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 1

SECTION - 1
DR M MUTHUKUMAR, IAS
Director, Agriculture & Food
Production, Odisha

SPECIAL PROGRAMME FOR

PROMOTION OF MILLETS IN
TRIBAL AREAS (ODISHA MILLET MISSION)
Special Programme for Promotion of Millets in Tribal Areas of Odisha (Odisha Millets Mission) was launched
by Department of Agriculture & Farmers Empowerment, Govt of Odisha in 2017 to revive millets in
farms and on plates. It emerged from a consultation between Government, Academia (NCDS) and Civil
Society (RRA Network, ASHA Network and local NGOS). It was irst agriculture programme with priority
on increasing consumption in Odisha.

Main objectives of the programme:

1. Increasing household consumption of millets by about 25% to enhance household nutrition

security and to create demand for millets.

2. Promoting millet processing enterprises at Panchayat and Block level to ease processing at
households and for value added markets.

3. Improving productivity of millets crop systems and make them pro itable.

4. Developing millet enterprises and establishing market linkages to rural/urban markets with focus
on women entrepreneurs.

5. Inclusion of millets in State nutrition programmes and public distribution system.

The nodal department for the OMM is Department of Agriculture & Farmers Empowerment, Government
of Odisha. Directorate of Agriculture & Food Production, Odisha is the nodal implementation agency
within the department for the programme. Programme was launched in 30 blocks covering 7 districts in
2017 with a budget of Rs 65.54 Cr for 5 years. Due to positive response from farmers, it was scaled up to
72 blocks covering 14 districts. The programme is implemented with community based organisations with
support of local NGOs at block level.

Government of Odisha has increased the funding from Rs 65.54 Cr to Rs 536.98 Cr. Out of which Rs 223.92
Cr is for project implementation and Rs 313.06 Cr is for procurement and distribution of Ragi in PDS and
ICDS.Entire programme is funded through state plan.
 2

Unit of the Implementation: Block is the unit of the program. Each block should cover at least 1000 Hac
in the 5 years. Crop demonstrations shall be taken up in contiguous cluster basis. Minimumdemonstration
area per farmer is 0.2 Hac per farmer. Maximum demonstration area per farmer is 2 Hac. Program expects
to cover at least 1000 households in a block directly. Programme shall cover 4000 householdsper block
through production, consumption, processing and FPOs.

PROMOTING HOUSEHOLD LEVEL CONSUMPTION

1. Building prestige in consumption of millets through organising cooking competitions and
celebration of local millet based food cultures.

2. Exposure to various recipes through a process of training, food festivals and others.

3. Promotion of ready-to-eat foods with millets such as bakery items and other such enterprises.

4. Awareness building programs on nutritional values of millets to different stakeholders, especially

mother committees of women and child department programs and school students

SETTING UP DECENTRALIZED PROCESSING FACILITIES

Absence of modern processing facilities is identi ied as one of the major bottlenecks in revival of millets.
It is envisaged that promoting processing facilities helps in easy access to millet grains. The processing
facilities to be promoted in a Block include:

1. At least one Processing Unit / enterprise per cluster of villages/GPs that includes de-huller, de-
stoner and pulveriser.

2. At least one pulveriser (particularly for Ragi) per Gram Panchayat.

It is expected that successful establishing of such enterprises may kick start local enterprises and encourage
household consumption. It is envisaged that with experience and increasing production within the Block,
larger processing facilities will get established by private partners.

IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF MILLET CROPS

Millets are cultivated in different farming situations from the low lands to podu lands. There is substantial
scope for increasing productivity of millets in these different situations. The action areas include:

A. Establishing Community managed seed centres to enable easy access to quality seed in time. The
Seed Centres will be linked to the relevant Research Stations. The activities of the Seed Centres include

a. Selection, purifying and multiplication of elite performing local varieties through participatory
trials.
 3

b. Developing and specialising ‘Seed Farmers’ for multiplication and spread of new varieties and
organise them with Seed Centres

c. Demonstrations of new / improved / puri ied seed varieties.

d. Storage and supply of farmer preferred landraces/seeds to farmers.

e. Conservation and multiplication of indigenous varieties of seeds.

B. Improved agronomic practices: In addition to the improved package of practices the following
have shown potential.

a. Introducing System of Crop Intensi ication based on suitability.

b. Promotion of Line transplanting/Line sowing/Inter cropping of millets.

c. Improved manure/ composting / in-situ practices for better crop nutrition

d. Pest and disease management practices in the lines of NPM.

e. Other organic/agro ecological practices as deemed necessary as per local needs.

C. Custom Hiring Centres : Establishing custom hiring centres for implements, machines and post-
harvest operations (clean millet harvests) at clusters of Gram Panchayat level. These include a range of
useful material such as crowbars, tarpaulin sheets to mechanical weeders.

D. Community Resource Persons: Training of the identi ied progressive farmers or young persons on
different themes and using them in program implementation based on need and for imparting training
to the farmers by CRPs. Farmer to farmer learning is the key dissemination strategy.

MARKETING
The program targets two types of markets i.e. Rural and Urban. Strategies of better price realisation are:

1. Promotion and accessing of markets within the Block and district: this happens with help of
promotional campaigns and outreach locally.

2. Promotion and linkages with markets in nearby towns/ cities and urban areas.

3. Opening up special outlets for farmers, promotional campaign targeting small hoteliers, push-
cart vendors, retail outlets etc are some of the strategies that will be adopted.

FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS

Comprehensive revival of millets in a Block requires service delivery. The community/ farmers’ level
institutional base varies from Block to Block. It is envisaged that FPOs are organised one per Block, keeping
long-term sustainability and delivery of services in the view. Farmer Producer Organisation shall be linked
 4

with community institutions such as custom hiring centre, community seed centre, etc. FPOs shall also
provide aggregation and other need based services.

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION STAKEHOLDERS

The programme will implemented with community based organisations with support of local NGOs at
block level. A state secretariat for Odisha Millets Mission was formed. State Secretariat had Programme
Secretariat and Research Secretariat. WASSAN was chosen as programme secretariat to support the DA&FP
at state level and ATMA at district level. NCDS was chosen as research secretariat. State Secretariat was
hosted at NCDS.

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS

SNo Level Agency Role

1 Sub-Block Community Based Organisation Implementing the program

level
Village Agriculture Worker Supports and Reports the progress to Block
AAO
2 Block Facilitating Agencies(FAs) NGOs Faciliating and supporting the Farmers’
Level will be selected as FA. organisation in implementation

AAO Supports FA in convergence and monitoring

the program
3 District Collector and District Magistrate Program Administration, funding and
Level DPMU, ATMA convergence.
Programme Secretariat Convergence and Governance
(WASSAN)
4 State Program Secretariat (WASSAN)& Program Management of the Program,
Level Research Secreratiat by NCDS Convergence, support to FAs, capacity building,
communication and policy development

SPMU, OMM Administration and Monitoring of the

headed by JDA, Millet programme.

Directorate of Agriculture and Approval and Sanctions.

Food Production headed by
Mission Director
Department of Agriculture &
Farmers Empowerment
Mission on Millets Committee
Funding and Scheme related amendments and
changes.
Governance, Inter departmental approvals and
policy development
 5

ACHEIVEMENTS OF THE ODISHA MILLETS MISSION

1. In FY 2017-18 & 2018-19, OMM has reached out to 37910 farmers through crop
demonstrations.

2. It was seen average yield for the Ragi has increased from 8 Qntl/Ha to 13 Qntl/Ha despite long dry
spells in multiple districts veri ied through 1000 CCEs.

3. Participatory varietal trials with 185 landraces with 37 repetitions in 2018-19.

4. 72 custom hiring centres have been established.

5. 72 block level seed centres are in process of establishment.

6. Pilots in ICDS initiated in 20 AWCs in Gajapati and Nuapada Districts.

7. Procurement of Ragi through TDCCOL in 8 districts.

8. Distribution of Ragi in PDS covering 16 Lakh Bene iciaries.

9. Mandia Café initiative in Hockey World Cup through WSHGs of Mission Shakti.

10. Millet urban internship programme with young students.

11. MoA signed with IIMR for technical partnership.

12. Engagement with CSIR-CFTRI, ICRISAT and FAO on different aspects of millet value chain.

POLICY MAKER ENGAGEMENT

Odisha Millet Mission team also set up many stalls at many state level/national level events. Millet related
events were also organised for the following external guests:-

1. Dr Shaktikanta Das, Governor, RBI.

2. Dr N K Singh, Chairman, 15th Finance Commission.

3. Dr Ramesh Chand, Member, Niti Aayog

4. Dr Arvind Subramanian, Ex-CEA, GoI

POLICY MILESTONES

Odisha Millets Mission has achieved following milestones:-

1. Odisha became irst state to develop standard speci ications for the minor millet machinery
through recognised panel of experts from different scienti ic institutions.

2. Odisha became the irst state in the country to complete benchmarking of prices of little millet
and foxtail millet.
 6

3. Odisha became the irst state to declare direct incentive to farmers for three years through DBT
for adoption of improved agronomic practices.

4. Odisha Millets Mission received silver prize under Transformational innovation Skotch” award.

5. Odisha received award for best government initiative on millet promotion by MoFPI-IIFPT.

6. Third state to distribute millets in PDS to 16 Lakh Households in the country.

RECOGNITION & IMPACT

The Odisha Millets Mission have received following recognition:-

a. Government of India has asked all states to adopt Odisha Millets Mission model for promotion of
millets, pulses and oilseeds.

b. Niti Aayog has chosen Odisha and Karnataka as two progressive models and will to facilitate the
learnings of these states for other states.

c. State Planning Commission of Chhattisgarh has asked Government of Chhattisgarh to start a millet
mission on the lines of “Odisha Millets Mission”

d. Governor of Maharastra has asked state government to explore initiating a project on millets
considering the Odisha Millets Mission.

e. Government of India has set up a task force to understand the framework of Odisha Millets Mission
and to revise the National sub mission on millets based on the learnings of the OMM.

f. Cambridge University partnered with Odisha Millets Mission to explore possibility of design of
OMM as alternative to Green Revolution framework.

g. UN-IFAD and UN-FAO has supported the framework of Odisha Millets Mission as suitable for
taking up agro ecological initiatives.

WAY FORWARD
a. Making Odisha a “Centre for Excellence” on Millets in the country.

b. Landscape based Agro Bio diversity.

c. Inclusion of suitable millets in ICDS, MDM and PDS

d. Start Up Odisha – Millet Odisha.

e. Millet Value Chain – Seed to Storage to Supply.

f. Women SHGs led Nutrition revolution by working with SHGs for promotion of millets.
 7

SECTION - 2
DR. P.K. AGRAWAL
VICE CHANCELLOR
Odisha University of Agriculture
and Technology, Bhubaneswar

PROSPECTS OF MILLETS
CULTIVATION IN ODISHA

Agriculture plays a vital role in shaping rural economy and providing livelihood support in rural areas.
Agriculture in Odisha faces dif iculty due to small size land holdings, low investment and frequent
occurrence of natural calamities. The State has a cultivated area of 61.80 lakh ha out of which 29.14 lakh ha
is high land. Highlands are more prone to the risk of drought and water stress. A sizeable area of highlands
can be utilized for cultivation of millets under rainfed situation with minimum investment.

Conventionally, the millets constitute a substantial part of the cropping system in the tribal areas of Odisha.
Millets have resilience capacity to cope up with climate vulnerability. They can also be cultivated in marginal
land with undulating terrain. Millets can be used to address the problems of crop failure and nutritional
de iciency in handicapped ecology of the state.

Small millets consisting of inger millet, little millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, kodo millet and barnyard
millet are important to utilize the marginal land. Small millets have the inherent capacity of early maturity,
yield under low rainfall, low input and are suitable for dryland areas. These crops are highly resilient to
soil, moisture and weather variations and are suitable for contingent crop planning. Out of these six small
millets, inger millet (Mandia) and little millet (Suan) are mostly grown in Odisha. Finger millet is grown
in an area of 1.66 lakh ha with production of 1.44 lakh tones. The major ragi growing districts are Koraput,
Ganjam, Rayagada and Gajapati. Besides, jowar and bajra are cultivated in a meager area of 7.46 and 3.03
thousand hectare respectively.

Millet crops face several bio-physical and technological constraints in the state, which need to be addressed.
Majority of millet area is cultivated in rainfed condition under traditional/indigenous landraces with low
yield potential. Small millets cannot compete with remunerative crops like vegetables, cotton, groundnut,
maize and cowpea. Inadequate awareness among general public about alternative uses and value added
products of millets also reduces the demand of the crop. Non-adoption of scienti ic method of cultivation
with poor nutrient management practices result in low yield of the crop. High labour requirements and the
tedious work dissuade the farmers from taking up these crops.
 8

FUTURE PROSPECTS
Millets can be suitably cultivated as rainfed crops under marginal conditions of soil fertility and moisture.
These crops are favoured due to short growing season under dryland conditions. Millet crops can be
grown with limited water resources and usually without application of large quantity of external inputs by
small and marginal farmers. In spite of rich inter/intra-species diversity and wider climatic adaptability,
cultivation of diverse millet species is gradually narrowing in different parts of the world. It is necessary to
provide institutional support for millet crops to enhance millet production and area.

These crops are having several advantages for growing as an attractive crop. Millets are often grown on
skeletal soils with poor soil fertility. As the millet crops are grown under traditional methods, there is less
risk of pest attack thereby minimizing the use of pesticides. Being grown under different cropping system,
millets help to promote agricultural biodiversity. These crops are still the principal sources of energy,
protein, vitamins and minerals for millions of people in the world. It is said that millets are nutritionally
superior to rice and wheat in terms of proteins, minerals and vitamins. Being highly nutritious, millet crops
can be suitably grown to ensure nutritional security, especially in resource crunch situations.

Consumption of millets as food can be increased through creation of awareness of nutritional values and
development of processing technologies. It has become imperative to reorient the efforts on the sorghum
and millet crops to generate demand through value-addition of processed foods through diversi ication of
processing technologies, nutritional evaluation and creation of awareness. Now-a-days, people are very
much conscious about their healthy living practices to overcome metabolic disorders and life style diseases,
which have increased demand for various types of millets. Though the millet food-products are known for
nutrition, its awareness among the consumers is scanty especially on their nutritional and therapeutic
values. The health branding was not exploited enough to commercialize millet foods in the past, despite
the fact that, millets are known to have rich composition of nutrients and minerals. The nutritional aspects,
functional aspects and health bene its of millets are to be widely publicized.

The spatial distribution of millets, either as a primary crop or as allied crops, largely depends on the
growing habitat and the amount of rainfall the region receives. Further, the small millets are found in most
of the interior parts of the state. In order to revive the demand of millets in India, there is need to enable to
bring all the stakeholders in production to consumption system and value chain on a common platform and
link millet farmers with market and the ultimate consumers. This can be achieved through a consortium in
public-private partnership ensuring a win-win situation for each stakeholder. The processing intervention
need for product development on millet products with enhanced nutritional values. This will go a long way
in millet promotion in the country for offering nutritional security.

WAY FORWARD
Strategic planning, technology development and timely action can enhance the area and productivity of
millet crops in the state. Nutritional quality and drought-resistant properties of millets have drawn attention
of various researchers all over the world and have increased focus to improve the millet varieties and to
enhance their use in processed food products. Generation of location speci ic technology and development
of suitable high yielding & disease-pest resistant varieties can ensure good yield of the crop. Extension
 9

machinery is to intensify efforts for wide adoption of such evolved technologies in the farmers’ ield.
Implementation of effective promotional strategies and policy sensitization can attract entrepreneurs to
consider preparation of millet products a priority area.

Scaling up of areas under high yielding varieties will enhance yield of the crops. Inclusion of small millets in
cropping system will ensure crop production by avoiding risk of climatic vagaries. Awareness regarding the
health bene its of the “nutri-cereals” particularly for diabetic patients and healthy value added products to
be made. Adequate marketing infrastructure and ensuring minimum support price for products of millet
crops will be very much helpful to encourage farmers for growing the crop. Promotion of local entrepreneurs
of self help groups for establishment of small processing units for dehulling and lour making of various
millets will go a long way for attracting more farmers to grow this crop. Promoting entrepreneurs for
producing millet-based food items will be of much helpful in this regard. Preparation and production of
various millet products by entrepreneurs, self-help groups and small scale industries can enhance demand
for value added products. By promotion of these value added products can improve the socio-economic
status and also health status of the consumers.

Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology (OUAT) is contributing through technology development and
technology transfer. The University has developed seven high yielding inger millet varieties and four little
millet varieties suitable for cultivation in the state. The inger millet varieties are Divyasingha, Neelachal,
Bhairabi, Suvra, Chilika Arjuna and Kalua. Similarly, the University has developed four high yielding little
millet varieties such as Tarini, Kolab, Sabara and Saura, which can be grown in kharif season under rainfed
situation. Besides, various production and protection technologies suitable for Odisha condition have been
developed by various research stations of the University. For hassle free harvesting, a ragi thresher-cum-
pearler having output of 85.7 kg/h, threshing ef iciency of 92.1% and cleaning ef iciency of 92.4% has
been developed by the University. The Krishi Vigyan Kendras of the University are actively involved in
popularization of technologies relating to millets cultivation through various technology transfer processes
like farmers’ training, on-farm testing, frontline demonstration, farmers’ fair, etc.

OUAT is prepared to produce enough quantity of seeds of high yielding millet varieties, timely supply of
quality seeds and backstopping of production and protection technologies. The University is also prepared
to support the scienti ic, technological and knowledge components for the success of ‘Millet Mision’ in
Odisha.
10

SECTION - 3
DR. S.S. TOMAR
ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONER CROPS
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
Govt. of India

PROSPECTS OF NUTRI-CEREALS
CULTIVATION IN INDIA
Millets (Nutri-Cereals) are traditional grains, and cultivated in the Indian subcontinent since the past more
than 5000 years. India is the largest producer and consumer of millets. Millets are small-grained cereals and
grown in warm-weather conditions. They are mostly rain-fed, hardy grains which have low requirements
for water and fertility as compared to other popular cereals. These are resilient to drought, climate change
and other extreme weather conditions.

The Nutri-Cereals comprised of sorghum, pearl millet (major millets), inger millet, foxtail, little, kodo,
proso and barnyard millet (minor millets). Nutri-Cereals are highly nutritious, non-glutinous and non-
acid forming foods. These have many nutraceutical and health promoting properties especially the high
ibre contents. These act as a prebiotic feeding for micro- lora in our inner ecosystem. The millets hydrate
our colon to keep us from being constipated. Niacin present in millets can help lower cholesterol. Millets
contain major and minor nutrients in good amount.

The name “Millet” has been derived from the word “mil or thousand” is referring to the large number
of grains that can be produced from a single seed. However, the Hindi word “Kadann” has come from a
Sanskrit word “Kaddannam”. The barnyard millet and Pseudo cereals (Amaranthus and buck wheat) are
used by the devotees during their fast and these commodities are rich in nutritive values. The list of crops
covered under millets along with their names is given below in Table 1.

Table-1 : NOMENCLATURE OF MILLETS

S. No. Common name Botanical name Local name name(Hindi)

(A) Millets under cultivation

1 Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar
2 Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Bajra
 11

3 Finger millet Eleusine coracana (L.) Ragi/Mandua

4 Small millets- ..
4.1 Barnyard millet. Echinochloa frumentacea (L.) Sanwa/Jhangora
4.2 Proso millet Panicum miliaceum (Is.) Cheena
4.3 Foxtail millet Setaria italica Kakun/Kangni
4.4 Kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum (L.) Kodo
4.5 Little millet Panicum sumatrense Kutki
(B) Pseudo-cereals
1. Purple amaranthus Amaranthus cruentus Chaulai
2. Buck Wheat Fagopyrum esculentum & F. tataricum Kuttu

Prior to the initiation of Green Revolution in mid-1960s, these Nutri-Cereals (millets) were important crops
in India with higher area coverage as compared to wheat and rice. The area of nutri-cereals in the country
was 36.90 million hectare (m.ha.) during 1965-66 which has declined to 14.72 m. ha during 2016-17 which
is 60.2% less area coverage. However, the production of nutri-cereals has gone up to 16.50 million tonnes
during 2017-18 from 14.22 million tonnes during 1965-66 despite more than 60% decline in area under
Nutri-Cereals during same period. Bajra and Sorghum are the most important food-grain crops in India
after rice, wheat, and maize in terms of area and production.Finger millet (ragi) also forms a major part
of the food basket in some states like Karnataka, Telangana and Uttarakhand. The other minor millets
are also being cultivated in varying scales in various parts of the country, mainly by tribal and marginal
farmers. The details of each Nutri/pseudo-cereal are given below:

Sorghum (Jowar): The major portion of sorghum protein is prolamin (kaf irin) which has a unique feature
of lowering digestibility upon cooking which might be a health bene it for certain dietary groups. Sorghum
proteins upon cooking are signi icantly less digestible than other cereal proteins, which might be a health
bene it for certain dietary groups. It is rich in protein, ibre, thiamine, ribo lavin, folic acid, β-carotene,
potassium, phosphorus and calcium with suf icient amounts of iron, zinc and sodium.

Pearl Millet (Bajra): It contains considerably high proportion of proteins (12-16%), lipids (4-6%), and
11.5% of dietary ibre. It increases transit time of food in the gut. Hence, reduce risk of in lammatory
bowel disease. The niacin content in pearl millet is higher than all other cereals. It also contains foliate,
magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and vitamins E and B-complex. It has high energy content compared to other
millets. It is also rich in calcium and unsaturated fats which are good for health.

Finger Millet (Ragi): Finger millet is the richest source of calcium (300-350 mg/100 g). Ragi has the
highest mineral content. It contains lower levels of protein (6-8%) and fat (1.5-2%). Finger millet proteins
are unique because of the sulfur-rich amino acid contents. The grains have excellent malting properties
and are widely known for its use as weaning foods. It has high antioxidant activity.
12

Foxtail millet (Kangani/Kakun): It is high in carbohydrates and has double quantity of protein content
compared to rice. It contains minerals such as copper & iron. It provides a host of nutrients, has a sweet
nutty lavour and is considered to be one of the most digestible and non-allergic grains.

Kodo millet (Kodo): It has high protein content (11%), low fat (4.2%) and very high ibre content (14.3%).
Kodo millet is rich in B vitamins especially niacin, pyridoxin and folic acid as well as the minerals such as
calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and zinc. It contains a high amount of lecithin and is excellent for
strengthening the nervous system.

Barnyard millet (Sanwa/Sawa/Jhangora): It is the richest source of crude ibre and iron. Its grains possess
other functional constituents i.e., Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and Beta- glucan, used as antioxidants
and in reducing blood lipid levels.

Little Millet (Kutki): It is smaller than other millets. It is high in iron content. It has high antioxidant
activities. It contains about 38% of dietary ibre.

Proso Millet (Cheena/Barri: It contains the highest amount of proteins (12.5%). Health bene its of proso
millet come from its unique properties. It has signi icant amounts of carbohydrate and fatty acids. It is
cheaper source of manganese as compared to other conventional sources like spices and nuts. It contains
high amounts of calcium which is essential for bone growth and maintenance. It reduces cholesterol levels
and also reduces the risk of heart diseases.

Amaranthus (Ramdana/Rajgira/Chaulai): High protein content (13-14 %) and a carrier of lysine, an amino
acid that’s missing or negligible in many other grains. It consists of 6 to 9% of oil which is higher than most
other cereals. Amaranth oil contains approximately 77% unsaturated fatty acids and is high in linoleic acid.
It is high in dietary ibre, possesses high iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium contents and appreciable
amounts of calcium. It is a rich dietary source of phytosterols, with cholesterol-lowering properties. It
contains a lunasin-like peptide and other bioactive peptides which are thought to have cancer-preventive
and antihypertensive properties.

Buckwheat (Kuttu): It contains protein 13-15% protein and rich in amino acid lysine. It is rich in
carbohydrates (mainly starch). It contains vitamins B1, C and E. It is also rich in polyunsaturated essential
fatty acids, such as linoleic acid. It contains higher levels of zinc, copper, and manganese than other cereal
grains, and the bioavailability of these minerals is also quite high. Kuttu is having high insoluble ibre, a rich
source of polyphenol compounds, contains rutin, a bio lavonoid thought to help control blood pressure and
possess anti-in lammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties.

The nutritive value of millets is given in Table-2. These crops contain substantially high amount of protein,
ibre and minerals in comparison to ine cereals like wheat and rice. The protein content in millets like
Jowar (10.4), Bajra (11.6), Proso millet (12.5), foxtail millet (12.3) and barnyard millet (11.6)is comparable
with wheat (11.8) and much higher than rice (6.8 g/100 g grains). Though the inger millet contains lesser
protein (7.3), but it is rich in mineral matter and calcium in comparison to wheat and rice. Finger millet
is the richest source of calcium (344 mg/100 g grains). The small millets namely barnyard millet (14.7),
 13

Kodo millet (9) little millet (8.6) and foxtail millet (8.0) are the richest in ibre in comparison to wheat (1.2)
and rice (0.2 g/100 g grains).

Pearl Millet Finger Millet Foxtail Millet

Little Millet Proso Millet

14

Millets contribute to antioxidant activity with phytates, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, phytosterols
and pinacosanols present in it having important role in aging and metabolic diseases. All millets possess
high antioxidant activities.

Keeping in view the nutritive value of Nutri-Cereals and to combat the prevailing malnutrition especially
in children and women, a meeting was conducted in PMO on the issues relating to Science and Technology
on 18th July 2017. In the meeting, one issue on introduction of millets in the Public Distribution System
(PDS) was proposed so as to improve the nutritional status and decided that the proposal may be jointly
examined by ICAR, DAC&FW, DF&PD and ICMR under the leadership of NITI Aayog and recommendations
be irmed up within a period of six months. On this recommendation, NITI Aayog has suggested following
decisions for initiating appropriate action by DAC&FW:

Table 2 : NUTRITIONAL PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF MILLETS AS COMPARED WITH MAJOR CEREAL

CROPS ȍPER 100 GȎ

Crude Mineral
Protein Carbohydrates Fat Calcium Phosphorus
Commodity ϐibre matter
(g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg)
(g) (g)
Sorghum 10. 4 72. 6 1. 9 1. 6 1. 6 25 222
Pearl millet 11. 6 67. 5 5. 0 1. 2 2. 3 42 296
Finger millet 7. 3 72. 0 1. 3 3. 6 2. 7 344 283
Proso millet 12. 5 70. 4 1. 1 2. 2 1. 9 14 206
Foxtail millet 12. 3 60. 9 4. 3 8. 0 3. 3 31 290
Kodo millet 8. 3 65. 9 1. 4 9. 0 2. 6 27 188
Little millet 8. 7 75. 7 5. 3 8. 6 1. 7 17 220
Barnyard millet 11. 6 74. 3 5. 8 14. 7 4. 7 14 121
Barley 11.5 69.6 1.3 3.9 1.2 26 215
Maize 11.5 66.2 3.6 2.7 1.5 20 348
Wheat 11. 8 71. 2 1. 5 1. 2 1. 5 41 306
Rice 6. 8 78. 2 0. 5 0. 2 0. 6 10 160

Source: National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad

a. Millets viz. Jowar, Bajra and Ragi need to be promoted through PDS across the country to improve
nutritional content in diet of masses. Instead of calling them coarse grains, millets should be
positioned as ‘Nutri-Cereals’ and their bene its need to be popularized amongst massesthrough
sustained and effective campaign; and
 15

b. Research needs to be done to develop high yielding varieties and also varieties with longer shelf
life. It may also be examined whether nutri-cereals can be promoted as a sub-mission under the
National Food Security Mission (NFSM).

ICAR has recently released biofortiϔied varieties of pearl millet are -

HHB 299 (Hybrid): It contains high iron (73.0 ppm) and zinc (41.0 ppm) as compared to 45.0-50.0 ppm
iron and 30.0-35.0 ppm zinc in popular varieties/hybrids, Grain yield: 32.7 q/ha, Dry fodder yield: 73.0 q/
ha, Maturity: 81 days, Adaptation: Kharif season in Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi, Maharashtra
and Tamil Nadu.

AHB 1200 (Hybrid): Rich in iron (73.0 ppm), grain yield: 32.0 q/ha, dry fodder yield: 70.0 q/ha, maturity:
78 days, adaptation: Kharif season in Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Delhi, Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu.

The Central Government hereby declare millets comprising Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl Millet (Bajra), Finger
Millet (Ragi/Mandua), Minor Millets i.e. Foxtail Millet (Kangni/Kakun), Proso Millet (Cheena), Kodo Millet
(Kodo), Barnyard Millet (Sawa/Sanwa/Jhangora), Little Millet (Kutki) and two Pseudo cereals (Buck
Wheat-Kuttu) and Ameranthus (Chaulai) which have high nutritive value as “Nutri-Cereals” for production,
consumption and trade point of view. The noti ication was published, on the 10th April, 2018. The year
2018 was celebrated as the year of Nutri-cereals.

The Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare has launched Sub-Mission on Nutri-
Cereals under NFSM program from 2018-19. National Food Security Mission – Nutri Cereals is being
implemented in 202 districts of 14 states (Jowar in 88 districts of 10 states, Bajra in 88 districts of 9 states,
Ragi in 44 districts of 8 states and other millets in 43 districts of 7 states) of the country. Further the
states of J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and NE region have been given lexibility to implement the programme
according to their needs.
The Sub-Mission started with the following objectives:

1. Increasing production of nutri-cereals through area expansion and productivity enhancement in

a sustainable manner in the identi ied districts of the country.

2. Restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level.

3. Enhancing farm level economy to restore con idence amongst the farmers; and

4. Enhancing post harvest value addition at farm gate for better price realization to farmers through
ef icient market linkages.

The interventions covered under NFSM-Nutri-Cereals include FLD, Cluster FLD on improved package
of practices, seed distribution of hybrids & HYVs, certi ied seed production of HYVs seeds, distribution
of micro-nutrients, bio-fertilizers, weedicides, plant protection chemicals, bio-agents, manual sprayer,
sprinkler, cropping system based training organizing events (State/District level workshop, festivals, road
16

show), creation of awareness, publicity, distribution of seed minikits etc. The interventions i.e. formation of
FPOs in cluster area, creation of processing units for FPOs, creation/strengthening of Centres of Excellence,
creation of seed hubs, creation of breeder seed production are also included under the sub-mission on
100% GOI share.

Three National Centres of Excellence (CoE) were already established at CCS Haryana Agricultural University,
Hisar for pearl millet, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad for Sorghum and University of
Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru for small millets by the DAC&FW.

The Government as a part of its doubling farmers’ income strategy has prepared a roadmap to promote
millets and achieve increase in area and output. The targeted production is 20 million tonnes by 2022-
23 taking it up from the current 16.50 million tonnes. The MSP has been hiked substantively assuring
the farmers a minimum of 50 per cent as pro it margin on the cost of production. A robust procurement
system will also be put in place, which will incentivise millet production. Coarse grains including Nutri-
Cereals are already a part of the PDS. Some Nutri-Cereals are allocated in terms of NFSA, 2013 at highly
subsidized price of Rs.1 per kg. As per Deptt. of Food & Public Distribution’s (DFPD) existing guidelines for
procurement of Nutri-Cereals (Jowar, Bajra, Ragi), States are allowed to procure these commodities from
farmers at MSP under central pool subject to the prior approval of GOI on the detailed procurement plan
prepared by State Governments in consultation with FCI and the whole procured quantity of Nutri-Cereals
are required to be distributed under TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System)/OWS (Other welfare
Schemes) in the State/UT.

The question arises that why Nutri-Cereals (Millets) are bene icial for Consumers in the current scenario.
The following bene its prove that Millets are the lifeline of human being. They are good for prevention and
management of diabetics, has anti-cancer properties, effective in reducing blood pressure, rich in dietary
iber that decreases incidence of obesity, regular millet diet reduces the risk of Coronary Heart Disease,
they turns the stomach alkaline, bene icial in treating stomach ulcers and gall stones, good for controlling
anemia, malnutrition, degenerative disease, Kidney, liver disorders and asthma, bene icial in preventing
allergic reactions, gluten free and used for celiac disease (digestive disorder) patients, rich in antioxidants
and hence immune system keeps cholesterol level in check, and eliminates problems like constipation,
excess gas bloating and cramping.

Therefore, Nutri-Cereals Production is very bene icial. They provide nutritious food and fodder, consume
less water than other cereals, grow faster and putting less stress on environment, no insects pest and
diseases problem, they grow in even marginal lands, guarantee for complete Food and Nutritional Security
and supplement the existing income of the farmers.

The major constraints in Nutri-Cereals production are lack of availability of HYVs and Hybrids,non-
availability of seed in local markets at proper time, place and price, some times infestations of shoot ly at
early stage and grain mould disease affect the production and quality.Millets are less remunerative than
other cash crops like cotton, soybean, oilseeds, vegetables, etc. Young generation does not prefer millets as
food due to easily available ine cereals (Wheat & Rice). Sometimes delayed monsoon and erratic rainfall
 17

pattern greatly affect timely sowing, production and quality of nutri-cereals.There is a need to reduce the
constraints and follow the strategies as indicated below to increase production and productivity.

 Need to create awareness about positive aspects like the suitability in the dry-land agriculture and
more adaptability to the climate changes through demonstration and training programs.

 Development & distribution of HYVs and hybrids of millets among the farmers andpromotion of “seed
village’’ program to maintain own quality seeds to avoid purchasing seeds every year from the open
market.

 Creation of systematic channel for timely distribution of improved agronomic practices and other
technical assistance with utmost priority.

 Assured remunerative price through proper buy-back arrangements, and coverage under insurance
scheme to avoid any loss due to crop failure and other natural calamities.

 Need to improve of export competitiveness through release of pests and diseases resistant varieties
to improve grain quality for reducing the competitiveness in the international market.

 Need to promote Co-operative or contract farming for reducing the cost of cultivation and improve
the bargaining power of the farmers. Value addition of millets products will improve the export
competitiveness.

 Promote diversi ication of export basket for gaining exports like gluten free, sweet sorghum syrup,
alcoholic beer, stalks based ethanol/grain based potable spirit, nutri- foods etc.

 Providing incentives to millets growers, processing and value addition enterprises and provide tax
bene its to value added millet products to generate demand and area expansion.

The introduction of all nutri-cereals under PDS scheme will automatically create huge demand in the
country. This will give a boost to the production of all the nutri-cereals and consequently, it will add to
the existing income of the farmers. Assured procurement support with competitive prices will encourage
diversi ication of area under nutri-cereals. Recognition of the nutritive value in nutri-cereals among the
consumers including that they are low in gluten and high in glycaemic index apart from being rich in
various nutrients will automatically change the food habit of the masses. Keeping in view the importance
of nutri-cereals in present scenario regarding nutritive values means full nutritional security, easy growing
in poor resources, conditions/situations, resilient to climate change, gluten free healthy foods; therefore,
these crops are the future crops.
18

SECTION - 4
SUBHASH CHANDRA
DIRECTOR

O.P. KHEDAR
CONSULTANT
A. ANSARI
STATISTICAL INVESTIGATOR

Directorate of Millets Development,

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare, DAC&FW, Jaipur-302018
email: dmdrj00@nic.in

NUTRI-CEREALS: PRESENT STATUS &

FUTURE PROSPECTUS

A. INTRODUCTION
Millets, the name derived from the world mil or thousands referring large number of grains can be
produced by one seed. Millets, a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses are known as Nutri-cereals
as they provide most of the nutrients required for normal functioning of human body. Nutri-cereals or
millets are widely grown around the world for fodder and human food. Millets are traditional grains, grown
and consumed in the Indian subcontinent from the past more than 5000 years. Millets are small grained,
annual, warm weather cereals and are one of the oldest foods known to humanity. Most of the millets are
native of India. In general Nutri-cereals are rain-fed crops and are highly tolerant to drought and other
extreme weather conditions. They are having low requirements of water and fertility as compared to other
popular cereals but with the development of nutrient responsive genotypes, they also respond irrigated
and high nutrient management condition. Millets are cultivated with low chemical inputs, making them
mostly organic and environment friendly. As an assured source of income, these crops offer a better role
during distress environment. During drought condition, these crops help in generating employment in
low rainfall areas where other alternative crops are limited and these crops are used as a contingent crop.
Different nutri-cereals are as under (Table 1):
 19

Table 1. NOMENCLATURE OF NUTRIǧCEREALS

S. No. Common name Botanical name Local name (Hindi)

Major Millets
1 Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar
2 Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Bajra
3 Finger millet Eleusine coracana (L.) Ragi/Mandu
Small millets
4 Barnyard millet Echinochloa frumentacea (L.) Sanwa/Jhangora
5 Proso millet Panicum miliaceum (L.) Cheena
6 Foxtail millet Setaria italica Kakun/Kangni
7 Kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum (L.) Kodo
8 Little millet Panicum sumatrense Kutki
Lesser known millets
9 Brown top millet Brachiaria ramose (L.) -
10 Crap millet Digitaria cruciata -
Extinct millet
11 Jobs tear millet Coix lacryma (L.) -
Pseudo millet
12 Amaranth Amaranthus cruentus Chaulai

13 Buck wheat Fagopyrum esculentum & F.tataricum (L.) Kuttu

A 1.CROP SCENARIO
Globally, India ranks 1st position in area coverage under millets followed by Sudan and Nigeria. Similarly, the
country holds 1st position in millets production in the world followed by USA and Nigeria. These are crops
of semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa (especially in India, Mali, Nigeria and Niger). In India it is cultivated in
an area of 12186.92 thousand ha with the production 13967.14 thousand tones and productivity 1146 kg/
ha (Table 1). The most widely grown millet is pearl millet followed with jowar. Finger millet, proso millet,
and foxtail millet are also important crop species and are a source of food, feed and fodder, grown from sea
level to mid hills right from Tamil Nadu in the South to Uttarakhand in the North, and Gujarat in the West
to Arunachal Pradesh in the Northeast. These crops are cultivated in a variety of agro-ecological conditions
like, plains, coast and hills as well as in diverse soils and varying rain-fall. These crops are indispensable in
tribal and hill agriculture where crop substitution is dif icult. More than 90% nutri- cereals are produced
in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh, States. The major nutri-millets growing states are given in table 2.
20

Table 1. AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF NUTRIǧCEREALS IN INDIA

Unit: Area (A) in Lakh ha, Production (P) in Lakh tones, Yield (Y) in Kg/ha

Sorghum Bajra Ragi Small millet Total Millets

Year
A P Y A P Y A P Y A P Y A P Y
2014-15 61.62 54.45 884 73.18 91.84 1255 12.08 20.61 1706 5.90 3.86 654 152.78 170.76 1118
2015-16 60.77 42.38 697 71.29 80.67 1132 11.38 18.22 1601 6.50 3.91 602 149.94 145.18 969
2016-17 56.24 45.68 812 74.59 97.30 1305 10.16 13.85 1363 6.19 4.42 714 147.18 161.25 1096
2017-18 50.24 48.03 956 74.81 92.09 1231 11.94 19.85 1662 5.46 4.39 804 142.45 164.36 1154
2018-19* 38.41 37.61 979 69.31 86.12 1243 9.17 12.22 1332 4.98 3.72 747 121.87 139.67 1146

* 4th advance estimates.

