An Abnormal Overvoltage due to Load Rejection on EHV Underground Transmission Lines Takashi Kerasoki, Takeshi Goto ‘Tago Electric Poser Co., ‘Togo 100, Japan stract ‘Abnormal overvoltages due to load rejection and a ground fault on @ ZISKV underground cable transnission Line are investigated by EMTP simulations to contribute rationalization of the cable testing voltage. ‘The maxims ‘transient and temporary overvol tages reach 2.2pu and 2.0p1 de to the lox rejecion. The former one cccurs immediately ‘after the load rejection due to a resonance between the inductance and the capacitance of the system. When a ground fault superposes the load rejecion, the overvol tage becomes Jess than that caused by the load rejection only. 1, Introduction Various types of overvol tages are possible to occur during cable systen operation. Estimations antl predictions of the overvoltages are quite important to @ proper insulation design of power apparatus and systen. In the cable case, the estimated overvoltages are reflected to its testing voltage when the cable is shipped from a manufacture. ‘erg various overvoltages on a cable systen, & terporary overvol tage due to @ line to ground fault has been well investigated , because the temporary overvoltage is ne of ‘the daninant factors to detemine the testing voltage of the cable. A number of studies on Lightning and switching ‘overvol tages have been carried aut. Also, the overvol tages were recently Investigated in detail to rationalize the ‘able testing voltage in Japan /1,2/. ‘kn abnormal overvol tage due to load rejecion, however, tas been hardly studied on an underground cable transnission line, and the overvol tage evaluated on an overhead transnission line was used for estimating the cable testing voltage. The recent develonment of a computer simlation ‘texinique has made it possible to analyze the load rejection overvoltage considering @ control system of a generator and superposition of a cable fault. The present paper carries ‘a through investigation of the abnormal overvol tage due to the load rejection and that superposed by a ground fault on 2 215kV underground transmission line to contribute rationalization of the cable testing voltage. 2. Overvoltages due to Load Rejection Wen a load is suddenly dropped out of a generator, an overvol tage eppears on a cable systen in the following rane. (1) The generator terminal voltage becams the sane as the inductive electromotive force, and this results in the Ata Doshiste University Kyoto 610-06, Japan systen voltage increase, (2) The generator velocity and the corresponding generator voltage increase, if the guide valve of @ motor is sustained to be open, (3), When the cable capacitance and the inductance of the generator and the transformer are in a resonance condition, @ resonant overvoltage appears. (4) If the load rejection occurs during a three-phase to ground(3LG) fault, an automatic voltage regurator (AVR) of generator is operating to increase the systen vol tages compensating the voltage drop due to the fault. ‘As a countermeasure against the above voltage increase, the turbine velocity is controlled by a power load unbolance relay(PUl), and the response ratio of the AVR is increased. 3. Model System, 3.1 Moxel Syste A model system and the system conditions are chosen so as to generate the worst abnormal overvol tage based on & survey of existing and future underground transmission lines. Fig-1 illustrates the model system. The transmission Line is consisting of a twin-circuit 275kV underground cable. A thermal pover station with 1000 is comected to the underground trensnission line. A SG fault is assumed to cour at the bus of a substation comected to ‘the other side (receiving end) of the transmission line. ‘At Tons after the fault, all the phases of the twin-circuit, Line are switched off by circuit breakers at the receiving end leading to load rejection. rsh infinite bus ex = Fig.1 A model system of a 215KV underground transmission line CALPE, OF) aia, 20d Tr, generator 10000" she 3.2 System conditions (1) Generator capecity and cable length : The inductance of ‘2 generators station Is inversely proportional to the number of generators and the capacity, shile the cable capacitance ‘corresponding to the charging capacity is proportional to TPST "95 - Intemational Conference on Power