CH :0

Gate & Flip Flops

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 Overview of Computer

• Computer system is an interconnection of

digital h/w and s/w modules.
• They are constructed from digital components
such as registers, decoders, arithmetic
element and control logic.

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 Block Diagram of a Computer
CPU

ALU

Input Unit Output Unit

Control Unit

Memory Unit

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 Logic Gates
• They are the basic elements that design a
digital system.
• The gate is a digital circuit with one or more
input but only one output.
• The output of logic gate can be easily
understood with the help of truth table.
• By connecting the different gate in different
ways, we can design circuits that perform
arithmetic and other functions.
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 AND Gate
• Definition : When all i/p are 1 then o/p is 1
otherwise 0.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A B Y=AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1 5
 OR Gate
• Definition : When all i/p are 0 then o/p is 0
otherwise 1.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A B Y=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
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 NOT Gate
• Definition : When i/p is 1 then o/p is 0 and i/p
is 0 then o/p is 1.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A Y=
0 1
1 0

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 NAND Gate
• Definition : When all i/p are 1 then o/p is 0
otherwise 1.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A B Y=
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 8
 NOR Gate
• Definition : When all i/p are 0 then o/p is 1
otherwise 0.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A B Y=
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0 9
 EX - OR Gate
• Definition : When two i/p are different then
o/p is 1 and when two i/p are same then o/p
is 0.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A B Y=B + A
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 10
 EX - NOR Gate
• Definition : When two i/p are different then
o/p is 0 and when two i/p are same then o/p
is 1.
• Symbol :

• Truth Table:
A B Y=
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1 11
 Combinational Circuit
• It is a connected arrangement of logic gates
with set of i/p and o/p.

N Inputs Combinational
Circuit N Outputs

• Like, Half Adder, Full Adder, Subtractor, etc.

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 Flip Flops
• Flip flops are sequential logic circuits; the
output at any instant of time are entirely
dependent upon the inputs present at that
time.
• A flip flop can be designed using NOR gates or
NAND gates.
• A flip flop can store 1 bit information
therefore it is known as 1 bit memory cell.

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 FF vs. Latch
• Latches and flip-flops (FFs) are the basic building
blocks of sequential circuits.
– Latch: bistable memory device with level
sensitive triggering (no clock), watches all of its
inputs continuously and changes its outputs,
independent of a clocking signal.
– flip-flop: bistable memory device with edge-
triggering (with clock), samples its inputs, and
changes its output only at times determined by a
clocking signal. 14
 SR Flip flop
• The SR flip-flop, also known as a SR Latch, can
be considered as one of the most basic
sequential logic circuit.
• This simple flip-flop is basically a one-bit
memory bistable device that has two inputs,
one which will “SET” the device (meaning the
output = “1”), and is labeled S and another
which will “RESET” the device (meaning the
output = “0”), labeled R.
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 SR Flip Flop
S R Q(t+1)
S Q
0 0 Q(t) No Change
C SR 0 1 0 Clear to 0
FF 1 0 1 Set to 1
R 1 1 ? Indeterminate

Truth Table

Graphic Symbol

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JK Flip Flop

J K Q(t+1)
0 0 Q(t) No Change
0 1 0 Clear to 0
1 0 1 Set to 1
1 1 Q’(t) Complement

Truth Table

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D Flip flop

D Q(t+1)

0 0 Clear to 0

1 1 Set to 1

Truth Table

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T Flip Flop

T Q(t+1)

0 Q(t) No Change

1 Q’(t) Complement

Truth Table

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 Shift Registers
• The Shift register is used for storage and transfer
of digital data.
• The basic building of shift registers is Flip Flop
mainly D FF. The storage capacity of shift reg. is
depend on number FF are used. Because each FF
store 1 bit data.
• The group of FF is known as a register.
• We can enter data either in serial form or in
parallel form.
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 Shift Registers
• Types : it is classified on way in which data entered
and taken out from a register.
1. Serial In Serial Out (SISO)
2. Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO)
3. Parallel In Serial Out (PISO)
4. Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO)
• Application:
1. It can be used to design special types of counter that
can be used to perform a no of arithmetic operations
such as subtraction, multiplication etc.
2. It can be used as data storage, data transfer. 21