Table 2. MAJOR GROWING STATES OF NUTRIǧCEREALS ȍMILLETSȎ 2018ǧ19*

S.No. Crop State Area (Lakh ha) Production(Lakh tones) Yield(Kg/ha)

Maharashtra 13.96 8.61 617

Karnataka 8.65 9.07 1047
Rajasthan 5.64 4.70 832
Tamil Nadu 3.85 4.88 1268
1 SORGHUM
Andhra Pradesh 1.56 3.53 2266
Uttar Pradesh 1.47 1.83 1247
Madhya Pradesh 1.38 3.06 2218
All India 38.41 37.61 979
Rajasthan 41.80 38.08 911
Uttar Pradesh 8.77 17.79 2029
Maharashtra 5.04 3.14 623

PEARL Haryana 4.25 8.78 2068

2
MILLET Gujarat 3.96 8.32 2101
Madhya Pradesh 2.56 6.29 2458
Karnataka 1.93 1.84 954
All India 69.31 86.12 1243
 21

S.No. Crop State Area (Lakh ha) Production(Lakh tones) Yield(Kg/ha)

Karnataka 5.48 7.03 1282

Uttrakhand 0.92 1.10 1194
FINGER
3 Maharashtra 0.80 0.85 1062
MILLET
Tamil Nadu 0.75 2.16 2900
All India 9.17 12.22 1332
Madhya Pradesh 1.39 1.12 806
Chhattisgarh 0.86 0.29 332
Uttrakhand 0.57 0.70 1228
SMALL
4 Maharashtra 0.47 0.22 463
MILLETS
Odisha 0.33 0.17 518
Tamil Nadu 0.23 0.29 1237
All India 4.98 3.72 747
* 4th advance estimates.

A 2. NUTRI CEREALS FOR FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SECURITY

Millions of people around the world suffer from hidden hunger of micronutrient. Sometimes they don’t get
enough food to survive or they do not get enough micronutrients required to lead healthy and productive
lives from the foods they eat. Though, the cases of hunger in India are rare but malnutrition, especially
among children and women, is widespread, acute and even alarming. Most commonly observed de iciencies
in unbalanced diet are iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), etc. Traditionally, we consume various varieties
of coarse grain. Millets supposed to be poor man’s crops for long, have remained neglected with respect
to their appropriate position in the commercialized food system. With increasing concerns about food
& nutritional security, adverse weather & soil conditions, need for increasing food production per unit
resource investment, there is an urgent need to produce millet for an ever increasing population. Due to
higher nutritive value, nutri- cereals have good prospects of penetrating the food baskets of a wider range
of consumers, both rural & urban and poor & rich in the country.

A 3. NUTRITIONAL VALUE
These are known to be the oldest foods to the humanity. These are highly nutritious, non-glutinous and
non acid forming foods having nutritional and health promoting properties especially the high iber
content. Millets contain major and minor nutrients in good amount along with dietary ibre. These are
nutritional power house, high in proteins, dietary ibre, Vitamin B complex, essential amino acids, folic
acid & Vitamin E and are high in minerals such as Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Phosphorous, Zinc, Calcium
and Potassium. Their nutritional and health bene its have created a demand surge for a variety of millets.
22

The millets contain 7-12% protein, 2-5% fat, 65-75% carbohydrates and 15-20% dietary iber (Table 3).
The essential amino acid pro ile of the millet protein is better than various cereals such as maize. Millets
contain fewer cross-linked prolamins, which may be an additional factor contributing to higher digestibility
of the millet proteins. Similar to cereal proteins, the millet proteins are poor sources of lysine, but they
complement well with lysine-rich vegetables (leguminous) and animal proteins which form nutritionally
balanced composites of high biological value. Millets are more nutritious compared to ine cereals. Small
millets are good source of phosphorous and iron. Millets contributes to antioxidant activity with phytates,
polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, phytosterols and pinacosanols present in it having important role in
aging and metabolic diseases. Now bio-forti ied varieties are also available which are rich in iron and zinc
eg. pearl millet varieties MH 2173 (83 ppm iron & 46 ppm zinc) & MH 2174 (84 ppm iron & 41 ppm zinc).
The grain is processed and consumed in traditional way and almost the entire produce is utilized at the
farm/village level. In spite of superior nutritive value of grains, their use is con ined more to the rural areas
and very little to urban markets.

Table 3 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF NUTRIǧCEREALS AND FINE CEREALS ȍPER 100 G EDIBLE
PORTIONȎ

Total
Protein Carbohydra Total Fat Mineral Calcium Phospho
Crop Dietary
(g) tes (g) (g) matter (g) (mg) rus (mg)
ϐibre (g)
Sorghum 9.97±0.43 67.68±1.03 1.73±0.31 10.22±0.49 1.39±0.34 27.60±3.71 274±35.7
Pearl millet 10.96±0.26 61.78±0.85 5.43±0.64 11.49±0.62 1.37±0.17 27.35±2.16 289±25.3
Finger millet 7.16±0.63 66.82±0.73 1.92±0.14 11.18±1.14 2.04±0.34 364±58.0 210±58.4
Little millet 10.13±0.45 65.55±1.29 3.89±0.35 7.72±0.92 1.34±0.16 16.06±1.54 130±27.5
Foxtail millet 8.92±1.09 66.19±1.19 2.55±0.13 6.39±0.60 1.72±0.27 15.27±1.28 101±5.2
Wheat, whole 10.59±0.60 64.72±1.74 1.47±0.05 11.23±0.77 1.42±0.19 39.36±5.65 110±9.8
Rice, raw, brown 9.16±0.75 74.80±0.85 1.24±0.08 4.43±0.54 1.04±0.18 10.93±1.79 267±64.9

A 4. NUTRI MILLETS AND HUMAN HEALTH

Millets are gluten free and can be a substitute for wheat or gluten containing grains for celiac patients. Act as
a pro-biotic feeding for micro- lora in our inner ecosystem. High dietary ibre provides hunger satisfaction
and helps to reduce obesity. Reduce the risk of diabetes and cardio vascular diseases. Bene icial in treating
and preventing gall stones and stomach ulcer. Reduce anemia, liver disorder and asthma.Its hypo-allergic
properties help to prevent allergic reactions.It hydrates our colon to keep us from being constipated.
Reduce the risk of Type II diabetes.Rich in anti oxidants and hence reduce oxidative stress.Reduce the
occurrence of hypertension.Millets are anti acidic.Effective in reducing blood pressure.Reduce the risk of
gastro-intestinal conditions like gastric ulcers or colon cancer. Eliminate problems like constipation, excess
gas, bloating and cramping.Niacin in millet helps to lower down cholesterol.
 23

A 5. NUTRI CEREALS FOR FEED AND FODDER

Millets play an important role in feed and fodder security for livestock or in other words we can’t think
about proper supply of feed and fodder to the livestock without millets.

A 6. ECO FRIENDLY NATURE

Further, being C4 plant, these crops have low water requirement, wider adaptability to varied
ecologists/climate, environment friendly with low consumption of pesticides, best suited for contingency
planning with larger stake of small and marginal farmers.

B. CONSTRAINTS IN NUTRI CEREALS PRODUCTION

In spite of great importance of Nutri-cereals in human diet, cattle feed and Indian economy, the production
has not been yet increased as per expectation. Though, there are so many reasons of low productivity of
millets but the important are as follows:

B 1. RAIN FED CULTIVATION

In general millets are cultivated in rain-fed condition. Water stress at critical stages results poor yields or
sometimes no yield.

B 2. UNFAVORABLE WEATHER CONDITIONS

Rains immediately after sowing adversely affect the germination of millets. In the same way rains at the
time of maturity also cause signi icant losses. Continuous rains do not allow performing intercultural
operations on time. Low rain-fall again affects the crop badly.

B 3. SEED CONSTRAINTS
Though, a number of improved varieties are available in pulses, but it is also true that there is lack of bio-
forti ied, climate resilient varieties, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Till date, the seed replacement
rate is not as per expectations, resulting use of poor quality seed. Though, private player are there in seed
production but high rates of hybrids and poor economic condition of farmers are also some of the reasons
due to which cultivators are unable to use improved seeds of millets.

B 4. AGRONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
Though, sowing of millets is on the priority but every agronomic operation is important in any crop
production. In case of regular rains or scarcity of labours so many times farmers are not able to adopt
inter-culture operations well on time, results in low yield. Maintenance of required plant population is
necessary for the desired crop production. So many times farmers go for broad casting method for sowing
(most commonly used in western Rajasthan), results either excess or low plant population and in both the
24

conditions we have to compromise with the productivity of the crop. In case of excess plant population
there will be competition among the plants for light and water, whereas, in case of low rain-fall, productivity
will be less due to per plant yield. Due to intensive cultivation, the soils become nutrient de icient so in such
condition also we have to face low productivity of millets. It is also true that there is de iciency in zinc,
sulphur, iron, boron and molybdenum in some of the areas, results in low yield of millets.

B 5. PLANT PROTECTION CONSTRAINTS

Now a day the biotic stresses are a big challenge in millets cultivation also. Millets are attacked by so
many diseases, nematodes and insect-pests causing heavy losses to the yield. Due to their poor economic
condition and improper knowledge, farmers are unable to adopt proper plant protection measures, results
in low yields.

B 6. POST HARVEST LOSSES

Post harvest losses are big challenge in all the agricultural products. Storage without proper drying &
cleaning, improper/insuf icient storage facility, lack of proper care during storage, results in heavy loss of
the produce by insects, birds and rats. The post harvest losses are also due to lack of scienti ic post harvest
management system. In such condition farmers are compelled to sell their produce to the middleman at
low price, discourage the farmers to grow millets.

B 7. LACK OF VALUE ADDITION

Though, the value addition of millets is started but till date lack of awareness about value addition among
the rural cultivators is again major constraint in millet production. Till date the value addition is very
limited or negligible.

B 8. INSUFFICIENTEXTENSION SERVICES
Lack of initiative of extension personnel, lack of exposure of farmers to improved technologies and poor
interface among state departments of agriculture, research organization and private agencies also play an
important role in low yields of millets. Till date there is wide extension gap between research institutes
and farmers ields. Till date extension services are not suf icient to transfer the technology generated by
our scientists. Unless the scienti ic technology is transferred to the farmers through demonstrations, kisan
mela, media, audio-visual aids or by any method, it is quite impossible to enhance the crop production
up to desired level. There is an urgent need to strengthen our extension services to transfer the latest
technologies without any delay.

B 9. SOCIO ECONOMIC REASONS

The demand of nutri-cereals is also declined due to husband and wife jobs, easily availability of rice and
wheat on subsidized rate through PDS. Due to poor economic condition of the farmers and insuf icient
credit facilities, farmers are unable to purchase quality seed, implements, fertilizers and chemicals. The
 25

farmers are not able to develop their own irrigation system, not aware with latest scienti ic knowledge
about cultivation, results in low productivity of millets. Farmers are also unable to hold their produce for a
longer time, and bounded to sell their produce in low rates, also results to discourage crop cultivation.

B 10. FLUCTUATING AND LOW RATES IN MARKET

Though, minimum support price is declared by the government but in lack of full proof procurement policy
farmers are bound to sell their produce in the market. In general these crops are less remunerative than
other cereals like wheat, rice maize etc. The market prices are low and luctuating, results to discourage
the farmers for millets cultivation.

B 11. DEGRADATION OF QUALITY

The quality of millets degrades faster than pulses and other cereals so farmers are bounded to sell their
produce maybe on lower rates, results in inancial loss, so many times, results to discourage the farmers
for cultivation.

B 12. CLIMATE CHANGE

Unpredictable weather condition coupled with temperature extremities (both high and low) adversely
affecting reproductive phase and grain illing in almost all crops and also widening the scopes of spreading
diseases and insect-pests in more disastrous form. Uncertain rainfall also results in low yields of millets in
the country.

B 13.POLICY ISSUES
Unorganized market, absence of assured procurement on MSP and poor availability if inputs like seed; fertilizer,
micro-nutrients etc. at proper time and place, at nominal rates and insufϔicient infrastructure facilities are
some of the policy issues responsible for low yields of millets.

B 14. GREEN REVOLUTION

Food grain shortages in mid-sixties, green revolution and changes in the infrastructures and incentives
including input supplies and price support systems in favour of major cereals altered the traditional
cropping pattern against millets. Due to Green revolution the emphasis was given to rice and wheat due to
high yield potential and high input responsive genotypes.

B 15. IMPROVEMENT IN IRRIGATION FACILITIES

Improvement in irrigation facilities is also one of the reasons for decrease in area under millets.
In general millets are rain-fed crops so due to improvement in irrigation facilities the area was decreased
under these crops.
26

B 16. SHIFTING OF CROPS

Due to the change in rain-fall pattern and availability of early maturing varieties of pulses also results to
decrease in the area under cultivation of nutri-cereals.

B 17. FOOD HABITS

The demand of nutri-cereals is also declined due to change in food habits, advent of fast food chains and
ready-to-eat food products and the longer time required for Nutri-Cereals food preparation as compared
to ine cereals such as rice and wheat.

C. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING NUTRI CEREALS PRODUCTION

To overcome the targeted hunger, human health and to mitigate the effect of climate change in long run,
there is an urgent need to promote the production of millets in the country.In general the production of
Nutri-cereals is less than the research/demonstration yield. To improve the production of millets there are
two ways either by horizontal (enhancement in area) or vertical (increase in productivity), though, there is
limited scope for horizontal improvement so we have to think for vertical improvement means to increase
in the productivity. The major strategies are as follows:

C 1. ADDITIONAL AREA UNDER MILLETS

With the development of high yielding bio-forti ied varieties/hybrid of millets and nutritional security of
the country we have to pay attention on expansion of area of millets. Expansion in area under Nutri-cereals
is limited due to cultivation of more remunarative/high input responsive crops or increasing demand of
land for non agricultural purposes, though, some expansion is possible through cultivation in spring and
summer cultivation or intercropping with pulses.

C 2.IMPROVED VARIETIES AND IMPROVEMENT IN SEED REPLACEMENT RATE

Increase in the productivity is the only viable option for enhancing production of Nutri-cereals and seed
is the key input in any crop production. Without quality seed it is very dif icult to achieve targeted yield
or in other words we cannot think about crop production. The investment on other inputs like irrigation,
weeding, plant protection, harvesting etc. is useful only if quality seed is used for sowing. The genotypes
are sensitive to weather and soil conditions so only recommended varieties should be used for sowing.
Popularization of high yielding bio-forti ied varieties/hybrids resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses is
again an important factor which should be taken care for higher productivity.

C 3.AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT
Agronomic management is essential for higher productivity of millets. Timey of sowing, desired plant
population, nutrient management, weed management etc. in luences the production greatly. For better
production all the agronomical practices should be done well in time.
 27

C 3.A.TIME OF SOWING

Time of sowing is an important input in crop production. Sowing should be done well on time. Late and
early sowing invites the damage to the crop.

C 3.B. PLANT POPULATION

Now a day lower plant population has emerges as a major constraint in crop production. In general plant
population is not maintained at farmer’s ield especially in rain-fed, results in low yields. Better yields can
be obtained by optimum plant population only.

C 3.C. LINE SOWING

Line sowing is bene icial in comparison to broadcasting to maintain the plant population. Line to line and
plant to plant distance is again very important. For better production distance between rows and plants
should be maintained properly.

C 3.D.NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Use of recommended dose of fertilizer and manure is essential for better crop production. The recommended
dose of fertilizer (NPK) helps in enhancing production. Perfect placement of fertilizer and manure is again
very important. The fertilizers should be placed in the root zone of the plant so that fertilizer may not loss
through leaching and plant may take the nutrients easily.

C 3.E. WEED MANAGEMENT

Weeds compete for space, moisture, sunlight, nutrient etc. with main crop and results in low yields.
Weeds can be controlled mechanically and chemically. Pre-emergence and post-emergence application of
weedicides also helps equally as mechanical weed control.

C 3.F. WATER MANAGEMENT

If irrigation facilities are available application of life saving irrigation will also help in improving pulse
production in the state.

C 4. CROP PROTECTION
Pulses affects badly by diseases & insect-pests causing great loss to the crops. Proper management/control
measures should be taken for rising of crop and during post harvest. To overcome seed or soil borne
diseases and insect-pest damage, seed should be treated with required chemical. A little investment on
seed treatment enhances productivity up to great extent. Proper seed treatment is helpful to overcome
diseases & insect-pests. To overcome the incidence of biotic stresses in standing crop adoption of proper
and timely plant protection measures are important. Absence or delay in plant protection may cause great
losses to the yield.
28

C 5.MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE MSP AND PROCUREMENT

Timely announcement of practicable minimum support price with assured procurement will help in
increasing production of millets. Furthermore, farmers should be encouraged for millets production by
reasonably increasing the MSP time to time for nutritional and food security of specially the rural/poor
population of the country.

C 6. POLICY SUPPORT
Policy support for timely supply of input on nominal rates at desired place, easy credit facility and assured
marketing will be helpful in increasing millets production. Practically viable crop insurance is again very
important and will be helpful in improving production.Development of organized markets for promotion
of export will be helpful in improving production in the country.

C 7.AVAILABILITY OF FARM MACHINES

Improvement in availability of farm machines will be helpful in improving millets production in the country.
For agricultural operations proper implement or machinery should be made available to the farmers at
reasonable price/rent to improve their working ef iciency. This will de initely encourage the cultivators to
grow millets.

C 8. IMPROVEMENT IN EXTENSION SERVICES

Extension agencies play a key role in agricultural production and its quality both. It is well known fact
that till date the technology developed by the scientists has not reached to the cultivator’s ield, means
the dissemination of technology is very poor. In fact we are very much serious in developing the varieties/
technologies but it will be fruitful only when it reaches to the farmer’s ield. Strengthening of our extension
workers is very essential for desired production and productivity or to narrow down the gap between the
potential yield and actual yield of the crop. Proper and timely training of extension workers and farmers
before sowing of crop, perfect ield demonstrations and ield days are again equally important to improve
the production and productivity of the crop as Field demonstrations or FLDs are most effective tool for
transfer of newly developed technologies to enhance the productivity or to minimize the yield gaps of these
crops.

C 9.IMPROVEMENT IN SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE FARMERS

It is very sad that a country like India, which is known by its villages, the socio-economic status of its
farmers is very poor. For a developing country of 21st century it is very essential to improve the socio-
economic status of its back bone “The Farmer” through government support, maybe through subsidized
inputs (like seed, fertilizer, chemicals, implements, electricity charges, irrigation system, irrigation charges
of canal water etc.), remunerative rates of the produce with assured procurement, easy & low interest
inance facility, road network to mandies for transportation of the produce, hygienic living condition, health
facilities and proper education to their children. This will de initely improve the millets production in the
country.
 29

C 10.STRENGTHENING OF RESEARCH
To enhance the millets production and productivity in the country more funds should be made available for
research. This will help to generate the climate resilient varieties and production and protection technology
according to the requirement of a speci ic region, climate or soil type.

C 11.IMPROVEMENT IN POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

Besides losses during harvesting, transportation and threshing, millets encounter insect-pest damage
during storage, marketing and up to consumption of the produce. To overcome post harvest losses our
government or other organization should come forward to provide low cost storage facilities to the farmers
at nominal rates so that the farmers may put their produce safely up to a desired time. A mass awareness
programme to educate farmers on scienti ic storage can also check the post harvest losses up to great
extent. There is an urgent need to develop post harvest technologies to promote on-farm processing of the
produce.

C 12. VALUE ADDITION

Though, some of the agencies and Self help groups are working in the direction of value addition but till
date the efforts are as satisfactory. Through value addition we will be able to improve the quality of the
produce which will ultimately help the farmers in the shape of more remuneration of the produce. With
the help of government support in the shape of more research/training/MOU with some exporter/value
addition & marketing in Cooperative manner will be helpful in improving millets production. De initely,
through value addition we will be able to create more demand of millets which will be ultimately helpful in
enhancing the millets production in the country.

D. FUTURE PROSPECTUS OF NUTRI MILLETS

Now a day when we are facing ill effects of increasing population on agriculture, climate change and
increasing awareness about health, there is an urgent need to switch on millet cultivation in scienti ic way
to improve production and productivity of nutri-cereals. De initely, nutri-cereals are the only answer as:

 Natural resources are erasing day by day in our country and millets are in general low input crops.

 Our soils are degrading day by day and millets can be cultivated easily on these soils with limited
resources.

 Rainfall pattern is erratic & uneven and millets are the crops require less water.

 We are facing hazardous effect of the chemicals on our environment, whereas, being eco-friendly
millets require very less amount of chemicals for their cultivation in comparison to other cereals.

 Till date we are facing the problem of malnutrition and nutri-cereals are able to provide most of the
nutrients required for normal functioning of human body.
30

 Health consciousness is also increasing day by day in our country and nutri-cereals or millets are able
to supply nutrients for overall development of body.

 Cheapest source of supply of required nutrients to the human body.

 Millets are also able to overcome so many serious diseases.

 Only option to supply food, feed and fodder to a vast area with low fertility soils and limited rainfall.

 100% transfer of technology will be helpful in increasing the production of millets in the country.

 Government initiative through different schemes also supports to increase the millets production in
the country.

 Increase in MSP again supports the millet cultivation in the country.

 Value addition may open the door of prosperity to the farmers if implemented seriously.

E. STEPS TAKEN BY GOVTERNMENT FOR PROMOTION OF

NUTRI CEREALS
Looking to the importance of millets to overcome the targeted hunger and mitigate the effect of climate
change millets were promoted during 2011-12 to 2013-14 under the programme of Initiative for
Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion (INSIMP) – as a sub scheme of RKVY and
then merged as component of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) as NFSM-Coarse Cereals from the
year 2014-15. Later, a programme on development of Millets is being implemented from the year 1 April,
2018 by the Government of India named as NFSM-Nutri Cereals under NFSM to promote the cultivation
of millets in 202 Districts of 14 States (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, MP,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, TN, Talangana, UP, Uttarakhand & West Bengal) (Table 4) along with two
hill states (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir) and 8 North Eastern States (Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim & Tripura). The districts having more than 10000
ha area under Jowar & Bajra, 5000 ha area under Ragi and 2000 ha area under Small millets has been
identi ied except hilly/NE States. NFSM–Nutri Cereals was implemented with the objectives, increasing
the production & productivity of nutri-cereals, restoring soil fertility & productivity at the individual farm
level, enhancing farm level economy and enhancing post harvest value addition for better price realization
to the farmers through ef icient market linkages. Under NFSM-Nutri-Cereals, the interventions like Cluster
Demonstrations, seed minikits, seed production & distribution, INM, IPM, etc are covered. In addition to
this, Seed hubs, Breeder Seed Production, Cluster FLDs, Centre of Excellence, FPOs are being promoted
under the programme (Table 5, 6).
 31

Table 4 STATES AND NO. OF DISTRICTS COVERED UNDER NFSMǧNUTRIǧCEREALS

States/No. of districts No. of Districts covered under NFSM-Nutri cereals

S.No
covered Sorghum Pearl millet Finger millet Small millets
1 Andhra Pradesh/07 05 01 02 04
2 Chhatishgarh/10 - - - 10
3 Gujarat/19 04 14 02 -
4 Haryana/09 02 09 - -
5 Karnataka/25 15 07 13 05
6 Madhya Pradesh/24 09 04 - 15
7 Maharashtra/26 23 11 07 -
8 Odisha/06 - - 05 02
9 Rajasthan/23 10 21 - -
10 Tamil Nadu/15 11 02 05 -
11 Telangana/04 04 - - -
12 Uttar Pradesh/24 05 19 - 01
13 Uttrakhand/09 - - 09 06
14 West Bengal/01 - - 01 (Darjeeling) -
88 districts / 88 districts 44 districts 43 districts /07
14 States/202 Districts
10 states /09 states /08 states states

Table 5 : APPROVED INTERVENTIONS OF NFSMǧNUTRI CEREALS

S.No. Interventions Pattern of Assistance

1 FLD/Cluster demonstrations @Rs. 6,000/ha
2 Seed Distribution @Rs. 30/Kg for less than 10 year old and Rs. 15/Kg
for more than 10 year varieties. Hybrid @ Rs. 100/Kg
3 Seed Production @Rs.30/kg
4 INM- (Micro-nutrient & bio fertilizers) @Rs.500/ha
5 IPM- Agro chemicals/weedicides/ @Rs. 500/ha
bio-agent
6 Farm implement @Rs. 600/Unit for SC/ST/Women/Small & Marginal
(Manual Sprayer) Farmers, @Rs. 500/Unit for other Farmers
32
S.No. Interventions
7 Water Application tools
(Sprinkler)
8 Capacity building of farmers
9 Local Initiatives
10 Creation of Seed Hubs/
Breeder seed production
11 Aid for centre of Excellences
12 Organizations of Event /
Workshop/Publicity
13 Formation of FPOs in Cluster areas/
creation of processing unit for FPOs
Table 6: APPROVED SPECIAL INITIATIVE
S.No. Initiative
1 Breeder seed production
(18 centres)
2 Establishment of seed hubs
(19 Sanctioned & 25 under
seed production)
3 Development of National
database
4 Comprehensive pro iling of
millets & bioavailability
5 Shelf life enhancement
6 National referral lab on
nutri-cereals
7 National/International Year
of Millets
Pattern of Assistance
@Rs.10,000/ha or 50% of the cost whichever is less
Cropping system based training
@Rs.14,000/training (4 Session)
As per State need (25% of total budget allocation)
100% GoI Share
Proposed Outcome
Additional breeder seed production and seed hubs of millets
would provide more quality seed of HYVs to farmers. Millet seed
replacement by HYVs is expected to enhance yield by at least
15-25% based on the outcome of on-farm demonstrations which
will lead higher marketed surplus augmenting farmers income.
Development of database is very crucial for planning, policy
making and grades and standards will help in trade on long run
and will prevent adulteration.
Evidences on nutritional pro iling will help in labelling and
demand for millets cultivation when coupled with awareness.
Higher shelf life is crucial for commercialisation. Even at farmers
level avoids distress sale and enhances farmers income.
Through proper selection of cultivars with superior nutrition
helps in preventing adulteration of millet products and
indiscriminate processing of millets.
• 2018 was declared as National Year of Millets,
• FAO has considered 2023asInternational Year of Millets
 33

E 1 CENTRE OF EXCELLENCES ON NUTRI CEREALS

Government of India established Centre of Excellences on Nutri-cereals under NFSM to develop the recipe,
value addition of nutri-rich produce, as well as training of entrepreneurs for commercialization and creation
of consumption of these products.

Three dedicated commodity-wise Centre of Excellence (CoE) has been operationalised.

 Indian Institute of Millet Research (IIMR), Hyderabad for Sorghum

 CCS Hisar Agriculture University, Hisar for Pearl Millet and

 University of Agriculture Sciences, UAS, Bangalore for Small Millets

The main objectives of Centers of Excellence are

 Capacity building of Scientists and masses through demonstrations and trainings on developed
technologies and handling of equipments.

 Training to entrepreneurs.

 Creation of awareness on nutritional superiority of millets.

 To facilitate market linkages between processors and producers for organized sale/delivery.

 Re inement and up scaling of already developed technologies of processing and value addition of
millets.

E 2 FARMERS PRODUCER ORGANIZATION FPOS

 Total number of FPOs functioning on nutri-cereals through SFAC is 71 and 29 FPOs are working on
both Nutri-cereals & Pulses in the Country.

 Six model FPOs allocated to ICAR-IIMR, Hyderabad for developing in different States.

 Main Objective of FPO is collectivization of producers, especially small and marginal farmers to
address challenges of improved access to investment, technology, input and market.

 Aggregating small holders into FPOs proven pathway to improve bargaining power, move up value
chains and improve access to technology, market.

 These FPOs are operational in the State of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh etc. through SFAC.
34

E 3 NATIONAL YEAR OF NUTRI CEREALS

Government has decided to declare 2018 as“National Year of Nutri-cereals” as millets are superior in
terms of nutritive value, health bene its and to reduce the malnutrition. Further, these crops have low
water requirements and are environment friendly.

E 4 MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE MSP

The Government’s price policy for agricultural commodities seeks to ensure remunerative prices to growers
for their produce with a view to encourage higher investment and production and to safeguard the interest
of consumers by making available supplies at reasonable prices (Table 7). The price policy seeks to evolve
a balanced and integrated price structure in the perspective of the overall needs of the economy.

Table 7: MSP ȍRS. PER QUINTALȎ OF NUTRIǧCEREALS DURING 2015ǧ16 TO 2019ǧ20

Jowar
Year Bajra Ragi
Hybrid Maldandi (Desi)

2015-16 1570 1590 1275 1650

2016-17 1625 1650 1330 1725

2017-18 1700 1725 1425 1900

2018-19 2430 2450 1950 2897

2019-20 2550 2570 2000 3150

% Increase in MSP over 2015-16 62.4 61.6 56.8 90.9

E 5 RESEARCH WORK ON NUTRI CEREALS TAKEN BY ICAR

All India Coordinated Crop Improvement Projects (AICRPs) on sorghum, pearl millet and small millets
are functioning for agricultural research work. Under these ACRIPs, various centres are located in the
speci ic zone across the country in ICAR/SAUs. A numbers of improved varieties/composites/hybrids have
been developed which are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Similarly a number of production and
protection technologies are developed for its cultivation.

E 6 INCLUSION OF NUTRI CEREALS UNDER INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES

As per the provisions under National Food Security Act enacted in 2013, food grains including millets
are provided for preparation of meals under Supplementary Nutrition Programme of Aaganwadi services
under the Umbrella of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) at subsidized rates through Public
Distribution System.
 35

E 7 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF MILLETS

The proposal of Government of India for celebrating an International Year of Millets by UN was endorsed
by FAO Council for 2023.

De initely the initiatives taken by the Government and support from ICAR, SAUs, State Government and
the farmers will be helpful to improve the area, production and productivity of the nutri-cereals. By this
way we will be able to contribute towards health security of the nation, avoid malnutrition among growing
children and women of poor societies, improvement in economic condition of the farmer and GDP.

Challenges

 Supply of Nutri-Cereals under PDS in addition to Rice and Wheat at cheaper price introduced in non-
traditional areas of ine grain cereals.

 Improvement in low shelf life grain and lour of Nutri-Cereals.

 Enhancement of pro itability and income of millet farmers.

 Generation of cost of cultivation/production for other Small Millets to facilitate CACP to arrive at MSP
recommendation of these crops.

 Declaration of MSP in respect of other Small Millets (Kangani/kakun, Cheena, Kodo, Sanwa/Jhangora,
Kutki) on the basis of Ragi Small Millet (Rs.3150/qtl.) by using price differential method.

 Creation of demand of Nutri-Cereals among the people.

F. GOVT. INITIATIVES REQUIRED TO IMPROVE MILLETS PRODUCTION

 Strengthening research on development of climate resilient varieties for changed climate, value
addition including bakery products, overcome post harvest losses especially during storage, self life
enhancement etc. through inancial support to the AICRP projects already working in the states.

 Timely supply of seed and other inputs on reasonable price to easy reach of the farmer to narrow
down the yield gap.

 Implements maybe make available to the farmers on rental basis or custom hiring centres may be
strengthened.

 Facilities for primary and secondary processing on the door step of the farmers.

 Identi ication of the areas engaged in organic production maybe due to uncertainty of the production
and certi ication of the same to promote export of grain as such or value added products for better
price realization to the farmers through ef icient market linkages.
36

 Collaboration with exporters for the export of value added products.

 Improvement in storage facility through Government initiatives or construction of community storage

on nominal charges.

 Enhancing farm level economy.

 Mass campaign for health bene its awareness & value addition and organizing cooking festival/bakery
products competition for new ideas/value added products.

 Creation of marketing infrastructure.

 Inclusion of millets in mid day meal, ICDS, Public Distribution System etc.

 Supply of millets especially in the areas/societies affected with the problem of malnutrition.

 Identi ication of surplus lands for cultivation of millets.

 37

SECTION - 5
VILAS A TONAPI
B DAYAKAR RAO
C SANGAPPA
R MADHUSUDHANA
B VENKATESH BHAT
ICAR- Indian Institute of Millets Research
Rajendranagar Hyderabad (INDIA)

STRATEGIES FOR MAINSTREAMING

MILLETS FOR NUTRITION SECURITY
IN INDIA
Millets are a groups of cereal food grain crops which are profusely seeding, adapted to cultivation over
a range of tropical and subtropical climates, can be grown with very low inputs. These crops are climate
resilient, hardy and dryland crops also termed as nutricereals which contribute substantially for food and
nutritional security. Generally, these are rain fed crops grown in areas with low rainfall and thus resume
greater importance for sustained agriculture and food security.

All these millets are nutritionally rich, complete their life cycle in 2 to 4 months, adapting to the shorter
cropping windows that facilitated wider adaption, shifting cultivation and withstanding nature’s unfore-
seen vagaries. Millets are especially drought tolerant and can perform well in areas receiving less than
450 mm rainfall. Data on scientific evidences for nutritional and health benefit of millets are now avail-
able, even as consumers are actually finding that millets are superior nutritious cereals beneficial for
human health. Investigations have shown that diets rich in millets, including whole grains are potentially
protective against the non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, due
to protective effects of health promoting phytonutrients. Among millet crops, pearl millet occupies high-
est area followed by sorghum, finger millet and other small millets. These crops are grown for both grain
and fodder purpose. Much of the grains are consumed at house hold levels and the rest goes for industrial
uses including for poultry feed, food processing & breweries. Some quantities are also getting exported
as seed, bird feed & processed food items.
38

The government of India, realizing the importance of millets for the nation, has initiated multi-pronged
strategy to comprehensively promote production and consumption of millets. The Indian government has
declared 2018 as the ‘National Year of Millets’ and has of icially grouped the millets under “nutricereals”.
From 2018-19 onwards, a Sub-Mission of NFSM on millets (‘nutricereals’) has begun with an implementation
span of ive years (up to 2022-23). This Sub-Mission is aimed at reaching the farmers in all millets growing
states through training/demonstrations in improved production practices of producing millet crops, value
addition, provision of seeds of improved varieties, establishment of processing clusters for small millets,
R&D support for solving strategic issues, increasing awareness about health and nutritional bene its of
millets in mass media, etc. for the next ive years. The objectives of the mission is to provide an inclusive
and integrated development strategy that simultaneously addresses production, demand and research
with market oriented approach. The strategy is to increase the production of nutricereals through area
expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identi ied districts of the country,
and enhancing the farm level economy to restore con idence amongst the farmers. This is envisaged through
strengthening of millets seed supply systems and enhancing post-harvest value addition at farm gate for
better price realization to farmers through ef icient market linkages.

The mission on nutricereals is aimed at ful illing the sustainable development goals (SDG’s) of ending
hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture through the
cultivation of nutricereals, end poverty in all its forms, provide good health and well-being for citizens and
alleviate the adverse effects of climate change.

APPROACH

To target the overall productivity enhancement, following programs and interventions in the targeted areas
of 202 districts located in 14 states will be organized and adopted. Front line demonstrations and Intensive
promotion of package of practices (crop production technologies) will be conducted on compact blocks in
cluster approach. Distribution of seed of high yielding varieties (HYV) and hybrids will be implemented
through distribution of seed mini-kits. Breeder seed production of HYVs and establishment of seed hubs
for producing quality seeds will be supported.

PROJECTED NUTRICEREALS OUTPUT OVER 2022 23

During the ensuing ive years, the increase in estimated total production of all nutricereals is going to
be 3.59 m. tonnes higher over the base year 2018-19 when the productivity gains alone are taken into
consideration. While the area increase when computed with increased productivity, the production levels
for the end year 2022-23 will be 31.74 m.tonnes. The difference in estimates can be attributed to area
increase i.e. 10.86 m.tonnes.It means the production due to increase in area in coastal rice fallows, lands
where water table has gone down, north-eastern and eastern India areas and the area enhanced due to
diversi ied uses in non-traditional belts etc.; is going to be three times contribution than that due to the
 39

productivity enhancement envisaged (new improved cultivars, soil health improvement, shift from marginal
lands to better lands under nutricereals cultivation due to better pro its, crop management practices in
adoption mode).