Systems Transients Lisbon, 3-7 September 1995 8the cable length. AS the existing worst condition, the number of generators is set to be one, and its capacity to be 1000 (L1SSMA). The cable length is assured to te oon or 20. (2) Generator terminal voltage : It is set to be 20.6KV ich is 108% of the nominal voltage 20kV. (3) Saturation characteristics of the generator and the transformer: Considered (4) Step up transformer : reactance 2/1104 (5) System voltage and short-circuit capacity : Set to be ‘maximum 287.5kV at the sending end, and the short circuit, capacity to be 12.55GVA(inpedance 7.96%) at the receiving enti substation. (6) Sunt reactor(Str) : The overvoltage increases as the ratio of shunt reactor compensation decreases. Fron the viewpoint of system operation, the ratio might be taken to be less than 100% expecting a reactive paver from the cable charging capecity. Thus, the ratio is set to be 100% or 50%, and saturation characteristic is considered. (7) Cable = Z1SkV XLPE cable 1x 140m? and OF cable 1x 600m? (8) Generator operating condition : The lowest pover factor is (9) Arrester : Cases with and without arresters, V-I charasteristic given in Table 1. 0 Generator control arti protection : Based on the existing. scheme, the following are considered ; AVR(high speed mgpetization, peak voltage 5.Spu thyristor control), power system stabilizer (PSS) ,under excitation linitter(UEL), Pulicurrent sensing type), overvoltage relay(GIR)-A circuit breaker at the generator terminal switches off the emerator fron the cable when the generator terminal voltage iss sustained to be more than 1.33pu for more than 50s. Capacity 1100MVA, leakage 4) 2.139 pV/0. 198000 PHA nH — eet rade Table 1 VAI characteristic of a 200 arrester TOOK | ia] Bick [| ie | Ste 65 [510 [aes [on [eo [te T Vor) 1 2 i 0 3.3 BMP modeling ‘The generator is represented ty the EMTP type-59 synchronous machine model. The control system involving AVR, PSS and (EL, and the protection schawe of FLU and ER are mdoled ty TKS. ‘The saturation characteristic of a shunt reactor is represented by the BMIP type-S2, and an arrester is mdeled by the type-39. lating Results are Discussions 4.1 Geral aspects: Fig.2 shows a typical result of a load rejection overvoltage after a LG fault at the receiving end cbtained by an EMP simlation in the case of a 40lm XLPE cable and ‘Shr. 50% compensation. (a) is for the time scale of 3scc, while (b) is enlarged one for the initial 0.8sec. It is, observed from the figure that a pulsating( transient) overvolttage is generated for a few to sare 10 cycles after load rejection, and its maxima value reaches 2.13pi. The pulsating voltage is caused by resonance between the cable capacitance and the inductance of the generator, transformer and Shr. Then, AVR operation of @ vol tage increase generates a sustained (temporary) overvol tage hich superposes the pulsating overvoltage. The maximim value of the sustained overvoltage is observed to be 1.82pu, When the overvoltage at the generator terminal ‘exceeds the Limiting voltage, the GR operates to suitch off (2) Time scale of 3sec (0) Time scale of 0.8see Fig.2 An atnormal overvoltage at the receiving end die to load rejection after SGOLPE cable 40km Shr 50%) TPST 95 - Intemational Conference on Power Systems Transients Lisbon, 3-7 September 1995the cable from the gerator. Then, the cable voltage dies ‘ut following the time constant of the eireuit. Fig.3 shows moximum values and duration time of the pulsating and sustained voltages as a function of cable type, length and Shr. compensation. It is clear from the Figure that the pulsating overvoltage is greater than the sustained overvol tage. The overvol tage in the case of OF cables is greater than that in the case of KLPE cables. AS the cable length increases and the Shr. compensation decreases, the overvol tage beccnes greater. The duration time of the pulsating voltage is less than about 50h, and that of the sustained vol tage is less than 0.6sec corregending to the time of operation of the GR. Also, it is observed in Fig.3 that the pulsating voltage involves. different resonant vaveforms, one is from the resonance between the cable capacitance and the transformer inductance, and the other is between the cable capacitance and the Shr. inductance. ‘The angular frewency «we of the pulsating voltage