ARIZ305b

-NOV. 1981
(11 Pages)

CENTRIFUGE KEROSENE EQUIVALENT OF AGGREGATE

INCLUDING K-FACTOR
(A Modification of Test No. Calif. 303)

Scope of 400 ti~es gravity (400 G) on a lOa-g. sample

(See Figs. 1 and 2). The required rpm necessary
1. This method of test furnishes a measure of the to achieve this force is determined from the follow-
surface capacity, including absorption, of both ing formula:
coarse and fine aggregates used in bituminous mix-
tures. The K-factor is an index that indicates the
relative particle roughness or degree of porosity.
Required rpm of centrifuge head = 11., 000, 000
r

Apparatus lfuere: R Radius in inches to center of gravity

2. The apparatus shall consist of the following:
(a) Centrifuge. - A hand or power-driven
centrifuge with cover, capable of exerting a force
of sample
(b) Centrifuge Cups. - Aluminum cups 2-13/16
in. in height and 2-1/16 in. in diameter (Fig. 3)
with a perforated brass plate containing a minimum

FIGURE 1
ARIZ 80Sb
NOV. 1981
Page 2

A.S.A. Class 4 fit.

r-.-------- 2 If
,i r yJ: ~----- .. .I." _
:'61'''~ "11
I
I

MOTe,.ial: "'6d Ha,.d Cast 6ror'!ze

0" eCjuQ I.

Spider and Gimbals mUST baiance.

All dimensions t .005 except

as noted.

full 5c:ale

FIGURE 2
DETAILED PLAN OF CENTRIFUGE PARTS
 ARIZ 805b
NOV. 1981
Page 3

DETAIL DRAWING OF
CENTRIFUGE CUP
Scale Full Size
Total weiqht 2.15 grams
:t:3 grams.

I
I
HALF TOP VIEWI
; HALF'!
BOTTOM VIEW
I
I ,

f - - - - - - ai~·/'l-'
! vawtP
I ----1,
.-0'i J,

~f-T
I III iOP COLLAR

I "S I
I BODY ~ i
I' It ~~
III, I I ~~ .~
I I'
~ I~. c4 Thret:1ds per /nc~: il
!' , Counter bo~<!: ' : 1;1

I lise 0 Y I' Ii ~ ~ j ,2 Thr~C7ds : il

II' II Alumi~um I I '\ 'J~

I'
-,--_::-1 --...;~====~

a~~~
:11
! I 'Ill !i HALF HALF
I:: :
II i I
I : 1I'I'i : IEl..EVATJON! SECT10N
~~ ~ I
! Sc.reen? "
i
III
II BODY
j .L\ \ i :',\\\ '::
:±-
'BOTTOMI \\"\~i\
RING .1.. ••\
r
Wt,:f'~ Ii
HALF ELEVATlON!I HALF SECT10N +
!
! t _-;~;}-
Sleel .~
-t-