Table 1: Annual productivity trends across nutricereals for doubling farmers’ income

Current Level Yield Growth Targets

Crops 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

CAGR 1996-
Yield (%change (Annual (Annual (Annual (Annual (Annual
97 to
(kg/ha) over increase increase increase increase increase
2014-15
2015-16) %) %) %) %) %)
884 -0.44% 950 1000 1050 1150 1200
Sorghum 900 (1.83)
(5.55) (5.25) (5.00) (9.5) (4.35)

Pearl 1255 2.62% 1275 1300 1350 1400 1425 1450

millet (1.59) (1.96) (3.84) (3.70) (1.78) (1.75)
Finger 1706 1.47 1750 1775 1800 1850 1900 1925
millet (2.58) (1.42) (1.40) (2.77) (2.70) (1.32)
Small 654 2.04 750 775 800 820 850 875
Millets (14.59) (3.33) (3.22) (2.5) (3.65) (2.94)

Table 2: Dynamics of production estimates on different regimes of area and productivity of

different nutricereals in the country during 2018-19 to 2022-23

Constant area with current Constant area with Increased area with
productivity Increased productivity Increased productivity
Crop
Area
Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production
(M.ha)
(kg/ha) (M. tones) (M.ha) (kg/ha) (M. tones) (M.ha) (kg/ha) (M. tones)
(TE)

Jowar 5.9 900 5.10 5.9 1200 7.08 7.08 1200 8.50

Bajra 7.37 1275 9.4 7.37 1450 10.69 8.48 1450 12.30

Ragi 1.25 1750 2.19 1.25 1925 2.41 1.5 1925 2.89

Small
0.8 750 0.6 0.8 875 0.7 0.92 875 8.05
Millets

Total 15.32 1129 17.29 15.32 1362 20.88 17.98 1765 31.74
40

Thus, the emphasis therefore, should be investment with dual focus on yield growth and area expansion
simultaneously, in order to attain the objectives. In addition, post production value addition through
interventions in primary processing and secondary processing with credible market linkages will go a
long way in strengthening nutricereals value chain for the bene it of not only farmers income but also the
nutritional security of the both rural and urban consumers. This addition coming from Nutricereals, would
release pressure to some extent on paddy and wheat tracts.

The envisaged nutricereals output could be realized through area expansion through incentivisation of
Nutri-Cereal cultivation, farm gate processing, support to farmer producer organizations, price support,
crop insurance and the market assurance schemes and minimum support price being enhanced by 1.5
times of cost of cultivation leading to price ef iciency support. This support will trigger Nutricereals being
cultivated in more area and enhanced production. It is also expected that awareness about nutricereals
as health food till date has shown demand generation growing in geometric proportion and will trigger
area expansion to harness enhanced production thus enabling better linkages of nutricereal production
systems through value chains to markets for better price realization to farmer. In addition, the enhanced
productivity augmentation will be enabled due to absorption of new high yielding varieties, better scienti ic
package of practices and technologies that enhance production ef iciencies. Thus projected estimates could
be realized in the given time frame with envisaged policies and incentives.

PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF MILLETS IN INDIA

India is the largest producer and consumer of millets with maximum diversity in terms of types of millet
crops grown and utilized for various purposes. Millet crops are grown in most of the states in regions
characterized by low to moderate precipitation (200-800 mm rainfall). Major millet crops cultivated in
India include sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), inger millet (Eleusine
coracana) and small millets- comprising of foxtail millet (Setaria italica), little millet (Panicum miliare),
kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea), proso millet (Panicum
miliaceum), and brown top millet (Brachiaria ramosum), which are now termed nutricereals.

PRODUCTION OF MILLETS

Though traditionally millets have been produced and utilized mainly as staple food and source of fodder
in the dryland agricultural communities, now they are recognized as food grains for nutrition and health,
besides for their suitability for organic cultivation. India is the leading producer and consumer of millet
crops and their products. A total of 16.7 m ton of millets food grains are produced in India from nearly 15.7
m ha area, which constitutes 6 % of national food grain basket. Pearl millet is grown in about 7.7 million
hectares yielding 9.1 million ton, followed by sorghum (6.1 m ha, yielding 5.3 m ton), inger millet (1.2 m
ha, yielding 1.9 m ton) and other millets (0.7 m ha yielding 0.4 m ton).

Though millets are one of the earliest grains to be cultivated and consumed, in the last 5-6 decades India
has witnessed signi icant decrease in the area under the millets crops. However, the productivity (yield in
kg/ha) of these crops has gradually gone up due to development and adoption of high yielding varieties
 41

and improved production technologies. Among the states, during 2015-16, maximum area under millets
was in Rajasthan (5 m ha; 87% under pearl millet) followed by Maharashtra (4 m ha, 75% under sorghum)
and Karnataka (2 m ha, 54% under sorghum, 32% under inger millet).

Area, production and yield of millet crops in India during 2016

Contribution to
Area Production Yield World
Crop world production Production
(000 ha) (000 tons) (kg/ha) rank
(%)
Barnyard millet 146.0 151.0 1034 99.9 1
Finger millet 1138.3 1822.0 1601 53.3 1
Foxtail millet 72.6 50.2 691 2.2 3
Kodo millet 200.0 84.2 419 100 1
Little millet 255.5 119.9 469 100 1
Pearl millet 7129.0 10280.0 1442 44.5 1
Proso millet 31.0 20.0 645 1.4 9
Sorghum 5650.0 4410.0 781 6.9 6

Source: Estimates based on data from Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations & Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Government of India.

State-wise estimates of area (000 ha) under

millets (mean of ϐive years- 2011-12 to 2015-16)
in India
Source: Estimated based on data from Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of India
42

The main reasons for the decline in the cultivation of millets crops in India are - low remunerative returns
from cultivation as compared to other competing crops, lack of input subsidies and price incentives,
subsidized supply of ine cereals to public, and change in the consumer preferences. In spite of the reduced
consumption of millets in the country, they are the very important food crops in niche areas of dry lands and
hilly regions, for farming communities including tribal regions. Millets as staple foods also provide nutrient
security and these are strategically important wherever they are grown and consumed. Kodo millet and
little millet in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, inger millet in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand,
barnyard millet in Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu, among others, continue to be under cultivation and
consumption by tribal communities.

UTILIZATION OF MILLETS

Bulk of the millets produce is consumed in the farmer’s household and only 5-10% of production enters
the commerce and this proportion is now gradually increasing. Millets are traditionally consumed as staple
foods in the Indian diet in the form of unleavened bread and porridge. The dehulled grain of small millets
is cooked like rice and eaten. They are also made into lour, used for making puddings or cakes. Milled
millets are further processed for various food uses such as lakes, quick food cereals, ready to eat snacks,
supplementary foods, extrusion cooking, malt based products, weaning foods, and more importantly health
foods. Malting of inger millet for food uses is in practice from time immemorial. Millets are being widely
used for developing various value added products like biscuits, sweets, vermicelli, ready mixes and multi-
grain lour.

Multi-grain millet lour, lakes of sorghum and pearl millet, inger millet malt, sorghum semolina and pasta,
millets based breakfast cereals, millets-based regional snacks and fast foods, etc. are the commercially
available millets products in India both in retail and online. More extrusion based and bakery products are
in the of ing from different entrepreneurs. The ‘organic’ factor of millets is working in favour of uptake of
these products in India, where gluten allergy issues are not so much present or ignored.

More data on levels of consumption, commerce, etc. are not available and mostly it is localized in the
production belts as well as in some niche market areas in the growing states. Sprouted grains are also eaten
as vegetable in some regions. Millets are known to substitute a portion of poultry feed whenever price of
maize goes up. Some portion of the millets are also utilized in biscuit and brewing industries.

Millets form the major supplier of green and dry fodder in India and their role becomes important during
the lean period of winter and summer months. About 20 to 60% of dry fodder supply in semi-arid area is
dependent on sorghum and pearl millet. Finger millet and barnyard millet fodders possess high palatability
and are also used for making hay or silage. Proso millet green plants are good fodders for cattle and
horses.

In India, due to growing urban demand, several small and medium entrepreneurs have taken to value
addition of millets and marketing in urban clusters and online kiosks. This is expected to reach a critical
 43

mass in a couple of years beyond which farmers would be able to realize the bene its of accruing demand.
Export of value added products of millet products has been in place and growing, though the portion is
miniscule compared to the total of the food and agricultural exports.

Developing the national marketing infrastructure is now underway - which is the most important step
for the growth of millet industry, as 85% of the Indian farmers are small and marginal and resource poor.
Development of co-operative millets marketing system will signi icantly enhance the millets producers’
bargaining power in the competitive market. Linking the Indian millets farmers with online marketing
platforms like e-NAM, will be successful in helping the millet farmers realize better prices for their produce
in the nation-wide market.

Other strategies for Sub-Mission on Nutricereals under NFSM: These include interventions for
productivity enhancement, nutritional awareness creation, strengthening seed production and storage,
farm gate processing facilities, strengthening of Centers of Excellence of value added products technologies,
supporting entrepreneurship, training and business, R&D on nutricereals and establishing grades and
standards of nutricereals.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

 The income of nutricereals farmers doubled by 2022.

 Enhancing the production of Nutricereals from existing to 20 million tonnes by 2022.

 Promotion of 100 Farmers Producers Organization in Nutricereals by 2022.

 Increased domestic consumption of nutricereals by three folds.

 Value chain integration of small farmers and promotion of 500 small processing clusters and 100
demonstrations cum processing clusters.

 Establishment of 100 SMEs in nutricereals processing through technology commercialization.

 Establishment of National Referral Lab for nutricereals with major focus on validation for domestic
as well as export marketing.

STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTION OF MILLETS

Millets constitute one of the oldest foods known to humanity, estimated to be under cultivation since 2500
B.C. Millets have been the stable diet and main source of income, dietary energy and protein for a billion
people in arid and semi-arid tropics in the world. The array of millets offers the range of grains, lavours
and textures suitable for a variety of cuisine and healthy consumption.
44

Millets contain substantially high amount of fat, ibre and minerals in comparison to cereals like wheat and
rice, which have been categorized as ine cereals. The protein content in millets, namely, jowar (10.4%),
bajra (11.6%), proso millet (12.5%), foxtail millet (12.3%) and barnyard millet (11.6%) is comparable
with wheat (11.8%) and much higher than that of rice (6.8%). Though inger millet contains lesser protein
(7.3%), it is rich in mineral matter and calcium in comparison to wheat and rice. All the millets contain
more ibre than ine cereals. Particularly, the small millets namely barnyard millet (14.7%), kodo millet
(9.0%) little millet (8.6%) and foxtail millet (8.0%) are much richer in ibre in comparison to wheat (1.2)
and rice (0.2%).

In a way, India with one of the largest extent of arable land, a major part of which is under rainfed systems
is capable of being the millet leader in the world. Millets are low in gluten and glycaemic index, apart from
being richer in calcium and various other nutrients which are essential for good human health. Now, that
various non-communicable diseases like diabetes etc. have begun to af lict a larger section of the society,
millets with low gluten character are emerging as healthy food substitutes. Interestingly, the decline in
area and production of millets over the last three-four decades and consequential supply coincides with
increasing market demand. From the perspective of farmers, it is a propitious situation for them to realize
better prices on their produce. Unfortunately millets as of now are con ined to less endowed cultivation
tracts of the country. The landholdings where millets are cultivated are largely marginal and the farmers
are generally small & marginal with poor access to capital and other production resources. They are also
raised under rainfed systems with no assured source of irrigation exposing a good crop at its critical stage
of production; cascading into lower yield. Further, having remained outside the pale of green revolution
centric science & technology, the R&D too has largely by passed them causing outcomes that cannot
compete with paddy, wheat & maize in terms of yield increases. The average yields of millets in India today
is 1.1 tonnes per ha. in contrast to 2.5 tonnes per ha in case of rice, 3.2 tonnes per ha in case of wheat and
2.7 tonnes of maize. The policy framework, particularly the marketing support by way of procurement
has also bypassed the millets as poor cousins of wheat & paddy. The substantial decline in the quantum of
production of millets over the decades has also dried up the open market channels. In sum, millets, once
the principle staple crops of India, have been relegated as relatively forgotten crops.

Present Scenario: APY Data presented in Table 1 and 2 have shown that about 17.1 m tonnes of millets
food grains are produced from nearly 15.9 m ha area, which constitutes around 7% of national food grain
basket. Bajra is grown in about 7.9 million hectares yielding 9.4 million tons, followed by jowar (6.1 m ha,
yielding 5.4 m ton) and ragi (1.1 m ha, yielding 1.8 m ton) and other millets (0.68 m ha yielding 0.41 m
ton). These crops are grown for both grain and fodder purpose. Much of the grains are consumed at house
hold levels and the rest goes for industrial uses including for poultry feed, food processing and breweries.
Some quantities are also get exported as seed, bird feed and processed food items. At global level, India is
the leading producer of millets producing 41% of bajra from 28% of global area under the crop and 7% of
jowar from 13% of global area under the crop. Ragi, little millet and kodo millet are mostly grown in India,
whereas maximum area under foxtail millet (4-5m ha) is in China and proso millet is grown in Eurasian
countries.
 45

Table 1. Current area, production and productivity of Nutri-Cereals in India (2016-17)

Crop Area (000 ha) Production (000 tonnes) Yield (kg/ha)

Jowar 5129.5 4740.3 0925

Bajra 7469.4 9855.7 1320

Ragi 1046.5 1430.3 1367

Small Nutri-Cereals 0588.2 0436.4 0742

Total 14233.6 16462.7 -

Table 2. Seven yearly average (2011 to 2017) of area, production and Yield of Nutri-Cereals

Crop Area (000 ha) Production (000 tonnes) Yield (kg/ha)

Jowar 6142.71 5460.84 0898

Bajra 7915.79 9391.34 1192

Ragi 1167.91 1855.46 1583

Small Nutri-Cereals 0688.57 0418.37 0614

Total 15914.98 17126.01 -

PROJECTED NUTRI CEREALS OUTPUT OVER 2022 23 DOUBLING FARMERS’

INCOME DFI PERIOD
From the data presented in Table 3, it is evident that during the ensuing ive years, the increase in
estimated total production of all Nutri-Cereals is going to be 3.59 m. tonnes over the base year 2018-19
when the productivity gains alone are taken into consideration. While the area increase when computed
with increased productivity, the production levels for the end year 2022-23 will be 31.74 m.tonnes. The
difference in estimates can be attributed to area increase i.e. 10.86 m.tonnes. It means the production due
to increase in area (increase in area in coastal rice fallows, lands where water table has gone down, NE
and eastern India areas, the area enhanced due to diversi ied uses in non-traditional belts, etc) is going
to be three times contribution than that due to the productivity enhancement envisaged (new improved
cultivars, soil health improvement, shift from marginal lands to better lands under Nutri-Cereal cultivation
due to better pro its, crop management practices in adoption mode).

Thus, the emphasis therefore, should be investment with dual focus on yield growth and area expansion
simultaneously, in order to attain our objective. In addition, post production value addition through
46

interventions in primary processing and secondary processing with credible market linkages will go a
long way in strengthening nutri-cereals value chain for the bene it of not only farmers income but also the
nutritional security of the both rural and urban consumers alike in the country. This addition coming from
Nutri-Cereals, would release pressure to some extent on paddy and wheat tracts.

Table 3. Annual productivity trends across Nutri-Cereals for doubling farmers’ income

Current Level Yield Growth Targets

Crops 2017-18 2020-21

Yield CAGR 1996- 2018-19 2019-20 2021-22 2022-23
(%change (Annual
(kg/ 97 to (Annual (Annual (Annual (Annual
over increase
ha) 2014-15 increase %) increase %) increase %) increase %)
2015-16) %)

884 -0.44% 950 1000 1050 1150 1200

Jowar 900 (1.83)
(5.55) (5.25) (5.00) (9.5) (4.35)

1255 2.62% 1275 1300 1350 1400 1425 1450

Bajra
(1.59) (1.96) (3.84) (3.70) (1.78) (1.75)

1706 1.47 1750 1775 1800 1850 1900 1925

Ragi
(2.58) (1.42) (1.40) (2.77) (2.70) (1.32)

Small 654 2.04 750 775 800 820 850 875

Millets (14.59) (3.33) (3.22) (2.5) (3.65) (2.94)

Source: DFI Committee Estimates

DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTION ESTIMATES

The agricultural output can be increased through increase in the crop area or by increasing the productivity
of agricultural crops per unit of area in general. Expansion of area under nutricereal crops is of great
limitation given the limited supply of lands and increased demand for lands for non-agricultural purposes.
Therefore increase in the productivity of millets remains the most viable option for enhancing the
agricultural production in the country. In most of the states, farmers realize lesser yield for the crops as
compared to the yield demonstrated by the research institutes and this hinders the achievement of full
level potential of the newly released varieties and improved package of practices. Inability of the farmers
in ensuring the improved package of practices as demonstrated by the research stations often lead to yield
gap. Given the inelastic supply nature of lands, signi icant income generation of millets farmers can be
done by productivity enhancement of millets through reducing yield gaps, including fallow, dry lands and
wastelands under millets cultivation.
 47

Table 4. Dynamics of production estimates on different regimes of area and productivity of

different Nutri-Cereals in the country during 2018-19 to 2022-23

Constant area with current Constant area with Increased Increased area with
productivity productivity Increased productivity
Crop
Area
Productivity Production Area Productivity Production Area Productivity Production
(M.ha)
(kg/ha) (M. tones) (M.ha) (kg/ha) (M. tones) (M.ha) (kg/ha) (M. tones)
(TE)

Jowar 5.9 900 5.10 5.9 1200 7.08 7.08 1200 8.50

Bajra 7.37 1275 9.4 7.37 1450 10.69 8.48 1450 12.30

Ragi 1.25 1750 2.19 1.25 1925 2.41 1.5 1925 2.89

Small
0.8 750 0.6 0.8 875 0.7 0.92 875 8.05
Millets

Total 15.32 1129 17.29 15.32 1362 20.88 17.98 1765 31.74

Note:

1. Area increase for ive years considered in Jowar and Ragi upto 20% but for Bajra and other small
millets upto 15%.

2. Productivity igures taken from earlier table on Annual productivity trends across Nutri-Cereals for
doubling farmers’ income.

3. Constant/current area is Triennium average of previous 3 years ending 2015-16.

The envisaged Nutri-Cereal output could be realized through area expansion through incentivisation of
Nutri-Cereal cultivation, farm gate processing, support to farmer producer organizations, price support,
crop insurance and the market assurance schemes and minimum support price being enhanced by 1.5
times of cost of cultivation leading to price ef iciency support. This support will trigger Nutri-Cereals being
cultivated in more area and enhanced production being augmented from rice fallows, additional areas
with limited protective irrigation capabilities, and from new non-traditional northern states in February-
March planting windows apart from bringing certain sizable portions of cultivable wastelands for Nutri-
Cereal cultivation. It is also expected that awareness about nutricereals as health food till date has shown
demand generation growing in geometric proportion and will trigger area expansion to harness enhanced
production thus enabling better linkages of Nutri-Cereal production systems through value chains to
markets for better price realization to farmer. In addition, the enhanced productivity augmentation will
be enabled due to absorption of new high yielding varieties, better scienti ic package of practices and
technologies that enhance production ef iciencies. Thus projected estimates could be realized in the given
time frame with envisaged policies and incentives.
48

Strategizing Policy interventions for millets in India

Extent of
Crop States Strategies
yield gap*
A. Strategies for the states under-performing
Jowar Lower Kharif: Madhya
yield gap Pradesh, In the short run the states performing below the
Maharashtra, national average need to be given boost in the supply
Tamil Nadu side factors to enhance the productivity and raise
Rabi: Karnataka
them to the national average in a period of three
years. Various supply side factors like provision
of timely quality seeds, training programmes,
formation of seed villages, assured price and buy
back arrangements, insurance coverage, inclusion
of all millets under MSP and proper procurement
policies etc. will boost the farmers’ motivation
towards millets cultivation.

B. Strategies for the states above-performing

The states with more yield gap are needed to be

taken care on the demand side of the policy issues.
Generation of demand for millets and millets value
added products will help in maintain the good pace
of production of these crops.

Proper value addition at the farm level, inclusion

of millets in the midday meal scheme, creation of
awareness about the nutritional bene its of millets,
promotional activities etc. will boost the demand
for the millet products in the country.

* Yield gap is the difference between State Average Yield (SAY) and Frontline Demonstrations (FLD)s of
improved technologies in respective states

ENVISAGED STRATEGIES FOR MILLET PROMOTION

 Crop wise importance: In order to reap immediate bene its in short to medium term of 3-5 years, we
may concentrate on low hanging fruits where the value chain is relatively well developed. Therefore
Sorghum, bajra and inger Nutri-Cereal may be targeted to take advantage of low hanging fruits. This
 49

will enable us to focus on enhancement of incomes in drylands from the stated three crop commodities
targeting creation of demand for them concentrating holistically on all functions involved in the value
chain right from farm production to end user consumption. The success of value chain development
in major Nutri-Cereals may be extrapolated to other small millets which are also store houses of
nutrition.

 Productivity Enhancement andFarmer’s Related: The productivity enhancement measures

should be intensi ied in major Nutri-Cereals parallel to demand creation measures in order to
commercialization process which involves volumes may be adequately met from surpluses from
farm throughout the year. Involving Farmers Producers organizations (FPO’s) and improving the
collective bargaining capacity and handling of various operations collectively with local leadership
with a special focus on nutri-cereals value chain development. Thus focus will be on low productivity
and high potential districts including cultivation of Nutri-cereals crops in rain fed areas, fallow
lands and wastelands. Implementation of cropping system centric interventions in a Mission mode
approach through active engagement of all the stakeholders at various levels. Agro-climatic zone
wise planning and cluster approach for crop productivity enhancement. Promotion and extension of
improved technologies i.e., seed, integrated nutrient management (INM) including micronutrients,
soil amendments, integrated pest management (IPM), input use ef iciency and resource conservation
technologies along with capacity building of the farmers/extension functionaries.

 Farm gate Processing: Primary processing is the main focus of strengthening the demand for small
Nutri-Cereals there by the Farmer-producers may be strengthened in such a way farm gate processing
will enable to reap bene its of value addition for enhanced incomes also likely to obtain higher share
in the consumer rupee. Processing clusters for startups/rural entrepreneurs/SHG’s etc may hasten
the value addition at primary levels for off take of the produce. This will be gradually year by year
state by state will be empowered through the mission.

 Strengthening seed storage, processing, delivery mechanisms for ensured quality seed supply.
Creation of marketing infrastructure with innovative supply chain models, online marketing platforms
and others will signi icantly increase the Nutri-Cereals farmers’ share in consumer rupee.

 Strengthening of Centers of Excellence: A great deal of showcasing of value added products

technologies, recipes development suited for various states, training needs of various stakeholders
on value addition processing, and machinery handling, storage, marketing and branding will be
undertaken. Secondary processing technologies and their upscaling will lead to demonstration to all
stakeholders across the country.

 R&D on Nutri-Cereals: on primary processing machinery development there should be the priority
for developing ef icient dehulling machinery for small Nutri-Cereals. R&D should focus on pro iling
of nutri-cereals cultivars, clinical validation, bioavailability studies, identi ication speci ic cultivars
50

suitable for processing of speci ic products, shelf life enhancement. Establishing pilot plants on
diversi ied uses to strengthen demand and utilization of cereals including fodder utilization.

 Establishing grades and standards of Nutri-Cereals for export purposes to be readied for future.
The linkages with various stakeholders including the collaborative research between private and
public institutions such as CFTRI, NIN, AICRP centres, ICRISAT, IIT’s, private partners will bring in
more resources for Nutri-Cereal promotion in the country holistically.

 State of art facilities on Nutri-cereals: National referral lab and national museum on nutri-cereals
as a centralized facility at IIMR campus will serve as validation centre.

 Entrepreneurship, Training and Business: Supporting startups is another important function that
will handhold them through seed funding for immediate take off. All the start ups approaching CoE
for their technologies to be commercialized may be scrutinized and funded.

 Nutritional Awareness creation: Creating awareness about the nutritional and health bene its over
other traditional food grains and popularization of Nutri-Cereal products among the consumers could
be a major step for demand creation. Awareness creation is a very important as aggressive to address
nutritional and health related problems and nutritional bene its of nutri-cereals pan India

FUTURE OUTLOOK
After decades of neglect, millets are receiving growing attention in the country. They are viewed as
important for health and wellness of people and can help in preventing many kinds of diseases related to
modern life style including obesity and diabetes. The rich diversity of millets crops has made these crops
well suited for contingency crop planning and also to address the issues of climate change.The importance
of regular food use of nutrient dense millet for achieving a holistic food and nutritional security is widely
recognized. The higher prices being offered in some parts of the country to millets duly recognizing their
unique nutritional features is making millets a remunerative proposition vis a vis with other crop options
in the region. There is a greater demand for organically produced millets which can be further stepped up
so that the demand for these crops is increased for the bene it of millet farmers. The interventions made
in the area of grain processing and value addition through the development of novel diversi ied foods in all
millets is opening new avenues for expanding consumer base, enhanced absorption for food use. With the
rising awareness on the nutrient richness of millets, development of technologies for up scaling and policy
options to promote bene icial production and utilization of millets have been receiving due attention.

CONCLUSION
 An additional amount of 48 million tonnes of millets could be produced in the next ive years if
the waste and fallow lands are brought under cultivation of millets and in a period of 3-4 years an
additional amount of 7.88 million quintals of total millets could be produced in India only through
reduction in yield gaps.
 51

 The cost of cultivation of millets can be reduced by adoption of recommended package of practices
and increased resource use ef iciency, technological upgradation and adoption of water saving
technologies.

 Resource use ef iciency on the other hand can be increased by adopting conservation agriculture and
blending indigenous and modern technologies of millets cultivation. Adoption of integrated farming
system models with inclusion of millets for cultivation in post-kharif rice fallows will increase cropping
intensity in dryland agriculture.

 Value addition for demand creation can contribute upto 30% of additional income required for
doubling millets farmers’ income by 2022. Demand for millets and value added products can be done
through various policy advocacies.

 Development of product speci ic varieties, creation of farm level grading and standards, fabrication
of primary processing machinery and conducting bioavailability and shelf-life studies will create
demand for millets in the country. Setting up of nutrition-cum-referral labs on nutrition in IIMR will
signi icantly contribute towards “branding of millets value chain” in the country.

 Addition of nutri-rich fodder in the millets value chain and other millets subsector development will
signi icantly help in doubling the farmers’ income.

 Federating the millets farmers to form into FPOs will suf iciently increase the bargaining capacity of
millets farmers. These FPOS need to be supplemented with provision for farm gate level processing
of millets with technological backstopping from IIMR. The start-up entrepreneurs can be linked with
FPOs for creation of innovative supply chain model and bringing remunerative prices to the millets
farmers.

 Thus the policies should aim at creation of FPOs with regard to millets with provision of small
warehousing facilities for incentivising them to attain the goal of doubling the farmers’ income.

 The horizon of contract farming can be explored under millets sector in the dryland parts of the
country to provide price security to the farmers. This will also bring out timely and systematic supply
of quality millets grains in the market.

 Formulation of steady price policies, expanding the coverage of small millets under MSP, more
procurement of millets through MSP and providing insurance coverage to all the nutri-cereal crop
enterprises. Improvement in the terms of trade (ToT) of agriculture, extending credit and insurance
support to the farmers and providing tax exemption to the millets farmers and entrepreneurs will
boost the millet farmers’ income in the coming years.
52

SECTION - 6



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PROCESSING OF MILLETS WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FINGER
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„‡‡ϐ‹–•–‘–Š‡…‘•—‡”Ǥ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–•Š‘™•‰‘‘†ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž•ǡ…ƒ”‘–‡‡•
ƒ†–‘…‘’Š‡”‘Ž…‘–‡–•Ǥ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒŽ•‘ƒ……——Žƒ–‡•‰ƒƒƒ‹‘„—–›”‹…ƒ…‹†ȋ
Ȍ‘‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ
™Š‹…Š”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•„”ƒ‹ˆ—…–‹‘Ǥ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹•‰‘‘†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž•ƒ†•Š‘™•Š‹‰Š‡•–
‹”‘…Š‡Žƒ–‹‰ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”–‘ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹•Š‹‰Šƒ‘—–‘ˆ…ƒ”‘–‡‘‹†•ƒ†
–‘…‘’Š‡”‘Ž•ƒ†–Š—•…‘–”‹„—–‡ˆ‘”‹–•ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–…‘–ƒ‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹‡
…‘–‡– ȋ͵ǤͲǦ͵Ǥͷ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ƒ‘‰ ƒŽŽ ‘–Š‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™• Š‹‰Š‡•–  “—‡…Š‹‰ ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ƒ‘‰
‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ† Š›’‘‰Ž›…‡‹… ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ”‡†—…‡• …Š‘Ž‡•–‡”‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ ƒ”›ƒ”† ‹ŽŽ‡– …‘–ƒ‹• •‡”‘–‘‹
†‡”‹˜ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒ–‹Ǧ‹ϐŽƒƒ–‘”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹•Ž—–‡‘Ž‹ƒ†–”‹…‹™Š‹…Š„‡Ž‘‰–‘
ϐŽƒ˜‘‘‹†‰”‘—’ƒ†ƒ”‡…ƒ…‡”’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡‹ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

‹–Š •—…Š ƒ —‹“—‡ ƒ† •’‡…‹ϐ‹… —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡ǡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• •–‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹‡† —ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” –‘ ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹–•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡†
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Šƒ˜‡ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‘•…‹‘—••‡‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ—‡
–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ–Š‡‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘•—‡”•–‘™ƒ”†•‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•„‡‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹”‡…‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ—…Š
 53

ƒ‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‹•„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‡…‘‘›ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ–‘•—•–ƒ‹
–Š‡…‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒŒ‘”…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ
ŽŽ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‡š…‡’–ˆ‘””ƒ‰‹‡‡†•Š‡ŽŽ‹‰–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡‘—–‡”‘•–Š—•ǤŠ—••Š‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡
‰”ƒ‹„‡…‘‡•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‡‡†‹‹ŽŽ‡–‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‡‰”ƒ‹‘…‡•Š‡ŽŽ‡†…ƒ„‡—•‡†•‹‹Žƒ”–‘”‹…‡
‹ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•Š‡ŽŽ‡†‰”ƒ‹…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„”ƒŽƒ›‡”ǡ™Š‘•‡’”‡•‡…‡ǡ
‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹ǡŠ‹†‡”•–Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†
ƒŽ•‘–Š‡•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ—•ǡ’‘Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡‰”ƒ‹„‡…‘‡•ƒ‘–Š‡”‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•–‡’Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…ƒ”‡Šƒ•–‘
„‡–ƒ‡–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡’‘Ž‹•Š‡†–‘ƒ‹‹—‡š–‡–ǡ„—–‘––‘†‡’”‹˜‡–Š‡‡”‡Ž‘ˆ‹–•
—–”‹‡–•ǤŠ‡Œ—†‹…‹‘—•Ž›‹ŽŽ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•…ƒ„‡—•‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–••‹‹Žƒ”–‘”‹…‡ǤŠ‡
‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ…ƒ„‡’‘’’‡††‹”‡…–Ž›ǡƒ†…ƒ„‡…‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ–’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–”‹…‡‘”
ϐŽ‘—”‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Žƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–•Š‘™•˜‡”›•Š‘”–•Š‡ŽˆǦŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆͳͷ–‘͵Ͳ†ƒ›•„‡…ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆˆƒ–ƒ†Ž‹’ƒ•‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡•Š‘”–…‘‹‰•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‘˜‡”…‘‡
„›…‘˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‡‹–Š‡”–‘ϐŽ‘—”‘”•‡‘Ž‹ƒˆ‘”—•‹‰”‘ŽŽ‡”‹ŽŽ‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡
’”‘†—…–•–Š—•’”‡’ƒ”‡†•Š‘™‡†ƒ•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ‹‹—Ͷ‘–Š•Ǥ
Ǧ Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡”‹‡•ˆ‘”†‡Š—•‹‰‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ‡†ƒŽ
‘’‡”ƒ–‡†…›…Ž‡‹ŽŽ‹•‘‡‘ˆ•—…Šƒ…Š‹‡”‹‡•™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–›ƒ†
‹†‡ƒŽŽ›•—‹–•ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ•…ƒŽ‡’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǤŠ‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ„‘—–ͳͲǦͳͷ‰ȀŠ™‹–Š
ƒ†‡Š—ŽŽ‹‰’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆͺͲǦͺͷˆ‘”Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†͹ͲǦ͹ͷˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ–‹•ƒ––ƒ…Š‡†
™‹–Šƒ…›…Ž‘‡•›•–‡™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‹†‡•ͺͻǦͻ͹Ψ‘ˆŠ—••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†…‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ
‹•ƒ”‘—†•ǤͳͷǡͲͲͲȀǦ–‘ʹͲǡͲͲͲȀǦǤŠ‹•‹ŽŽ…ƒ„‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›Žƒ†‹‡•ƒ†…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒŽ•‘Ǥ

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‘””ƒ‰‹„‡‹‰‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ
…‘–ƒ‹•ƒƒ‡†…ƒ”›‘’•‹•ƒ†–Š‡•‡‡†…‘ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹•
”‹‰‹†Ž›ƒ––ƒ…Š‡†–‘–Š‡‡†‘•’‡”ǤŠ‡‡†‘•’‡”•Š‘™•
Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˆ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ •–”—…–—”‡ ƒ† „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ‹
’‘™†‡”•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡†‹„Ž‡•‡‡†…‘ƒ–ǤŠ‡•‡‡†…‘ƒ–‘ˆ
–Š‡‰”ƒ‹…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–ͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ‘”‡
–Šƒ ͹ͷΨ ‘ˆ †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” ƒ† ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž•Ǥ
‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”ƒ†’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž•ǡ
”ƒ‰‹„‡…‘‡•‘•–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”†‹ƒ„‡–‹…•ƒ†‘„‡•‡
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž• ƒ†
†‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” ƒŽ•‘ ”‡†—…‡• –Š‡ „‹‘ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Fig. 1. Pedal operated millet mill
…ƒŽ…‹—’”‡•‡–‹”ƒ‰‹–‘͵ͲΨǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ”ƒ‰‹‡‡†•–‘
„‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž› ’”‡Ǧ’”‘…‡••‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ‹‰ ˆ‘‘†• ˆ‘” …Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ† ƒ‰‡ ‘Ž† ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”’”‘…‡••‹‰”ƒ‰‹‹•‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—”‹‰‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ”ƒ‰‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’•ƒ‡œ›‡…ƒŽŽ‡†Dzƒ›Žƒ•‡•dz
ƒ†Š‡…‡ǡ‰‡–•Š›†”‘Ž›œ‡††—”‹‰…‘‘‹‰ƒ†ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”•ƒ–Š‹•Ž—””›ǤŠ‡„‘†›…ƒƒ„•‘”„ƒ„‘—–ͺͲΨ
‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒŽ…‹—’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ƒŽ–‡†”ƒ‰‹ϐŽ‘—”ǤƒŽ–‡†”ƒ‰‹ϐŽ‘—”‹•ƒ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”’”‘†—…–•
Ž‹‡ƒŽ–‡†™‡ƒ‹‰ˆ‘‘†ǡ„‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡•‡–…Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”ƒ‰‹„ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–͹‰ȀͳͲͲ‰‘ˆ’”‘–‡‹ƒ†
‡‡†•–‘„‡…‘’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Š‡‹–Š‡”‹Ž’‘™†‡”‘”˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡’”‘–‡‹–‘ƒ‡‹–ƒ…‘’Ž‡–‡—–”‹–‹‘—•
ˆ‘‘†Ǥ
54

• ‡–‹‘‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ”ƒ‰‹ ‰‡–• ’‘™†‡”‡† ƒŽ‘‰

™‹–Š ‹–• •‡‡† …‘ƒ– ƒ† –Š—• ‘Ž› ϐŽ‘—” „ƒ•‡†
’”‘†—…–• …ƒ „‡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ‰”ƒ‹Ǥ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡…‡ ‘ˆ •‡‡† …‘ƒ–ǡ
–Š‡ ’”‘†—…–• ˆ”‘ ”ƒ‰‹ ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› †ƒ” ‹
…‘Ž‘” ƒ† ‡šŠ‹„‹–• –›’‹…ƒŽ …Š‡™› –‡š–—”‡Ǥ Ǧ
 ǡ Šƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ ’”‘…‡•• –‘ Šƒ”†‡ –Š‡
”ƒ‰‹‡†‘•’‡”ƒ†–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡•‡‡†…‘ƒ–ˆ‘”
’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡† ”ƒ‰‹Ǥ ‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡†
”ƒ‰‹ …ƒ „‡ …‘‘‡† Ž‹‡ ”‹…‡ ‹–‘ †‹•…”‡–‡ ‰”ƒ‹•ǡ
…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡Ž‡‘”‹…‡ǡ‹…Šƒ†‹ǡŠ‡‡”
‡–…ǤŠ‡‘˜‡Ž’”‘†—…–•Ž‹‡ϐŽƒ‡†ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‡† ‹‰Ǥ͸Ǥ‘‘‡†ȋȌƒŽ–‡†”ƒ‰‹ϔŽ‘—”ȋȌ”‹…‡ϔŽ‘—”‹
”ƒ‰‹…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘†‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡†”ƒ‰‹Ǥ •ƒ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
˜‡–Š‘—‰Šǡƒ„‘—–͵ͲǦͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡—–”‹‡–•ƒ”‡
Ž‘•– †—”‹‰ †‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ —–”‹‡–• ‹• ‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡ „‹‘ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
…ƒŽ…‹—‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–‘͸ͲΨƒˆ–‡”†‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‹‰Ǥ͹ǤȋȌ‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡†”ƒ‰‹ȋȌš’ƒ†‡†”ƒ‰‹ȋȌ Žƒ‡†”ƒ‰‹
ƒ‰‹…ƒ„‡’”‘…‡••‡†•—‹–ƒ„Ž›–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡†”—†”‹‡†ƒ†‡š–”—†‡†’”‘†—…–•ˆ‘”™Š‹…Šƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡‡†…‘ƒ–…ƒ„‡”‡‘˜‡†„›ƒ•‹’Ž‡‡–Š‘†…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•”‡ϐ‹‹‰Ǥƒ‰‹…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡’‘’’‡†–‘
’”‡’ƒ”‡”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ–’”‘†—…–ǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡‹š‡†™‹–ŠŒƒ‰‰‡”›ƒ†‹Ž„‡ˆ‘”‡…‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ
7KXV UDJL FDQ EH VXLWDEO\ SURFHVVHG WR PHHW WKH GL൵HUHQW QXWULWLRQDO UHTXLUHPHQW RI WKH WDUJHW

population. Research Institutes like CSIR-CFTRI

LV FRQWLQXRXVO\ GHYHORSLQJ GL൵HUHQW SURFHVVLQJ
WHFKQRORJLHV IRU UDJL DQG RWKHU VPDOO PLOOHWV WR
SUHSDUH YDOXH DGGHG SURGXFWV DQG GLYHUVLI\ WKH
IRRGXVHGRIPLOOHWV,QWKLVGLUHFWLRQWKHIDUPHUV
UHVHDUFKHUVWHFKQRORJLVWVDQGIRRGLQGXVWULHVQHHG
to join hands to popularize millet based products
and technologies.