is approximtely 450 to 1200 red/sec. 39) 20 ggg ys Bye 2H 2s 2a — pulseting os| © sustained OF OF 220 40 4 20 20 10 a0 mien 2S Seer ee 0 Heian ontoltans “NPEMIE WE WE OF OF km em mm km em to ‘o * % (b) Duration time Fig.3 Maximum overvoltages and duration time vs. cable ‘ype/length and Shr.conpensation 4.2 Effect of various parameters The effect of parameters explained in Sec.3.2 on the ‘overvoltage is investigated, and the following results are cotained ty EMP simulations (1) Arrester Table 2 shows the effect of arresters installed at the receiving-end tus on the overvoltage. Fron this table, the pulsating and sustained overvol tages are observed to be redhead by approximately 0.2pu by the arresters. The energy consumed ty the arresters are 0.8 to 1.0V/arrester in the case of one arrester, anv 0.5Mi/arrester in the 2 arresters case. The energy is less than the Limiting value of the arrester. (2) Generator capacity Table 3 gives the calculated results of the overvol tages for the generator capacity being 1000M¥ and 35044. The table Clearly shows that the overvol tage becomes greater as the ‘capacity becomes smaller. This is due to an increase of the generator inductance as the capacity becomes smller. The ‘overvol tage can be suppressed by an arrester. (aR Fig.4 shows a calculated result of the load rejection overvoltage without the GOR. The sustained overvol tage ccontines to increase until 0.qsac due to AVR operation of ‘a voltage increase. Its mximm value reaches 2.08pu vhich is greater by 0.26pu than in the case of the GOR. The wmaximm valve and the tine of its appearance are dependent, on the time constant of the AVR. Table 2. Effect of arreseters on overvoltage (pu) YORE We Sie SR | OF hen Ser pul. | ss. | pil. to Ae. 213 | 1a | 218 | 2.0 LArr.ftase| 2.05 | 1.0 | 221 | 1.82 2arrftase| 2.05 | 1.78 | 2.08 | 1.81 ‘+ pul. spulsating voltage, sus. :sustained vol tage Table 3. Effect of generator capacity an overvol age cable length 3 ew SE ee compensation | 10 Sth 10% 5 fovervoltage [pula [sus. [mul [sus. [pul [ss [pul [sis & 101) 213 (181 176 |2.8/ 1. ety [350061 2a T]2.42|2.16 ow | 2) 2.00 1.69 | 2.06 | 1.91 Fig.4 A lond rejection overvoltage after 36 with no OR OLFE cable 40m, Str. 50% conpensaticn) TPST "95 - Intemational Conference on Power Systems Transients Lisbon, 3-7 September 1995 954.3 Analytical study on pulsating overvol tage ‘Te model systen illustrated in Fig.1 is sinplified for an analytical study as in Fig.5. The cable is represented nly by capacitance C. Ly represents the shunt reactor, ‘and Le the inductance of the generator and the transformer neglecting the nonlinear characteristic. The differential exuotion of the circuit is solved by Laplace transform, and the following forma is obtained V(t) =Vq(cos wt -coswot) i where sEe/ (Le(l-wiL.Cil, } 2) too = {Lat }o1/(Ls0)) 177 @ and E,, + amplitub of voltage source e in Fig 5 Table 4 compares the EMIP results and the above analytical solutions. The analytical solutions agree with the MIP results. The above formila clearly indicates that the macimm value of the pulsating voltage increases and the frequency decreases as the capacitance C and the indsctance Le and Ls increase. t=0 © Fenny (Se. Fig.5 A simplified model circuit ‘Table 4 Comparison of BAIP and analytical solutions (cable, Veg | MIPE ikon | XLFE Alu | OF then | OF Atk feapaation(ey 100] 50 | 10] $0 | 100] 50 | 100] 50 dy [D@_[208 [25 [oF [2.1316 [2.8 [2.16 [2.8 analyte. [2.01 [2.10 [2.02 | 2.22 | 2.00 | 2.23 | 2.00 | 2.50 % BaP [ust [it [az | 1082 | 696 | 466 [077 | BL feei[analyt. | 76) 745 [tobr [ies | 589] 545 | TIO] 5 4.4 Sgerpasition of load rejection and a ground fault (1) Basic analysis ‘hen phase "a" to ground fault occurs at its peak Ipu, ‘the sound phase "b" and "c" voltages are given in the following formls // a*~(Ze-Z) / (Zet%+Z2+3Ry) a A (Lo Ds) / (deta Z2t BR) 6) Shere Zs 2 and Z 2: the syametrical component impedances seen from the faulty position, R, : fault resistence , acexp( 21/3) Fig.6 shows the sound phase overvol tage calculated from equation (4) and (6)- Considering the fact that R. is very small in the trunk line, the condition of @ high overvol tage is that the zero-sequence reactance xe is ‘greater than the positive-sequence reactance x1. During Iced rejection, the most apparatuses in @ cable systen show the characteristic that