A very intriguing topic !!!

Alvarado 1

Mario Alvarado Notes:

- Thesis is clear in the aspect of the topic but not the argument.
Professor McCann It sounds as if the paper is going to be a regular paper about
bullying not an argumentative.
ENGL 1301. 203 - Add counterarguments here and there to remind the reader
that this is an argumentative essay and to present the opposing
view.
13 April 2022

Bullying Combo

Combos are usually a delight, presenting two things instead of one. However, an example

of an unpleasant combo would be motives combining to cause bullying behavior. Although it is

commonly believed that bullying happens because of one reason, research has shown that it
delete
actually is caused by a combination of motives. Rather than having one specific motive for

happening, bullying occurs as a result of different motives which combine to eventually cause

bullying behavior.
Insert comma
Sociological and Psychological Motives Merging to Cause Bullying

Separate factors from fields such as the sociological and psychological are some of the

most common motives for bullying. Stacking motives from both fields contributes to bullying
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occurrence more as it basically merges two of the most common motives together which are

bound to lead to bullying. An example of this is provided by Wan Ismail et al. when detailing

their study which was conducted in order to assess the sociodemographic and psychological

factors that typically lead to bullying in Malaysia. Wan Ismail et al. identifies psychological and

psychopathological motives as some potential factors that motivate bullying behavior occurrence

(114). Additionally, Wan Ismail et al. also details that sociological factors such as domestic
Delete
violence in families or child abuse also contribute to the happening of bullying behavior. Some

of the psychopathological factors that Wan Ismail et al. finds that contribute to the occurrence of

bullying are depression, anxiety, and aggression (115). Furthermore, psychological disorders
 Alvarado 2
"were also found"

such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also were found to contribute to the
"to the occurrence of bullying"
event of bullying happening. (Wan Ismail et al. 115). To shift away from the psychological and

psychopathological perspective, a combination of sociological factors were also found to play a

role in bullying experiences.

Wan Ismail et al. detail in their study that the buddies that were studied in their research

came from low socioeconomic status and low academic achievement which indicates that both

low sociological factors such as economic standing and academic performance may also have to
Delete Delete the extra space
do with bullying happening (117). The combination of sociological and psychological factors

which leads to bullying is not only limited to Malaysia, but also takes place in the Middle East.
Delete
In his study, Hakim details a case in which he basically oversees a girl in Israel named

“Anat” who causes feelings of disgust to arise in her classmates because they have labeled her as

being a carrier of the “Anat disease” (216). Additionally, in his study, Hakim talks about how
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Anat’s classmates basically communicated and worked with each other in order to basically

isolate Anat because of their hostile feelings toward her (215). Hakim’s study presents the

combination of sociological factors, essentially giving in to others’ beliefs about Anat in order to

not face the prejudice/discrimination she is facing in addition to psychological factors when the

classmates turn their mindset into a “disgust” feeling in reference to Anat. The sociological

Replace desire of wanting to fit in also presents a motive for Anat’s classmates to accept the standard
with
"her" their other peers place upon them, which is to essentially avoid Anat as if she was a contagious

disease. To further, Hakim’s research is able to support the conclusion that the combination of
Delete
or sociological and psychological factors rather than one single motive tends to account for bullying
replace
with occurrence in the Middle Eastern country of Israel. To further, Israel is not the only country in
another
transiti
on Delete
word/p
hrase
 Alvarado 3

which sociological and psychological factors take precedence in the happening of bullying, as

these factors also contribute to bullying in the Indian workplace.

shift"
Despite the shifting away from the classroom and into the workplace, sociological and

psychological motives still account for bullying in the Indian workplace, however, they are not

the exact same motives. In their research, Dhar identifies the employer, political party affiliation,

Caste syndrome, and misuse of personal power as potential workplace bullying motives (79).

Dhar discusses that the employer can contribute to the occurrence of bullying by sometimes

employing relatives, who will then feel a sense of power because their relative is the employer

which decreases the chance that they will be fired and do as they please, even if it includes
Change to "is identified as another
motive for bullying by Dhar"
bullying co-workers (85). Political party affiliation is identified by Dhar as a motive for bullying

because conflicting views can cloud the employer’s judgment of the employee by limiting the

Replace employer’s ideas to solely conflicting ideas over political ideologies (86). Additionally, Dhar
with of"
finds that Caste Syndrome contributes to bullying occurrence in the Indian workplace because

like political party affiliation, it has the chance of clouding the employer’s judgment but rather
Insert comma if you delete Delete
over political ideologies it will be clouded due to “power differentials” that arise from the Case

system (86). Additionally, misuse of personal power also works as a bullying motive as Dhar

details that basically if an employee does something the employer isn’t in agreement with, they

have the power to fire the employee, a paradox that is enough to make the employee be at the

employer’s every command and be their victim of bullying (87). All of these are sociological and
delete
psychological factors that can combine and lead to bullying as they either limit a person’s

judgment into viewing them as a sole opposition rather than a regular person with different

beliefs, or they can cause the bullying victim to having a psychological state of fear because they

want to keep their job. The way that these motives sociologically impact bullying victims is that
 Alvarado 4

rather than their workplace being a place of production, it is a place of verbal harassment which

may contribute to the fear and frustration that the employees are suffering as a result of the

bullying occurring in the workplace. Moreover, sociological and psychological motives do not

only combine in the Middle Eastern and Indian cultures to contribute to bullying as they also

play a role in bullying prevalence in black, white, and Latino communities.