Popped ragi
 55

SECTION - 7
 ǤǤǤ


ǤǤǤ
ǤƬǡ

†‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡŠ—„ƒ‡•™ƒ”
‡ƒ‹Žǣ”‘—Ž’˜–̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

STATUS OF SMALL MILLETS

IN ODISHA
ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ‰”‘—’’ˆ•‹š‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•vizǤǡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋŽ‡—•‹‡…‘”ƒ…ƒƒȌǡ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ȋƒ‹…—
•—ƒ–”‡•‡Ȍǡ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ‡–ƒ”‹ƒ ‹–ƒŽ‹…ƒȌǡ ”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ‹…— ‹Ž‹ƒ…‡—Ȍǡ ‘†‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ•’ƒŽ—
•…”‘„‹…—Žƒ–—Ȍ ƒ† ƒ”›ƒ”† ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ…Š‹‘…ŠŽ‘ƒ …‘Ž‘ƒȌǤ —– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‹š •ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–
ȋƒ†‹ƒȌ ƒ† ‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ—ƒȌ ƒ”‡ ‘•–Ž› ‰”‘™ ‹ †‹•ŠƒǤ ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ‹Š‡”‡– “—ƒŽ‹–›
‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ–—”‹–›ǡ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘›‹‡Ž†‹Ž‘™”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”‡˜‡”›—…Š•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
–‘ „‡ ‰”‘™ ‹ †”› Žƒ†• ƒ† Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‰ •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž› –‘ ˆ‘‘† ƒ† —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡…—”‹–› ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ•
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡•‡…”‘’•ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡•‹Ž‹‡––‘•‘‹Žǡ‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡŠ‡…‡
•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”…‘–‹‰‡–’Žƒ–‹‰ǤŠ‡•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ•‘ƒ‡†ƒ•—–”‹…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋ”ƒ‰‹Ȍ‹•–Š‡ʹ†‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘‘†…”‘’‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡š––‘”‹…‡‘……—’›‹‰ƒ”‘—†ͳǤ͵ͺŽƒŠ
Š‡…–ƒ”‡•™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆͳǤʹͳŽƒŠ–‘‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͺ͹Ͷ‰ȀŠƒǤƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ
•ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ȋ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍ ‹• ‰”‘™ ‹ ƒ •‹œƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒǡ ‘……—’›‹‰ ͲǤʹͺ ŽƒŠ Š‡…–ƒ”‡• ™‹–Š ƒ
’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆͲǤͳͶŽƒŠ–‘‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͷͳʹ‰ȀŠƒǤ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ʹ͵†‹•–”‹…–•ƒ†
Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ʹͲ†‹•–”‹…–•‘—–‘ˆ͵Ͳ†‹•–”‹…–•‹†‹•ŠƒǤ

Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‘—–Š†‹•Šƒƒ”‡‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†ˆ‘”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽŽ›–Š‡”‡‹•‘ƒ”‡–
ˆ‘”–Š‡…”‘’Ǥ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‰‹™ƒ•‘”‡’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ‘‰–Š‡•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ—–
ƒˆ–‡”‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ”‹…‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•…Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ‘‘†Šƒ„‹–ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘–ƒ‡”‹…‡Ǥ–Š‡
…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ”ƒ‰‹…‘•—’–‹‘‹•…‘‹‰—’ƒ•ƒˆ‘‘†‘ˆƒˆϐŽ—‡–’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡—’ƒ•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡…”‘’‹—’Žƒ†•†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆǤ–Š‡‡†‹—Žƒ†•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›
†—”ƒ–‹‘”ƒ‰‹…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”•‘ˆ͹ͲǦͺͲ†ƒ›•ƒ”‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†ǡ•‘–Šƒ–ƒˆ–‡”Šƒ”˜‡•–‘ˆ”ƒ‰‹ˆƒ”‡”•…ƒ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›
’ƒ††›Ǥ”‡•‡–Ž›†—‡–‘—…‡”–ƒ‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–•ǡ”‹…‡…”‘’ˆƒ‹Ž•‹—’Žƒ†Ǥ‡…‡ǡ‹–
™‹ŽŽ„‡„‡––‡”‹ˆ•—…ŠŽƒ†•ƒ”‡†‹˜‡”–‡†ˆ‘””ƒ‰‹…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•‘‡’ƒ–…Š‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡
56

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ”ƒ‰‹Šƒ•„‡‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡††—”‹‰•—‡”ƒˆ–‡”Šƒ”˜‡•–‘ˆŠƒ”‹ˆ”‹…‡Ǥ—’Žƒ†•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†
„›„Žƒ…‰”ƒǤƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–‹•‰”‘™ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ

˜‡”ƒ‰‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ”‡ͺ͹Ͷƒ†ͷ͸͸‰ȀŠƒǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡„‡Ž‘™
–Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘™ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‹• ƒ‹Ž› †—‡ –‘ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘…ƒŽ –›’‡• Šƒ˜‹‰ Ž‘™ ›‹‡Ž†
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǡ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—”‡•Ƭˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ‹’”‘’‡”…”‘’ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†Žƒ…‘ˆ’‡•–
ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ™‹–Šƒ˜‹‡™–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ–Š‡•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ”‡
•‡”‹‘—•Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡†‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠ‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰†‹•‡ƒ•‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•™‹–Š•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‘‘‹…
’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†’”‘’‡”…”‘’’”‘–‡…–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ•‘ƒ•–‘ϐ‹–•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–‘Ž‘…ƒŽ‰”‘™‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

ǡ 

ȍʹͲͳͳǧͳʹʹͲͳ͹ǧͳͺȎ

Production
Year ”‡ƒȋǮͲͲͲǯŠƒȌ ‹‡Ž†ȋ‰ȀŠƒȌ
ȋǮͲͲͲǯȌ


ʹͲͳͳǦͳʹ ͳ͸ͻǤʹʹ ͳͷͳǤͶʹ ͺͻͷ
ʹͲͳʹǦͳ͵ ͳ͹ʹǤͻͻ ͳͶͻǤʹͳ ͺ͸͵
ʹͲͳ͵ǦͳͶ ͳ͸ͷǤͺͲ ͳͶ͵Ǥ͹Ͷ ͺ͸͹
ʹͲͳͶǦͳͷ ͳͷͺǤ͵Ͳ ͳ͵͹ǤͶͲ ͺ͸ͺ
ʹͲͳͷǦͳ͸ ͳͶ͹Ǥ͵Ͳ ͳʹ͹Ǥ͹Ͳ ͺ͸͹
ʹͲͳ͸Ǧͳ͹ ͳ͵ͺǤͲͲ ͳʹͲǤͻʹ ͺ͹Ͷ
ʹͲͳ͹Ǧͳͺ ͳͳͶǤͲͲ ͳͲͳǤͲͲ ͺͺͲ
ȋ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍ
ʹͲͳͳǦͳʹ ͳ͹ǤʹͲ ͺǤͻͷ ͷʹͲ
ʹͲͳʹǦͳ͵ ͳ͹Ǥ͵ͺ ͺǤͺ͸ ͷͳͲ
ʹͲͳ͵ǦͳͶ ͳͻǤ͵ʹ ͻǤ͹Ͳ ͷͲʹ
ʹͲͳͶǦͳͷ ʹͲǤ͹ͺ ͳͲǤͶͷ ͷͲ͵
ʹͲͳͷǦͳ͸ ʹͷǤ͵ͷ ͳʹǤ͹Ͳ ͷͲͳ
ʹͲͳ͸Ǧͳ͹ ʹ͹ǤͶͲ ͳ͵ǤͺͲ ͷͲͷ
ʹͲͳ͹Ǧͳͺ ʹͻǤʹͲ ͳͶǤͻͲ ͷͳʹ

Š‹••Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ”‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰ǡ„—––Š‡›‹‡Ž†ƒŽ‘•–
”‡ƒ‹‡†•–ƒ–‹…Ǥ•”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ȋ‘–Š‡”–Šƒϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍ–Š‡”‡‹•‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ†
’”‘†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡›‹‡Ž†ƒŽ•‘”‡ƒ‹‡†•–ƒ–‹…†—”‹‰–Š‡•‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ʹ͵†‹•–”‹…–•ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ʹͲ†‹•–”‹…–•‘—–‘ˆ͵Ͳ†‹•–”‹…–•‹†‹•ŠƒǤ
ƒŒ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‰”‘™‹‰ †‹•–”‹…–• ‹…Ž—†‡ ‘”ƒ’—–ǡ
ƒŒƒǡ ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǡ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ǡ ƒŽƒƒ‰‹”‹ǡ ƒŽƒŠƒ†‹ǡ
—ƒ’ƒ†ƒǡƒ™ƒ”ƒ‰’—”ǡ—†‡”‰ƒ”Šƒ†Š—Ž„ƒ‹Ǥ
 57

DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL MILLETS IN ODISHA

Crop Stability index Districts

‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†ƬŽ‘™ ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ”ƒǡƒŽƒƒ‰‹”‹ǡƒŽƒŠƒ†‹ǡ
ƒŒƒǡƒ™ƒ”ƒ‰’—”ǡ
•’”‡ƒ† —ƒ’ƒ”ƒǡ—†‡”‰ƒ”Šǡ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹

 ‘™›‹‡Ž†ƬŽ‘™ ‘—†Šƒǡƒ†ŠƒƒŽǡ‡‘‰ƒ”Šǡ‘”ƒ’—–ǡ‘‡ŒŠƒ”ǡƒ„ƒŽ’—”ǡ
•’”‡ƒ† ‘’—”ǡƒ›ƒ‰ƒ”Šǡ‰—ŽǡŠ‡ƒƒŽǡƒ›—”„ŠƒŒǡ‘Žƒ‰‹”ǡ
ƒŒ’—”ǡ—––ƒ…ǡ—”‹
‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†ƬŽ‘™ ‘‡ŒŠƒ”ǡ‘Žƒ‰‹”ǡ—†‡”‰ƒ”Šǡƒ›ƒ‰ƒ”ƒǡƒ›ƒ‰ƒ”Šǡ
ƒŒƒǡ
•’”‡ƒ† ‰—ŽǡŠ‡ƒƒŽ

‘™›‹‡Ž†ƬŽ‘™
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ǡƒ™ƒ”ƒ‰’—”ǡƒ›—”„ŠƒŒǡ‘—†Šƒǡ‘’—”ǡ
•’”‡ƒ† ƒŽƒƒ‰‹”‹ǡ‘”ƒ’—–ǡƒ†ŠƒƒŽ
58

 

 ‹ŽŽ‡–•‡‡†˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡›”‡“—‹”‡Œ—•–ƒ”‘—†ʹͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ”‡‰‹‡
†‡ƒ†‡†„›…”‘’••—…Šƒ••—‰ƒ”…ƒ‡ƒ†„ƒƒƒǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡›†‘‘–„—”†‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™‹–Š†‡ƒ†•
ˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘”’‘™‡”Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–•‰”‘™‘–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–‘ˆ•‘‹Ž•ǡ‡˜‡•‘‹Ž•Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‡••–Šƒͳͷ…†‡’–ŠǤ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‰”‘™‹‰
‘•‡Ž‡–ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‡••–Šƒͳͷ…†‡‡’Ǥ–†‘‡•‘–†‡ƒ†”‹…Š•‘‹Ž•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•—”˜‹˜ƒŽƒ†
‰”‘™–ŠǤ‡…‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‡˜ƒ•–†”›Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ„‘‘Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘‹•‘–†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•›–Š‡–‹…ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǤŠ‡›‰”‘™™‡ŽŽ™‹–Šƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ˆƒ”›ƒ”†ƒ—”‡•ƒ†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†’”‘†—…‡†„‹‘Ǧ‘”‰ƒ‹…•ȋ˜‡”‹…‘’‘•–ǡ’ƒ…Šƒ‰ƒ„›ƒ‡–…ȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
–Š‡›…ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›”‡†—…‡–Š‡Š—‰‡„—”†‡‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•—„•‹†›„‘”‡„›–Š‡
‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡’‡•–ˆ”‡‡…”‘’•Ǥ
”‘™—†‡”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†•ǡ‘‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ––”ƒ…–•ƒ›’‡•–ǤŠ‡›…ƒ„‡
–‡”‡†ƒ•’‡•–ˆ”‡‡…”‘’•ǤƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡‘–ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›•–‘”ƒ‰‡’‡•–•‡‹–Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹”
‡‡†ˆ‘”’‡•–‹…‹†‡•‹•…Ž‘•‡–‘‹ŽǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–„‘‘–‘–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘– Œ—•– …”‘’• „—– …”‘’’‹‰ •›•–‡Ǥ ‘•– ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‰”‘™ —†‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•
”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ”‘’’‹‰›•–‡ƒ†‘–Œ—•–ƒ…”‘’Ǥ‘•–‹ŽŽ‡–ϐ‹‡Ž†•ƒ”‡‹Š‡”‡–Ž›„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‡ǤŠ‹•
‹•–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ‹š–‘–™‡–›…”‘’•ƒ”‡’Žƒ–‡†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡•’ƒ…‡ƒ–
–Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡ƒƒœ‹‰‹–Š‡‹”—–”‹–‹‘…‘–‡–Ǥƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•–Š”‡‡–‘ϐ‹˜‡–‹‡•—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›
•—’‡”‹‘”–‘–Š‡™‹†‡Ž›’”‘‘–‡†”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–‹–‡”•‘ˆ’”‘–‡‹•ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†˜‹–ƒ‹•Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‡…—”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡•‹‰Ž‡…”‘’••—…Šƒ•”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–…ƒ•—……‡‡†‹’”‘†—…‹‰
ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ˆ‘”†‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‡…—”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›‹…Ž—†‡•‡…—”‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ‘‘†ǡ—–”‹–‹‘ǡ
ˆ‘††‡”ǡϐ‹„”‡ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

 ȍͳͲͲ

Ȏ

Crop/Nutrient ”‘–‡‹ȋ‰Ȍ ‹„‡”ȋ‰Ȍ ‹‡”ƒŽȋ‰Ȍ ”‘ȋ‰Ȍ ƒŽ…‹—ȋ‰Ȍ

 ͳͲǤ͸ ͳǤ͵ ʹǤ͵ ͳ͸Ǥͻ ͵ͺ

 ͹Ǥ͵ ͵Ǥ͸ ʹǤ͹ ͵Ǥͻ ͵ͶͶ
 ͳʹǤ͵ ͸ǤͲ ͵Ǥ͵ ʹǤͺ 31
 ͳʹǤͷ ʹǤʹ ͳǤͻ ͲǤͺ ͳͶ
 ͺǤ͵ ͻǤͲ ʹǤ͸ ͲǤͷ ʹ͹
 ͹Ǥ͹ ͹Ǥ͸ ͳǤͷ ͻǤ͵ ͳ͹
 ͳͳǤʹ ͳͲǤͳ ͶǤͶ ͳͷǤʹ 11
 ͸Ǥͺ ͲǤʹ ͲǤ͸ ͲǤ͹ ͳͲ
 ͳͳǤͺ ͳǤʹ ͳǤͷ ͷǤ͵ Ͷͳ
 59

ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•Šƒ˜‹‰•’‡…‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ•—–”‹–‹˜‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•nutri-cereals and at times are used

ˆ‘”…—”ƒ–‹˜‡’—”’‘•‡•ƒ•‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–„›†‹ƒ„‡–‹…’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ• Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‘’Ž‹ƒ– ”‘’•Ǥ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡– ˆƒ”‹‰ •›•–‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ –Š‡
Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡‘’Ž‹ƒ–”‘’•ǤŽ‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡’‘”–‡†•Ž‡••”ƒ‹ǡ‘”‡Š‡ƒ–ǡ”‡†—…‡†™ƒ–‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘Ǥˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ›…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡–Šƒ–…ƒ™‹–Š•–ƒ†–Š‡•‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ•—”˜‹˜‡
ƒ†ϐŽ‘—”‹•Šǡ‹–‹•–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǤŠ‹Ž‡™Š‡ƒ–ƒ†”‹…‡‹‰Š–’”‘˜‹†‡‘Ž›ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡
•‡…—”‹–‹‡•ȋˆ‘‘†ǡˆ‘††‡”ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ—–”‹–‹‘ǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽȌƒ‹‰–Š‡–Š‡…”‘’•‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ



 „‘—–ͻͷΨ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ”‡ƒ‹•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘—†‡”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽȀ‹†‹‰‡‘—•Žƒ†”ƒ…‡•
™‹–ŠŽ‘™›‹‡Ž†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ

 Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•„‡‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰†—‡–‘…Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ‘‘†Šƒ„‹–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

 ”‘’• Ž‹‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ȋ‘™’‡ƒǡ ”ƒǡ ‘ƒ–‘ǡ ”‹ŒƒŽ ‡–…ǤȌǡ …‘––‘ǡ ‰”‘—†—–ǡ ƒ‹œ‡ǡ …‘™’‡ƒ ƒ†
‘–Š‡””‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡…”‘’•…‘’‡–‡™‹–Š•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

 ”‹…‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‘–•‘”‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”…”‘’••‘ƒ•–‘ƒ––”ƒ…––Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”
‰”‘™‹‰•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

 ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—–ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡—•‡•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

 ‘Ǧƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡•‘™‹‰Ȁ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡’Žƒ–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘

 Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡”‡…‘‡†‡†ƒ†„ƒŽƒ…‡†‘•‡•‘ˆƒ—”‡•ƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Ǥ

 ‡‡†‹‰ƒ†Š‘‡‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘––ƒ‡—’‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‹‡Ǥ

 ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡’Žƒ–’”‘–‡…–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ”‡‘––ƒ‡—’„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•

 ƒ”‰‹ƒŽǡ”ƒ‹ˆ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‘•‹‰‹–‡”‡•–‹…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•†—‡–‘Š‹‰ŠŽƒ„‘—”
”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ†–Š‡–‡†‹‘—•™‘”‘ˆ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†‰”ƒ‹•ˆ‘”…‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ


 


 ……—””‡…‡‘ˆ„Žƒ•–‹—”•‡”›•–ƒ‰‡ƒ†‡…„Žƒ•–‹ƒŽŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•†—‡–‘’”‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡‘ˆ™ƒ”Š—‹†
…‘†‹–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡…”‘’’‹‰•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ

 ’Š‹†’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–͵ͷǦͶͲ†ƒ›•Ƭ’ƒ‹…Ž‡•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‰”‘™–Š‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ
60

 ‹˜‹’ƒ”‘—•‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆŠƒ”˜‡•–‹‰Ǥ

 ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡•—’’Ž›‘ˆŠ‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ



 
 ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡’‡•–”‡•‹•–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ

 ‘’—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Žƒ”‰‡ •…ƒŽ‡ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ϐ‹‡Ž†
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆ—†‡”‹–‡”…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡™‹–Šƒ”Šƒ”ƒ†‰”‘—†—–Ǥ

 …Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–‹–Š‡…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡‹–Š‡…Šƒ‰‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‹…•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

 ƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•Š‘”–†—”ƒ–‹‘’”‡Ǧ’ƒ††›”ƒ‰‹˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•†—”‹‰’”‡ǦŠƒ”‹ˆ‹‡†‹—Žƒ†
’ƒ††›ϐ‹‡Ž†•‹…Šƒ‰‹‰…Ž‹ƒ–‹…•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

 ƒ”‰‡ •…ƒŽ‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡† …”‘’ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘–‡…–‹‘
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ

 …”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–†—”‹‰”ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘—†‡”‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

 ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‰•—’‡”‹‘”’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

 ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰•–‘–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•–‘ƒ†‘’–Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•‡‡†‹‰Ǥ

 ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š „‡‡ϐ‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•dz ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ˆ‘”
†‹ƒ„‡–‹…’ƒ–‹‡–•ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š›˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†’”‘†—…–•–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ

 —ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ƒ”‡–‹‰ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†‹‹—•—’’‘”–’”‹…‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–••Š‘—Ž†
„‡ϐ‹š‡†Ǥ

 ”‡ƒ–‹‰†‡ƒ†•ƒ†”‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ”‡–’”‹…‡ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•—•–ƒ‹’”‘†—…–‹‘.


 ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‘—‰Š––‘„‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡†‹ƒ’—„Ž‹…†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•›•–‡ȋȌǡ„ƒ•‡†‘”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†…‘•—’–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•ǡ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›…–ǤŠ‡“—ƒ–‹–›
•—’’Ž‹‡†‡‡†•–‘„‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘–ŠŽ›ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳͲ‰’‡”Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ǤƒŽŽ
‹ŽŽ‡–••Š‘—Ž†Ž‹‡™‹•‡„‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‡—•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘‘†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†™‡Žˆƒ”‡•…Š‡‡•Ž‹‡‹†Ǧ†ƒ›
‡ƒŽ•‹•…Š‘‘Ž•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ–•–ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
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 •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ •ƒŽŽ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ —‹–• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ ͷ  ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǣ ˜‡•–‡– •—’’‘”–
•Š‘—Ž†„‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘Ž‘…ƒŽ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘…‡••‹‰—‹–•ˆ‘”†‡Š—ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†
ϐŽ‘—”ƒ‹‰‘ˆŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•’‡…‹ϐ‹…•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ‘…ƒŽ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›”—‹‰•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ•…ƒ
„‡‰‹˜‡’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡƒ•–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†…Ž‹‡–‡Ž‡‹’Žƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ„‘‘•–
Š‘‡…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ‡…‘‘›ǤŠ‡”‡˜‡”’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š‹•ƒ…–‹˜‹–›…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ…–‹˜‡
™‘‡•‡ŽˆŠ‡Ž’‰”‘—’•Ǥ

 ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•…Ž—•–‡”•ǣŽ—•–‡”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡‹–”‘†—…‡†ǡ…‘˜‡”‹‰ͳͲͲŠ‡…–ƒ”‡•ǡ‘”ʹͲͲˆƒ”‡”•ǡ
‘”•‘‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ȋƒ•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ȍǡ™Š‡”‡‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ƒ†’”‘…‡••‡†ˆ‘”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡•‡…Ž—•–‡”•™‹ŽŽ’”‘†—…‡”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ…‘‘‰”ƒ‹ˆ‘”•Š‘’•ǡ”—”ƒŽƒ”‡–•ƒ†•—’‡”ƒ”‡–•Ǥ

 ‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ–•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǣ—’’‘”–•Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡–‘‹…”‘Ǧǡ•ƒŽŽǦƒ†‡†‹—Ǧ
‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•’”‘†—…‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‘‘†•ǤŠ‡•‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•™‹ŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ƒ”‡–˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”
‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ† ‹–”‘†—…‡ ‡™ ’”‘†—…–•ǡ ‘”‡ ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› –ƒ•–‡•Ǥ ’‡…‹ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•
•Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ‹…‡–‹˜‹œ‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”• ‘– …‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ‹…”‘ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡
†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰’—•Š…ƒ”–’‘””‹†‰‡˜‡†‘”•ǡ™Š‘ƒ”‡’ƒ–”‘‹œ‡†„›Žƒ”‰‡•‡‰‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‘”
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

  

Ƭ



‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹—†‡”ŽŽ†‹ƒ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†
ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘˜‡‡–”‘Œ‡…–ȋȌǡ†‹•Šƒ‡–”‡
•–ƒ”–‡††—”‹‰ͳͻͺ͸Ǧͺ͹Ǥ‹…‡ͳͻ͹ͻǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ‹ŽŽ‡–•‡–”‡ǡ
—†‡”ƒ†‘„‹ˆ—”…ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‡…ƒ‡ƒƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•…‡–”‡Ǥ
– ’”‡•‡– ŽŽ †‹ƒ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† ‡•‡ƒ”…Š ”‘Œ‡…– ‘ ƒŽŽ
‹ŽŽ‡–•—†‡”–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‹•„‡‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ–‡–”‡ˆ‘”
—Ž•‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ‡”Šƒ’—”ǡ
ƒŒƒǡ†‹•Šƒ•‹…‡ͳͻͻͺǤŠ‹•
…‡–”‡ Šƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† •‡˜‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ —Ž–‹
’‡•–”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ˆ‘—”Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

‘‰ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• Ž‹‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ„‹ǡ —˜”ƒȋ™Š‹–‡Ȍ

ƒ†Š‹Ž‹ƒ…ƒ„‡‰”‘™„‘–Š‹Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘‹
‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ‡…‡–Ž›–™‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•”Œ—ƒ
ƒ†ƒŽ—ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•…‡–”‡ǡ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
ˆ‘”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒǤ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡…‡–”‡
Šƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘—” Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ˜‹œǤǡ
ƒ”‹‹ǡ‘Žƒ„ǡƒ„ƒ”ƒ†ƒ—”ƒ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‹Šƒ”‹ˆ
•‡ƒ•‘‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡”Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‡–”›
ʹͳ͹‹•‹’‹’‡Ž‹‡–‘„‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†˜‡”›•‘‘Ǥ
62

HIGH YIELDING FINGER MILLET VARIETIES RELEASED FROM OUAT

Year of Average
Sl. No Variety —”ƒ–‹‘ȋ†ƒ›•Ȍ Areas of adaptation
release ‹‡Ž†ȋ“ȀŠƒȌ
1 ‹„›ƒ•‹Šƒ ͳͻ͹ͳ ͻ͸ǦͳͲͲ ͳ͹ǤͲ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ
2 ‡‡Žƒ…ŠƒŽ ͳͻͺͷ ͳͲͷǦͳͳͲ ʹͷǤͲ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•
3 Šƒ‹”ƒ„‹ ͳͻͻͻ ͳͲͷǦͳͳͲ ʹ͹Ǥͷ ‘–ŠŠƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘
Ͷ —˜”ƒ ͳͻͻͻ ͳͲͲǦͳͲͷ ʹͳǤͷ ‘–ŠŠƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘
ͷ Š‹Ž‹ƒ ʹͲͲͳ ͳͳͷ ʹ͸Ǥʹ ‘–ŠŠƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘
6 ƒŽ—ƒ ʹͲͳͶ ͳͳͲ ͳ͹Ǥ͸ ‘–ŠŠƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘
͹ ”Œ—ƒ ʹͲͳ͸ ͳͲ͸ ʹ͸ǤͲ ‘–ŠŠƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘

LITTLE MILLET VARIETIES RELEASED FROM OUAT

Year of Average
Sl. No Variety —”ƒ–‹‘ȋ†ƒ›•Ȍ Areas of adaptation
release ‹‡Ž†ȋ“ȀŠƒȌ
1 Tarini ʹͲͲͳ ͳͲͷ ͳʹǤʹ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•‹†‹•Šƒ
2 ‘Žƒ„ ʹͲͲͳ ͺͲ ͳͳǤͲ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•‹†‹•Šƒ
3 ƒ„ƒ”ƒ ʹͲͲ͵ ͺͲ ͳͲǤ͹ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ
Ͷ ƒ—”ƒ ʹͲͲͻ ͳͲͷ ͳͶǤͲ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•‹†‹•Šƒ
ͷ ʹͳ͹ Ǧ ͳͲ͸ ͳͷǤͳ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•‹†‹•Šƒ

‡•‹†‡• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‹‰ ˆ‘…—•‡† ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
…”‘’ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ† …”‘’ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ  ‰‘‘† —„‡” ‘ˆ ”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–Š‡•‡ƒ•’‡…–•ƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‡†ǤŠ”‘—‰Š„”‡‡†‡”•‡‡†ƒ†ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‡‡†
’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…‡”–‹ϐ‹‡†•‡‡†•ƒ†…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ…”‘’ˆ”‘
–Š‡…‡”–‹ϐ‹‡†•‡‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥˆ–‡””‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡™˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–‡•–‡†‹ˆƒ”‡”•ϐ‹‡Ž†–Š”‘—‰Š
ȋˆ”‘–Ž‹‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ȌǤŠ‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰„‡‡ϐ‹––‡†–”‘—‰Šȋ”‹„ƒŽ—„ŽƒȌŽ‡†
‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘‘–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š‹’—–•Ž‹‡•‡‡†ǡˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ƒ†ˆƒ”‹’Ž‡‡–•Ž‹‡’Ž‘—‰Šǡ’Š—”ƒŠǡ–”‡…ŠŠ‘‡ǡ
™‡‡†‡”ǡ†”—•‡‡†‡”ǡ•–‘”ƒ‰‡„‹•‡–…Ǥƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡‘ˆ…‘•––‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰
–”ƒ‹‡†™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ•‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ•’‡…–•ǡ–‹‡–‘–‹‡–Š”‘—‰Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ”‡”•
–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ‡š’‘•—”‡ ˜‹•‹– ƒ† †‹ƒ‰‘•–‹… ϐ‹‡Ž† •—”˜‡› „› –Š‡ •…‹‡–‹•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‡–”‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‡– Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒ‡ƒ†•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡
‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡–Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”Š‡‹‰Š–ƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ•’‘’—Žƒ”…”‘’•ƒ†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž††‹‡–‹†‹•ŠƒǤ
 63

SECTION - 8
ǤǤ
 

ǤǤ
 ȍƬ
Ȏ
Ƭ 
ƒ‹Žƒ†—‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ
–Š‹›ƒ†ƒŽȂ͸Ͳ͸͸Ͳ͵ǡ‹”—˜ƒƒƒŽƒ‹ǡ
ƒ‹Žƒ†—

STATUS OF NUTRI-CEREALS
IN TAMIL NADU

‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ•ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ…”‘’•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›‘”‰Š—ǡ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ž‹‡ǡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ
‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǤŠ‡›’Žƒ›ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹
–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ǡˆ‡‡†ǡˆ‘††‡”ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•‹–Š‡•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹†–”‘’‹…•‘ˆ•‹ƒƒ†
ˆ”‹…ƒǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‰”‘™‘ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹„—‹Ž–…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘–‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡†”‘—‰Š–ǡŽ‘™—–”‹‡–•
ƒ† Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ• …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” …”‘’•Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ••—‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ƒ• …Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”–
…”‘’•ƒ†ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ˆ—–—”‡…”‘’•‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰‹†‹ƒǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘—‹“—‡„‡‹‰•Š‘”–†—”ƒ–‹‘
…”‘’•ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘”ƒ†‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”„‡––‡”—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ϐ‹‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡’”‹…‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡•–‘”‡Š‘—•‡•‘ˆƒŒ‘”ƒ†‹…”‘Ǧ—–”‹‡–•Ǥ˜‹‡™‘ˆ”‹•‹‰
Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘„Ž‡•†—‡–‘Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡†‹•‘”†‡”ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•‘ˆˆ‡”‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ϐ‹‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰
–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹ƒŠƒ††‡…Žƒ”‡†–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳͺƒ•DzŠ‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ”
‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•dz‹‘”†‡”–‘’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†Šƒ•‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›‰”‘—’‡†–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•—†‡”—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ

‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹”‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘‹–Š‡
…‘—–”›Šƒ•†‡…Ž‹‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ‡™†‡…ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡‡†–‘„”‹‰„ƒ……—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•
ƒ† ˆ‘…—• –Š‡ ƒ• ˆ—–—”‡ …”‘’• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ •›•–‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–• …‘•—’–‹‘
•Š‘—Ž†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‹…”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ’‘”ƒ†‹…‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ŽŽ‡–•
‰”‘™ ‹ †‹ƒǤ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• —”‰‡–Ž› ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ †‘…—‡– –Š‡ „‡‡ϐ‹– ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• –‘ ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡‹”
…‘•—’–‹‘ǡ†‹•…—••ƒ„‘—–’‘Ž‹…›ƒ––‡”•ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ˆ‘”
–Š‡‹”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
64

†‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳͷǤͶͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡…–ƒ”‡™‹–Š’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ͹ͻǤʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•
™‹–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡›‹‡Ž†‘ˆͳͳͳͳ‰ȀŠƒǤƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ•‘”‰Š—‹•‰”‘™‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆʹǡ͸ͺǡ͵ͻͳŠƒ™‹–Šƒ
’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ͳǡͷ͵ǡͺͷ͸ –‘‡• ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ͷ͹͵ ‰ȀŠƒǤ ƒƒƒŽǡ ‹†‹‰—Žǡ ‹”—’—”ǡ ƒŽ‡ ƒ†
‘‹„ƒ–‘”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”†‹•–”‹…–•™Š‡”‡•‘”‰Š—‹•”ƒ‹•‡†—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͶͻǡ͸͹͵Šƒ™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͳǡͲʹǡʹͷͲ–‘‡•ƒ†
ʹͲͷͺ‰ȀŠƒ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”…—„—‰”‘™‹‰†‹•–”‹…–•‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ”‡‹ŽŽ—’—”ƒǡ
Š‘‘–Š——†‹ǡ—††ƒŽ‘”‡ǡ‹”—˜ƒƒƒŽƒ‹ƒ†Š‡‹Ǥ

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•™‹†‡Ž›‰”‘™•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͸ͳǡ͵͸ʹŠƒ™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ͳǡͳͶǡͶʹͻ
–‘‡• ƒ† ͳͺ͸ͷ ‰ȀŠƒ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ”‹•Šƒ‰‹”‹ǡ Šƒ”ƒ’—”‹ǡ ƒŽ‡ǡ ‡ŽŽ‘”‡ ƒ† ”‘†‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”
†‹•–”‹…–•™Š‡”‡”ƒ‰‹‹•‰”‘™’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›Ǥ

‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ͳͷǡʹͲ͹Šƒ‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—™‹–Š’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ

ʹʹǡͳ͸ͻ –‘‡• ƒ† ͳǡͶͷͺ ‰ȀŠƒ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ   ƒ‹Ž ƒ†— ‹”—˜ƒƒƒŽƒ‹ǡ Šƒ”ƒ’—”‹ ƒ† ‡ŽŽ‘”‡
ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ‹†‹•–”‹…–•™Š‡”‡•ƒƒ‹‹•‰”‘™‹ ƒ™ƒ†Š—‹ŽŽ•„›–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒŽ‡ƒ†
”‹•Šƒ‰‹”‹Ǥ

ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͷʹͷͲŠƒ‹ƒ†—”ƒ‹ǡ‹”—†Š—ƒ‰ƒ”ǡƒƒƒ–Šƒ’—”ƒƒ†Š‘‘–Š——†‹
†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆƒ‹Žƒ†—™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͷǡͲͳ͸–‘‡•ƒ†ͻʹ͵‰ȀŠƒ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

—††ƒŽ‘”‡ǡ‹ŽŽ—’—”ƒǡ”‹›ƒŽ—”ǡƒ†—”ƒ‹ƒ†‡”ƒ„ƒŽ—”ˆƒ”‡”•‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—‰”‘™‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–‹ƒ
ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳǡͺ͸ͳŠƒ—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͶǡͻͻʹ–‘‡•ƒ†ʹǡ͸ͺʹ‰Ȁ
Šƒ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹‰”‘™‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͺͻ͵Šƒ™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͶ͵ʹ–‘‡•ƒ†ͶͺͶ‰Ȁ
Šƒ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—‹–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ—’—”ƒǡ—††ƒŽ‘”‡ǡƒŽ‡ǡƒ†—”ƒ‹ƒ†‹”—†Š—ƒ‰ƒ”
†‹•–”‹…–—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘†—”‹‰‘•‘‘”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ

”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–‹‰”‘™‹ƒ„‘—–͵ͷͲŠƒ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹‡”˜ƒ”ƒ›ƒŠ‹ŽŽ•‘ˆƒŽ‡†‹•–”‹…–™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†
’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͳ͸ͷ–‘‡•ƒ†Ͷǡ͹ͷ‰ȀŠƒǤ

”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥˆ‡™ˆƒ”‡”•‹‡Žƒ‰‹”‹‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ‡ŽŽ‘”‡ƒ†—†—‘––ƒ‹†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒŽ•‘‰”‘™
’ƒ‹˜ƒ”ƒ‰—…”‘’Ǥ

ŽŽ–Š‡•‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›”‹…Šǡ…‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡‹ʹ–‘Ͷ‘–Š•ǡƒ†ƒ’–‹‰–‘–Š‡•Š‘”–‡”
…”‘’’‹‰™‹†‘™•–Šƒ–ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†™‹†‡”ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǡ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†™‹–ŠǦ•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ–—”‡ǯ•—ˆ‘”‡•‡‡
˜ƒ‰ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›†”‘—‰Š–ƒ†Š‡ƒ––‘Ž‡”ƒ–ƒ†…ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”™‡ŽŽ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•”‡…‡‹˜‹‰Ž‡••–Šƒ
ͶͷͲƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ

Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‡Šƒ…‡‡– ‹• Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‡† …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡ „‘–Š —†‡” ”ƒ‹Ǧ
ˆ‡† ƒ† ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡† ˆƒ”‹‰ …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ  Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹• †‡’‡†‡– ‘ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ• –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ‹Ž› ‰”‘™ ƒ• ”ƒ‹ˆ‡† …”‘’•Ǥ  ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹• ƒ”‡ Ž‘™ ˜ƒŽ—‡ •–ƒ–—•ǡ †‡…Ž‹‹‰ ‘”
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•–ƒ‰ƒ– †‡ƒ†ǡ ‡ƒ‰‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ƒ† –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ˜‡”› ’‘‘” ƒ”‡–
ƒ˜‡—‡•Ǣ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ „‡‹‰ ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† ‹ ’‘‘” ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ …‘–‹—‡† ‘™
ƒŽ•‘Ǥ   •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– Šƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ™‡ŽŽ ƒ† Šƒ• •Š‘™ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ –‘ Š‹‰Š ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡Ǥ
Š‡”‡ ‹• ˜ƒ•– —–ƒ’’‡† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› …‘’‘‡–• ’”‡•‡–Ž› ”‡…‘‡†‡† ˆ‘”
’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‡Šƒ…‡‡–™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡‰”‘—’‡†—†‡”–Š”‡‡„”‘ƒ†Š‡ƒ†•Ǥ

ͳǤ ‘…ƒ•Š‹’—–•ǣ’–‹—•‡‡†”ƒ–‡ǡ–‹‡Ž›•‘™‹‰ǡ„ƒ†’Žƒ…‡‡–‘ˆƒ—”‡„ƒ•‡†‘•‘‹ŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ
ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰‘’–‹—’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–‹‡Ž›™‡‡†‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ
ƒ–—”‹–›ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‘Ǧ…ƒ•Š‹’—–•„—–‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ

ʹǤ ‘™ …ƒ•Š ‹’—–•ǣ  ‡‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ‹’”‘˜‡† ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …Š‡ƒ’‡•– ƒ† ‘•– …‘•–
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‹’—–•Ǥ’–‘ͷͲ’‡”…‡–›‹‡Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹•‡š’‡…–‡†„›‰”‘™‹‰–Š‡”‡…‘‡†‡†Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰
˜ƒ”‹‡–›‹’Žƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–›Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‡‡†•‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–›‹‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥ
”‰ƒ‹•‡†•‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†•—’’Ž›‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†•Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡
–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•Ǥ•‡‘ˆ•‡‡†…—ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”†”‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’•‹Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰™Š‹…ŠŠ‡Ž’•‹‘ˆ
‹–‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡Ǥ’‡‹‰ˆ—””‘™•ƒ–‡˜‡”›͵Ǥ͵‹–‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†•–‘„‡––‡”
‘‹•–—”‡…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ’Ž‹–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒˆ–‡”…‘ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š‡‡‡Šƒ…‡•–Š‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”—•‡
‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›Ǥ–‡”…”‘’’‹‰™‹–Šʹ–‘͵’—Ž•‡…”‘’•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘Š‹‰Š‡”›‹‡Ž†ǡ”‹•ƒ˜‡”•‹‘ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡••‘‹Ž
ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

3. ‹‰Š…ƒ•Š‹’—–•ǣ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‡†•‘ˆ•—…Š•ǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ—”‡•‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
™‹–Š‘’–‹—“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”‘„–ƒ‹‹‰Š‹‰Š‡”›‹‡Ž†•ǤŽƒ–’”‘–‡…–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•
ƒ”‡‘Ž›‡‡†„ƒ•‡†ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ‰‡†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ„Ž‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡•‡…”‘’•ǤŠ‡Ž‘™‡”›‹‡Ž†•ƒ”‡†—‡–‘…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡƒ‡Ž›•‘‹Žǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽǡ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽǤ–‹•™‡ŽŽ‘™–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ”‡Ž‘™‡‡”‰›…”‘’•
ƒ†”‡•’‘†™‡ŽŽ–‘‡ƒ…Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’—–•viz.,•ǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ ǡ„‹‘ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ
„‹‘ˆ—‰‹…‹†‡•ǡ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•ƒ†…”‘’ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤƒŽŽ•—’’Ž‡‡–•
‘ˆ—–”‹–‹‘…ƒ”‡•—Ž–‹Žƒ”‰‡‹…”‡‡–•‹’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‰‘‘†‡˜‹†‡…‡•–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡”‡
…‘—Ž†„‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‹•‡‹’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›„›–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹ ”‘–‹‡
‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•—†‡””‹„ƒŽ—„ǦŽƒǤŠ‡›‹‡Ž†‡Šƒ…‡‡–…‘—Ž†„‡—’–‘ͷͺ’‡”
…‡–‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͺͻ’‡”…‡–‹ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͹ʹ’‡”…‡–‹‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͸͵’‡”…‡–‹Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͻͳ
’‡”…‡–‹’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ͻ͸’‡”…‡–‹„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Š‡˜ƒ•–—–ƒ’’‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡”‡…‘‡†‡†
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‰ƒ’•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡›‹‡Ž†ƒ†
‹…‘‡ …‘—Ž† „‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› ’—•Š‡† —’ „› ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ ‹’”‘˜‡† …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ  – ™ƒ• …Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ–
–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡‹’”‘˜‡†”‡…‘‡†‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‘˜‡”–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ
Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†›‹‡Ž†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™ƒ•†‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ž›‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡‡š–”ƒ…‘•–‹…—””‡†‹‡‡–‹‰–Š‡‡š’‡†‹–—”‡
‘…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’—–•Ž‹‡•‡‡†ƒ†ƒ—”‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ„Ž‡‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ‘•–‡‡ϐ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
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Latest High Yielding Varieties Released by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

‡ƒ”‘ˆ —”ƒ–‹‘‹‡Ž†ȋ‰ȀŠƒȌ
Ǥ‘ ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’ ƒ”‹‡–›
release ȋ†ƒ›•Ȍ
”ƒ‹ –”ƒ™

ȋƒȌͳͶ ʹͲͲͶ ͳͳͲ ʹ͹͹Ͷ ͺͶʹͺ



1 ƒ‹›—”ȋƒȌʹ ʹͲͲͺ ͳͳͷ ʹͷʹ͹ ͵ͳͷͲ

ͳͷ ʹͲͳ͵ ͳʹͷ ʹͻͷͲ ͷͲ͵Ͳ

ȋƒƒ‹ȌͶ ʹͲͲ͸ ͹ͷ ͳͷ͸͹ 3123

2 
ͳ ʹͲͳͻ ͻͲ ͳͷͺ͹ ͵ͳͲͻ

3 ͵ ͳͻͺͲ ͳʹͲ ͵ʹͲͲ ͷͻͲͲ


ͺ͸ ʹͲͳ͵ ͳͲͶ ʹ͹Ͳͻ ͷ͸ͲͲ

Ͷ  ȋ‡Ȍ͹ ʹͲͲͷ ͺͷ ͳͺͷͷ ͷͳ͵ͺ

ȋȌʹ ʹͲͲͻ ͻͷ ʹ͸ͶͲ ͷͳ͵ͺ

ͷ 
ͳ ʹͲͳ͹ ͻͷ ͳ͹ͲͲ ͵͵ͲͲ

ȋȌͷ ʹͲͲ͹ ͹Ͳ ʹ͵ͺͳ ͸͸͹ͷ

ͳͶͷ ʹͲͲͻ ͺͲ ͳͺͳͻ Ͷ͸ͲͲ

6  ͳͷͳ ʹͲͲͻ ͹Ͳ ͳͺ͸Ͳ Ͷͳ͵Ͳ

ͳ͸Ͷ ʹͲͳͲ ͹ʹ ͳͺͻ͵ Ͷ͸ͲͲ

ʹͲʹ ʹͲͳʹ ͹ͳ ͳͺ͹ʹ ͵͹ͲͲ

ͳ ʹͲͳͺ ͹Ͳ ʹͳͷʹ ͷͻ͹Ͳ

ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‘™‡‡”‰›…”‘’•ƒ†”‡•’‘†™‡ŽŽ–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹ƒ›’Žƒ…‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘……—’›‹‰Žƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡„‡‡ϐ‹–•
–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ……—”‡„›‰”‘™‹‰Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡Šƒ”‡••‡†„›ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹’”‘˜‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–›™ƒ•‰”‘™‹’Žƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡›‹‡Ž†Šƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„›
ͶͶ’‡”…‡–‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͶͳ’‡”…‡–‹‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͶ͸’‡”…‡–‹ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͸ʹ’‡”…‡–‹Ž‹––Ž‡
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͳͲͷ’‡”…‡–‹„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†͸ͷ’‡”…‡–‹’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ‡‡†”ƒ–‡‹•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•Ž‘™
ȋͳͲ–‘ͳʹǤͷ‰ȀŠƒȌƒ†Š‡…‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•–‹…—””‡†‘–Š‹•…‘’‘‡–‹•‹‹ƒŽ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›‹‡Ž†
‹…”‡‡–•ƒ”‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽǤ‡‡††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡••Š‘—Ž†”‡…‡‹˜‡’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ––‡–‹‘‹
•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

†‘’–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡•‘™‹‰‹’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰‹…”‡ƒ•‡†›‹‡Ž†„›Ͷ͹’‡”…‡–‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͵͸’‡”…‡–
‹‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͵ͳ’‡”…‡–‹Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͷ͵’‡”…‡–‹„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͵ͺ’‡”…‡–‹ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ʹͻ
’‡”…‡–‹’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ
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‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡…‘‡†‡††‘•‡‘ˆƒ—”‡™‘—Ž†‡Šƒ…‡‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›–‘ƒ–—‡‘ˆ
͹͵’‡”…‡–‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͸͵’‡”…‡–‹‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͸ͷ’‡”…‡–‹Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǡͺ͹’‡”…‡–‹„ƒ”›ƒ”†
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ͺͳ ’‡” …‡– ‹ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ƒ† ͸ͺ ’‡” …‡– ‹ ’”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ •—…Š •ƒŽŽ —–”‹–‹‘
•—’’Ž‡‡–…‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’‹„‡––‡”…”‘’‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡––Š”‘—‰Š•–”‘‰”‘‘–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹‘˜‡”…‘‹‰
–Š‡ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡•–”‡••‹…”‹–‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡•—Ž–•–Š”‘—‰Š†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•ϐ‹‡Ž†•ǡ‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ƒ‘‰–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•
…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡…‘‡†‡††‘•‡‘ˆƒ—”‡•Šƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹ϐŽ—‡…‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›•ƒ†Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ

ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› —–”‹–‹‘—• ƒ† ‡˜‡ •—’‡”‹‘” –‘ ”‹…‡ ƒ† ™Š‡ƒ– ‹ …‡”–ƒ‹ …‘•–‹–—‡–•Ǥ  ‹‰‡”
‹ŽŽ‡– ‹• –Š‡ ”‹…Š‡•– •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹— ȋ͵ͲͲ Ȃ ͵ͷͲ ‰ȀͳͲͲ ‰ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ‹Ȍ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” •ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‰‘‘†
•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ’Š‘•’Š‘”—•ƒ†‹”‘–‘‘ǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹…‘–‡–”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘͹ǦͳʹΨ’‡”…‡–ƒ†ˆƒ–…‘–‡–ˆ”‘
ͳǤʹͷ–‘ͷǤͲΨǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹‹‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•ƒ™‡ŽŽ„ƒŽƒ…‡†ƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡‰‘‘†•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ
‡–Š‹‘‹‡ǡ…›•–‹‡ƒ†Š›Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡•‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†•ƒ”‡‘ˆ•’‡…‹ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹––‘–Š‘•‡™Š‘†‡’‡†
‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘–‡‹‘—”‹•Š‡–ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–͸ͷ’‡”…‡–…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡ǡ
ƒŠ‹‰Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‹…Š‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘Ǧ•–ƒ”…Š›’‘Ž›•ƒ……Šƒ”‹†‡•ƒ††‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„”‡™Š‹…ŠŠ‡Ž’‹
’”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ…‘•–‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‘™‡”‹‰‘ˆ„Ž‘‘†…Š‘Ž‡•–‡”‘Žƒ†•Ž‘™”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‰Ž—…‘•‡–‘–Š‡„Ž‘‘†•–”‡ƒ
†—”‹‰†‹‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘”‹…Š‹‹’‘”–ƒ–˜‹–ƒ‹•viz.,–Š‹ƒ‹‡ǡ”‹„‘ϐŽƒ˜‹ǡˆ‘Ž‹‹ƒ…‹Ǥ–
‹•˜‡”›™‡ŽŽ‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–Ž‘™‡”‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ…ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ•…—Žƒ”†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ†—‘†‡ƒŽ—Ž…‡”ƒ†Š›’‡”‰Ž›…‡‹ƒ
ȋ†‹ƒ„‡–‡•Ȍƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ‘‰”‡‰—Žƒ”‹ŽŽ‡–…‘•—‡”•Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡•‡‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†
–Š‡‹” ”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ …Šƒ‰‡ǡ •ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ‡† ƒ• Ǯ—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǯ
ȋ
ƒœ‡––‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ ‘Ǥ ͳ͵͵ǡ †ƒ–‡†Ǥ ͳ͵ǤͲͶǤʹͲͳͺȌ ˆ‘” ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ …‘•—’–‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ†‡ ƒ† ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹
’—„Ž‹…†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘™ˆ‘”‰‘‘†•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡‰”ƒ‹•†”‹‡†–‘ͳͲǦͳʹ’‡”…‡–‘‹•–—”‡…ƒ„‡•–‘”‡†ˆ‘”
ƒ› ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ˆƒ” Š‘—•‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡’‘”–• ‘ˆ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‡’– ˆ‘” ‘”‡ –Šƒ –™‘ †‡…ƒ†‡• ™‹–Š‘—–
ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘‰”ƒ‹“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ϐŽ‘—”ƒ†–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–•ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‰‘‘†•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡƒ›‹†•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‘‘†•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†–Š‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‡†‹‡–ˆ‘”ƒ›”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•Ǥƒ‰‹‹•
‡ƒ–‡ƒ•†—’Ž‹‰‘”•–‹ˆˆ’‘””‹†‰‡ȋ—††‡Ȍƒ†Ȁ‘””‘–‹Ǥƒ›‘–Š‡”–ƒ•–›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘‘†•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ˆ”‘
’‘’’‡†”ƒ‰‹ϐŽ‘—”‹š‡†™‹–Š•—‰ƒ”ȀŒƒ‰‰‡”›Ȁ‰Š‡‡Ȁ‹ŽȀ„—––‡”‹Žƒ†•ƒŽ–Ǥ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”—”ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•
ƒ˜ƒ•–˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ…•ƒ”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘”ƒ‰‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ›‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ†—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‹–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š’”‘’‡”
’”‘…‡••‹‰‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†•‘ˆˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–•„›ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹ŽŽ‹‰ǡ
’‘’’‹‰ƒ†ϐŽƒ‹‰Ǥš…‡’–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•”‡•‡„Ž‡”‹…‡‹‰”ƒ‹‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›…‘–ƒ‹‹‰
Š—•ǡ„”ƒƒ†‡†‘•’‡”Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡Š—•ƒ†„”ƒƒ”‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›Šƒ†’‘—†‹‰Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
‹”‡…‡–›‡ƒ”•‹ŽŽ‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ•„‡‡‹’”‘˜‡†–‘‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡‰”ƒ‹“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ•ƒ˜‡–‹‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
‡‡”‰›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘†ƒ›„‘–Šˆ‘”…‘––ƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡’”‘…‡••‹‰ǤŠ‡”‹…‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†
ƒˆ–‡”‹ŽŽ‹‰…ƒ„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘…‡••‡†–‘™ƒ”†•˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘‘†—•‡••—…Šƒ•ϐŽƒ‡•ǡ“—‹…ˆ‘‘†…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ”‡ƒ†›
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–‘ ‡ƒ– •ƒ…•ǡ •—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ˆ‘‘†•ǡ ‡š–”—•‹‘ …‘‘‹‰ǡ ƒŽ– „ƒ•‡† ’”‘†—…–•ǡ ™‡ƒ‹‰ ˆ‘‘†• ƒ† ‘”‡
‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›Š‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘‘†•Ǥ

 

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰”‘™ƒ”‘—†ʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡…–ƒ”‡•ǤŠ‡†”›™‡‹‰Š–”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹ǣ…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡‹•ƒ„‘—–͵Ͳǣ͹Ͳˆ‘”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ʹͷǣ͹ͷˆ‘”‘–Š‡”••ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
…‘–”‹„—–‡‡ƒ”Ž›ʹǤͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹ƒ†ͷǤͻ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•‘ˆ•–”ƒ™ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡”•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•
…‘–”‹„—–‡ͳǤʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹ƒ†͵Ǥͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•‘ˆ•–”ƒ™ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹
ƒ•ƒ‹ƒŽˆ‡‡†‹•‘–ƒ…‘‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘††‡”ƒ†•–‘˜‡”ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘††‡””‡•‘—”…‡•
‹–Š‡…”‘’ȀŽ‹˜‡•–‘…•›•–‡•™Š‡”‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰”‘™Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ•„—Ž‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘
‹•…‘•—‡†ƒ––Š‡ˆƒ”Ȁ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡ–Š‡”‡ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡…”‘’•Šƒ•‘–„‡‡ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡
‘–„‡‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†‹‹’ƒ…–‹‰ˆ‘‘†ǡˆ‡‡†ǡˆ‘††‡”ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–‹‡•–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡•‡…–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰
…‘—‹–›™Š‘ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘—’•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ‡ƒ••—”‡†Šƒ”˜‡•–
‘ˆ–Š‡…”‘’•Šƒ•ƒ†‡–Š‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘’‘‡–‘ˆ†”›Žƒ†ǡŠ‹ŽŽƒ†–”‹„ƒŽƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–• „‡‹‰ ‡…‘Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž› …”‘’• ƒ”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡ ƒ† ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘•›•–‡• ƒ† •Š‘—Ž† „‡
’”‡ˆ‡””‡†…”‘’•ˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‰”‡‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘—…Š
‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›–‘ƒ‘”‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹…ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•—•–ƒ‹‹‰’”‡…‹‘—•
ƒ‰”‘Ǧ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
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SECTION - 9



Ǥ
Ǧ†‹ƒ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•
‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†

PACKAGE OF PRACTICES
FOR MILLETS


†‹ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†—…‡”‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ†ƒ……‘—–•ˆ‘”‘”‡–ŠƒͶͲ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
…‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡ƒ‹•–ƒ›‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ‡†ˆƒ”‹‰™Š‹…Š’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†–‘‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͲΨ
‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”—”ƒŽ™‘”ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹͸ͲΨ‘ˆ…ƒ––Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒǤ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‘•–—‹“—‡ƒ‘‰•–
…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‰”‘™ —†‡” †”› …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ …ƒ ’‡”ˆ‘” ™‡ŽŽ ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ’‘‘” •‘‹Ž• ƒ† ”‡“—‹”‡ Ž‘™
‹’—–•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ•–ƒ’Ž‡ˆ‘‘†™‹–Š•—’‡”‹‘”—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ†‹ƒǡˆ‘”–Š‡
’‘‘”ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ‘‰–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡”‡•‹†‹‰–Š‡Š‹‰ŠŽƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ•–ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•‹†”›ƒ”‡ƒ•
‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‡……ƒǡ…‡–”ƒŽ†‹ƒǡ™‡•–‡”†‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡••—…Šƒ•
—Œƒ”ƒ–ƒ†ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡƒ†–Š‡™‡•–‡”
‰Šƒ–•ǡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘‰ ƒ…–‡† ƒ• ƒ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’Ž‡‡–Ǥ •‡† ƒ• †—ƒŽǦ’—”’‘•‡ …”‘’• ȋˆ‘‘†
ƒ†ˆ‘††‡”Ȍǡ–Š‡›ƒ‡•–”‘‰‡…‘‘‹…•‡•‡‹‹š‡†ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–••‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‡
…ƒ”„‘ǡ–Š‡”‡„›ƒ††‹‰–‘2ƒ„ƒ–‡‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ‰”‘Ǧ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›„›–Š‡‹”
”‹…Š˜ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”—–—ƒŽŽ›„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ‹–‡”…”‘’’‹‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”˜‹–ƒŽ…”‘’•ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–
…—Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‘‰Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•…‘–ƒ‹Š‹‰Š‡”’”‘–‡‹ǡϐ‹„”‡ǡ…ƒŽ…‹—ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ•
–Šƒ–Š‡™‹†‡Ž›…‘•—‡†ϐ‹‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡƒ†…ƒ‡•—”‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›–‘–Š‡’‘‘”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘…ƒ‘–
ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆˆ‘‘†‹–‡•‹–Š‡‹”†‹‡–Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡–‡”‡†ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ•–•–ƒ†‹‰…”‘’‹–‹‡•‘ˆ†”‘—‰Š–
ƒ†ƒ•™‘†‡”‰”ƒ‹–Šƒ–Šƒ•ƒ…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡Šƒ…‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›‹–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡
…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘–Š‡†‡…Ž‹‡ǡ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›†—‡–‘ƒŽƒ…‘ˆƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ”‘—†
–Š‡Ǥ”‹‰‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ††‹‡–‹•–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†Ǥ‡‡†‘ˆƒŠ‘—”‹•–‘
ˆ‘…—•‘‡Šƒ…‹‰…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š‹’”‘˜‡†ƒ‰”‘‘‹…’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ
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Climatic requirementǣƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–†‘‡•™‡ŽŽ‹ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ–‹•ƒŠƒ”†›
…”‘’ƒ†‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘™‹–Š•–ƒ†ƒ†˜‡”•‡…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™‡ƒ–Š‡”„‡––‡”–Šƒ‘–Š‡”…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ–”‡“—‹”‡•™ƒ”ƒ†
‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›Š—‹†…Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ–‹•‰”‘™ˆ”‘•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž–‘ƒƒŽ–‹–—†‡‘ˆʹͲͲͲ‘–Š‡‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ–
…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‹”‡‰‹‘•™‹–Š‡ƒ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ͵ͲͲǦͶͲͲǤ

Soilǣ–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹•‘‹Ž•‘ˆƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‹’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†•‘‹Ž•

•—…Š ƒ• Ž‘™Žƒ†• ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ ‘ˆ ”‹˜‡”• ‡–…Ǥ – –Š”‹˜‡• „‡•– ‘ •ƒ†› Ž‘ƒ –‘ Ž‘ƒ •‘‹Ž Šƒ˜‹‰ •—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–
ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”Ǥ
”ƒ˜‡Ž›ƒ†•–‘›•‘‹Ž•™‹–Š’‘‘”ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ”‡‘–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘””ƒ‹•‹‰„ƒ”›ƒ”†
‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’Ǥ

Suitabel varieties of Barnyard millet

STATE CULTIVARS

 ͻ͵Ǧ͵

 ͳͺͳǡʹͲ͹ǡͻ͵Ǧ͵

  ͳ͹ʹǡͻ͵Ǧ͵

 ͻ͵Ǧ͵ǡͻ͵Ǧʹǡͳ͹ʹǡͳͺͳǡʹͲ͹

 ͳͺͳǡͻ͵Ǧ͵

  ”ƒ–ƒ’•ƒ™ƒͳǡʹͲ͹ǡͻ͵Ǧ͵

 ͻ͵Ǧ͵ͳͺͳǡǦͳǡͳǡʹǡǦʹǡ


 ͻ͵Ǧ͵ǡͻ͵Ǧʹ

 ͻ͵Ǧ͵ǡƒ…Šƒǡͳ͹ʹǡ

 ͳ͹ʹǡʹͳ͹

 ƒ…Šƒǡͳ͹ʹǡʹͲ͹ǡ Ǧͳ

Field preparationǣ™‘’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰•™‹–ŠŽ‘…ƒŽ’Ž‘—‰Š‘”Šƒ””‘™‹‰ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›’Žƒ‹‰ƒ”‡•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–
–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡‡†„‡†ˆ‘”„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

Time of sowingǣ–…ƒ„‡•‘™™‹–Š–Š‡ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ —Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‘•‘‘”ƒ‹•Ǥƒ‹Ž

ƒ†—–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…”‘’‹•’Žƒ–‡†‹‡’–‡„‡”Ǧ…–‘„‡”ƒ†–Š‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…”‘’‹•’Žƒ–‡†‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›Ǧƒ”…ŠǤ
‘”–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹–‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–…”‘’ǡ•‘™‹‰‹ —‡‹•‹†‡ƒŽǤ

Seed rateǣ Š‡ •‡‡† ”ƒ–‡ ‹• ͺǦͳͲ ‰ȀŠƒ ˆ‘” Ž‹‡ •‘™‹‰ ƒ† ͳʹǦͳͷ ‰ȀŠƒ ˆ‘” „”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰Ǥ Š‡ •‡‡† ‹•
„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‘”†”‹ŽŽ‡†‹ˆ—””‘™•͵ǦͶ…†‡‡’Ǥ
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Seed treatmentǣ‘ƒ˜‘‹††‹•‡ƒ•‡•‡•—”‡•‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ”‡ƒ––Š‡•‡‡†™‹–ŠŠŽ‘”‘–ŠƒŽ‘‹Ž
‘”ƒ”„‡†ƒœ‹̷ʹ‰‰Ǧͳ•‡‡†Ǥ”‡ƒ–‹‰•‡‡†•™‹–Šœ‘•’‹”—ŽŽ—„”ƒ•‹Ž‡•‡ȋ‹–”‘‰‡ϐ‹š‹‰„ƒ…–‡”‹—Ȍ
ƒ†•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—•ƒ™ƒ‘—”‹ȋ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡•‘Ž—„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ˆ—‰—•Ȍ̷ʹͷ‰‰Ǧͳ‹•„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ

SpacingǣŠ‡‹†‡ƒŽ•’ƒ…‹‰‹•ʹͲǤͲ…šͳͲǤͲ…Ǥ

Manuring and Fertilizationǣ ƒ”›ƒ”†ƒ—”‡‘”…‘’‘•–ƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆͷ–‘ͳͲ–‘‡•’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡

•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††‡†ˆ‘”„‘‘•–‹‰–Š‡›‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡…”‘’”‡•’‘†•™‡ŽŽ–‘ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ǣ ȋ‹Ȍ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š ʹͲ ‰ȀŠƒ ‘ˆ Ǯ ǡ  ƒ†  ‡ƒ…Šǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹Šƒ”ǡ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†— ƒ† ––ƒ”
”ƒ†‡•Šȋ’Žƒ‹•ȌͶͲ‰ȀŠƒƒ†ʹͲ‰ȀŠƒƒ†‡ƒ…Šǡ„—–ˆ‘”––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠȋŠ‹ŽŽ•Ȍ‹•‘–‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǣ
ƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘•ʹͲ‰ȀŠƒ‘ˆƒ†‡ƒ…ŠǤŽŽ–Š‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††‡†‹–Š‡•‘‹Žƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ
•‘™‹‰Ǥˆ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡–‘’†”‡••‡†‹•–ƒ†‹‰…”‘’ƒˆ–‡”ʹͷ
–‘͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘ˆ•‘™‹‰Ǥ

Water managementǣ
‡‡”ƒŽŽ› „ƒ”›ƒ”† ‹ŽŽ‡– †‘‡• ‘– ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ› ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ˆ †”› •’‡ŽŽ
’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž•ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡–™‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•—•–„‡‰‹˜‡‘‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ•‡‡†Ž‹‰‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–
•–ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‡…‘†ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹…Ž‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡––‡”‹ˆ‡š…‡••™ƒ–‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹•‹•
†”ƒ‹‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†Ǥ

Weed controlǣŠ‡ϐ‹‡Ž†•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡’–™‡‡†ˆ”‡‡—’–‘ʹͷǦ͵Ͳ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰Ǥ™‘‹–‡”Ǧ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†‘‡Šƒ†™‡‡†‹‰‹•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”Ž‹‡•‘™…”‘’ƒ†–™‘Šƒ†™‡‡†‹‰ˆ‘”„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‡†…”‘’Ǥ

ƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ ƒ† Š”‡•Š‹‰ǣ Š‡ …”‘’ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ Šƒ”˜‡•–‡† ™Š‡ ‹– ‹• ”‹’‡Ǥ – ‹• …—– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†
Ž‡˜‡Ž ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ •‹…Ž‡• ƒ† •–ƒ…‡† ‹ –Š‡ ϐ‹‡Ž† ˆ‘” ƒ„‘—– ƒ ™‡‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š”‡•Š‹‰Ǥ Š”‡•Š‹‰ ‹•
†‘‡„›–”ƒ’Ž‹‰—†‡”–Š‡ˆ‡‡–‘ˆ„—ŽŽ‘…•‘”–”‘—‰Š‡™‹ŽŽ‡––Š”‡•Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›ǡŽ‘”ƒǡ
––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ

YieldǣŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡›‹‡Ž†‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹‹•ͶͲͲ–‘͸ͲͲ‰’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‘††‡”‘”•–”ƒ™ƒ”‘—†ͳʹͲͲ
‰’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡Ǥ‹–Š‹’”‘˜‡†’ƒ…ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘Šƒ”˜‡•–ͳͲǦͳʹ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹’‡”
Š‡…–ƒ”‡Ǥ


Climatic requirementǣ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‹™ƒ””‡‰‹‘•ƒ†…ƒ–‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ͵ͷǦ
ͶͲͲǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ‘”‘’–‹—‰”‘™–Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•ʹ͸ǦʹͻͲǤ‹‹—”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
‘ˆʹͷǦ͵ͷ…‹•”‡“—‹”‡†Ǥ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–Šƒ•Š‹‰Š™ƒ–‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–†—‡–‘Ž‘™–”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘…‘Ǧ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ǡ–Š—•
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ˜ƒ”›‹‰ˆ”‘ͷͲǦ͸Ͳ…‹•…‘†—…‹˜‡–‘–Š‡’”‘’‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–’Žƒ–Ǥ

Soilsǣ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‹˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•‘‹Ž•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘Ž‘ƒ›•ƒ†ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•–‘
…Žƒ›‡›„Žƒ……‘––‘•‘‹Ž•ȋ‡”–‹•‘Ž•ȌǤ–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‹‰”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ›ƒ†•–‘›•‘‹Ž•ƒŽ•‘•—…Šƒ•‹–Š‡Š‹ŽŽ•
”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ‘™Ž›‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡™ƒ–‡”•–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘ƒ›‘……—”•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ™‘
…”‘••’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰ƒ”‡•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡––‘‰‡––Š‡•‘‹Ž™‡‡†ˆ”‡‡ƒ†™‡ŽŽ’—Ž˜‡”‹œ‡†Ǥ
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Improved varieties of Kodo-millet

 ͳ͵͹ǡǦͻǦͳǡ ͻͺǡ ͳͲ͸ǡ Ͷ͵ͻǡͳͷͷǡ ͳ͵ǡ ͸ͷǡ Ͷͺǡ

͵ͻͲǦʹͷǡ
͵ǡǦͺ͸
 ʹͲȋƒ„ƒȌǡ͵ǡͺ͸ǡ
͵ǡ͵ͻͲǦʹͷǡ ͳ͵

 
ͳǡ
ʹǡ
͵ǡ͵ͻͲǦʹͷǡ ͳ͵ǡ ͸ͷ


 ͳͷͷƒ† Ͷ͵ͻǡ†‹”ƒ
‘†‘Ǧͳǡ ǦͶͺǡ
͵ǡ
Ǧ͸ͷǡ ͻͺǡ͵ͻͲǦʹͷǡ
Ǧͺ͸
 
͵ǡͳͷͷǡ͵ͻͲǦʹͷǡǦͺ͸

Time of sowing, seed rate, and Seed treatmentǣ‘™‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‘•‘‘‹•„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽǤ†

accordinglyǯ•‘™‹‰–‹‡‡š–‡†•ˆ”‘‹†‘ˆ —‡–‘‡†‘ˆ —Ž›ǤŠ‡‘’–‹—•‘™‹‰–‹‡‹•Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ˆ
—‡ǤŠ‡•‡‡†”ƒ–‡‹•ͳͲ‰ȀŠƒˆ‘”Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰ƒ†ͳͷ‰ȀŠƒˆ‘”„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰ƒ†•’ƒ…‹‰”‡“—‹”‡‡–‹•
ʹͷǤͲ…šͳͲǤͲ…Ǥ‘ƒ˜‘‹††‹•‡ƒ•‡•‡•—”‡•‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ”‡ƒ––Š‡•‡‡†™‹–ŠŠŽ‘”‘–ŠƒŽ‘‹Ž
‘”ƒ”„‡†ƒœ‹̷ʹ‰‰Ǧͳ•‡‡†ǤTreating seeds with œ‘•’‹”—ŽŽ—„”ƒ•‹Ž‡•‡ȋ‹–”‘‰‡ϐ‹š‹‰„ƒ…–‡”‹—Ȍƒ†
•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—•ƒ™ƒ‘—”‹ȋ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡•‘Ž—„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ˆ—‰—•Ȍ̷ʹͷ‰‰Ǧͳ‹•„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽǤ

Manuring, fertilizers and irrigationǣƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ”›ƒ”†ƒ—”‡ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ•ȋ‹Ȍˆ‘”ƒ‹Žƒ†—ͶͲ‰ȀŠƒƒ†ʹͲ‰ȀŠƒǢȋ‹‹Ȍˆ‘”ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠʹͲ‰Ȁ
Šƒ‘ˆƒ†‡ƒ…ŠǢȋ‹‹‹Ȍˆ‘”‘”–Šƒ•–•–ƒ–‡•͸Ͳ‰ȀŠƒƒ†͵Ͳ‰ȀŠƒ‘ˆƒ†‡ƒ…Šƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍˆ‘”†Š”ƒ
”ƒ†‡•Šƒ†ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘•ʹͲ‰ȀŠƒǡƒ†‡ƒ…ŠǤ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‘–ƒ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…”‘’Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”‹ˆ
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡‹†”›•’‡ŽŽ•‹–‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—•–‘–Š‡…”‘’ƒ•‹–…ƒ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†Ž‘‰†”›•’‡ŽŽ•Ǥ

Weed managementǣ Š‡ ‹–‡”Ǧ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ™‡‡†‹‰ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‘‡ ™‹–Š Šƒ† Š‘‡ǡ –Š”‡‡ Š‘‡‹‰
™‘—Ž†„‡•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡––‘…‘–”‘Ž–Š‡™‡‡†•‹’”‘„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ”‡‡‡”‰‡…‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘’”‘–—”‘ȋͲǤͷ
ƒ‹ȀŠƒȌƒ†’‘•–‡‡”‰‡…‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹǡͶȋͲǤ͹ͷ‰ƒ‹ȀŠƒȌ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ‹…‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰™‡‡†•Ǥ

Cropping systemsǣ ”‘’ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‘–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š …”‘’• Ž‹‡ •‘›„‡ƒ ‘” ‹‰‡” ‹ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š ™ƒ•
ˆ‘—†–‘„‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‹”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰Š‹‰Š‡”›‹‡Ž†•

Intercroppingǣ–‡”…”‘’’‹‰™‹–ŠŽ‡‰—‡•Ž‹‡’‹‰‡‘’‡ƒǡ‰”‡‡‰”ƒǡ„Žƒ…‰”ƒƒ†•‘›„‡ƒ‹ʹǣͳ
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ˆ‘—†’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ›•–ƒ–‡•

Harvestingǣ‘”ƒŽŽ›…”‘’‹•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Šƒ”˜‡•–‹ͳͲͲǦͳʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰ǡ†‡’‡†•—’‘˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ†
Ž‘…ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

Yieldǣ
”ƒ‹‹‡Ž†ͳͷǦͳͺ“ȀŠƒƒ†–”ƒ™‹‡Ž†͵ͲǦͶͲ“ȀŠƒǤ
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Climateǣ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–…ƒ™‹–Š•–ƒ††”‘—‰Š–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‹‰Ǥ‡…‡‹–‹•ƒ‰‘‘†…ƒ–…Š…”‘’—†‡”
”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡•–”‹…–‡†–‘Š‹ŽŽ›”‡‰‹‘•—’–‘ƒƒŽ–‹–—†‡‘ˆʹͲͲͲǤ–…ƒ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†
…‘Ž†‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„‡Ž‘™ͳͲo…Ǥ

Soilsǣ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‘ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‘‹Ž•‹…Ž—†‹‰™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†•‘‹Ž•Ǥ‡‡’ǡŽ‘ƒ›ǡˆ‡”–‹Ž‡
•‘‹Ž•”‹…Š‹‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”ƒ”‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‘”›‰”‘™–ŠǤ–…ƒ™‹–Š•–ƒ†•ƒŽ‹‹–›ƒ†ƒŽƒŽ‹‹–›–‘
•‘‡‡š–‡–Ǥ

State wise Varieties of Little millet

 ʹͲ͵ǡʹͲͺƒ†ʹͳ͹
 Ͷǡ ͺƒ† ͵͸
 ʹͲ͵ƒ† ͺ
 ƒ‹›—”ʹǡ͸͵ǡǦ͵ǡǦͶǡͳǡʹͲ͵ǡʹͲ

 ͺǡ͸ǡǦͶǡ ͵͸
 ʹͲ͵ǡ ͺ

 
ʹǡ
ͳǡʹͲ͵ǡ ͺ
 Š—Ž‡ƒ†ƒ•Š‹ǡ ͺǡʹͲ͵

Time of Sowing
Šƒ”‹ˆ ǣ ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ —Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‘•‘‘
 ƒ„‹ ǣ ‡’–‡„‡”–‘…–‘„‡”‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ††Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š
‹†ƒ”…Š ǣ ‹†ƒ›‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‹Šƒ”ƒ†––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šƒ•‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…ƒ–…Š…”‘’Ǥ