x1 is greater than xe. x: of the ‘shunt reactor is the same as x». Consequently, m= Xo/x 1 of Fig.6 is smaller than 1 in the cable systen, and thus, the sound phase voltage during the fault is swoller than the steady-state voltage without a fault. In an overtesd Line, Xe is far greater than x, i.8, mL. meXIX Fig.6 Sound phase overvoltages due to line to ground fault (2) Effect of a Line to ground fault ‘The effect of a 3LG fault on the load rejection overvoltage is investigated in # model circuit illustrated in Fig.7. The condition of the investigation is as follows; + ALG fault oceurs at the receiving end substation in Fig.7 + Circuit breakers(CB) operate at 70ns after the fault in the folloving sequence. open = CB-AL, CBL, CB-A2, CBE, CB-C2 malfunction of OB CB-C1 (The fault on phase “c" is not cleared.) + A backup CB(CA-C1) clears phase “c" at 200s after the above operation, and the fault is campletely cleared. ‘A generator CB clears the generator if the terminal voltage more than 1.33pu is sustained for wore than S0rs. (3) Calculated results Fig.8 shows a load rejection overvol tage without © ground TPST "95 - International Conference on Power Systems Transients Lisbon, 3-7 September 1995 Pree ee cone ge "og a | ate At oo generat ea a il 3LG igo! oe totes as is fe) het st 96foult calculated by the BMIP, and Fig.9 the overvoltage de to load rejection superposed by 2 3LG fault. In the calculation, an XLPE cable of 40 km and 50 % Shr campensation are used. The folloving observations are made fra the figures. 2) A pulsating overvol tage due to load rejection appears cn phases "a" and "b" of the circuit No.1 and 2, shen the main GB cperate at Tiss after the AG (@ in Fig.9}. The ‘overvol tage decreases to appraximately 1-5pu when & Line to ground (1LG) fault superposes to the load rejection (@) ~@ in Fig.9). ) Another pulsating overvol tage ampears cn pase "c" of the cireuit No.2, ven the backyp CB operates at 200 ms after the main CB operation. The overvoltage is nearly the ‘some megpi tude as those on phases "a" and "b" explained above. ) Then, due to AVR cparation of generator voltage increase, the sustained overvoltage increases until 2 GOR operation. the magnitude of the overvoltage is similar to that due to load rejection only. ‘The above chservations indicate that the overvoltages due to superposition of load rejection and 2 ground feult are ‘smaller than those due to load rejection only as is clear from the tens (a) It is eqected that the overvoltage due to superposition of load rejection and a ground fault cocurs very rarely in a cable systen. 2aipunois Fig.B Overvoltage de to load rejection only OLPE cable 40m, Str.50% compensation) (©) Circuit No.2 Fig.9 Overvoltage die to swperposition of load rejection ‘nei line to greurd fault (116) (1) The maximum transient overvoltage appears imediately after load rejection due to resonance between the cable capacitance and the inductance of the generator, transformer ‘and shunt reactor in the systen, The transient pulsating overvol tage decreases for sane cycles, and the temporary sustained overvoltage increases until operation of 2 GR, ‘The maxims transient overvol tage ranges fram 2.0pu to 2.2pu of hich the duration time is less than 50ns, while ‘the temporary overvol tage ranges fram 1.6pu to 2.Qpu ane the duration time up to 1see. (2) The overvoltage due to superposition of @ Line to ground fault and load rejection is, in general, smaller than that ‘due to load rejection only. (3) The overvoltage increases as the generator capacity increases and shunt reactor compensation decreases. The ‘overvol tage can be controlled effectively by arresters. ‘The observation in this paper clarifies the abnormal ‘overvol tages due to load rejection including superposi ticn of 8 ground fault in EHV underground trarmission Lines. ‘The data are egected to be useful for the rational {zation of cable testing voltages. 6. References 1) IEE Japan Study Committee of cable Transients ; Overvol tages on Cable systems and Estimation thereof, IEE ‘Jagan Tectnical Report No.527, 1994. 2) ERA Cable Testing Voltage Committee ; High voltage ‘Testing of XLPE Cables and Acessories, ERA Report No.51-1, 1986, 3) TEE Japan ; Electrical Engineering Handbock, TEE Japan, 1994 TPST 95 - intematioun’ Svafevence on Power Systems Transients Lisbon, 3-7 September 199!