In their research, Dietrich and Ferguson identify the sociological motives of low

socioeconomic status (SES) and low-Grade point averages (GPA) as contributing factors to

bullying behavior arising in bullies (305). Additionally, Dietrich and Ferguson detail that the

reason bullies usually come from that specific criteria, is due to the psychological motive that the

bully begins to bully their victim because “lower SES students may be singled out more

frequently in unflattering ways and bully as a way of fighting back” (306). This poses the

psychological motive of bullying in the White, Latino, and Black communities as a way of

“fighting back” in order to combat any “attacks” that may be directed at them due to their

vulnerable sociological background. Moreover, there are more sociological and psychological

factors that can contribute to bullying behavior, for example, those that account for bullying in

the Native American and Indigenous cultures.

Melander et al. (676) relates Baldry and Farrington’s research which states that they

“found that the lack of parental warmth and the presence of parental conflict were associated

with bullying perpetration whereas parent conflict and punitive parenting were related to bully

victimization. Having supportive parents is associated with lower levels of bullying victimization

(Baldry & Farrington, 2000) and perpetration. For example, having mothers and fathers involved

in their children’s lives by talking to them about their worries, taking an interest in their school
 Alvarado 5

work, and helping them develop future plans has been associated with fewer adolescent bullying

behaviors (Flouri & Buchanan, 2003)”.

Through the citing of Baldry and Farrington’s conclusions in Melander et al.’s research, it

can be determined that the sociodemographic factors of parental relationships with their children
Confusing
and rhe psychological lack of having someone to talk to play a role in a bully becoming a bully.

Nevertheless, sometimes sociological factors such as environment, gender identity, and sexual

orientation also are some motives that can cause bullying to happen.

In their research, Lewis et al. which details bullying victims who use or don’t turn to

School Health Centers (SHC) as a way to cope with bullying, states that “victimization also has

been associated with students’ gender identity and sexual orientation” (318). This is an example

of sociological and psychological factors coming together in order to cause bullying. Sexual

orientation and gender identity are psychological factors that are free to be determined by

individuals but may spark violence or discontent among opposers. Additionally, society tends to

bully individuals who they believe do not fit into social standards, in an attempt to convert the

individual to match their own social criteria. To further, there are other sociological and

psychological factors that contribute to bullying, such as profession interaction and socialization
Elaborate more on this nurse situation. Who is the bully, a
which leads to bullying in the workplace. manager or peer? How were they being bullied? Was it for
having a different belief on a procedure or just for their being?
In their research, Difazio et al. talk about how in the Russian Federation, nurses would be

bullied due to factors such as: speaking up for themselves, the bully wanting to take control, and

exposing the inadequacies of the bully (99). All of these are sociological motives as the bully
replace with "nurses' decision to"
feels the desire to control the nurses, and the nurses basically decide to stand up for their peers,

whether it be by speaking up or exposing the bully’s faults. The bully wanting to take control is a

psychological motive that combines with the sociological responses of the nurses which will
 Alvarado 6

inevitably combine and lead to workplace bullying. Moreover, different sociological and

psychological factors may come to play in other instances of bullying, such as in lower levels of

school. Replace with "schooling"

Pellegrini collaborates that during their transition to middle school, children are bound to

experience bullying due to factors such as the school environment and peers (151). The school

environment functions as a sociodemographic factor that contributes to bullying occurrence,

while peers and their behavior act as a psychological factor which then combines with each other

to cause bullying behavior.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is evident that no single motive accounts for bullying as it actually is a

combination of motives that tend to cause the rise of bullying behavior, the most common being

sociological and psychological factors. It is likely that due to the acknowledgment of bullying

happening due to a combination of motives, the motives can be finally addressed and an end can

finally be put to the bullying issue, as it is a crisis that the world is facing. Rather than motives

combining to cause fear and distress in individuals, these motives can be turned into causing

success and inspiration in individuals.

 Alvarado 7

Works Cited

Dhar, Rajib Lochan. “Why Do They Bully? Bullying Behavior and Its Implication on the

Bullied.” Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, vol. 27, no. 2, 2012,

https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2012.666463.

Dietrich, Lars, and Ronald F. Ferguson. “Why Stigmatized Adolescents Bully More: The Role of

Self-Esteem and Academic-Status Insecurity. International Journal of Adolescence and

Youth, vol. 25, no. 1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1622582.

Difazio, R. L., et al. “The Incidence and Outcomes of Nurse Bullying In the Russian

Federation.” International Nursing Review, vol. 66, no. 1, 2019,

https://doi-org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/inr.12479.

Hakim, Eran. “You’ve Got the Disease: How Disgust in Child Culture Shapes School Bullying.”

Ethnography and Education, vol. 16, no. 2, 2021,

https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2020.1864655.

Hisar, Türkan, et al. “The Effect of Anger and Family Functions on Bullying Behavior in

Individuals with Substance Use Disorder between the Ages of 15 and 25.” Alpha

Psychiatry, vol. 22, no.1, 2021, https://doi-org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.5455/apd.96949.

Lewis, Catherine et al. “High School Students' Experiences of Bullying and Victimization and

the Association with School Health Center Use.” Journal of School Health, vol. 85, no. 5,

2015, https://doi-org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/josh.12256.

Melander, Lisa A., et al. “Correlates of Bullying Behaviors Among a Sample of North American

Indigenous Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescence, vol. 36, no.4, 2013,

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https://www-sciencedirect-com.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S014019711300069

9?via%3Dihub.

Pellegrini, A. D. “Bullying, Victimization, and Sexual Harassment During the Transition to

Middle School.” Educational Psychologist, vol. 37, no. 3, 2002,

https://doi-org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3703_2.

Wan Ismail, Salwina W. et al. “Why Do Young Adolescents Bully? Experience in Malaysian

Schools.” Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 1, 2014,

https://doi-org.tamiu.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.002.