Spacing ǣʹͷǦ͵Ͳ…ȋ”‘™–‘”‘™ȌǡͺȂͳͲ…ȋ’Žƒ––‘’Žƒ–ȌǤŠ‡•‡‡†•Š‘—Ž†„‡’Žƒ–‡†ʹǦ͵…‹†‡’–ŠǤ

Seed rateǣͺǦͳͲ‰ŠƒǦͳ for line sowing

ͳʹǦͳͷ‰ŠƒǦͳˆ‘”„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰

Manuring and fertilizationǣ ’’Ž›‘’‘•– ‘” ˆƒ”›ƒ”† ƒ—”‡ ̷ ͷǦͳͲ –‘‡•ȀŠƒ ƒ„‘—– ƒ ‘–Š
„‡ˆ‘”‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ
‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡””‡…‘‡†‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ‰‘‘†…”‘’ƒ”‡ͶͲ‰‹–”‘‰‡ǡʹͲ‰  ƒ†ʹͲ
2 ͷ
‰ ’‡”ŠƒǤ‘‹Ž–‡•–„ƒ•‡†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ’’Ž›‡–‹”‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ  and half
2 2 ͷ
‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ•‘™‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ‹‹‰ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ–ϐ‹”•–‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘

Weeding and Intercultural Operationǣ™‘‹–‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘‡Šƒ†™‡‡†‹‰‹Ž‹‡•‘™…”‘’

‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰ƒ–›‡ǦŠƒ””‘™™Š‡…”‘’‹•͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘Ž†‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ
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„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–…”‘’ͳst™‡‡†‹‰ƒˆ–‡”ͳͷȂʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ•‡‡†Ž‹‰ƒ†ʹnd™‡‡†‹‰ͳͷǦʹͲ†ƒ›•
after 1st™‡‡†‹‰‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ

IrrigationǣŠƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘…”‘’”‡“—‹”‡‹‹—‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‘•–Ž›‰”‘™ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†…”‘’Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

‹ˆ–Š‡†”›•’‡ŽŽ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž•ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‡”’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡ͳǦʹ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–‘„‡‰‹˜‡Ǥ—‡”…”‘’”‡“—‹”‡•ʹǦͷ
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘•‘‹Ž–›’‡ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

Cropping systems

Intercropping
  ǣ ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ΪŽƒ…‰”ƒȋʹǣͳ”‘™”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ

  ǣ ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ϊ‡•ƒ—Ȁ•‘›„‡ƒȀ’‹‰‡‘’‡ƒȋʹǣͳ”‘™”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ

  ǣ ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ϊ’‹‰‡‘’‡ƒȋʹǣͳ”‘™”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ

Cropping sequence

  ǣ ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ‹‰‡”

Harvestingǣƒ”˜‡•–‹•†‘‡‘…‡–Š‡‡ƒ”ǦŠ‡ƒ†•ƒ”‡’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡…”‘’‹•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Šƒ”˜‡•–
‹͸ͷǦ͹ͷ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰Ǥ

Yieldǣ
”ƒ‹ͳʹǦͳͷ“ȀŠƒƒ†ʹͲǦʹͷ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ•–”ƒ™’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡


Soil & Climateǣ”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™„‘–Š‹Š‡ƒ˜›ƒ†’‘‘”•‘‹ŽŠƒ˜‹‰˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡–‡š–—”‡”ƒ‰‹‰
„‡–™‡‡•ƒ†›Ž‘ƒ•–‘…Žƒ›•‘ˆ„Žƒ……‘––‘•‘‹Žˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘Kankarƒ†Š‹‰Š‹‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”Ǥ–‹•ƒŠƒ”†›
…”‘’‰”‘™‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›‹™ƒ””‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ–‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›†”‘—‰Š–”‡•‹•–ƒ–ƒ†…ƒ„‡‰”‘™‹
ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹••…ƒ–›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ–…ƒ™‹–Š•–ƒ†™ƒ–‡”•–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–Ǥ

Suitable Varieties of Proso millet

 ‘Ǧͷǡͳͷͳǡͳ͸ͶǡͳͶͷǡʹͲʹǡǦͶǡʹǡ͵ǡ

ʹǡ
ʹͳǡ
ͺǡǦʹ͵Ͳ

 ͳǡͳͶͷǡͳ͸ͶǡͳͷͳǡͶ


ͺǡ
ʹͳǡͳͶͷǡͳ͸ͶǡǦʹ͵ͲǡǦʹͲʹ
Ǧʹ͹͸ͻǡǦʹ͵Ͳ
 Ǧ͹ǡͳ͸ͶǡͳͶͷǡͳͺǡǦʹ͵ͲǡǦʹͲʹ

 ƒ‰ƒ”ǡƒ‰ƒ”Œ—ƒǡͶǡ͵ǡͳ͸ͶǡǦʹͲʹǡǦʹ͵Ͳ

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Time of Sowing

 Šƒ”‹ˆ ǣ ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ —Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‘•‘‘

 ƒ„‹ ǣ ‡’–‡„‡”–‘…–‘„‡”‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ††Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Š
‹†ƒ”…Š ǣ ‹†ƒ›‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‹Šƒ”ƒ†––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šƒ•‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…ƒ–…Š…”‘’Ǥ

SpacingǣʹͷǦ͵Ͳ…ȋ”‘™–‘”‘™ȌǡͺȂͳͲ…ȋ’Žƒ––‘’Žƒ–ȌǤŠ‡•‡‡†•Š‘—Ž†„‡’Žƒ–‡†ʹǦ͵…‹†‡’–ŠǤ

Seed rateǣͺǦͳͲ‰ŠƒǦͳ for line sowing

ͳͷ‰ŠƒǦͳˆ‘”„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰

Manuring and fertilization: ’’Ž›‘’‘•– ‘” ˆƒ”›ƒ”† ƒ—”‡ ̷ ͷǦͳͲ –‘‡•ȀŠƒ ƒ„‘—– ƒ ‘–Š
„‡ˆ‘”‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ
‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡””‡…‘‡†‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ‰‘‘†…”‘’ƒ”‡ͶͲ‰‹–”‘‰‡ǡʹͲ‰  ƒ†ʹͲ
2 ͷ
‰ ’‡”ŠƒǤ‘‹Ž–‡•–„ƒ•‡†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ’’Ž›‡–‹”‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ  and half
2 2 ͷ
‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ•‘™‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ‹‹‰ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ–ϐ‹”•–‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘

Weeding and Intercultural Operationǣ™‘‹–‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘‡Šƒ†™‡‡†‹‰‹Ž‹‡•‘™…”‘’

‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰ƒ–›‡ǦŠƒ””‘™™Š‡…”‘’‹•͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘Ž†‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ
„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–…”‘’ͳst™‡‡†‹‰ƒˆ–‡”ͳͷȂʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ•‡‡†Ž‹‰ƒ†ʹnd™‡‡†‹‰ͳͷǦʹͲ†ƒ›•
after 1st™‡‡†‹‰‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ

IrrigationǣŠƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘…”‘’”‡“—‹”‡‹‹—‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‘•–Ž›‰”‘™ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†…”‘’Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

‹ˆ–Š‡†”›•’‡ŽŽ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž•ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‡”’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡ͳǦʹ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–‘„‡‰‹˜‡Ǥ—‡”…”‘’”‡“—‹”‡•ʹǦͷ
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘•‘‹Ž–›’‡ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

Harvestingǣƒ”˜‡•–‹•†‘‡‘…‡–Š‡‡ƒ”ǦŠ‡ƒ†•ƒ”‡’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡…”‘’‹•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Šƒ”˜‡•–
‹͸ͷǦ͹ͷ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰Ǥ

Yieldǣ
”ƒ‹ʹͲǦʹ͵“ȀŠƒƒ†ͷͲǦ͸Ͳ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ•–”ƒ™’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡Ǥ



Soil and Climateǣ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‡‡†•‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ǡ™‡ŽŽ†”ƒ‹‡†•‘‹Žˆ‘”‰‘‘†›‹‡Ž†•ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–…ƒ
‰”‘™‘•‘‹Ž•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘•ƒ†›–‘Š‡ƒ˜›…Žƒ›•‘‹Ž•Ǥ
”‘™•„‡––‡”‹’Žƒ…‡™‹–Šƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆͷͲͲǦ͹ͲͲ
Ǥ–…ƒ‘––‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†…‘†‹–‹‘‘”‡š–”‡‡†”‘—‰Š–Ǥ

State Wise Poular Foxtail Millet Cultivars

STATE VARIETIES POPULAR IN THE STATE

 ‹͵Ͳͺͺǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡ‹͵Ͳͺͷǡ‡’ƒ•Š‹ǡ‹͵ʹ͸ǡƒ”ƒ•‹Šƒ”ƒ›ƒǡ

”‹•Šƒ†‡˜ƒ”ƒ›ƒǡͶ
 76

 Ǧͳǡ‹͵Ͳͺͺǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡ‹͵ͲͺͷǡͶ

  –ǦͳͲͻǦ͵ǡͳͲͲǦͳǡ‹͵Ͳͺͺǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡ‹͵ͲͺͷǡͶǡ‹͵ʹ͸ǡ

ƒ”ƒ•‹Šƒ”ƒ›ƒ
  ”ƒ–Šƒ’ƒ‰ƒ‹ͳȋͷͳȌǡͳǡͳͳǡͳ͸ǡ‹͵Ͳͺͷǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡͶ

 Ͷ͵ǡǦͳͺ͸ǡ‘ȋ‡Ȍ͹ǡ‘ͳǡ‘ʹǡ‘Ͷǡ‘ͷǡʹǡ͵ǡ‹͵Ͳͺͺǡ‹

͵ͳͷ͸ǡ‹͵ͲͺͷǡͶ

 ‹͵Ͳͺͺǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡ‹͵Ͳͺͷǡ‡’ƒ•Š‹ǡ‹͵ʹ͸

 Ͷǡͳǡ”‡‡Žƒš‹ǡ‹͵ʹ͸ǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡ‹͵Ͳͺͷ

 ͳǡͶǡ‹͵Ͳͺͷǡ”‡‡Žƒš‹ǡ‹͵ͳͷ͸ǡƒ”ƒ•‹Šƒ”ƒ›ƒǡǦͳͳͶǡ‹͵ʹ͸

Seed Treatmentǣ‹†‘‹Ž̷ʹ‰Ȁ‰ǡƒ”„‡†ƒ”‹—̷ʹ‰Ȁ‰

Time of Sowing
 Šƒ”‹ˆ ǣ —Ž›Ǧ—‰Ǥȋƒ”ƒ–ƒƒȌǡ —Ž›ȋǡȌǡʹǦ͵rd™‡‡ —Ž›ȋƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒȌ
 ƒ„‹ ǣ —‰—•––‘‡’–‡„‡”
””‹‰ƒ–‡†Ȁ—‡” ǣ ‡„”—ƒ”›–‘ƒ”…Š

SpacingǣʹͷǦ͵Ͳ…ȋ”‘™–‘”‘™ȌǡͺȂͳͲ…ȋ’Žƒ––‘’Žƒ–ȌǤŠ‡•‡‡†•Š‘—Ž†„‡’Žƒ–‡†ʹǦ͵…‹†‡’–ŠǤ
Ǧͳ
Seed rateǣͺǦͳͲ‰Šƒ for line sowing
Ǧͳ
ͳͷ‰Šƒ ˆ‘””‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰

Manure and fertilizersǣ’’Ž›‘’‘•–‘”ˆƒ”›ƒ”†ƒ—”‡̷ͷǦͳͲ–‘‡•ȀŠƒƒ„‘—–ƒ‘–Š„‡ˆ‘”‡

•‘™‹‰Ǥ
‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡””‡…‘‡†‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ‰‘‘†…”‘’ƒ”‡ͶͲ‰‹–”‘‰‡ǡʹͲ‰  ƒ†ʹͲ‰
2 ͷ
 ’‡”ŠƒǤ‘‹Ž–‡•–„ƒ•‡†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ’’Ž›‡–‹”‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ2ͷ and half of
2
‹–”‘‰‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ•‘™‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ‹‹‰ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ–͵Ͳ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰

Weeding and Intercultural operationǣ ™‘ ‹–‡” …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ‘‡ Šƒ† ™‡‡†‹‰ ‹ Ž‹‡ •‘™
…”‘’‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰ƒ–›‡ǦŠƒ””‘™™Š‡…”‘’‹•͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘Ž†‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ
„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–…”‘’ͳst™‡‡†‹‰ƒˆ–‡”ͳͷȂʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ•‡‡†‹‰ƒ†ʹnd™‡‡†‹‰ͳͷǦʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”
1st™‡‡†‹‰‹”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ

Irrigation: Šƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘…”‘’”‡“—‹”‡‹‹—‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹•‘•–Ž›‰”‘™ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†…”‘’Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

‹ˆ–Š‡†”›•’‡ŽŽ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž•ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‡”’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š‡ͳǦʹ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–‘„‡‰‹˜‡ǡ•—‡”…”‘’”‡“—‹”‡•ʹǦͷ
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘•‘‹Ž–›’‡ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‹……‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

Harvestingǣ‘”ƒŽŽ›…”‘’‹•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Šƒ”˜‡•–‹ͺͲǦͻͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰

Yieldǣ
”ƒ‹ʹͲǦʹͷ“’‡”Šƒ—†‡”‹†‡ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘ǤƬ–”ƒ™ʹͲǦͶͲ“’‡”Šƒ
 77



Climateǣ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•ƒ•Š‘”–†ƒ›’Žƒ–ƒ†‰”‘™•„‡•–‹ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–™‹–Š†ƒ›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ
͵Ͳ–‘͵Ͷo…ƒ†ʹʹ–‘ʹͷo…‹‰Š––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‰‘‘†•—•Š‹‡Ǥ––Š”‹˜‡•„‡•–‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡
ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•ƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲ…Ǥ

Soilsǣ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•‘‹Ž•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘”‹…ŠŽ‘ƒ–‘’‘‘”•ŠƒŽŽ‘™—’Žƒ†•‘‹Ž•Ǥ
–’”‡ˆ‡”•’‘”‘—•ƒ†™‡ŽŽ†”ƒ‹‡†Ž‘ƒ–‘Ž‹‰Š–”‡†Ž‘ƒƒ†•ƒ†›Ž‘ƒ•‘‹Ž•‘ˆ‰‘‘†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†™ƒ–‡”
Š‘Ž†‹‰…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǤŠ‡•‘‹Ž•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‹…Š‹‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ––‡”Ǥ–™‹–Š•–ƒ†•ƒ†–Š”‹˜‡•™‡ŽŽ‘•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›ƒŽƒŽ‹‡
•‘‹Ž•–‘‘Ǥ

Suitable Varieties of Finger millet


ʹͺǡ
ǦͶͷǡ
ǦͶͺǡʹͲʹǡͳǡ͸ǡ†ƒˆ͹ǡ͵͸ͷǡ
͸͹ǡ
͸͸ǡ
ʹͲͶǡ͵Ͳͳǡ͵ͶͲ

ʹͺǡͳ͵ǡͻͶ͸ȋͳͶȌǡͻǡͳʹǡͳͷ

 ͺͶ͹ǡʹͲʹǡ͹Ͳͺǡ͹͸ʹǡͻͲͲǡͻ͵͸

 ͶͲͶǡʹ

 ͳͲǡʹǡͻǦͳǡͷʹ͸ǡǦͷ͵ʹ

 Ǧʹǡ͵ͳͷǡ͵ʹͶǡǦ͵ͷʹǡͳͶͻǡͳͶ͸ǡǦ͵ͶͺǡǦ͵͹͸ǡͶͲͲ


 ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”ŠǦʹǡǦ͹ǡ
ʹͺǡʹͲʹǡ͹Ͳͺƒ†ͳͶͻǡ͵ͳͷǡ͵ʹͶǡ
͵ͷʹǡ͵͹͸
 ƒ’‘Ž‹ͳǡŠ—Ž‡ƒ…Šƒ‹ǡʹ͵ͷǡ‘ͺ͵

 
Ͷǡ
ͷǡ
͸

 ͺ

Time of Sowing

Šƒ”‹ˆ ǣ ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ —Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‘•‘‘

ƒ„‹ ǣ ‡’–‡„‡”–‘…–‘„‡”

—‡” ǣ ϐ‹”•–ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›

SpacingǣʹͷǦ͵Ͳ…ȋ”‘™–‘”‘™ȌǡͺȂͳͲ…ȋ’Žƒ––‘’Žƒ–ȌǤŠ‡•‡‡†•Š‘—Ž†„‡’Žƒ–‡†ʹǦ͵…‹†‡’–ŠǤ

Seed rateǣͺǦͳͲ‰ŠƒǦͳˆ‘”‹”‡…–•‘™‹‰
ͷ‰ŠƒǦͳˆ‘””ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰
78

Manuring and fertilizationǣ ’’Ž›‘’‘•– ‘” ˆƒ”›ƒ”† ƒ—”‡ ̷ ͹ǦͳͲ –‘‡•ȀŠƒ ƒ„‘—– ƒ ‘–Š
„‡ˆ‘”‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ
‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡””‡…‘‡†‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ‰‘‘†…”‘’‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘‹•ͶͲǣʹͲǣʹͲ‰
ŠƒǦͳǡƒ†ˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†‹•͸Ͳǣ͵Ͳǣ͵Ͳ‰ŠƒǦͳǤ‘‹Ž–‡•–„ƒ•‡†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ
’’Ž›‡–‹”‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ  ƒ†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ•‘™‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ‹‹‰ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ–
2 ͷ
ϐ‹”•–‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘

Weeding and Intercultural Operationǣ™‘‹–‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘‡Šƒ†™‡‡†‹‰‹Ž‹‡•‘™…”‘’

‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰ƒ–›‡ǦŠƒ””‘™™Š‡…”‘’‹•͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘Ž†‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ
„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–…”‘’ͳst™‡‡†‹‰ƒˆ–‡”ͳͷȂʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”‡‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ•‡‡†Ž‹‰ƒ†ʹnd™‡‡†‹‰ͳͷǦʹͲ†ƒ›•
after 1st™‡‡†‹‰‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ

ƒ••—”‡†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ”‡Ǧ‡‡”‰‡…‡•’”ƒ›ǣ•‘’”‘–—”‘̷ͲǤͷ‰ƒǤ‹ǤȀŠƒǤȋƒ‹ˆ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ȍǡ
š›ϐŽ—”‘ˆ‡̷ͲǤͳŽ–ƒǤ‹ȀŠƒȋ””‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ȍ

‘•–Ǧ‡‡”‰‡– •’”ƒ›ǣ ʹǡ ͶǦ •‘†‹— •ƒŽ– ̷ ͲǤ͹ͷ ‰ ƒǤ‹ǤȀŠƒ ’”ƒ›‹‰ ƒ”‘—† ʹͲǦʹͷ †ƒ›• ƒˆ–‡” •‘™‹‰
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›…‘–”‘Ž™‡‡†•Ǥ

Irrigationǣ ‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ •‘‹Ž –›’‡ǡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” …‘†‹–‹‘ ƒ† †—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ ͺǦͳͶ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡
necessary

Harvestingǣƒ”˜‡•–‹•†‘‡‘…‡–Š‡‡ƒ”ǦŠ‡ƒ†•ƒ”‡’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡…”‘’‹•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”Šƒ”˜‡•–
‹͸ͷǦ͹ͷ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰Ǥ

Yieldǣ
”ƒ‹ͳʹǦͳͷ“ȀŠƒƒ†ʹͲǦʹͷ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ•–”ƒ™’‡”Š‡…–ƒ”‡Ǥ



Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ”‡•Ǥ‹Ȁˆƒ”‡”Ȁ‡…‘‡†‡†̸’ƒ…ƒ‰‡̸‘ˆ̸”ƒ…–‹…‡•

Š––’ǣȀȀƒ‰”‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‹‹–Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹Ȁ…‘–‡–Ȁ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡Ǧ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•

Š––’ǣȀȀ˜ƒ•’‡†‹ƒǤ‹Ȁƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ȁ…”‘’Ǧ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ȁ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ȁ…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǧƒ†Ǧ
‹ŽŽ‡–•Ȁ•‘”‰Š—

Š––’ǣȀȀƒ‰”‹–‡…ŠǤ–ƒ—Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹Ȁƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ȁ‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•̸•ƒƒ‹ǤŠ–Ž

Š––’•ǣȀȀ‹ŽŽ‡–‹†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ™’Ǧ…‘–‡–Ȁ—’Ž‘ƒ†•Ȁ͸ͶͷͻȀͶͽȀ
‘†•™”‘’•Ǥ’†ˆ
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SECTION - 10
ǤǤ
ǤǤ
ŽŽ†‹ƒ‘Ǧ‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘Œ‡…–
ˆ‘””›Žƒ†‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ȋȌǡŠ—Ž„ƒ‹ǡ
ƒ†ŠƒƒŽǡ†‹•Šƒǡ‹Ǧ͹͸ʹͲͲͳ

PROSPECTS OF MILLET
CULTIVATION IN DRYLAND
AGRICULTURE


‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ•‡‡†‡†‰”ƒ••‡•–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡Šƒ”†›ƒ†‰”‘™™‡ŽŽ‹†”›œ‘‡•ƒ•”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…”‘’•—†‡”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ
…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘—‹“—‡†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”•Š‘”–‰”‘™‹‰•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡•‡ˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•…ƒ„‡•–‘”‡†ˆ‘”–™‘‘”‘”‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ›—–”‹–‹‘—•ǡ‘Ǧ‰Ž—–‹‘—•
ƒ† ‘Ǧƒ…‹† ˆ‘”‹‰Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’ƒŽƒ–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ‡ƒ•‹Ž› †‹‰‡•–‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› Š‹‰Š ‹
‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡‹”‘ǡƒ‰‡•‹—ǡ’Š‘•’Š‘”‘—•ƒ†’‘–ƒ••‹—Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋƒ‰‹Ȍ‹•–Š‡”‹…Š‡•–‹…ƒŽ…‹—
…‘–‡–ǡƒ„‘—–ͳͲ–‹‡•–Šƒ–‘ˆ’ƒ††›”‹…‡‘”™Š‡ƒ–ǤŽ‹‡’ƒ††›ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‘•‡”‡“—‹”‡ƒ›‹’—–•‹
–‡”•‘ˆ•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•‰”‘™™‡ŽŽ‹†”›”‡‰‹‘•ƒ•”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†…”‘’•Ǥ‘•‹†‡”‹‰‘—”Š‡ƒŽ–Š
ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ǡ‹ˆ™‡”‡Ǧ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–‘‘—”ˆ‘‘†Šƒ„‹–‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒƒ…–‘ˆ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‘—”ˆƒ”‡”•
‹†”›Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•–‘‰”‘™…”‘’•–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡„‡•–•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‡…”‘’•ƒ”‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•ǡ…Ž‹ƒ–‡
”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ƒ†…ƒ–Š”‹˜‡™‡ŽŽ™‹–Šƒ”‰‹ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹’—–•Ǥ‡Ǧ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•
‹–Š‡†”›”‡‰‹‘…ƒ„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡…”‘’’‹‰’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡•‡…”‘’•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
„‡•–•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”’”‘Œ‡…–‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹‘—”•–ƒ–‡™‹–Šƒ–Š”—•–Ǥ

 †‹ƒǡ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‡– •‘™ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ͳͶͳǤͲ Šƒǡ ”ƒ‹ˆ‡† ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ……‘—–• ˆ‘” ͺͷǤͲ Šƒ •’”‡ƒ† ‘˜‡”
ͳ͹͹†‹•–”‹…–•ǤŠ‹•…‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͸Ͳ’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥƒ‹ˆ‡†
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡…‘–”‹„—–‡•ͶͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ƒ†’”‘†—…‡•͹ͷΨ‘ˆ’—Ž•‡•
ƒ†‘”‡–ŠƒͻͲΨ‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†‰”‘—†—–Ǥ˜‡ƒˆ–‡”ŠƒŽˆƒ…‡–—”›‘ˆ‡‰Ž‡…–ǡ–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆ‡†
”‡‰‹‘•’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†–‘‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”—”ƒŽ™‘”ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹͸ͲΨ‘ˆ…ƒ––Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›„‡‹‰‰”‘™‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›„›–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–”‹„ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡
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ƒ”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘Ž†‡•–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†…”‘’•‹†‹ƒƒ†”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘’”‹•‡–™‘ƒ‹‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•’‡…‹‡•ǡƒŒ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•
‹…Ž—†‡• •‘”‰Š— ƒ† ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› •‹š …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† •’‡…‹‡• ˜‹œǤ ‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ †‹ƒ
„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ‡ƒ”Ž›͸Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ…”‡•‘ˆŽƒ†‹†‹ƒƒ”‡—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
Though
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‹ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†—…‡”‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—ƒ†‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡƒ……‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”‘˜‡”ͺͲΨ‘ˆ•‹ƒǯ•’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ
–Š‡›‘……—’›”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒŽ‘™‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ‘‰ˆ‘‘†…”‘’•‹†‹ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡“—‹–‡‹’‘”–ƒ–
ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆˆ‘‘†ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘•‡…—”‹–›ƒ–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†ˆƒ”Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

IMPORTANCE OF MILLET CULTIVATION

Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰‡”‹–•ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡•ǣ

1. FROM FARMING PERSPECTIVE

‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘„ƒ„Ž›’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡„‡•–‘’–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡–”‹’Ž‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•‘ˆˆƒ”‹‰‹Ǥ‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ƒ†’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–•„ƒ•‡†ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ǣ

ƒǤ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›–‘Ž‡”ƒ––‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–•ƒ†ϐŽ‘‘†•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•…ƒ„‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†™‡ŽŽ‹†”›œ‘‡•Ȁ”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†
ƒ”‡ƒ•—†‡”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ

„Ǥ ƒ–‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–‹•˜‡”›Ž‡••ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”…”‘’•†—‡–‘ƒ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–”‘‘–•›•–‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ’‡ƒ”Žƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”

millet can do away with ʹͺΨ‘ˆ’ƒ††›ǯ•™ƒ–‡”‡‡†•Ǥ

…Ǥ Š‡•Š‘”–”‘–ƒ–‹‘ȋ͸ͷ†ƒ›•Ȍ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•‘ˆ˜‹–ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡–‘‡‡––Š‡ˆ‘‘††‡ƒ†ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡
Š‹‰ŠŽ›’‘’—Žƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ

†Ǥ –‘”ƒ‰‡Ž‹ˆ‡‹•…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Šȋ–™‘›‡ƒ”•‘”„‡›‘†ȌǤ

‡Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆƒ”‹‰”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ•ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•–‡–

ˆǤ ’—–•ƒ††‡†ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹…Ǥ

‰Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…‡‘”‡–‹ŽŽ‡”•‘”„”ƒ…Š‡•–Šƒ‘–Š‡”…”‘’•Ǥ

ŠǤ Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡„‘–Šˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆ‘††‡”Ǥ

ʹǤ FROM HUMAN NUTRITION PERSPECTIVE

‹Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š•‘—”…‡‘ˆ—–”‹‡–•Ǥ”‡‰—Žƒ”…‘•—’–‹‘…ƒŠ‡Ž’–‘‘˜‡”…‘‡ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘ƒ‘‰ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ‘—”†‹ƒ

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ŒǤ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‡”‹…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ‹”‘ǡ„‡–ƒǦ…ƒ”‘–‡‡‡–…–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‘ˆ”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–Ǥ

Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡‹”‹…‡Ǥ ‘™ƒ”Šƒ•ͺ–‹‡•‘”‡ϐ‹„”‡ǡ”ƒ‰‹Šƒ•ͶͲ–‹‡•‘”‡…ƒŽ…‹—ƒ†

„ƒŒ”ƒŠƒ•ͺ–‹‡•‘”‡‹”‘ƒ†ͷ–‹‡•‘”‡„‘–Š”‹„‘ϐŽƒ˜‹ƒ†ˆ‘Ž‹…ƒ…‹†–Šƒ”‹…‡Ǥ
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ŽǤ ‹ŽŽ‡–•Š‡Ž’…Š‡…†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†‹‰‡•–‹˜‡•›•–‡ǡ”‡†—…‡…ƒ…‡””‹•ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡‹—‡•›•–‡Ǥ

Ǥ ‹–Š‘‰Ž—–‡ƒ†Ž‘™‰Ž›…ƒ‡‹…‹†‡šǡ‹ŽŽ‡–†‹‡–‹•‹†‡ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‘•‡™‹–Š…‡Ž‹ƒ…†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ††‹ƒ„‡–‡•Ǥ

Ǥ ‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–ƒ…Ž‡‹”‘†‡ϐ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†‹ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ

‘Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘–ƒ‹Š‹‰Šƒ‘—–•‘ˆŽ‡…‹–Š‹™Š‹…Š‹•—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰–Š‡‡”˜‘—••›•–‡Ǥ

3. FROM ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Š‡ ƒ††‡† ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡– …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– –ƒ‡• ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– –Š‡ …‘…‡”• ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž ƒ† ™ƒ–‡”
’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

ƒǤ Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•†‘ǯ–‡‡†•›–Š‡–‹…ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•‘”’‡•–‹…‹†‡ƒ†‘•–Ž›‰”‘™™‹–Š‘”‰ƒ‹…‹’—–•ǤŠ‡ˆƒ…–
–Šƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‡••ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†‹•‡…–’‡•–•–Š—•‡‡’•’‡•–‹…‹†‡•ƒ–„ƒ›Ǥ

„Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–•Š‡Ž’‹”‡†—…‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…ʹƒ†–Š—•…‘–”‹„—–‡‹‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰‘‘†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•‡“—‡•–‡”…ƒ”„‘ƒ†•‘Š‡Ž’…Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ǣ
 
Š‹Ž‡•‹‰Ž‡…”‘’••—…Šƒ•”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–…ƒ•—……‡‡†‹’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›ˆ‘”†‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…‡
—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‡…—”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›‹…Ž—†‡•‡…—”‹–‹‡•‘ˆˆ‘‘†ǡ—–”‹–‹‘ǡˆ‘††‡”ǡϐ‹„”‡ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
‘•–‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ˜‡‡†‹„Ž‡•–ƒŽ•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–ˆƒ˜‘—”‡†ˆ‘††‡”ˆ‘”…ƒ––Ž‡Ǥƒ›ƒ–‹‡•ǡ…”‘’••—…Šƒ•
•‘”‰Š—ƒ†’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ”‡‰”‘™‘Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ˆ‘††‡”˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆ‘††‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•
ƒ”‡ ”‹…Š •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† ˜‹–ƒ‹• ƒ† Š‡…‡ ’”‘†—…‡ —–”‹–‹‘ •‡…—”‹–›Ǥ ‡‹‰ Š‘•–• –‘ †‹˜‡”•‡
…”‘’• •—…Š ƒ• ”‡† ‰”ƒǡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ϐ‹‡Ž†• ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ’—Ž•‡• ƒ† ˆ—‡Ž™‘‘†Ǥ Š‡…‘’ƒ‹‘  Ž‡‰—‡ …”‘’•
ƒ”‡•›‡”‰‹•–‹…™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‘Ž‹ϐ‹…Ž‡ƒˆ•Š‡††‡”•ǤŠ‹•Ž‡ƒˆˆƒŽŽƒ…–•ƒ•ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ—”‡ƒ†
ƒ‹–ƒ‹••‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ—•ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”•‘–Œ—•–—•‡•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‰”‘™–Š„—–ƒŽ•‘”‡–—”ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›
–‘–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ

ǣ

—‡–‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•”‡ƒ‹‘—”ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ•™‡”–‘–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…”‹•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”Ž†‹•
ˆƒ…‹‰ǤŽ‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–‘…‘ˆ”‘–—•™‹–Š–Š”‡‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ

 …”‡ƒ•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡—’–‘ʹǦͷ†‡‰”‡‡‡Ž•‹—•

 …”‡ƒ•‹‰™ƒ–‡”•–”‡••

 ‡…Ž‹‡‹’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›†—‡–‘ƒ„‹‘–‹…ƒ†„‹‘–‹…•–”‡••‡•ƒ”‹•‹‰‘—–‘ˆ…Ž‹ƒ–‡•Š‹ˆ–Ǥ
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Ž›‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘‡‡––Š‡•‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǣ

 ‹…‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‰”‘™‹‰ —†‡” †”‘—‰Š– …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡› …ƒ ™‹–Š•–ƒ† Š‹‰Š‡” Š‡ƒ–
”‡‰‹‡•Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‰”‘™ —†‡” ‘Ǧ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡† …‘†‹–‹‘• ‹ •—…Š Ž‘™ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ”‡‰‹‡• ƒ• „‡–™‡‡ ʹͲͲ ƒ†
ͷͲͲǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‘•‡…ƒ…‘„ƒ–™ƒ–‡”•–”‡••ƒ†‰”‘™•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‘•‡…ƒƒ‹–ƒ‹
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•ƒ•–‘”‡Š‘—•‡‘ˆ†‘œ‡•‘ˆ—–”‹‡–•‹
Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡›‹…Ž—†‡ƒŒ‘”ƒ†‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•‡‡†‡†„›–Š‡Š—ƒ„‘†›Ǥ‡…‡–Š‡›…ƒ
Š‡Ž’’‡‘’Ž‡‘˜‡”…‘‡ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘Ǥ


 
•’‹–‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
’”‘†—…–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡•Š”‹‹‰…‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘”‡•‘ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡
”‡‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’‡”‹‘†Ǥ‡–™‡‡ͳͻ͸͸
ƒ†ʹͲͲ͸ǡͶͶΨ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡”‡‘……—’‹‡†„›‘–Š‡”…”‘’••‹‰‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›Ž‘••
–‘†‹ƒǯ•ˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ”‘‘—”ˆ‘‘†Šƒ„‹–ƒ†Š‡…‡ǡ‹–•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡
ƒ”‡–†‡ƒ†’Žƒ›•ƒƒŒ‘””‘Ž‡‹†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ”‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽϐ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ

‹•…”‹‹ƒ–‘”› •—’’‘”– ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ …”‘’ Ž‘ƒ• ƒ† …”‘’ ‹•—”ƒ…‡ Šƒ• •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž› …‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡
ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹†‹ƒƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǤŽ‡••–Š‹•‹•…Š‡…‡†—”‰‡–Ž›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•Ž‡™‘ˆ’‘Ž‹…›ƒ†ϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ
‹…‡–‹˜‡•ǡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹‰Š– †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ Žƒ†•…ƒ’‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡š– ϐ‹ˆ–› ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹•
™‹ŽŽ‘–‘Ž›„‡ƒŽ‘••–‘†‹ƒǯ•ˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•ǡ„—–™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‡–‘„‡ƒ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‹•ƒ•–‡”Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ—”‰‡–‡‡†ˆ‘”†‹ƒ’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•–‘”‡ˆ‘…—•–Š‡‹”ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰
•›•–‡•ƒ†‡ƒ…–’‘Ž‹…‹‡•–Šƒ–…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ


 
”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ‹ •—„ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡ …‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡” –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ —†‡”
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹• †‡…Ž‹‹‰Ǥ š…‡’–‹‰ •‘”‰Š—ǡ ’‡”ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ƒ† ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™‡†
ƒ›‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡‹”ƒ”‡ƒ…‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

ͳǤ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰”‘™‘’‘‘”•ŠƒŽŽ‘™ƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ
‰”‘™ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹ŽŽ› ƒ”‡ƒ• —†‡” •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‹‹–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ …”‘’
’”‘†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‘‹Ž•‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡•‡…”‘’•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™‘‹•–—”‡”‡–‡–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›Ǥ

ʹǤ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒƒŒ‘”„‘––Ž‡‡…
‹–ƒ‹‰‹–‡”Ǧ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡™‡‡†…‘–”‘ŽǤŠ‡‹š‡†…”‘’’‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†‘’–‡†
„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›•—‹–‡†–‘•—•–‡ƒ…‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡‘–”‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ

͵Ǥ Š‡›ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†—†‡”Ž‘™ƒ—”‡†ƒ†Ž‘™ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†–‹‡Ž›ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ž‹‡–‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ•‘™‹‰ǡ™‡‡†‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”…—Ž–—”‹‰Šƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†
‹”‡†—…‡†”‡–—”•Ǥ’”‘˜‡†…”‘’ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ†‘’–‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•†—‡–‘•‘…‹‘Ǧ
‡…‘‘‹……‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ
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• ‹ŽŽ‡–•  ƒ”‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ‰”‘™ ‹ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ ƒ† •—„ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ †”› Žƒ†• „› ’‘‘” ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ –Š‡
ϐŽ—…–—ƒ–‹‘•‹’”‘†—…–‹‘‘–‘Ž›„”‹‰Šƒ”†•Š‹’–‘ˆƒ”‡”•„—–ƒŽ•‘…”‡ƒ–‡‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ…‘ƒ”•‡
…‡”‡ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ‘ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹‹‹–†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž
–”ƒ‹‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’‹’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‹‰–Š‡‡™Ž›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‹
”‡’Žƒ…‹‰–Š‡Ž‘™›‹‡Ž†‹‰Ž‘…ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǡ•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ƒ…–‹‘‹•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡
’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ•‡‡†•ǡ‹–•’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ‘‡–ƒ”›‹’—–••—…Šƒ•Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰ǡ
‘’–‹—”‘™•’ƒ…‹‰ǡ†‡’–Š‘ˆ•‡‡†‹‰ǡ‘’–‹—’Žƒ–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒǡ–‹‡Ž›…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•
ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•”‹‰Š–‹–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†Ǥ‰”‘‘‹…
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •Š‘—Ž† „”‹‰ ‘—– ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡– Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ™Š‹…Š ‹• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ‡ƒ•›
–‘ƒ†‘’–Ǥ…”‡ƒ•‡†—•‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ–ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–••Š‘—Ž†„‡‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†ƒ•‹–
‡Šƒ…‡•–Š‡‹”˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†ƒ”‡–’”‹…‡Ǥ

CONCLUSION
Š‡ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡ ˆƒ…‹‰ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ”•ǡ ƒ›
‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ •›•–‡‹… ƒ† ”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡† „› ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ •›•–‡• –Šƒ–
™‡‡‡†–‘†ƒ›‡‡†–‘„‡‘”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡–ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹‡†–‘‡‡––Š‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘™Š‹Ž‡‡•—”‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—•‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ––‘‘•‘ƒ››‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘
”‡…‘‰‹•‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•ƒ†…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•„ƒ•‡†ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•ǤŠ‘—‰ŠŽƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽƒ†
•–ƒ–‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–• Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡…ƒ†‡ –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–•
ˆƒ”‹‰‘ƒ‹••‹‘‘†‡ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ…‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡—”„ƒ†‹ƒ•
ˆ‘” ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† …‘•—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Šǡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‰ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡†–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡š–‡–ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†
‘–Š‡”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

