousands of users.
When the use of an IT system extends beyond its original
Mission creep purpose.
Public Network Direct Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like
Recording Electronic the Internet.
Virtual reality headset Primary output device used by a virtual reality system.
Voter Verified Paper Audit An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of
Trails the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.
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Information system (IS) Person responsible for all IT purchases, deployments, and
managers systems within an organisation.
Project management Software to help plan, manage, and guide the process of IT
software project development.
Software testers People who perform alpha, beta, and acceptance testing.
List of all tests and test data that should be tried with a
Test plan system.
Training Ensuring that users will be able to work with a new IT system.
A document which explains how to perform key tasks, step by
Tutorial step.
A document which explains to users how to use a computer
User manual system.
Bug tracking system Used to track and manage bugs in a piece of software.
Point at which the developers of a system formally pass it to
Handover the client.
Tests performed by a client before formally accepting an IT
User acceptance testing system from the developers.
16-9 Miscellaneous
System development The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first
proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual
lifecycle phasing out.
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing
Virtual machine one physical computer to run several “virtual computers”,
each with their own independent operating system and
application software.
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Fuzzy logic Logic in which items can have multiple values. Used in AI.
System in which items can be partial or complete members of
Fuzzy set theory a set. Used in AI.
Hand writing recognition System to recognise human writing and convert it to text.
General rules for performing a task, used to improve the
Heuristics perform of searching algorithms in AI applications.
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to
IF-THEN rule describe the relationship between key concepts.
Part of an expert system which attempts to relate the users
Inference engine input with knowledge stored in the knowledge base.
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to
Inference rule describe the relationship between key concepts.
Area of an expert system where all facts about the knowledge
Knowledge base domain are stored.
17-2 Robotics
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17-IA & Robotics – page 93
18-ITGS (Intro)
18-ITGS – page 94
18-1 Core
Application areas
Ethical issues
Ethics
Information technology
Social and ethical
considerations
Social impacts
Stakeholders
18-2 Strand 1
Anonymity
Authenticity
Compatibility
Cultural diversity
Cultural impact
Digital citizenship
Economic impact
Environmental impact
Equality of access
Ergonomic impact
Globalization
Health impact
Integrity
Intellectual property
Legal impact
18-ITGS – page 95
Policies
Political impact
Privacy
Protocols
Psychological impact
Reliability
Security
Standards
Surveillance
The digital divide
Unauthorised access
Anonymity
Authenticity
18-3 Strand 2
18-4 Strand 3
Input
Networking
Output
18-ITGS – page 96
Processing
Storage
RSS feed
RSS reader
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18-ITGS – page 97
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18-ITGS – page 98