Aten Smallest particle that cannot be broken down by chemical means Element Smallest uncharged particle that can take part in a chemical reaction 2_| Molecule Particle made offtwo or more atoms joined together ) 3 [Brownian motion Wisthe irregular bombardment of visible particles by smaller invisible particles. of liquids or gases they are suspended in. i 4 | Diffusion Random movement of different particles so they get mixed up Movement of particles from high to low concentration. 5 Kinetic particle theory Particles of liquid and gases are in continuous fandom movement, 6 Retardation factor Tt is the ratio between distance travelled by sample from base line to distance travelled by Re solvent from base line 7 | Solution ‘A mixture of solute in a solvent 8_| Sokte A substance that dissolves in a solvent 9 | Solvent A substance that dissolves another substance 10_| Solubitity The amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume of sobvent at a specific temperature 11_| Decanting Pouring off the solution leaving solid behind 12 _| Distillation ‘A method of separating a liquid from a mixture then condensing the vapors 13 _| Fractional distillation The separation of miscible liquids due to the difference in their boiling points 14 | Atomic number Number of protons in the nucleus 15 | Mass number Nucleon | The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus, number 16_| Nucleon [A particle (proton or neutron}in the nucleus 17_| Valence electrons | Electrons in the outer shell of an atom ! 18 | Isotopes ‘Atoms of same element having same atomic number, different mass number | {in terms of subatomic Atoms of same element having same proton number, different neutron number ; particle) 19 | Radioactive | An isotope which has unstable nuclei which decompose to emit radiation 20_| Radwactnity | Radiation or subatomic particles given out from the nuclei of unstable atoms 21 | Element | Asubstance made of only one type of atoms: 22_| Compound [Asubstance made up of two or mare different types of elements chemically combined 23_| Moture [Two or more substances mixed together but are not chemically combined 24_| Malleable | Can be beaten into different shape with a hammer. 25_| Ductile [Can be drawn out into wires 26 | Sonorous Makes a ringing sound when hit 27_| Lustrous Has a shiny surface when polished 28 | ton Electricaly charged particle An atom or a group of atoms that carry electric charge. 25_| onic bonding [ Electrostatic force of attraction between the positive and negative fons 30_| tonic lattice. [Regular arrangement of ions 31_| Covalent bonding ] Attraction force between two atoms formed by sharing electrons between them 32_| Covalent lattice Regular arrangement of atoms/molecules (according to type of structure) 33_| valency Number of electrons lost, gained or shared by an atom to complete its outermost shell 34_| Giant ionic structure. Continuous three dimensional network of ionic bonds 35_| Giant covalent structure | Continuous three dimensional network of covalent bonds 36 | Allotropes Different forms of an element having same chemical properties, different physical properties 37_| Metalic bonding [Electrostatic attraction force between metal positive tons and sea of delocalized electrons. '38_| Molecular formula Formula which shows the number of each type of atoms 39_| Empirical formula Formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio between atoms 40_| Structural formuta Formula which shows how the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds Scanned with CamScanner@i_ | Distome molecule Totecule consisting of two atoms ] “42_| Relative atornic mass (AJ | The average mass of isotopes of an atom relative to carbon-12 43_| Relative formula mass _| The sum of relative atomic masses of all the lons [or atoms) in a molecule (Relative molecular mass) M. 44_| Avogadro's constant The number of particles (ions.atoms,molecules) In one mole of a substance: | 45_| Mole eis the atomic mass or molecular mass in grams 46 | Electrolysis The breakdown of an ionic compound by passing electricity through its moken or aqueous solution a7 | Eectroie ‘A substance which conducts electricity when molten or dissolved in water due to the movement of free ions and breaks down during electrolysis 48_| Electrodes Arad of @ metal or graphite that conducts electecity 10 and (vom the electrobvte 49 | Cathode The electrode at which reduction reaction takes place S0_| Anode: [The electrode at which oxidation reaction takes place, 51_| Electroplating ‘A process used to put a thin layer of one metal on the surface of another metal 52 | Conductors ‘Substances which have a low resistance to the passage of electricity Substances which allow electricity to pass through them easily 53_| insulators Substances which resist the flow of electric current through them 54_| Exothermic reaction ‘A reaction which gives out energy to the surrounding S5_| Endothermic reaction __| A reaction which tahes in energy from the surrounding 56_| Bond energy Energy needed to break a bond or released when a new bond Is formed 57_| Fuel Substance that release energy when butnt 58 _| Clectrochemical cel ‘A cell which converts chemical energy to electric energy 59_| Fuetcell TA Cell where