____=__ . 0

TOP COLLAR BRONZE BOTTOM RING

FIGuRE 3
 ARIZ 80Sb
NOV. 1981
Page 4
of 100 holes, .062 inches in diameter, per square
inch.
(c) Balance. - A torsion balance, 500 g.
capacity, accurate to 0.1 g.
(d) Netal funnels. - Top diameter 3.5 in.,
height 4.15 in., orifice 0.5 in., with a piece of
No. 10 sieve soldered to the top of the orifice.
(e) Glass Beakers, 1500 mI. capacity.
(f) Timer with sweep second hand.
(g) Pans, 4.5 in. in diameter, 1 in. deep.
(h) Ovens. - One oven capable of maintaining
a temperature of 230 0 F ± 50 F; andoan oven capable
of maintaining a temperature of 140 F.
Hater ials
3. (a) Kerosene, 1 gallon.
(b) S.A.E. No. 10 lubricating oil.
NOTE: Ke~osene
and S.A.E. No. 10 lub~icating
oil shall be supp lied as "standa~d" mate~ials by
Centml Lab.
(c) Filter paper, 5.5 cm. diameter, Eaton
Dikeman No. 613.
Preparation of Sample
4. (a) Separate the aggregate into two size
groups; "c" material, used for Kc determination,
passing the 3/8" sieve and retained on the No. 4
sieve; "F" material for Kf determination, all pass-
ing the No. 4 sieve.
(b) Determine bulk O.D. specific gravity for
fine aggregate ("F" material) by ARIZ 211 - Specific
Gravity and Absorption of Fine !1ineral Aggregate,
and for coarse aggregate ("C" material) by AASHTO
T 85 - Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregates.
NOTE: Bulk O.D. spec1-j'w gmvity which has
been 7.eter'mined for' plus No. 4 mate~ial using
r,~lr1itio1Jal 3izes may be used in lieu of r'Unning
;;{H3Ci/ic g/'flvi ty fo~ "c" mater'ial as desc~ibed be-
/d..r./v'8.
(c) The gradation of the aggrer,ate employed
is used to calculate the surface area of the
nggregates. This calculation consists of multiply-
Tota I I'e rcent Passing
Sieve No. 3/4"
Surface Area Factor * ,~
·"Assume: sllrfaee area for all of plus No. 4 material
ing the total percent passing each sieve by a
"surface area factor" as set forth in Table 1, and
dividing by 100. The sum of all the results re-
presents the equivalent surface area of the samole
in terms of square feet per pound.
tWTE: All su~face a~ea faato~s must be used
in the calculation. If a differ'ent se~ies of sieves
is used, diffe~ent su~face-a~ea facto~s a~e neces-
sa~y. An example of calculations is piven in Table
II, section 13.
Procedure
5. Fine aggregate shall be tested as follows:
(a) Obtain a representative minimum 210 g.
sample of Pass No. 4 material, place in an oven
0
at 230 ± 50 F, and dry to constant \~eight.
(b) Allow the sample to cool to room temper-
ature and place exactly 100 g. in weighed centrifuge
cup fitted with the perforated metal disk under-
lying a disk of filter paper.
(c) Prepare the other centrifuge cup in the
same manner, with another 100 g. of the same
material.
(d) Place the centrifuge cups in a pan con-
taining sufficient kerosene (1/2 in. deep) to
saturate the samples by capillary action.
(e) \oIhen the samples are saturated, place
the cups in the centrifuge, and spin for 2 minutes
at a force of 400 G (for hand operated centrifuges
this force can be developed by turning the handle
about 45 revolutions per minute).
(f) Reweigh the cups with the samples to the
nearest 0.1 g. and subtract the original weig~t.
The difference is the percent of kerosene retained
(based on 100 g. of dry aggregate). Record the
average of the two values for duplicate samples.
!lOTE: If the diffe~ence between the two
samples exceeds 0.20 g~ams the test should be r'un
again, taking g~eate~ ca~e in obtaining duplicate
agg~egate samples.
6. Coarse aggregate shall be tested as
follows:
(a) Split out two 105 gram minimum represent-
ative samples of the passing 3/8 and retained No.
4 sieve material. (If a 1/4 in. sieve was employed
in the coarse sieve analysis, the material retained
TABLE I
SURFACE AREA FACTORS
3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
2 4 8 14 30 60 160
2 sq. ft./lb.

