¬) SCt-to) xCto) Sct- to) Page no

9Ct)2t)thtt)

Jzcr)h t - d t ztt-)ht tdt- o0

C t ) * h Ct)
=
9tt
C-o)thtt-to) : ytt-2t)

fourier bransfoom propesties

zct) (s)
Ctl axilw)+b britLo)
0 tt) + b
YCE 2xx(-L)
Ct-To) eJwTo,.
x-t) = l-u9)
do Ct T, Ju9 «Cus)
x Cot) a ( dt

e Ct) ET x(9-wo C t d t tca) +7xto) i )

- 00

10 tct) idxtco
du

Inverse fourie ranstoam

2tt) Jxtuo)eatdto
xCw)=

nto) y-t)
* R T ) - Rilt)
ReC) elxtt)x*tt+O
C x ) -tma)
Lim ztt)-ztt+t) powev
T TT. ACpoe msv
totolpout

PSD pouwer JePs0) dt

Sxt) jte Rx(T) =. Slo) e do

 2oecio4
fmplitude modulation Page no
modu lati on mct) xcosuet
demodula-tion= (mct) « CosOc) x cosuoet

AmCt) = mCt) Coseett AcCosuset

powe
Pe Ac
Ac+ mt)
Ps mCE)
modul ation
modulation Co Sinu soldal
Tonne
T one

Am-A
fAc
¥pmct) Ac (7( 8CuO tL) t SCto -todJ.
+ m [a8Cto- CuoctLn)]
xioo
PrPe11 m+2

Sine Oawe S
multiple
mT m
2

DSB-SC power Saved i00

Sse-Sc pouer Saved =

tm, xioo
+2m

w'ghe than ssB signo!

Bw e vs B> 25 to 33).
ttilbert bransform
gmale modulotion:

u9 dect in stantaneou3 trequen

dt

Ac Cos (oct+ kpmtt))

Pm Ct)
FmC Ac Cos (uwct+ kpmCtdt)

Power s Same

we
fourier bransfom directy but
in Am we Con apply
can't in fm oY PM

&w ob fm sional is o'

theove ical
act) B cbandwidt)
oct) nB

uset+ keAm sintomt)

& Xfm t) = Ac Cos(

KAm u9 B modulatiom nde

9m 9m

NBfNBEM CBee)

u6FM Accosoet -

pH Cos (uoc-em)t t 6#c cos Ceoctuomt

Carson's Rule:
.Dm 2Cpt)em

2CA9+ sm))

9eneating9 NBFM Rrst

wBfm ?s gemenoaBed by
Suantizatton:
R=q()
d'stostion = (1-)

ava O- eldCX,R))
av

i2
00

Pulse modu lation:

code
Conversion)
Conalog to digitak
Samplin9, quantization, Encoding
n n o sh bits
Unifoom Pem- N-quantization levels
N = D

Samples pen se c
fs 2im 2 m oinformation

nbits, 8w 2 pieces
each Sample
nfm
ssion 6o eb Pcm
Transmi

SSNR
Step size Kma
2n-1

ati on erTOY Rma

quanbz
6 1 t 6.0an cin de)
SGNR
lon- Unitosm Pcm
Compandens ) lo 2)A-las
2)4-la
Tuoo standond
Two
 Cquontisoation levels-2)
DeHa modulab'en
erDYS ) slope overload 2)Gonulay
Small

tooroid 0fs affects kgk freg Compone-dy

slope 4fs
affec lou rea, Componeds

Pulse Analog modulations

OPA Puom PPm

Pam flat top to redure noi se

sct mcnTs) htt-+s)

n-00

Transmission

13-LD 21
Noise
noise Pn=ETB-8-oidt
Themal powes
-38x16 Temp ink

SvCce) 2T8
CIC)
ohite noise PSD Cons tant o
SNN CO): No

PsD KTB No-ET No

RNN C1) No Sct)

ResistoY Norse voltage: M K notse ley
Po kT

Vo 4kTBR
nois V eTRea,B
Zea ReqUaXe
2 KT afea
SNN= 2TR

Equivalent Seies Tn TR1t T2RL

PtR
Paallal Tn= TRTR
RtRL
No. x(t) X()

ea" u(t)
a+ jw

2 "u(-1)
a-jo
2a
a2w2

teau)
(a +jo)?
n!
5 reu) (a + jo)n+1
6 80
1 2r8()
8 eiap
27r6(-a
9 cos t
r[8(0-)+8(0 +o)
10 sin p jr[8(o+)-(w -a)]