hydrogen and oxvgen react to produce an electric current, | 60 | Catalyst ‘A subsiance that speed up a chemical reaction wthout being chemically changed or used up ‘A substance that speeds up a reaction but remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction €1_| Actnation energy ‘The minimum amount of energy that must be gained by molecules to reactat collision 62_| Photochemical reaction | A reaction that are started by ultraviolet or visible light 63. | Photosynthesis The process by which plants make glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll which acts as a catalyst a _| Reversible reaction ‘A reaction which goes in both forward and backward directions 65 | Equilibrium ‘A reversible reaction in which the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of backward reaction 66_| Oxidation Process of gaining oxygen, losing electrons, fosing hydrogen, increase in oxidation number 67 _| Reduction Process of losing oxygen, gaining electrons, gaining hydrogen, decrease in oxidation number [[68_| Oxidation number/State_| A number that describes how oxidized or reduced an atom is 69 _| Redox reaction, Reactions in which reduction and oxidation occur together 70_| Oxidizing agent. ‘A substance which removes electrons or adds oxygen to another substance 71_| Reducing agent ‘Assubstance which adds electrons of remove oxygen from another substance Tz | Acie Substance that gives hydrogen tons when dissolved In water Acid is a proton doner 73 | Base ‘A compound which reacts with an acid to form a salt Base Is a proton acceptor 7a_| Alkali ‘Soluble base which has hydroxide ions dissovedin water 75_| pseale [A scale which shows how acidic or altaline or neutral is a Solution 76_| Indicator ‘A substance which changes color according to the pH of the solution Scanned with CamScanner77 [sar Compounds formed when hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metalor an ammonium ia] 78_| Neutralization reaction _ | Reaction of an acid with a base to form salt and water 79 _| Strong aci/Base ‘Acids and alkalis that are completely ionized when dissolved in water [80_| Weak acid/Base ‘Acids and alkalis that are partialy ionized when dissolved in water B1_| Precipitation reaction | Arreaction in which two soluble salts are mixed together to form a solid precipitate 1_| Amphoteric oxide ‘An oxide which reacts with both acids and alkalis 82 ‘Alloy ‘Armixture of two or more metals or a metal with a nonmetal 83_| Reactivity series ‘Alist of elements in their order of reactivity. ‘84 _| Thermal decomposition | The breakdown of a compound into two of more substances by heat 85 | Ore ‘Artock from which a metal can be extracted 86 _| Roasting Heated strongiy in air 87 _| Global warming The warming of the atmosphere due to the greenhouse gases trapping infrared radiation from the earth's surface 38 _| Greenhouse gas ‘A gas that absorbs infrared radiation from earth’s surface 39_[ Respiration The process by which iving things get energy trom food 90__| Corrosion The eating away of the surface of a metal by a chemical 91, | Sacrificial protection placing a more reactive metal in contact with a less reactive metal to protect it from corrosion 52_| Galvanization Coating a metal (usually iron) with a protective layer of zine 93 _| Fertilizer [A substance added to the soilto replace essential nutrients lost when crops are harvested ‘94 _| Flue gas desulfurization _ | It is the removal of sutfur dionide from the waste gases produced from burning fuels 95 | Homologous series Group of organic compounds having same general formula, same functional group, same (similar) chemical properties, graduated physical properties and each two successive members differ by CH: 96 _| Functional group ‘An atom or a group of atoms which gives a compound characteristic properties ‘97_| Hydrocarbons (Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only 98_| Saturated ‘Contains cniy single Bonds between carbon atoms 99 _| Unsaturated Contains a double bond between carbon atoms 100 | isomers ‘Organic campounds having same molecular formula, different structural formu 101 | Fraction Group of organic compounds having similar Boling points Group of organic compourds having limited range of carbon atoms 102 | Cracking The breakdown of an organic compound into smaller molecules by heat (or heat anda catalyst) 103 | Polymerization Process of joining large number of smail molecules to forma large molecule 108 | Monomer Small molecules which join together to form a large molecule 105 | Polymer Large molecule formed by joining a large number of small molecules —__| 106 | Addition polymerization | Process of joining a large number of unsaturated monomers to form a large polymer 107 | Condensation Process of joining two monomers having different functional groups by eliminating a polymerization small molecule 108 | Condensation reaction | A reaction in which two or more substances combine and a smallmolecule b elminated 109 | Non-biodegradabie Doesn't decompose by bacteria Biodegradable Decompose by bacteria 310 | Fermentation Breakdown of glucose by yeast in absence of oxygen to form ethanoland carbon dioxide Breakdown of organic material with effervescence and release of heat Scanned with CamScanner