on the 1/4 in. and No. 4 sieve shall be graded in
proportion with the weight % retained on the respect-
ive sieves.) Place in an oven at 230 0 F t 50 F. and
dry to constant weight.
(b) Allow to cool at room teMperature, then
weigh out exactly 100 grams from one of the 105
gram samples and transfer to the funnel. Immerse
material in S.A.E. No. 10 lubricating oil for 5
minutes by placing funnel in holder (a 500 mI.
glass beaker works very weIll and pouring adequate
amount of oil over aggregate until saMple is entire-
ly covered.
(c) ReMove funnel and place in a metal quart
can. Drain for 2 minutes, then place can with
funnel in an oven set at 140 0 P. for 15 Minutes of
additional draining.
(d) Obtain the tare weight o~ a pan, remove
the sample from the oven and pour into the pan,
allow to cool and then weigh to the nearest 0.1
gram. The di:ference between the original sample
weight (100 grams) and the final sample weight
(weight minus the tare weight of pan) is the per-
cent oil retained.
(e) Subject the other 105 graM sample to the
same procedure as shown in paragraphs (b), (c) and
(d).
(f)Record the average of the tllO values for
duplicate samples,
:mTE: ::f ~he di;';'eY'encp. between the tuo
sar:1~)Ze3 exceeds 0.30 :irams the tRot should be pun
agr::.in~ ta7:ing ;]f1eatr:Jp" caI.'tJ in obtainii7.(1 duplicate
a~~Y'e~ate sampZes.
Calculations
(a) Kf is determined from the follOlnng
factors:
1) Percent of kerosene retained, which
represents the total effect of superficial
area, the aggregate's absorptive properties,
and surface roughness.
2) Computed surface area, based on
particle size.
3) Percent passing No. 4 sieve.
(b) If the specific gravity for "p" is
greater than 2.70 or less than 2.60, make correct-
ions for percent of kerosene retained with the
following fOTIJula:
Corrected eKE = (% kerosene ret.)x Sp. Gr. "F"
2.65
(c) Start in the lower left hand corner of
the chart in Pig. 4 with the value for CKE correct-
ed for specific gravity; follOl~ the straightedge
horizontally to the right to the intersection with
calculated surface area; hold the point, Move
ARIZ B05b
NOV. 19B1
Page 5
vertically upward to the intersection with the
percent passing the No.4 sieve, hold the point,
and follol~ the straightedge horizontally to the
right. The value obtained will be the ~urface
constant for the passing No.4 fraction "P", or
"Kf"·
(a) Kc is determined from the percent of
S.A.E. No. 10 oil retained, which represents the
total effect of superficial area, the aggregate's
absorptive properties, and surface roughness.
(b) If the specific gravity for "c" is
greater than 2.70 or less than 2.60 apply the
correction to oil retained by the followinp.
fOrMula:
% oil ret. corrected (% oil ret.)x SD. Gr. "e"
2.65
(c) Start at the bottom of the chart in Pig.
5 with the corrected percent oil retained, follow
the straightedge vertically upward to the inter-
section with the diagonal line, hold the point, and
follow the straightedge horizontally to the left.
This value is the surface constant for the retained
coarse frRction tiC", or "K e "_
9. Km
(a) ~ represents the mean value of K for
a given combination of coarse and fine materials
on I~hich Kc and Kf have already been determined.
(b) Use the chart in Pig. 6 to combine Kf
and Kc for determination of "Km".
(c) Start in the lower left hand corner of
the chart in Fip,. 6 with the value of the total
Sur~ace Area, follow straightedge horizontally to
the right to the percentage of coarse aggregate
(+ No.4), hold point, and follow straightedge
vertically upward to the intersection with the
difference between Kc and Kf, hold point, and move
horizontally to the right to the "correction to
Kf". If (K c - Kf) is positive ~ is calculated bv
Km = Kf + corr. to Kf; if (K c - Kf) is negative Km
is calculated by ~ = Kf - corr. to Kf. If Kc = Kf,
the correction is zero, and the chart does not have
to be used, Km simply equals Kf.
10. Bitumen Ratio
(a) The chart in Pig. 7 is used, provided
the following factors are known:
1) Km
2) S.A. (Surface Area of Aggregate)
3) Combined Specific Gravity
COMbined Sp. Gr. = ~..;1::;0::.:0::.-__,::__=__----
% coarse + % fine
sp. gr. coarse sp. gr. fine
AI\[:: dOSb
oIOV. 1981
Page 6

(b) Start in the upper left-hand corner with Example

S'.A., folloll a straightedge horizontally to the
right to the intersection with the combined sp. gr., 13. Using the information given in Table II, and
hold point, and move vertically dOlffiward to the that supplied in (a), the data in paragraph (b),
intersection Illth kn0l1n ~; hold point, and move (c), (d) and (e) was calculated by the procedure
horizontally to the right. This value is for liquid outlined above.
asphalt SC-250, :!C-250, and rtC-250 only.
(a) Percent coarse = 38
(c) If a heavier asphalt is userl, refer to the
chart in Fig 8. By means of a straightedge, Percent fine (pass U4) = 62
connect the po [nt on Scale ",\" 11hich represents the
grade of bitumen to be used with the point on Scale Bulk 0.0. So. Gr. coarse = 2.589
"B" representing the S.A. of the ag3rer,ate. Through
the point of intersection on line "c" place the Bulk 0.0. 51'. Gr. fine = 2.613
straightedge to connect with the previously deter-
mined bitumen ratio value on Scale "0". The inter- Combined Bulk 0.0. 100 2.60l,
section 11ith Scale "E" represents the bitumen ratio .-lL+_6_2_
Sp. Gr. = 2.589 2.613
corrected for viscosity of the bitumen.
CKE Results
11. Percentage of Recommended Bitumen
Fines - uncorrected ret. 4.3
To convert bitumen ratio to percentage of corrected ret. 4.3 (No correction:
bitumen on the basis of total. mix, use the folloll- 2.7<sp.gr.>2.6)
ing formula:
Coarse - uncorrected ret. 3.7
% reco~~ended bitumen ~-::-=B.::i.::t.::u;::m:.::e:..:n~R:.::a.::t:.::i.::o,-:_x 100 corrected ret. 3.6
100 + Bitumen Ratio
(b) Kf = 1.25
Report Kc = 1.54
(Kc-Kf) = 1.54 - 1.24 = 0.30
12. Report the % bitumen recommended. Also re- "Correction to Kf" = a 1
cord Kc ' Kf, Km, the grade of bitumen used, specific Km Kf + correction to Kf (Kc-Kf is
gravity of coarse and fine aggregate, CKE values~ positive)
and bituQen ratio. Km 1.~4 + 0.1 = 1.34

