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    Fails Dan Mage, 2018

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    Fails Dan Mage, 2018

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    30 views7 pages

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    Fails dan Mage, 2018

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    Fails Dan Mage, 2018

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    EIGHTH EDITION Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Anna Dee Fails Christianne Magee WILEY Blackwell This edition fis published 2018 © BDH by John Wiley & Sons, le Editon History Lippincott, Willams & Wilkins (le, 1965; 2e, 1975; Se, 1983; de, 1986 e, 199%; 6e, 2003); Wiley- Blackwell (7, 2009) All rights reserved. No part ofthis publicition may be repraduced, stoced ina cetrieval system, or transmitted, {nang form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, exept a6 ‘permitted by aw. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this ile is avalable at ‘itp: ww. wiley comn/gaipermissions, ‘The right of Anna Dee Falls and Christianne Magee to be identified as the authors ofthis work has been asverted in accordance with law Registered Office John Wiley &Sons, lnc 111 River Stee, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA. Editorial Office 111 iver Stret, Hoboken, Nf.07030, USA For details of our global editorial ofces, custonher services, and more inforstation about Wiley products visit us at wwcwle.com, Wiley aio publies its books in a varety of eeeteonic facmats aad by peint-oa-demand. Sonne content that sppeacs ‘in standard print versions ofthis buck may not be available ts uber formats. Limit of Liability /Dixclanmer af Warranty ‘The contents of this work are intended ta further general sient research, understanding and discussion only and ate not intended and should not be relied upon as reammendling or promoting seieatie method, agro, oF ‘reatruet by physicians fr any particular patent. In view of ongoing research, equiprnent modifications, changes ‘in governmental regulations, and the constant low of information relating to the use af medicines, equipment and evict, the reader is wig to review and evaluate the information peovded in the package insert or instructions {or each medicine, equipment, device for, amang ether things, any changes inthe instructions or indication of vase and for added warnings and precautions While the publisher and authors have usd ther best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect io the axcuracy or completeness ofthe Contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of ‘merchantability or fitness fora particular purpose. No warranty may be ereated or extended by sales representatives, ‘ttn sales materials or promotional teens fos this work. The fact that an organization, website, product ‘referred to in this work a¢ citation and/or potential source af further information does not mean thatthe publisher and authors endotse the information or stvices the organization, website, ar product may provide ot ‘recommendations it may make. "This work ssold with the understanding that the publisher isnot engaged in ‘rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may nat be suitable for your situation. ‘You should consul with a pevilist where appropriate. Furthet, readers abould be aware that websites listed i. ‘his work may have changed o¢ disappeared between when this work was written and when it is ead. Neither the publisher nor authors shall kabler ny loss of profit or anyother commercial damages, including but not lied to special incidental consequential or other damages. Libary of Comrase Cataloging in Publication Data AR Anareiay anusuctaaLoce or Fama Anas Figure 12-13, Sagital cection f an equine eye of the eye is divided into materiar and ‘posterior chansbers, filed with a fluid called ‘aqueous immar, and partly separated from each other by the presence af the! Fibrous Tunic, The outer fibrous tuunie of srl mace yf etn oe sem ond an anterior transparent cor mircinpaiedofrsyctacealige ric, 1 optic nerve pierce at the pesterioe pole of the eye, the area eribrosa. The tough is the site of insertion for the extraocular eye muscles. The cornea is the transparent anterior part of the fibrous tunic. It is the most erful refracting layer of the eye (bends ‘more strongly than even the lens): ite tramsparency and regular curvature are therefore critical elements far focusing of light on the retina. Corneal transparency is a function of: (1) lack of vascular elements and cells; (2) lack of pigment; (3} relative dehydration of the collagencs tissue; (0) a smooth optical surface (provided in com junction with the tear film); and (5) a highly regular, laminar pattern of collagen fibers that reduces light seater. The coenca's anteriae and posterior surfaces are covered swith specialized epithelaum, but most ofits thickness is camposed of collagen fibers. Vascular Tunic. ‘The middle tunic of the ‘eyeball, the muscular tunic, or ured. is compased af three parts, the choreid, ciliary body, and iris. The uvea in the posterior portion of the eye isthe cvarwid. It is highly ‘vascular and possesses multiple layers. The deepest (chasest tm the center of the glote} of these is the tapetuin, The tapetum of animals is a rellective surface that bounces incoming light back onto the retina and enhances vision in low light (Fig. 12-14). ‘The shape and color of the tapetim are variable between species and individuals, but asia rule iti confined to-the docsal part af the pasteriar globe. The ventral partion of the choroid is usually not reflective. The pigand mast primates lack a tapetura ‘The ciliary body is the anterior cantin- uuntion of the uvea. It ix a circumferential thickening of the vascular tunic, and it gives rise to many Bne sespensory liga ‘ments that suppart the lens. When the musclesin the ciliary museleeontract, they allow the lens to assume a mare spherical shapes this increases its refractive power, a change that bring close abjects inte focus on the retina. This process af focusing om near objects is called accommodation. ‘The capillaries of the ciliary body produce the aqueous humor in the anterior seg ment of the eyeball. “The iris is the moet anterior portion of the uvea and the only part of the vascular (Jat animal may survive for days with- ut water or for weeks without food, but life without axygen is measured in minutes. Delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide {the product of cellular respira- tion) are the two major functions of the respiratory system. The processes involved with these functions related to gases include ventilation (movement of ait in and outof the lungs), gas exchange between airand blood in the lungs, gas transport in blood, and gas exchange between blood and cells at the level of the tissues. Secondary functions ofthe respiratory sys tem include assistance in the regulation of the pH of the body fluids, assistance in temperature control, and phonation (voice production). The role f the respiratory system in the regulation of the pH of blood and other body fluids is closely associated with the ability of the respiratory system to remove carbon dioxide (CO, ). The changes in CO, and pH are closely linked because’ of the chemical reaction shown in the equation below. The hydrogen ions (H') generated by the combination of CO, and water help determine the acidity (and therefore pH) af blood. HLO+CO, +H +HCOF If carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood because the respiratory system can- not remove it, blood pH falls; this is res- piratory acidosis. Blood pH rises if the respiratory system removes more carbon dioxide than is appropriate and blood levels of carbon dioxide are lower than normal; this is respiratory alkalosis. Upper Respiratory Tract Nose The nase of domestic animals comprises rooting habits af the pig. ‘The lateral aspect of the nose is covered with typical hairy skin, which contains both sebaceous and

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