(c) Bitumen Ratio = 5.4

(d) Corrected Bitumen Ratio = 6.3

(r.orrected using AC-20 grade asphalt)

(e) Percent Bitumen recommended = 5.9%

TABLE II

TOTAL SURFACE AREA CALCULATIOll

Sieve Percent x S.A. + 100 Surface

Size Passing Factor Area (S.A. )

31 I;" 100 2.0

3/8" 96
No. 4 62 2 1. 24
No. (l 31 4 1. 24
No. 16 22 8 1. 76
No. 30 16 14 2.24
No. 50 14 30 4.20
No. 100 12 60 7.20
No. 200 9.6 160 15.36

Total Surface Area 35.24 sq.

ft. Ilb.
 ARIZ BOSb
NOV. 1981-
Page 7

CHART FOR DETERMINING Kf FROM C.K.. E.

~ 2~
~ :6 "' " " , , "
,
, r-. ,
,~,

. Ii
~ 14 , '"1'."- '''-i'..
-
"-I'
0
12
"' , "I' "- "- I'''
I' ~ ;0
-0 8
-.
~ 7
~"..."
"-
I" "- l' /
~

.. 6
" ,. ,
(,)
I
lID
5 "'~... i' "- "" ,r-.
'{~'}o
0 4
~~,
i'
"r-....r.~0 ~ :"-
I'
, i'i'.. ,,~
(.)
3 .
~i ~, ,
"'~
1'1'.
l.U
2 "r-. ,,1'.'
. ~, '" '1'." ~~I'.
~""~
:::.::
(.) ~
"" ""
sp. gr. fi ne
C.K.E. Corrected = C.K.E. x
2.65

FIGURE 4
 ARIZ 80Sb
NOV. 1981
Page .[3

CHART FOR DETERMINING Kc

FROM
COARSE AGGREGATE ABSORPTION
• 3" :1$ •
M a t erra
. IUd Aggregate passing arret. 4 sieve
se { Oil SAE \0
. . Spa gr. of agqregate
%011 ret. corrected = % 011 ret. x 2.65

3.0 I - - Kc may also be determined by the following: " I

V
2.8 l - -
Kc = 0•4)( U + cD Qc - D
2) (O. 01 + (0. 1) / I
2.6

--
~
v
2.~ Where: C = Percent Oil Retained / I
2.2 r--
(Corrected for Spa Gr.)
v
/
(,)2.0
/ I
~
_ 1.8
V
/ I I
r::
C
-en 1.&
I /
r::
o
(,j 1.4
I
V
/ I I I
Q,)
I / I I I I I
-
(j
c
"-
::I
(/)
1.2

1.0
/ l I I
1/ I
.8
I / I

/
V
1.5 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

Per cent oil retained (Corrected for sp.gr.of 099re90te)

FIGURE 5
 ARIZ SOSb
NOV. 1981
Page 9

CHART FOR COMBINING Kf AND K c

TO DETE·R M IN E Km

If (K c - Kf) is nega ti ve, ~

'/
/ / .9
/ 0.8
Km = Kf - corr ection to Kf // 7 /
/
/ 0.7
If (K c - Kf) is posi ti ve,
Km = Kf + correction to Kf ...0 ' / 7 / 'i 0.6
If Kc = Kf' Km = Kf

,,~9. :;~
~ 'iV /
~~ ~ v/ ~ ~ t/
vVVV ~ /
'l V/ 0.5
0.4
-
:::s:::

/~ / '/
V
/
0.3
-o

~~~~fl~V l/
c
t%~[/ V V
/~t;;[/~
v 0.'/
/
V 0.2
-o
<.:l
Q)
:...
~ t/: ~ ~ ~ t/V1/ 1/ / V
:...
o

~ ~~~ j V l/ ~ ~
U
0.1

~ V V V v ,V r;:
r;~~V~ / / V / V / /'
-
.Q
:...
v: / V ~
/
/ 1/
0.0
Q) 300

-Co

d- 200
\ 1\ \
I\ \~\ \ ~
~\
0
\~
\\ \
-en
\\ \ 1\ I\~~ ~ '\1\\
-Q)

o
0' 100
\
\
\
\ -~.\-.. 1\ \\1\
0
\ \
~
-a\9\~?'
90
~r~~
\ \
0' eo
0' 70
\ \ 1\,:0 o 0
o \ ~ \0 \ 1\ \ 1\
60
,0 1\ \ \ '\ 1\ \ \
~ 50
o
Q)
40 \ \I \ \ \ 1\ \
:...
o
Q) 30
\ \ 1\ \ 1\ ~ \ \
- 1\ \ \ \ \1\\l\
<.:l
o
:... 20
\
::l
en
\ '\ ~ 1\ 1\ ~\ l\
10 ~
FIGURE 6
 A
/ 7 0-0
100 - /1/ PlZ::X>
&0 -
00
"///17 CHART FOR DETERMINING OQ 0 :;u
CD<:H
• N
~70
- 7 / / / / I-'
.Q /V / V / BITUMEN RATIO
Ol-'CO
\0 0
-00
..
..: 4.lW 17 V V/V co \Jl
1-'0"
0. 110 -l-------I.>i'/ifl)!:~·V/VV
v
i 'r~-y Y'j Jl' 'Yr
1/ r,%~/
~
..
.;.40 - 1 - - - - - .... /

(:j\'
0
/

Y/[/ / /;y
(~1l0
(]O
4
-t----C:l,":/vi/ / / .PROCEDURE
-
o i(}~[/Vvr/
20
o c;V/l// / Given surface area, combined sp. gr.,
•...
4
.. III
/~VVVV and ~ of aggregate .

o
VVV~~v Find surface area on scale A.
-...
o
:J
11)10
/VV /
-/1/ V 1/
V B
20 Proceed horizontally to line correspond-
ing to combined sp. gr. of aggregate.
Then down to line corresponding to Km.
I/VV . .-// . / !7
15
Then horizontally to scale B for Bitumen
VV /
/ IV -:;::;;
V
...-7
./ ...- Ratio.
V -~ i............-'
~~r"-'l-JP' /
/ / .........
/V':: > /
10
9 Bitumen Ratio = lbs. of bitumen per
e 100 lbs. of aggregate and applies directly
/1.-' 1/ 0 .... IV ~~V7v
7·Q
A V V V· Vt/:~t.:-::.-IV/V...-V
6~
to asphalt of SC 250, MC 250, and RC 250
:V L / 1/ j?:::':; ~ r::::J~ 1---:::: V V . . . .- 5 c
grades. The bitumen ratio is converted
to percent bitumen (based on total mix)
~
VV ~r::::%Vr-:::
>/v~v/
/ I~VVV:V _4
CD

§ by the following:
~~§:r:~J~~C:V~V
.:!::
m Bitumen Ratio
3 %Bitumen = x 100
~~v~5-r::VCl~I.-/ 100 + Bitu~en
[::::r::[;:
~-~I_~~I~I/
V 1/1//
'/1/
- 2
Ratlo

-:::V[::rV V V
When heavier liquid or pqving
asphalts are used a correction must be
made to the bitumen ratio. See Figure 8.
L-
B 1

FIGURE 7
 Paving Grade Asphalts

o
Li qui d M

Asphalts u
c:(
SC, MC, RC
o o 0
.
o o o E

Q '" '"
0
o 0000 14
2 N q-NCOq-

(lJ co 10 ~ u '" u
~~~~
A·II • ••• , 13
3

4
12
PROCEDURE
~

0
LO By means of a straightedge, connect the
('J
5 point on scale A, which represents the grade II

-
U of bitumen to be used, with the point on O.~
00:: scale B representing the surface area of the .-III
-0
o ...0 6
aggregate. Through the point of intersection
on line C, place a straightedge connecting
10 Ou
0::: .!!!
0::: with the previously determined bitumen ratio >
u
c::E value on scale D. The intersection of the c: L-

0> ~ 7 straightedge with scale E represents the ___ c 9 0>0

E ....
E~ bitumen ratio corrected for viscosity of the ::Ju
_:J c bitumen. Bitumen Ratio = 1bs. of bitumen _.2!
per 100 1bs. of aggregate. 6 .- u
.- 0 6 £Ow
£Ou L-
L-
w The ·bitumen ratio is converted to 0
III
a percent bitumen (based on total mix) by the ~
ro 7
9 following:
Bitumen Ratio
10-1
% Bitumen =
100 + Bitu~en
x 100 6 . '1jZ:,J>
III 0 ::u
RatlO :lQ..qH
CD • N

II 5 I 1-'1-'0:>
I-' '..0 0
B 0:> VI
CHART FOR CORRECTING BITUMEN V I
I-'cr'
J 4
12 RATIO DUE TO INCREASING VISCOSITY
FIGURE 8