ͳǤ •‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆƒ”‹‰Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ϐ‹––‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡—Ž–‹…”‘’’‹‰ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ‹–‡‡†•
–‘„‡‡•—”‡†–Šƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–•†‘‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‘‘…—Ž–—”‡”‘—–‡—†‡”–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‡š–‡•‹‘
’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ

ʹǤ
‘˜‡”‡–•Š‘—Ž†ƒ‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”‹…‡–‹˜‡•–‘‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‹ŽŽ‡–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͵Ǥ
”‡ƒ–‡”–Š”—•–—•–„‡‰‹˜‡–‘˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ†ƒ‘‰–Š‡—”„ƒ
consumers

ͶǤ
‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†
••Š‘—Ž†™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—––Š‡„‡‡ϐ‹–•…‘ˆ‡””‡†„›
‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†…ƒ”„‘•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘‡‡†•

ͷǤ ƒ”‡…Šƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡†–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡†”—†‰‡”›ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ
84

 

ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ”ƒŒǡ
ǤǤǡ ƒ‘ǡ Ǥǡ Š‡†ǡ ǤǤǤ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ†
—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹ †‹ƒǤ ‘—”ƒŽ ‘ˆ  ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ’‡……‡•• ‘—”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›Ǥ

‡Š‡”ƒǡǤǤȋʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆƒ”‹‰‹
†‹ƒǤ …‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‹‡…‡ǡʹȋͳȌǣͳǦͷǤ

‹…Šƒ‡Ž”ƒŒǡ ǤǤ Ǥ ƒ† Šƒ—‰ƒǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  •–—†› ‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–•

„ƒ•‡† …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† …‘•—’–‹‘ ‹ †‹ƒǤ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ
‘ˆƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‡”˜‹…‡•Ƭƒƒ‰‡‡–‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǡʹȋͶȌǣͶͻǦ
ͷͺǤ

ƒ‘ǡ Ǥ ƒ† ƒ”–Šƒ•ƒ”ƒ–Š›ǡ Ǥ

Ǥ ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ –ƒ–—• ƒ† ’”‘•’‡…–• ‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‡–—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•…‡ƒ”‹‘ǣǣ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǣ”‘‘–‹‘
ˆ‘” ‘‘†ǡ ‡‡†ǡ ‘††‡”ǡ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ˜‹”‘‡– ‡…—”‹–›ǡ
”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ
Ž‘„ƒŽ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘‘‹ŽŽ‡–•”‘‘–‹‘ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ–Š
Ƭ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡…—”‹–›Ǥ ‘…‹‡–› ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ  †‹ƒ
•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ’’Ǥͳͻ͹ǦʹͲͻǤ

 ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ —’’‘”–‹‰ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ †‹ƒǢ ‘Ž‹…› ‡˜‹‡™

ƒ† —‰‰‡•–‹‘• ˆ‘” …–‹‘Ǥ ”‡’ƒ”‡† „›  ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
Ǥ

ƒ–‡‡•ŠǡǤǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǣ —–—”‡‘ˆ ‘‘†ƒ† ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‘‘‹Ǥ

Šƒ”ƒǡǤǤƒ†‘—–‹Š‘ǡǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ‰‡•
‹ƒ”‡ƒǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹†‹ƒǡ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒǡ͵ͷǣͷͶͷǦͷͷͲǤ
 85

SECTION - 11
ǤǤ
ǤǤ
Ǥ
ǤǤ

ǤǤ
ŽŽ†‹ƒ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘Œ‡…–‘ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ
‡–”‡ˆ‘”—Ž•‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ‡”Šƒ’—”ǡ
’ƒ˜‹–”ƒ‘Šƒ̷”‡†‹ˆˆƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

SMALL MILLET
RESEARCH IN ODISHA

‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹ˆ‘”‘ˆŽŽ†‹ƒ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘Œ‡…–ȋȌ‘ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ”‹••ƒ

‡–”‡—†‡”†‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ƭ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ–‡–”‡ˆ‘”—Ž•‡•‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ
‡”Šƒ’—”•‹…‡ͳͻͺ͸Ǧͺ͹ǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡…–‹•†‘‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘…”‘’‹’”‘˜‡‡–ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘
ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’—” ‹• •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ•– ƒ† ‘—–Š ƒ•–‡” ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ Žƒ‹ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ
‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ
Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡”Šƒ’—”ǡ”‹••ƒ‹•ƒ–ͳͻͲͳͺƒ†ͺͶͲͷͶƒ†ƒ–͵ͶǤŠ‡™‡ƒ–Š‡””‡ƒ‹•™‘”ƒ†
Š—‹†™‹–Š‡ƒƒ—ƒŽƒš‹—ƒ†‹‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡͵ͶͲƒ†ͳͶͲƒ†‡ƒƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
ͳʹͻ͸ȋ͸ͷ”ƒ‹›†ƒ›•ȌǤ‘‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–ƒ–‹‘‹•‘•–Ž›•ƒ†›Ž‘ƒ‹–‡š–—”‡™‹–Š’ͷǤ͹–‘͸ǤʹǤ
Š‡•‘‹Ž‹•Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‘™‘”‰ƒ‹……ƒ”„‘…‘–‡–ǡƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡’Š‘•’Š‘”—•ƒ†’‘–ƒ••‹—Ǥ

ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‰”‘—’‡† ‹–‘ •‹š …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ  ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋŽ‡—•‹‡ …‘”ƒ…ƒƒȌǡ ‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ‹…—
•—ƒ–”‡•‡Ȍǡ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ‡–ƒ”‹ƒ ‹–ƒŽ‹…ƒȌǡ ”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ‹…— ‹Ž‹ƒ…‡—Ȍǡ ‘†‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ•’ƒŽ—
•…”‘„‹…—Žƒ–—Ȍ ƒ† ƒ”›ƒ”† ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ…Š‹‘…ŠŽ‘ƒ …‘Ž‘ƒȌǤ —– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •‹š •ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–
ȋƒ†‹ƒȌ ƒ† ‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ—ƒȌ ƒ”‡ ‘•–Ž› ‰”‘™ ‹ †‹•ŠƒǤ ŽŽ †‹ƒ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–
’”‘˜‡‡–”‘Œ‡…–ǡ‡”Šƒ’—”‹†‹•ŠƒŠƒ•–™‘ƒ†ƒ–‡…”‘’•ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡
millet with the following objectivesǤ
86

 
ͳǤ ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Šƒ˜‹‰–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡Ȁ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘ƒŒ‘”„‹‘–‹…Ƭ
ƒ„‹‘–‹…•–”‡••‡•Ǥ

ʹǤ ‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–‰‡‘–›’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

͵Ǥ ‘‡˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ†’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ„Ž‡…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ

ͶǤ ”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–Š”‘—‰Š ”‘–‹‡‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‹„ƒŽ—„Žƒ•…Š‡‡Ǥ

ͷǤ ‘’”‘†—…‡—…Ž‡—•ƒ†„”‡‡†‡”•‡‡†‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•

 

ͳǤ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡’‡•–”‡•‹•–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ

ʹǤ ‘’—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹ˆƒ”‡”•ǯϐ‹‡Ž†

{ —”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆ—†‡”‹–‡”Ǧ…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡™‹–Šƒ”Šƒ”Ǥ

{ Š‘”–†—”ƒ–‹‘’”‡Ǧ’ƒ††›”ƒ‰‹˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•†—”‹‰’”‡ǦŠƒ”‹ˆ‹‡†‹—Žƒ†’ƒ††›ϐ‹‡Ž†•

{ …”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–†—”‹‰”ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘—†‡”‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

͵Ǥ ͵Ǥƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹
–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

ͶǤ ͶǤ†—…ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•–‘ƒ†‘’––”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‹”‡…–
•‡‡†‹‰Ǥ




ŽŽ†‹ƒ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘Œ‡…–‘ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‡”Šƒ’—”Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†͹ȋ•‡˜‡ȌŠ‹‰Š
›‹‡Ž†‹‰—Ž–‹’‡•–”‡•‹•–ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ͷȋˆ‘—”ȌŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡”
Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‡–”›ʹͳ͹Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘„‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ„‘—––Š‡
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
 


Year/ Duration Average Pot. Season & area

Variety Parentage Salient features
status ȋ†ƒ›•Ȍ ›‹‡Ž†ȋ“Ȍ ›‹‡Ž†ȋ“Ȍ of adaptability

ƒ”Š‡ƒ†•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›–‘’‹…—”˜‡†™‹–Š
Mutant of ͳͻ͹ͳȀ ͻͲǦͳͲͲ Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹
 ͳ͹ǤͲ ͵ͷǤͷ ’ƒŽ‡™Š‹–‡’‡”‹…ƒ”’ǡ
”ƒ‹•„”‘™
Ǧ͹ –ƒ–‡ •‡ƒ•‘‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ
in colour
‹‰Š–„”‘™ƒ†‡†‹—„‘Ž†
 —–ƒ–‘ˆ ͳͻͺͷȀ ͳͲͷǦͳͳͲ Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹
ʹͷǤͲ ͶͳǤͷ ‰”ƒ‹ǡ‡‹Ǧ…‘’ƒ…–ƒ†–‘’
ȋͶǦͳͲǦͷ͸Ȍ ͸Ͷʹ –ƒ–‡ •‡ƒ•‘‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ
‹…—”˜‡†’ƒ‹…Ž‡•
Žƒ–Š‡‹‰Š–ͺͲǦͻͲ…ǡ–‘’‹…—”˜‡†
 Mutant of ͳͻͻͻȀ Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹
ͳͲͲǦͳͲͷ ʹͳǤͷ ͶͷǤͲ ear heads, white coloured grains,
ȋʹȌ ͻ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‡ƒ•‘‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ
–‘„Žƒ•–Ƭ–‘Š‡ƒ–Š„Ž‹‰Š–
‡ƒ˜‡•Ž‹‰Š–‰”‡‡ǡ’—”’Ž‡…‘Ž‘—”‡†
Mutant Œ—…–—”‡ƒ†ƒ—”‹…Ž‡ǡ–‘’‹…—”˜‡† Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†ƒ„‹
 ͳͻͻͻȀ
‘ˆ—†Šƒ ͳͲͷǦͳͳͲ ʹ͹ǤͲ ͶͶǤͲ ‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†•ǡ‹‰Š–„”‘™…‘Ž‘—”‡† ‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ–ǡ
ȋͻǦͳȌ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Mandia •‡‡†•ǡ‘†‰‹‰”‡•‹•–ƒ–ǡǦ„Žƒ•– ƒ†
Ƭ–‡„‘”‡”
ƒŽŽǡŽƒ–‡ƒ–—”‹–›Ž‡ƒ˜‡•„”‘ƒ†ƒ†
†‹•Šƒǡǡ

͸ͺš
 ʹͲͲͳȀ Ž‹‰Š–‰”‡‡ǡ–‘’‹…—”˜‡†‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†•
ͳͳͲǦͳͳͷ ʹ͸ǤͲ ͷʹǤͲ
—Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒ†
ȋͳͲȌ ͳͷ͸ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ™‹–ŠŽ‹‰Š–„”‘™„‘Ž†‰”ƒ‹ǡǦ

„Žƒ•–ƬǦ–‡„‘”‡”

‡‹†™ƒ”ˆƒ†‡†‹—ƒ–—”‹–›ǡ
Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†”ƒ„‹
 ‡‹…‘’ƒ…–ǡ‡†‹—–‘Ž‘‰‡ƒ”

ʹ͸šͷ ʹͲͳͷȀ–ƒ–‡ ͳͳͲǦͳͳͷ ʹͷǤͲ ͷͳǤͲ •‡ƒ•‘‹†‹•Šƒ
ȋͷ͵ʹȌ ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–„”‘™‰”ƒ‹•ǡǦ„Žƒ•–ǡ
ƒ†ŠŠƒ–‹•‰ƒ”Š
–‡„‘”‡”Ƭ›ŽŽ‘…‡”—•™‡‡˜‹Ž

‡‹†™ƒ”ˆǡ‡†‹—ƒ–—”‹–›ǡ‡‹
Šƒ”‹ˆƒ†”ƒ„‹
ʹͲͳͷȀ …‘’ƒ…–ǡ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ǡŽ‹‰Š–„”‘™
   ͵Ͳš •‡ƒ•‘‹†‹•Šƒǡ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ͳͲͷǦͳͳͲ ʹ͸ǤͲ ͷͳǤͲ ‰”ƒ‹•ǡ‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡•†”›•’‡ŽŽ‘ˆͳͲǦͳʹ†
ȋͷʹ͸Ȍ ʹͶͶ ǡǡǡ
ƒ–˜‡‰Ǥƒ†͸Ǧͺ†ƒ–”‡’”‘†Ǥ•–ƒ‰‡•ǡ

—Œƒ”ƒ–
Ǧ„Žƒ•–Ƭ–‡„‘”‡”
87
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Year/ Duration Average Pot. Season & area

Variety Parentage Salient features
status ȋ†ƒ›•Ȍ ›‹‡Ž†ȋ“Ȍ ›‹‡Ž†ȋ“Ȍ of adaptability

ƒŽŽ’Žƒ–•™‹–Š–Š‹……—Žǡ„”‘ƒ†ǡ
Ž‘‰†ƒ”‰”‡‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ‡”›Žƒ”‰‡ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•
Tarini ‡ŽǤ ”‘ ʹͲͲͳȀ
ͳͲͷǦͳͳͷ ͳʹǤͲ ʹͷǤͲ ƒ††”‘‘’‹‰’ƒ‹…Ž‡•ǡ‰”ƒ‹•„‘Ž†ǡ ‹†‹•Šƒǡǡ
ȋʹͲ͵Ȍ ‘”ƒ’—–Ž‘…ƒŽ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•Š‹‹‰ƒ†‰”‡›…‘Ž‘—”•ǡǦ„Žƒ•–Ƭ ‹Šƒ”ǡ

”ƒ‹•—–

Medium height with thick culm, †‹•Šƒǡǡ‹Šƒ”ǡ

‘Žƒ„ Mutant of ʹͲͲͳȀ
͹ͷǦͺͲ ͳͲǤͻ ʹͺǤͲ ‘‰…‘’ƒ…–’ƒ‹…Ž‡•ǡǦ„”‘™ Šƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ†
ȋ͵͸Ȍ ͺͳǦͳ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•’‘–Ƭ•Š‡ƒ–Š„Ž‹‰Š– –

Medium height, thick culm and light

‰”‡‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ‘‰Ž‘‘•‡†”‘‘’‹‰ ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•
ƒ„ƒ”ƒ Mutant of ʹͲͲͳȀ
͹ͷǦͺͲ ͳͲǤ͹ ʹͻǤͷ ’ƒ‹…Ž‡ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–„”‘™‡†‹— ‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ
ȋʹͲȌ ͺͳǦͳ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
„‘Ž†‰”ƒ‹•Ǥ”‘—‰Š––‘Ž‡”ƒ–ǡǦ ƒ†Šƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Š
„Ž‹‰Š–ǡ„”‘™•’‘–Ƭ•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›

ƒŽŽ’Žƒ–ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡’ƒ‹…Ž‡ǡ‰”ƒ‹• ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•
‡ŽǤ ”‘
ƒ—”ƒ ʹͲͲͻȀ ƒ”‡‡†‹—„‘Ž†ǡŽ—•–”‘—•™‹–Š ‹†‹•Šƒǡ
ƒŒ‹‰ƒ†ƒ ͳͲͲǦͳͲͷ ͳͶǤͳ ͵ͶǤͲ
ȋʹͲͺȌ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‰Š–‰”‡›…‘Ž‘—”ǡǦ„Žƒ•–ǡǦ Šƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šƒ†
local
•Š‡ƒ–Š„Ž‹‰Š–ǡ‰”ƒ‹•—–Ƭ•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›
—Œ”ƒ–

ƒŽŽǡŽƒ–‡ƒ–—”‹‰ȋͳͲ͸†Ȍǡƒ”‰‡
‡ŽǤ ”‘ ʹͲͲͻȀ‘„‡ ’ƒ‹…Ž‡•ȋʹͳǦ͵͸…ȌǡŽ—•–—”‘—•
”ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•
ʹͳ͹ †ƒ›ƒ‰‹”‹ released in ͳͲͷǦͳͳͲ ͳͷǤͳ ͵ͻǤ͹ ™‹–ŠŽ‹‰Š–‰”‡›‡†‹—„‘Ž†‰”ƒ‹•ǡ
‹†‹•Šƒ•–ƒ–‡
local †‹•Šƒ Ǧ”—•–Ƭ‰”ƒ‹•—–ǡǦ•Š‡ƒ–Š
„Ž‹‰Š–Ƭ•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›

Ǧ‡•‹•–ƒ–ǡǦ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›”‡•‹•–ƒ–
 89

 ȋͻǦͳȌ

ȋͳͲȌ ȋʹȌ

ȋͷ͵ʹȌ  ȋͷʹ͸Ȍ
90

ȋʹͲ͵Ȍ ȋ͵͸Ȍ

ȋʹͲȌ ȋʹͲͺȌ

ʹͳ͹ȋ–‘„‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†Ȍ
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–‡”Šƒ’—”…‡–”‡ͳͲͷƒ……‡••‹‘•‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ʹ͵͵ƒ……‡••‹‘•‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ǡ
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†ƒ†—–‹Ž‹•‡†‹–Š‡„”‡‡†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡”’Žƒ•Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡—–‹Ž‹•‡†‹…”‘••‹‰
’”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ



–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͵͹„”‡‡†‹‰Ž‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ͳͲŽ‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡…‡–”‡
™Š‹…Šƒ”‡—†‡”•–ƒ–‹‘–”‹ƒŽ–‡•–‹‰ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰•—’‡”‹‘”Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”–‡•–‹‰—†‡”…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†–”‹ƒŽ
ƒ†—Ž–‹Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘–”‹ƒŽˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ž‹‡•͸Ͳͳǡ͸ͲʹǡͶǡ
ͺƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‡–”‹‡•ʹͳ͹Ǧͳǡʹ͵͵Ǧͳǡͳͺƒ”‡‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡•–‹‰Ǥ


˜‡”››‡ƒ”—…Ž‡—••‡‡†•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘†—…‡†ˆ‘”’”‘†—…–‹‘
‘ˆ„”‡‡†‡”•‡‡†ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ•’‡”‹†‡–ǡ–Š‡…‡–”‡Šƒ•’”‘†—…‡†ƒ„‘—–ͷͲǤͲ
“—‹–ƒŽ• ‘ˆ „”‡‡†‡” •‡‡† ‘ˆ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• Šƒ‹”ƒ„‹ǡ Š‹Ž‹ƒǡ —˜”ƒ ƒ† †‹•–”‹„—–‡† –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ • ’‡” –Š‡
‘˜– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ’”‘Œ‡…– DzŠƒ…‹‰ „”‡‡†‡” •‡‡† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ˆ‘”
‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹†‹‰‡‘—•’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹†‹ƒdz—†‡” –Š‡„”‡‡†‡”•‡‡†‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–›
”Œ—ƒƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ—”ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡–ƒ‡—’•‹…‡ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻǤ



Ǥ 

i.) ^ŽǁŝŶŐͬWůĂŶƟŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

 ’–‹—–‹‡ˆ‘”•‘™‹‰ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹†‹•Šƒ‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡•‡…‘†ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ —‡–‘•‡…‘†ˆ‘”–
‹‰Š–‘ˆ —Ž›†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†•‡…‘†ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡…‡„‡”†—”‹‰ƒ„‹Ȁ•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ

 ’–‹—•‡‡†”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡͹Ǥͷ–‘ͳͲǤͲ‰ȀŠƒǤ

 ’–‹—•’ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ‡†‹—ƒ†Ž‘‰†—”ƒ–‹‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ʹʹǤͷšͳͲǤͲ
…†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘ƒ†ʹͷšͳͲ…†—”‹‰”ƒ„‹Ȁ•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ

 ”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†‘ˆʹͶͳʹ‰ȀŠƒ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•͵ͳΨŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ
†‹”‡…–•‡‡†‡†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋͳͺͶͲ‰ȀŠƒȌǡ…Ž‘•‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›†”‹ŽŽ‡†•‘™Ǥ

 ”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆʹͷǦ͵Ͳ†ƒ›•‘Ž†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•‡‡†Ž‹‰•”‡…‘”†‡†Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†‘ˆʹ͸ͺ͸Ǧʹ͹Ͷ͵
‰ȀŠƒƒ†•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†‘ˆͷͲ͵ͳǦͷʹ͵Ͳ‰ȀŠƒ†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆǤ
”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†™ƒ•”‡†—…‡†„›͸ǤͺǦͳͲǤͳΨƒ†
•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†‘ˆ͵ǤʹȂ͹ǤͷΨ„›–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰͵ͷ†ƒ›•‘Ž†•‡‡†Ž‹‰•Ǥ
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 —”•‡”›•‘™‹‰‘ͳͷth‡…‡„‡”ƒ†–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆ͵ͷ†ƒ›•‘Ž†•‡‡†Ž‹‰•”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–
‰”ƒ‹ȋʹͺʹͲ‰ȀŠƒȌƒ†•–”ƒ™ȋ͸ͺ͹Ͳ‰ȀŠƒȌ›‹‡Ž††—”‹‰•—‡”Ǥ

 Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†ȋʹͶͻͲ‰ȀŠƒȌƒ†•–”ƒ™ȋ͸ͳͲͲ‰ȀŠƒȌ›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ȋ•ͳʹ͸ͺͲȀ
ŠƒȌƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘ȋͳǤ͹ͶȌ™ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ʹͷš͹Ǥͷ…’Žƒ–‹‰‰‡‘‡–”›†—”‹‰•—‡”Ǥ

 Š‹‹‰‘ˆ’Žƒ–•ƒ–ͳͷǦʹͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰’Žƒ––‘’Žƒ–•’ƒ…‹‰‘ˆ͹ǤͷǦͳͲ
…”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†‘ˆʹ͵͸ͳǦʹͶͶͺ‰ȀŠƒƬ•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†‘ˆͶͶ͹ͺǦͶ͹ͳͺ‰ȀŠƒǤ
”ƒ‹
›‹‡Ž†™ƒ•”‡†—…‡†„›ͳ͵ǤʹΨƒ†•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†͹Ǥ͵Ψƒ†‘’–‹‰–Š‹‹‰ƒ–ʹͷ

ii.) EƵƚƌŝĞŶƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ

—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡…‘‡†‡††‘•‡̷͸ͲǦ͵ͲǦ͵Ͳ‰ȀŠƒˆ‘—†–‘„‡‘’–‹—ˆ‘”
ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ—”‹‰•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǮŠƒ‹”ƒ„‹ǯˆ‘—†–‘„‡–Š‡„‡•–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ†‹–
”‡•’‘†‡†—’–‘͸ͲǦ͵ͲǦ͵Ͳ‰ʹͷƒ†ʹȀŠƒǤ

ƒ•ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͷͲΨȋ͵Ͳ‰ȀŠƒȌƒ†͵Ͳ‰‡ƒ…Š‘ˆʹͷƒ†ʹȀŠƒ”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹
ȋʹͶͺͻ‰ȀŠƒȌƒ†•–”ƒ™ȋͶͻͳͶ‰ȀŠƒȌ›‹‡Ž†ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘„ƒ•ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‹…Š”‡…‘”†‡†
‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†‘ˆʹʹͳ͸‰ȀŠƒƒ†•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†‘ˆͶͺ͸Ͳ‰ȀŠƒǤ

iii.) ƌŽƉƉŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ

’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡…‘‡†‡††‘•‡‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”–‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋ͸ͲǦ͵ͲǦ͵Ͳ‰ǡʹͷǡʹȀŠƒȌƒ†’‹‰‡‘’‡ƒ
ȋʹͲǦͶͲǦʹͲ ‰ ǡ ʹͷǡ ʹȀŠƒȌ ‘ ƒ”‡ƒ „ƒ•‹• ‹ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– Ϊ ’‹‰‡‘’‡ƒ ȋͺǣʹȌ ‹–‡” …”‘’’‹‰ •›•–‡
ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ̷͹–ǤȀŠƒǡƒœ‘–‘„ƒ…–‡”ǡ’Š‘•’Š‘„ƒ…–‡”‹ǡ”Š‹œ‘„‹—ƒ†•‘†‹—‘Ž›„†ƒ–‡̷Ͷ‰Ȁ‰‘ˆ
’‹‰‡‘’‡ƒ•‡‡†ƒ••‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–ˆ‘—†–‘„‡‘•–’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”†‹•ŠƒǤ

Ž—•–‡”„‡ƒǦϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›…‘™’‡ƒǦϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•›•–‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡‘•–‹†‡ƒŽ•›•–‡‹
”‡•’‡…––‘’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†‡–”‡–—”ˆ‘”†‹•Šƒ—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•Ǥ

‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǧ„ƒ•‡† •‡“—‡…‡ …”‘’’‹‰ •›•–‡• Ž‹‡ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– †—”‹‰ Šƒ”‹ˆ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› …‘™’‡ƒȀ
…Ž—•–‡”„‡ƒȀ„Žƒ…‰”ƒ†—”‹‰’”‡Ǧ”ƒ„‹ƒ†”ƒ„‹”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–›‹‡Ž†ǡ
‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘—†‡”—’Žƒ†•ƒ†—†‡”’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–›†—”‹‰”ƒ„‹Ǥ

ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ”‹…‡…”‘’•‡“—‡…‡‡ƒ”Ž›†—”ƒ–‹‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…ƒ„‡‰”‘™™‹–Š ͶͲǦʹͲǦʹͲ‰ǡ
ʹͷǡʹȀŠƒΪ ̷ͷ–ȀŠƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›”‹…‡™‹–Š ͸ͲǦ͵ͲǦ͵Ͳ‰ǡʹͷǡʹȀŠƒˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”•›•–‡
’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ‡–”‡–—”Ƭǣ”ƒ–‹‘—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†‡†‹—Žƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„Žƒ…‰”ƒ…”‘’•‡“—‡…‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ
”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•”‡…‘”†‡†ƒ– ͸ͲǦ͵ͲǦ͵Ͳ‰ǡʹͷǡʹȀŠƒΪ ̷ͷ–ȀŠƒΪŽ‹‡̷ͳǤʹͷ–ȀŠƒ–‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›„Žƒ…‰”ƒƒ– ʹͲǦͶͲǦʹͲ‰ǡʹͷǡʹȀŠƒΪ ͷ–ȀŠƒΪʹΨ•’”ƒ›ƒ–ϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰ƒ†
’‘†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ϊ”Š‹œ‘„‹—ƒ†ƒ†•‘†‹—‘Ž›„†ƒ–‡̷Ͷ‰Ȁ‰‘ˆ„Žƒ…‰”ƒ•‡‡†ƒ••‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–
—†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†—’Žƒ†•Ǥ
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iv.) /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚǁĞĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůŝŶĮŶŐĞƌŵŝůůĞƚ

”‡Ǧ‡‡”‰‡…‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘’”‘–—”‘̷ͲǤͷ‰ƒǤ‹ȀŠƒΪʹ‹–‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘‡Šƒ†™‡‡†‹‰ƒ–
ʹͳ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ˆ‘—†’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Šͳ͸͵ǤͷΨǡͺͳǤͶΨƒ†ͳ͹Ͳ͹ͻ
Š‹‰Š‡”‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†ǡ•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›–Šƒ–Š‡—™‡‡†‡†…Š‡…Ǥ

v.) ŐƌŽŶŽŵŝĐŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ

‘™‹‰ƒˆ–‡””‡…‡‹’–‘ˆ•‘™‹‰”ƒ‹•…Ž‘•‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›•‘™‹‰ƒˆ–‡””‡…‡‹’–‘ˆ•‘™‹‰”ƒ‹•Ϊ™‹–Š‘—–‰ƒ’
ϐ‹ŽŽ‹‰ˆ‘—†–‘„‡‹†‡ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ˆ‘””ƒ‹ˆ‡†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǤŠƒ‹”ƒ„‹ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›…Š‹Ž‹ƒˆ‘—†–‘„‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

vi.) DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĨŽƌƐƵŵŵĞƌĮŶŐĞƌŵŝůůĞƚ

—”•‡”›•‘™‹‰‘ͳͷth‡…‡„‡”ƒ†–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆ͵ͷ†ƒ›•‘Ž†•‡‡†Ž‹‰•‘ˆ
‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ȀŠƒ’ƒ˜ƒ–‹Ȁ
Šƒ‹”ƒ„‹ƒ–ʹͷš͹Ǥͷ…•’ƒ…‹‰™‹–Š‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ––”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ǡ–‹ŽŽ‡”‹‰ǡϐŽƒ‰Ž‡ƒˆƒ†‡ƒ”‡‡”‰‡…‡ƒ†
ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͸ͲǦ͵ͲǦ͵Ͳ‰ǡ2ͷǡ2ȀŠƒˆ‘—†–‘„‡„‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ

˜‹‹ǤȌ—‡”’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‘’‡‹‰…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ—””‘™ƒˆ–‡”‡˜‡”›͸Ǧͺ”‘™•ǡ—Ž…Š‹‰™‹–Š…”‘’
”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ™‡‡†‹…‹†‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹•‘’”‘–—”‘̷ͲǤͷ‰ƒ‹ȀŠƒȌǡ”‘–ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‡‰—‡•’”‘†—…‡†Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹ǡ
•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘

˜‹‹‹ǤȌ‹–‡”…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡ǡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ڏƒ‹œ‡…ƒ„‡–ƒ‡‹ͺǣʹ”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡–Š‹‰Š‡•–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–

‰”ƒ‹‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘–Š‡”•›•–‡•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•’”ƒ…–‹…‡

(A) Little Millet

i.) ^ŽǁŝŶŐͬWůĂŶƟŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ

 ’–‹—–‹‡ˆ‘”•‘™‹‰‹†‹•Šƒ‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ͳ•–ˆ‘”–‹‰Š–‘ˆ —Ž›†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆ

 ’–‹—•‡‡†”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡͹Ǥͷ–‘ͳͲǤͲ‰ȀŠƒǤ

 ’–‹—•’ƒ…‹‰ˆ‘”Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ʹʹǤͷ…š͹Ǥͷ…†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆǤ

ii.) tĞĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶůŝƩůĞŵŝůůĞƚ

‹”•–Ͷͷ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰ˆ‘—†–‘„‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽˆ‘”Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–™Š‡–Š‡…”‘’•Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹™‡‡†ˆ”‡‡ˆ‘”
Š‹‰Š‡”›‹‡Ž†Ǥ

iii.) EƵƚƌŝĞŶƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ

†‡””ƒ‹ˆ‡†Ž‘™ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›…‘†‹–‹‘ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳͲͲΨ ȋͶͲǦʹͲǦʹͲ‰ǡ2ͷǡ2ȀŠƒȌ”‡…‘”†‡†–Š‡
Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹Ƭ•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘ǤʹͲͺˆ‘—†–‘„‡–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›—†‡””ƒ‹
ˆ‡†Ž‘™ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
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iv.) ĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ&zDΛϮƚͬŚĂĞŶƌŝĐŚĞĚǁŝƚŚďĂůĂŶĐĞŽĨϭϬϬйZ&;ϰϬͲϮϬͲϮϬŬŐE͕WϮKϱ͕<ϮK
ͬŚĂͿŐĂǀĞŚŝŐŚĞƌŐƌĂŝŶ;ϭϮϬϰŬŐͬŚĂͿĂŶĚƐƚƌĂǁ;ϰϯϬϮŬŐͬŚĂͿLJŝĞůĚŝŶůŝƩůĞŵŝůůĞƚ͘

v.) ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϱϬй ŽĨ Z& ;ϰϬͲϮϬͲϮϬ ŬŐ E͕ WϮKϱ͕ <ϮK ͬŚĂͿ ĂůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ njŽƐƉŝƌŝůůƵŵ ďƌĂƐŝůůĞŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
ƉĞƌŐŝůůƵƐĂǁĂŵŽƐŝΛϮϱŐͬŬŐŽĨƐĞĞĚĂƐƐĞĞĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŐĂǀĞƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŐƌĂŝŶ;ϭϱϱϳŬŐͬŚĂͿĂŶĚƐƚƌĂǁ
;ϯϱϲϴŬŐͬŚĂͿLJŝĞůĚ͘

vi.) ŐƌŽŶŽŵŝĐŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐƚŽŵŝƟŐĂƚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ

‘™‹‰ƒˆ–‡””‡…‡‹’–‘ˆ•‘™‹‰”ƒ‹•”‡…‘”†‡†•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹ƒ†•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”Ƭ
ǣ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

vii.) tĞĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶůŝƩůĞŵŝůůĞƚ

‹”•–Ͷͷ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”•‘™‹‰ˆ‘—†–‘„‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽˆ‘”Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–™Š‡–Š‡…”‘’•Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹™‡‡†ˆ”‡‡ˆ‘”
–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†ǡ•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

˜‹‹‹ǤȌ •‡“—‡…‡…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›‰—ƒ”…ƒ„‡”‡…‘‡†‡†ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‡•–Ž‹––Ž‡
‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–›‹‡Ž†ǡ‡–”‡–—”ƒ†ǣ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‹šǤȌ ”‰ƒ‹…ˆƒ”‹‰Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡––”‹ƒŽȋ Ϊ Ȍ”‡…‘”†‡†Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”ƒ‹›‹‡Ž†ǡ•–”ƒ™›‹‡Ž†ƒ†

ǣ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›‘Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹…•ȋ ͷ–ȀŠƒΪ‡”‹‘’‘•–ͳ–ȀŠƒΪ‡‡…ƒ‡ͷͲͲ‰ȀŠƒȌ


Ǥ

ȋƒȌ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–

ͳǤ
”ƒ••Š‘’’‡”•ǡ›ŽŽ‘…‡”—•™‡‡˜‹Ž•ǡŽ‡ƒˆƒ†‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†ƒ’Š‹†•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”’‡•–•ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‡ƒ”
™‘”ǡŠƒ‹”›…ƒ–‡”’‹ŽŽƒ”•ƒ”‡‹‘”’‡•–•‘ˆŠƒ”‹ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

ʹǤ –‡„‘”‡”‹•–Š‡ƒŒ‘”’‡•–‘ˆ”ƒ„‹Ȁ•—‡”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

͵Ǥ Š‡‘’–‹—•‘™‹‰–‹‡‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ˆ —‡–‘Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ˆ —Ž›ǤŠ‹••‘™‹‰’‡”‹‘†

”‡†—…‡•–Š‡’‡•–Ž‘ƒ†ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡›‹‡Ž†Ǥ

ͶǤ Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‡†‹—†—”ƒ–‹‘…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”•Ž‹‡Ǧͺ͹ǡǦʹͷͻǡǦʹͳͻǡǦͷʹ͸ǡŠƒ‹”ƒ„‹ǡǦͷ͵ʹǡ
Ǧ͵͵͵ǡǦ͵ͶͲǡǦͳͲʹʹǡǦʹͲͶǡǦͺƒ†
ǦͶͷ™‡”‡Ž‡•••—•…‡’–‹„Ž‡ȋδͳͲΨ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ
–‘ƒŒ‘”’‡•–•Ǥ

ͷǤ Š‡Žƒ–‡†—”ƒ–‹‘…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•ǦͳͲͲ͵ǡǦͷͶǡǦͺ͵ǡǦͷʹǡŠ‹Ž‹ƒǡǦͷ͹ǡǦʹ͸ͷǡ
ǦʹͳͳǡǦͷ͵Ͳǡ
Ǧ͸͵ǡ
Ǧ͸Ͷǡ
Ǧ͸͸ǡ
Ǧ͸͹ǡ
Ǧ͹ͲǤ
Ǧ͹ʹǡǦʹͲʹǡǦͳͲͳƒ†ǦͻͳͶ
™‡”‡Ž‡•••—•…‡’–‹„Ž‡ȋδͳͲΨ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ–‘ƒŒ‘”’‡•–•Ǥ
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͸Ǥ ƒ”‹‡–‹‡••—…Šƒ•Ǧͷ͵ͲǡǦʹͲʹǡǦ͵Ͷ͵ǡǦ͵Ͷ͸ǡ
ǦͶͺǡ
Ǧ͹͵ǡ ǦͳǡǦͺǡǦ͵ͷʹǡǦ
ͷͶǡƒ†Ǧͺ͵™‡”‡Ž‡•••—•…‡’–‹„Ž‡ȋδͳͲΨ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ–‘ƒŒ‘”’‡•–•Ǥ

͹Ǥ —””‘™ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…ƒ”„‘ˆ—”ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„‡•–”‡…‘”†‡†ͶǤ͸Ψƒ–ʹͲǡͺǤ͵Ψƒ–͵ͷǤ

‘‰•‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•‹†ƒ…Ž‘’”‹†̷͵ŽȀŽ™ƒ–‡”ȋ•‘ƒ‹‰ˆ‘”͸Š”•Ȍ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„‡•–‹
•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›ƒƒ‰‡‡–•Š‘™‹‰ͷǤʹΨƬͳͲǤͳΨƒ–ʹͲƬ͵ͷǤ

ͺǤ ’”ƒ›‹‰ͷΨƒ–͵ͷ‹•ƒŽ‘™Ǧ…‘•–‡…‘Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘’–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’‹•–‡„‘”‡”
‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ•‹–…ƒ”‡†—…‡–Š‡’‡•–‹…‹†‡…‡ȋ͵͸ǤͷͶƒ†Ͷ͵ǤͺΨ”‡†—…–‹‘‹ƒ†Ȍƒ†
›‹‡Ž†Ž‘••ȋͺͷΨ›‹‡Ž†ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ȍ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‡–”‡–—”ȋ•Ǥ͵ʹͶͲͺǤͲͲȌƒ†ǤǤ”ƒ–‹‘ȋʹǤͲͺȌƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡
‡š‹•–‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ

‘‘–ƒ’Š‹†‡ƒˆƒ’Š‹†ƒ‹…Ž‡ƒ’Š‹†

’Š‹†Ǧƒ–ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘–‡„‘”‡”Žƒ”˜ƒ–‡„‘”‡”ƒ†—Ž–
96

‡ƒˆ„Žƒ•– ‹‰‡”„Žƒ•–

‡…„Žƒ•–

Foot rot ”‘™•’‘–

 97

ȋ„Ȍ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–

ͳǤ Š‘‘–ϐŽ›‹•–Š‡‘Ž›ƒŒ‘”‹•‡…–’‡•–ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆƒ†‡ƒ”ƒ’Š‹†ǡ‰—†Š‹„—‰ǡŽ‡ƒˆˆ‘Ž†‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡‹‘”
’‡•–•‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹Šƒ”‹ˆ•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ

ʹǤ ƒ”Ž›•‘™‹‰‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ˆ —‡–‘ʹ†™‡‡‘ˆ —Ž›”‡†—…‡•–Š‡•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͵Ǥ Š‡Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‡–”‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•Ǧ͵ͻǡǦͳͲͺǡǦͷʹǡǦͺͲǡǦͻ͵ǡǦ͵ͳͶǡǦͶͲͻǡ
Ǧͻ͵ǡǦͻͶǡǦʹͳ͹ǡǦʹ͵͵ǡǦͷͷǡǦ͸ͷƒ†ǦʹͲ͵™‡”‡ˆ‘—†Ž‡•••—•…‡’–‹„Ž‡
ȋδͳͲΨ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ–‘•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›Ǥ

ͶǤ ’”ƒ›‹‰ͳͷͲͲ’’‡‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ–ͳͷ”‡…‘”†‡†Ž‘™‡•–•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡•–
‡ƒ›‹‡Ž†‘ˆͳͳǤʹʹǡ‡–”‡–—”‘ˆ•Ǥ͹͵ͳͷȀǦƒ†Š‹‰Š‡•–ǣ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳǤͶͺƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡ƒ›‹‡Ž†‘ˆ
͹Ǥͺ͵“ȀŠƒ‹—–”‡ƒ–‡†…‘–”‘Ž™‹–Š•ͳͳ͸ͲȀǦ‡–”‡–—”ƬͳǤͲͺǣ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Ǥ


ͳǤ ‡ƒˆ„Žƒ•–ƒ–—”•‡”›ƒ†–‹ŽŽ‡”‹‰•–ƒ‰‡ǡ‡…„Žƒ•–ƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›ϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰•–ƒ‰‡ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”„Žƒ•–‹’‘•–
ϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰•–ƒ‰‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

ʹǤ ‘™‹‰‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ‡—’„‡–™‡‡Žƒ•–™‡‡‘ˆ —‡–‘ʹ†™‡‡‘ˆ —Ž›ǡ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ

„‡Ž‡••‹ˆ‡…–‡†„›ƒŽŽ–Š‡–Š”‡‡„Žƒ•–•‹Ǥ‡ǤŽ‡ƒˆǡ‡…Ƭϐ‹‰‡”„Žƒ•–Ǥ

͵Ǥ ‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–™‹–Šƒ”„‡†ƒœ‹̷ʹ‰Ȁ‰‘”•‡—†‘‘ƒ•ϐŽ—‘”‡•…‡•͸‰Ȁ‰‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†–‘
…Š‡…–Š‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ‹Ž›Ž‡ƒˆ„Žƒ•–Ǥ

ͶǤ ’”ƒ›‹‰‘ˆˆ—‰‹…‹†‡•Ž‹‡”‹…›…Žƒœ‘Ž‡ȋͲǤͲ͸ΨȌȀ”‘’‹…‘ƒœ‘Ž‡ȋͲǤͳΨȌȀ•‡—†‘‘ƒ•
ϐŽ—‘”‡•…‡•ȋͲǤ͸ΨȌ–™‹…‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥͳ•–•’”ƒ›ƒ–ͷͲΨϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰Ƭ•—„•‡“—‡–ƒ–ͳͲ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”ͳ•–•’”ƒ›‹‰
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–„Žƒ•–ˆ‘—†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ

ȍ Ȏ

Š‡‡™Ž›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‡™Ž›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†‹–•ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–›‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǯϐ‹‡Ž†
—†‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‰”‘Ǧ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†ˆƒ”‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ„‘—–͵ͲͲŠ‡…–ƒ”‡•‘ˆƒ”‡ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡…‘˜‡”‡†
–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ†ƒ„‘—–ͻͲͲˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„‡‡ϐ‹––‡†ǤŠ‡›‹‡Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡͸Ͷ–‘͹ͺΨ‹
…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Ž‘…ƒŽȀˆƒ”‡”•’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǤŠ‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ
Šƒ‹”ƒ„‹ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ‘Žƒ„Ƭƒ”‹‹Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‘’–‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ•–ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡
–—‡‘ˆ͹ʹΨƒ†͸ͺΨǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡†‹•–”‹…–•
ƒŒƒǡ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ǡƒ›ƒ‰ƒ†ƒƒ†‘”ƒ’—–†‹•–”‹…–•™‡”‡
…‘˜‡”‡†—†‡”ˆ”‘–Ž‹‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
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 ǡ

”‡‡†‡”•‡‡†’Ž‘–‘‹–‘”‹‰‘‹–‘”‹‰–‡ƒ˜‹•‹– ‹ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–

 ‹‡Ž††ƒ›—†‡”‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†”—•‡‡†‡”–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Šȋ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ȍ

ȍȎ
†‡” ”‹„ƒŽ —„ Žƒ …Š‡‡ –Š‡ –”‹„ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ †‹•–”‹…–
ƒŒƒǡ ƒ† ‘”ƒ’—– ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳͲͷŠ‡…–ƒ”‡•Ǥ„‘—–͵ͷͲ–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡
„‡‡ϐ‹––‡†„›–Š‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡•—’’Ž‹‡†™‹–Š‹’—–•Ž‹‡•‡‡†ǡˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ’‡•–‹…‹†‡•
ƒ†ˆƒ”‹’Ž‡‡–•Ž‹‡–”‡…ŠŠ‘‡•ǡ’Šƒ™”ƒŠ•ǡ•–‘”ƒ‰‡„‹•ǡǤǤŽ‘—‰Š•‡–…Ǥ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹ŽŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰
–”ƒ‹‹‰•ƒ†ϐ‹‡Ž††ƒ›•™‡”‡…‘†—…–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‹†’—”’‘•‡Ǥ



 ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•Š‘”–†—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•–‘ϐ‹–‹–‘–Š‡…”‘’’‹‰•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ
 ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’„Žƒ•–”‡•‹•–ƒ–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ
 ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Žƒ–‡†—”ƒ–‹‘ȋεͳʹͲ†ƒ›•Ȍϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†ǡ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘‘…—Ž–—”‡
ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
 ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•–‡„‘”‡””‡•‹•–ƒ–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”•—‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
 ‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’Š‹‰Š›‹‡Ž†‹‰ǡ•Š‘”–†—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‡‹Ǧ†™ƒ”ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ
 †‡–‹ˆ›Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰‡‘–›’‡•–‘Ž‡”ƒ––‘•Š‘‘–ϐŽ›Ǥ
 ‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰‡‘–›’‡••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹…ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ
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SECTION - 12


‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŽƒ–ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡǡ
Š—„ƒ‡•™ƒ”ǡ‹Ǧ͹ͷͳͲͲ͵

DISEASES AND INTEGRATED

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF MILLETS
IN VIEW OF FINGER, FOXTAIL & LITTLE MILLET


‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…‡”‡ƒŽ•™Š‹…Š’Žƒ›ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘•‡…—”‹–›‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
…‘—–”‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‡‹Ǧƒ”‹† –”‘’‹…• ‘ˆ •‹ƒ ƒ† ˆ”‹…ƒǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ†  ‹‰‡”‹ƒ Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‰”‘™
‘ •‘‹Ž• ™Š‹…Š –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ”‡ –‘‘ ’‘‘” –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒ› ‘–Š‡” …”‘’Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” †”‘—‰Š– –‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ǡ
Ž‘™ —–”‹‡– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ϐŽ—…–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Šƒ ‘–Š‡” …‡”‡ƒŽ …”‘’• ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ”‡  —‹“—‡
†—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” •Š‘”– ‰”‘™‹‰ •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽǦ•‡ƒ•‘ …”‘’• …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† ”‘—† –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡•
—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‡…—”‹–‹‡•ȋˆ‘‘†ǡˆ‘††‡”ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ—–”‹–‹‘ǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽȌ™Š‹…Šƒ‡•–Š‡–Š‡…”‘’•
‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡’”‹…‡•Ǥ’‘”–ƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•‰”‘™‹†‹ƒƒ”‡‘”‰Š—
ȋ
”‡ƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–ȌǡƒŒ”ƒȋ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍǡƒ‰‹ȋ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍƒ†•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•˜‹œǤǡ‘””ƒȋ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍǡ‹––Ž‡
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ‘†‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ƒ† ƒ”›ƒ”† ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• …‘ƒ”•‡ …‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ „—–
”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹”—–”‹‡–”‹…Š‡••–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘™…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•—–”‹…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡
‹”‘ǡƒ‰‡•‹—ǡ’Š‘•’Š‘”‘—•ƒ†’‘–ƒ••‹—Ǥ

†‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳͷǤͶͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡…–ƒ”‡’”‘†—…‹‰ͳ͹Ǥʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•™‹–Šƒ›‹‡Ž†
‘ˆͳͳͳͳ‰ȀŠƒȋ‹”‡…–‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ…‘‘‹…•ƒ†–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ†ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒƒ”‡
–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒǤ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–‘–ƒŽˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ
†‹ƒ”‡†—…‡†ˆ”‘ʹʹǤͳ͹Ψ–‘͸ǤͻͶΨ‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–•‹š†‡…ƒ†‡•ˆ”‘ͳͻͷͲǦͷͳ–‘ʹͲͳͳǦͳʹǤŠ‡ƒ‹”‡ƒ•‘•
ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡†—…–‹‘ƒ”‡–Š‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†’‡•–•Ǥ–Š‹•
ƒ”–‹…Ž‡–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„‹‘–‹…•–”‡••‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‡†Ǥ
100



ͳǤ
CAUSAL ORGANISMS

A. GRAIN SMUT

{ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǣ‡Žƒ‘’•‹…Š‹—‡Ž‡—•‹‹•

{ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǣ•–‹Žƒ‰‘…”ƒ‡”‹

{ ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ǣ•–‹Žƒ‰‘’ƒ‹…‹Ǧˆ”—‡–ƒ…‡‹

B. HEAD SMUT

{ ƒ”›ƒ”†ǡ‘†‘Ƭ”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–•ǣ‘”‘•’‘”‹—’ƒ•’ƒŽ‹–Š—„‡”‰‹‹



{ ˜ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–‘˜‡Ž˜‡–›‰ƒŽŽŽ‹‡•‘”‹™Š‹…Šƒ”‡„‹‰‰‡”‹•‹œ‡–Šƒ‘”ƒŽ‰”ƒ‹Ǥ

{ Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‰”‡‡‹•Š …‘Ž‘” ‘ˆ •‘”—• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› –—”• ’‹‹•Š ‰”‡‡ ƒ† ϐ‹ƒŽŽ› –‘ †‹”–› „Žƒ… ‘
†”›‹‰Ǥ

{ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡––Š‡ˆ—‰—•ƒˆˆ‡…–•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•‹ƒ‡ƒ”Ǥ

{ ‡ƒ†•—–•ƒ”‡…‘‘‹‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–‹–…ƒ—•‡•
…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡›‹‡Ž†Ž‘••Ǥ

Ƭ

{
”ƒ‹•—–ǣ‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›•‡‡†Ǧ„‘”‡ǡƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡Ǣ

{ ‡ƒ†•—–ǣ•‡‡†Ǧ„‘”‡

{
”ƒ‹•—–•‘”‹ƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†”ƒ†‘Ž›‹–Š‡‰”ƒ‹ǡƒ‹”ƒ…Š‹•‘”‹’‡†—…Ž‡‘ϐ‹‰‡”ǡ„ƒ”›ƒ”†
ǡŽ‹––Ž‡ƒ†ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

{ Š‡‡–‹”‡’ƒ‹…Ž‡‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–‘ƒŽ‘‰•‘”—•Ǥˆ‡…–‡†’ƒ‹…Ž‡ƒ›„‡‡…Ž‘•‡†‹–Š‡ϐŽƒ‰
Ž‡ƒˆ ƒ† ƒ› ‘– ‡‡”‰‡ ˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ Š‡ ‡…Ž‘•‹‰ ‡„”ƒ‡ „—”•–• ƒ† ‡š’‘•‡• –Š‡ „Žƒ… ƒ•• ‘ˆ
•’‘”‡•Ǥ

ʹǤ
Causal organism: Ephelis oryzae
 101

‹ŽŽ‡–Š‘•–ǣ ‘š–ƒ‹Žǡ‘†‘Ƭ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–



{ ˆ‡…–‡†’Žƒ–•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›•–—–‡†ƒ†‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›–Š‡™Š‹–‡›…‡Ž‹ƒƒ†…‘‹†‹ƒˆ‘”ƒ””‘™
•–”‹’‡• ‘ –Š‡ ϐŽƒ‰ Ž‡ƒ˜‡• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ˜‡‹• ’”‹‘” –‘ ’ƒ‹…Ž‡ ‡‡”‰‡…‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† ’ƒ‹…Ž‡ ‹•
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–‘ƒ…‘’ƒ…–ǡ•‹Ž˜‡”…‘Ž‘”‡†ǡ…›Ž‹†”‹…ƒŽ•’‹‡–Šƒ–Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡ƒ‹…‡•‡•–‹…—…Š
”‡•‡„Ž‹‰ƒƒ‰ƒ”„ƒ––‹‘”—†„ƒ––ƒƒ†Š‡…‡–Š‡ƒ‡Ǥ

{ ‹ˆ‡…–‡†’ƒ‹…Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘’”‘†—…‡–Š‡‘”ƒŽ‰”ƒ‹ƒ†„‡…‘‡••–‡”‹Ž‡Ǥ

Ƭǣ

{ Š‡’ƒ–Š‘‰‡…ƒ‹ˆ‡…–‰”ƒ••‡•Ž‹‡›ƒ†‘†ƒ…–›Ž‘ǡ‡‹•‡–—•’’Ǥƒ†”‰‘•–‹•–‡—ˆ‘Ž‹ƒˆ‘”
•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǤ

{ ‡‡†Ǧ„‘”‡†„ƒ––ƒ‹•ƒ’ƒ‹…Ž‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡…‘‘Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†‘˜ƒ”‹‘—••ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹†‹ƒǤ

͵Ǥ
FOXTAIL MILLET



{ ‘™›‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—‰ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ƒ›‘–Š‡”…”‘’•Ǥ

{ Š”‡††‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹ˆ‡…–‡†Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‹•‘„•‡”˜‡††—”‹‰Žƒ–‡”•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ

{ ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽ‘”ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ•ƒ†…‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆˆ‡™‘”ƒ›•’‹‡Ž‡–•‹–‘Ž‡ƒˆ›•–”—…–—”‡•‹•
…‘‘Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ

4. BLAST
A. FINGER MILLET BLAST


: ›”‹…—Žƒ”‹ƒ‰”‹•‡ƒȋ‡”ˆ‡…–•–ƒ–‡ǣƒ‰ƒ’‘”–Š‡‰”‹•‡ƒȌ



{ ›’–‘•…ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‘–Š‡•‡‡†Ž‹‰ǡŽ‡ƒˆǡ’‡†—…Ž‡ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
–Š‡…”‘’Ǥ

{ Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•›’–‘•‹…Ž—†‡‡ŽŽ‹’–‹…ƒŽ‘”†‹ƒ‘†•Šƒ’‡†Ž‡•‹‘•‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡•™‹–Š‰”‡›…‡–”‡•
™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”Ǧ•‘ƒ‡†ƒ†…ŠŽ‘”‘–‹…ŠƒŽ‘•—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡Ž‡•‹‘•Ǥ
102

{ †‡”…‘‰‡‹ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘••’‘–•‡Žƒ”‰‡ǡ…‘ƒŽ‡•…‡ƒ†Ž‡ƒˆ„Žƒ†‡•‰‹˜‡ƒ„—”–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡Ǥ

{ ‡…„Žƒ•–•›’–‘•†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†„Žƒ……‘Ž‘—”‡†Ž‡•‹‘•‘•–Ž›‘‡Ǧ–™‘‹…Š‡•„‡Ž‘™
–Š‡‡ƒ”Ǥ

{ ‹‰‡”„Žƒ•–•›’–‘•–ƒ”–•ƒ––Š‡–‹’ƒ†’”‘…‡‡†•–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š„‡…‘‡•
„”‘™Ǥ

{ ‡…‹ˆ‡…–‹‘‹•–Š‡‘•–•‡”‹‘—•’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡–Šƒ–…ƒ—•‡•ƒŒ‘”Ž‘••‹‰”ƒ‹—„‡”ǡ
‰”ƒ‹™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹•’‹‡Ž‡–•–‡”‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

Ƭ

{ – •—”˜‹˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ …”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡• ƒ† ‘ ‘–Š‡” …‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹–‹ƒŽ ‹‘…—Ž— …‘‡• ˆ”‘ ™‡‡†• ‘”
…‘ŽŽƒ–‡”ƒŽŠ‘•–•Ǣ•’”‡ƒ†„›ƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡…‘‹†‹ƒǤ

B. FOXTAIL MILLET BLAST


ǣ›”‹…—Žƒ”‹ƒ•‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‡



{ ›’–‘•ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Šƒ–‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–„—–‡…ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ˆ‡…–‹‘•ƒŽ‘•–ƒ„•‡–Ǥ

{ Š‡„Žƒ•–’ƒ–Š‘‰‡‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹‹–•Š‘•–”ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ–Š‘‰‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡•‘…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•Ƭ‘–Š‡”…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†…ƒ—•‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡…–‹‘Ǣ•’”‡ƒ†„›ƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡…‘‹†‹ƒǤ

ͷǤ



{ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǣ”‘›…‡•‡”ƒ‰”‘•–‹†‹•

{ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǣǤ•‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‡Ǧ‹–ƒŽ‹ƒ‡

{ ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǣǤŽ‹‡ƒ”‹•



{ ›’–‘•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•‹—–‡–‘•ƒŽŽǡ†ƒ”„”‘™ǡ„”‘‡’—•–—Ž‡•ƒ””ƒ‰‡†Ž‹‡ƒ”Ž›‘–Š‡—’’‡”
•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’Ž‡ƒ˜‡•Ǥ

{ Š‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡‹•‘”‡‘–Š‡—’’‡”Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Ž‘™‡”ƒ†‹††Ž‡‘‡•Ǥ
 103

{ Ǥ•‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‡Ǧ‹–ƒŽ‹…ƒ‡’”‘†—…‡•Ž‹‰Š–›‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ†ǤŽ‹‡ƒ”‹•„Žƒ…–‡Ž‡—–‘•’‘”‡•ǤǤ•—„•–”‹ƒ–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’•
•ƒŽŽ„”‘™ǡ‘˜ƒŽ•’‘–•‘—’’‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆŽ‡ƒˆǤ

{ ‡Ž‹ƒƒ”‡’”‘†—…‡†‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒˆǤ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡•‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Š‘•–ȋ”‹ŒƒŽǡ
”ƒ••‡•ȌǢ•’”‡ƒ†„›ƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡•’‘”‡•Ǥ

{ ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–”—•–‹•…‘‘‘ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Žƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

͸Ǥ 




{ ‹‰‡”Ƭ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ǣ”‡…Š•Ž‡”ƒ‘†—Ž‘•—ȋ‡”ˆ‡…–•–ƒ–‡ǣ‘…ŠŽ‹‘„‘Ž—•‘†—Ž‘•—•Ȍ

{ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǣ‘…ŠŽ‹‘„‘Ž—••‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‡



{ ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡––Š‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡‹•‘™ƒ•„”‘™•’‘–Ǥ

{ Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•›’–‘•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•„”‘™–‘†ƒ”„”‘™•’‘–•‘Ž‡ƒˆǡ•Š‡ƒ–Šˆ‡…–‹‘‘–Š‡
‡…ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”•ƒ›‘……—”Ǥ

{ ƒ”Ž›‹ˆ‡…–‹‘ƒ›…ƒ—•‡•‡‡†Ž‹‰„Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡‘…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ•–”ƒ›…”‘’•ǡ…‘ŽŽƒ–‡”ƒŽŠ‘•–•ƒ†ƒˆ‡™ƒ›„‡•‡‡†Ǧ„‘”‡Ǣ•’”‡ƒ†„›ƒ‹”Ǧ
„‘”‡…‘‹†‹ƒǤ

͹Ǥ 



{ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǣǤ‡Ž‡—•‹‹•



{ Š‡•›’–‘•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›‘„•‡”˜‡†‘–Š‡‘Ž†‡”Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡›‘—‰‡”Ž‡ƒ˜‡•Ǥ

{ ‹–‹ƒŽ•›’–‘•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•”‡††‹•ŠǦ„”‘™•’‡…•™‹–Š›‡ŽŽ‘™ŠƒŽ‘Ǥ

{ ƒ–‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•—…Š•’‡…•…‘ƒŽ‡•…‡–‘ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡Ž‡•‹‘••Š‘™‹‰„—”–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡Ǥ
104

{ —”‹‰”ƒ‹•–Š‡ˆ—‰—••’‘”—Žƒ–‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…‡•‰”ƒ›‹•Š™Š‹–‡‰”‘™–Šƒ––Š‡…‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‘–
ƒ†–Š‡‹–Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡„”‘™•’‘–Ǥ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡‘…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ•–”ƒ›…”‘’•ǡ…‘ŽŽƒ–‡”ƒŽŠ‘•–•ƒ†•‡‡†Ǣ•’”‡ƒ†„›ƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡•’‘”‡Ǥ

ͺǤ


‹ŽŽ‡–Š‘•–ǣ ‹‰‡”ǡ ‘š–ƒ‹Žǡƒ”›ƒ”†ǡ”‘•‘ǡ‘†‘Ƭ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–•


: Š‹œ‘…–‘‹ƒ•‘Žƒ‹ȋƒ•‹†‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ǣŠƒƒ–‡’Š‘”—•…—…—‡”‹•Ȍ



{ –‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›‘˜ƒŽ–‘‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž‹‰Š–‰”‡›–‘†ƒ”„”‘™Ž‡•‹‘•‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‡ƒˆƒ†Ž‡ƒˆ
•Š‡ƒ–ŠǤ

{ Š‡…‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡•‹‘•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›–—”•™Š‹–‡™‹–Šƒ””‘™”‡††‹•Š„”‘™ƒ”‰‹•Ǥƒ–‡”–Š‡
•’‘–•‰‡–†‹•–”‹„—–‡†‹””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›‘Ž‡ƒˆŽƒ‹ƒǤ

{ †‡”ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡŽ‡•‹‘•‡Žƒ”‰‡”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ†…‘ƒŽ‡•…‡–‘…‘˜‡”Žƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
•Š‡ƒ–Šƒ†Ž‡ƒˆŽƒ‹ƒǤ––Š‹••–ƒ‰‡•›’–‘‹•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ…‘’’‡”…‘Ž‘”„ƒ†•
ƒ…”‘••–Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‰‹˜‹‰ƒ„ƒ†‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡Ǥ

{  •‡˜‡”‡ …ƒ•‡•ǡ •›’–‘• ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‘ ’‡†—…Ž‡•ǡ ϐ‹‰‡”• ƒ† ‰Ž—‡• ƒ• ‹””‡‰—Žƒ” –‘ ‘˜ƒŽǡ †ƒ”
„”‘™–‘’—”’Ž‹•Š‡…”‘–‹…Ž‡•‹‘•ǤŠ‡›…‡Ž‹ƒ‰”‘™–ŠƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•…Ž‡”‘–‹ƒ…ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‘
ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡Ž‡•‹‘•Ǥ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡•ƒ••…Ž‡”‘–‹ƒƒ––ƒ…Š‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘•––‹••—‡‹•‘‹ŽǤ

{ ƒ†‡†•Š‡ƒ–Š„Ž‹‰Š–‹•ƒ…‘‘†‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒ‘‰•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

ͻǤ 
‹ŽŽ‡–Š‘•–ǣ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–


: …Ž‡”‘–‹—”‘Žˆ•‹‹ȋ‡”ˆ‡…–•–ƒ–‡ǣ‡ŽŽ‹…—Žƒ”‹ƒ”‘Žˆ•‹‹Ȍ



{ The infection occurs in and around the collar region and the infected area remains restricted to
–™‘–‘–Š”‡‡‹…Š‡•ƒ„‘˜‡‰”‘—†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
 105

{ Š‡ „ƒ•ƒŽ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‡† ’Žƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ™ƒ–‡” •‘ƒ‡† –Šƒ– Žƒ–‡” –—”• „”‘™ ƒ†
•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›†ƒ”„”‘™™‹–Šƒ…‘…‘‹–ƒ–•Š”‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•–‡‹–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†”‡‰‹‘Ǥ

{ ”‘ˆ—•‡™Š‹–‡…‘––‘›ˆ—‰ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š‘……—”•‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š•ƒŽŽ”‘—†‹•Š™Š‹–‡˜‡Ž˜‡–›—•–ƒ”†
•‡‡†Ž‹‡•…Ž‡”‘–‹ƒ„‘†‹‡•Ǥ

{ ˜‡–—ƒŽ›ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•Ž‘•‡–Š‡‹”Ž—•–”‡ǡ†”‘‘’ƒ††”›ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ–†”‹‡•—’’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›Ǥ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡•ƒ••…Ž‡”‘–‹ƒƒ––ƒ…Š‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘•––‹••—‡‹•‘‹Žǡ’ƒ–Š‘‰‡…ƒ‹ˆ‡…–‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲͲ’Žƒ–
•’‡…‹‡•Ǥ

{ ‘•–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ†‹•Šƒƒ†
—Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ

ͳͲǤ


ǣ —•ƒ”‹—•’’Ǥǡ—”˜—Žƒ”‹ƒŽ—ƒ–ƒǡŽ–‡”ƒ”‹ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡ǡŠ‘ƒ•‘”‰Š‹ƒǡ‹’‘Žƒ”‹•
•’’Ǥǡ•’‡”‰‹ŽŽ—••’’.

Millet host: Sorghum, Pearl millet, Finger millet



{ ˆ‡…–‹‘”‡•—Ž–•‹„Žƒ•–‡†ϐŽ‘”‡–•ǡ’‘‘”•‡‡†•‡–ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽŽǡ•Š”‹˜‡Ž‡†‰”ƒ‹•

{ ‘Ž‘”‘ˆˆ—‰ƒŽ„Ž‘‘‘‰”ƒ‹˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ”‘™Š‹–‹•Šǡ’‹‹•Šǡ‰”ƒ›‹•Šǡ–‘•Š‹›„Žƒ…Ǥ

{ –‡”ƒŽˆ—‰ƒŽ…‘Ž‘‹œƒ–‹‘•‘‡–‹‡•‹†—…‡•‰”ƒ‹•’”‘—–‹‰Ǥ

{ –‹••‡‡ƒ•„”‘™–‘„Žƒ…†‹•…‘Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹•‘ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ

SURVIVAL & SPREAD

{ ”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ•‘‹ŽǢƒ‹”Ǧ„‘”‡•’‘”‡•



ͳǤ 



{ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǣƒ–Š‘‘ƒ•‡Ž‡—•‹ƒ‡
106



{ ‹‡ƒ”•’‘–•ƒ›„‡•‡‡‘„‘–Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒˆ•’”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡˜‡‹•Ǥ

{ –Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ǡ•’‘–•ƒ”‡Ž‹‰Š–›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š„”‘™ǡ„—–•‘‘„‡…‘‡†ƒ”„”‘™Ǥ

{ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡†•–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡Ž‡ƒˆ•’Ž‹–•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•–”‡ƒ‰‹˜‹‰ƒ•Š”‡††‡†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ǤŽŽ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‹
ƒ’Žƒ–ƒ›„‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†Ǥ

{ Š‡„ƒ…–‡”‹—ǡƒ‹Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ„—–ƒ––‹‡•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•–”‡ƒ•ƒ›„‡ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡
’‡†—…Ž‡Ǥ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡•‘…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•‹•‘‹ŽǢ•’”‡ƒ†„›”ƒ‹Ǧ•’Žƒ•ŠǤ

ʹǤ 




‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǣ•‡—†‘‘ƒ•‡Ž‡—•‹ƒ‡



{ Š‡•›’–‘•‘–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•„”‘™…‘Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒˆ•Š‡ƒ–Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘
„ƒ•‡—’™ƒ”†•Ǥ

{ Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‹ƒ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡‹†”‹„ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”••–”ƒ™…‘Ž‘”‡†ǤŠ‹•
•›’–‘ •’”‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š”‡‡Ǧˆ‘—”–Š• –Š‡ Žƒ‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ„”—’–Ž› •–‘’• ‘” ‹ •‘‡ …ƒ•‡•
”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡Ž‡ƒˆ–‹’Ǥ

{ ……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•–”‹’••’”‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒˆǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰
–Š‡‹†”‹„Ǥˆ‡…–‡†…—Ž••Š‘™ƒŽ‹‰Š–„”‘™†‹•…‘Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰‘‡•‹†‡Ǥ

{ Š‡†‹•…‘Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘•–Ž›„‡‰‹•ͷΫ͹…ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡„ƒ•‡ƒ†‡š–‡†•–‘Ž‡ƒˆ•Š‡ƒ–ŠǤ

Ƭ

{ —”˜‹˜‡•‘…”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•‹•‘‹ŽǢ•’”‡ƒ†„›”ƒ‹Ǧ•’Žƒ•ŠǤ
 107


ͳǤǧȍ 
Ȏ

ʹǤ 
ȍ
ǡ 
Ȏ

͵Ǥ
ȍ 
Ȏ

ͶǤ

ǣ’Š‹†ǡ‘‰‹—‰—‹••ƒ……Šƒ”‹



{ Š‡˜‹”—•‹†—…‡•‘•ƒ‹…•›’–‘•‘›‘—‰Ž‡ƒ˜‡•Ǥ

{ ˆ‡…–‡†’Žƒ–•”‡ƒ‹•–—–‡†Ǣ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‘†ƒŽ”‘‘–•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”•„‡…‘‡ƒŽˆ‘”‡†Ǥ

{ Š‡›ƒ”‡’ƒŽ‡›‡ŽŽ‘™‘”„”‘™‹•ŠǦ™Š‹–‡ƒ†’”‘†—…‡ˆ‡™•ƒŽŽ•‡‡†•ǤŠ‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†…”‘’ƒ’’‡ƒ”•
›‡ŽŽ‘™ˆ”‘ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ‹•‡ƒ•‡•‡˜‡”‹–›†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

ͷǤ

ǣ‡ƒˆŠ‘’’‡”ǡ‹…ƒ†—Ž‹ƒ„‹’—…–‡ŽŽƒǡǤ…Š‹ƒ‹



{ ›’–‘•ƒ”‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†ƒ•”‡‰—Žƒ”†ƒ”Ǧ‰”‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒˆ˜‡‹•™Š‡–Š‡’Žƒ–•ƒ”‡ͶǦ͸
™‡‡•‘Ž†Ǥ

{ ‡ƒˆ…ŠŽ‘”‘•‹•ƒ†•–”‡ƒƒ”‡…‘‘Ǥ

{ –Š‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡ–Š‡•›’–‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ‘––Ž‡–›’‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ™Š‹–‡•’‡…•ƒ†–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†
’Žƒ–•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›•–—–‡†„‡ƒ”‹‰•ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”•Ǥ

͸Ǥ

ǣ‡ƒˆŠ‘’’‡”ǡ‹…ƒ†—Ž‹ƒ…Š‹ƒ‹

{ ›’–‘• ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‘ ›‘—‰ Ž‡ƒ˜‡• ƒ• ’ƒŽ‡ •’‡…• ‘” •–”‹’‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘ƒŽ‡•…‡ ˆ‘”‹‰ …ŠŽ‘”‘–‹…
„ƒ†•”—‹‰’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘‹†”‹„Ǥ

{ ƒ†•ƒ›„‡‹–‡””—’–‡†„›†ƒ”‰”‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

{ ˆ‡…–‡†’Žƒ–•’”‘†—…‡–‹ŽŽ‡”•ƒ†„‡ƒ”›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•Š‡ƒ”•„‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ‡™•Š”‹˜‡Ž‡†•‡‡†•Ǥ
108




ͳǤ
{ ‘ŽŽƒ–‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Š‘•–•ǡ™‡‡†•ǡ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”ƒ†™‹Ž†…”‘’•’‡…‹‡•Šƒ”„‘”’ƒ–Š‘‰‡ƒ†•‡”˜‡
ƒ••‘—”…‡‘ˆ‹‘…—Ž—•ǤŠ‡‹”–‹‡Ž›”‡‘˜ƒŽŠ‡Ž’•–‘…‘–”‘Žˆ—‰ƒŽǡ„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†˜‹”ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

{ ‡‡’ •—‡” ’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰ǡ †‡•–”—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ …”‘’ ”‡•‹†—‡• ƒ† …”‘’ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘ǦŠ‘•–• Š‡Ž’
”‡†—…‹‰‹‘…—Ž—Ž‘ƒ†‘ˆ•‘‹ŽǦ„‘”‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ȋ†‘™›‹Ž†‡™ǡ•—–ǡ…Šƒ”…‘ƒŽ”‘–ƒ†ƒˆ‡™ˆ—‰ƒŽ
ƒ†„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ȌǤ

{ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰‘’–‹—’Žƒ–•’ƒ…‹‰ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡‘—•ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡””‡†—…‡•
‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡††‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

{ ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ”‡‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ •…Ž‡”‘–‹ƒ ˆ”‘ •‡‡†•ǡ „› ™ƒ•Š‹‰ ‹ ͵ͲΨ •ƒŽ– ™ƒ–‡” ”‡†—…‡• •‡‡†
…‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡† ‹ˆ‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”‰‘–Ǥ  •‡‡† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ’Ž‘–•ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ •›…Š”‘› ‘ˆ ϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰
„‡–™‡‡ƒ†Ž‹‡•ƒ˜‘‹†•–Š‡‘……—””‡…‡‘ˆ‡”‰‘–Ǥ

{ ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ•—–†‹•‡ƒ•‡•”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆ…Ž‡ƒ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘
Ž‹‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰•—––‡†Š‡ƒ†•‹…Ž‘–Š„ƒ‰•ƒ††‹’’‹‰‹„‘‹Ž‹‰™ƒ–‡”–‘‹ŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ–Š‘‰‡™‹ŽŽ
”‡†—…‡–Š‡‹‘…—Ž—ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–›‡ƒ”ƒ†‹‹‹œ‡‹…‹†‡…‡Ǥ

{ •‡…–ƒ…–•ƒ•˜‡…–‘”ˆ‘”ƒ›˜‹”—•‡•ƒ†‹Œ‡…–•˜‹”—•‹•‹†‡–Š‡’Žƒ–ǤŒ—”›…ƒ—•‡†„›‹•‡…–‹
’Žƒ–••‘‡–‹‡Š‡Ž’ƒ›„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ–‘‡–‡”ƒ†…ƒ—•‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǥ•‡…–…‘–”‘Žǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ’Žƒ›•ƒ
’‹˜‘–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ƒƒ‰‹‰•—…Š†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

ʹǤ

{ ‘•–Ǧ’Žƒ–”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡‘•–‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ˆ”‹‡†Ž›‡–Š‘†‘ˆƒƒ‰‹‰
‹ŽŽ‡–†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‘”’‘‘”ˆƒ”‡”•‹–‹•–Š‡‘Ž›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡƒ•–Š‡›Šƒ”†Ž›—•‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”‡–Š‘†•
‘ˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡…‘–”‘Ž‹‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

{ ‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ •‘—”…‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– „Žƒ•– ƒ”‡ ”ƒ”‡ ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ† ‡’ƒŽǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ‡‡† –‘ „‡
‡š’Ž‘”‡†‹Žƒ†”ƒ…‡•ˆ”‘ˆ”‹…ƒǤ
ʹͺƒ†
Ͷͺ‹•™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡•‹•–ƒ––‘
‡…ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”„Žƒ•–Ǥ

{ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ž‹‡•
ʹ͹ǡ‹͵Ͳ͵ͻǡ‹͵Ͳͷͻǡ‹͵Ͳ͸͸ǡ‹͵Ͳͺͺǡʹͳ͵ƒ†ʹ͵ͷ
”‡ƒ‹ˆ”‡‡ˆ”‘„”‘™•’‘–Ǥ

͵Ǥ

{ ‘‹ŽǦ„‘”‡ †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ȍǡ ˆ‘” ™Š‹…Š ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ Š‘•– ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹• Žƒ…‹‰ǡ —•‡ ‘ˆ „‹‘…‘–”‘Ž
ƒ‰‡–•ƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—ŽǤ
 109

{ ‡‡† –”‡ƒ–‡– ™‹–Š –ƒŽ… ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡—†‘‘ƒ• …ŠŽ‘”‘”ƒ’Š‹• ͳʹ͹ ”‡†—…‡• †‹•‡ƒ•‡
‹…‹†‡…‡ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‡‡†™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ

{ ‹‘Ǧ…‘–”‘Žƒ‰‡–•‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›•–”ƒ‹•‘ˆ”‹…Š‘†‡”ƒƒ†•‡—†‘‘ƒ•ƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”ˆ‘‘–”‘–ƒ†
•Š‡ƒ–Š”‘–‹•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ

ͶǤ
Š‡‹…ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘–‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›—•‡†ˆ‘”†‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆŠ‹‰Š…‘•–‘ˆ
…Š‡‹…ƒŽƒ†Žƒ„‘”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•‹–•—•‡‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š”‡•‹•–ƒ–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”„‡…‘‡•‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
—‰‹…‹†‡•ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›—•‡†‡‹–Š‡”ƒ••‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–‘”ˆ‘Ž‹ƒ”•’”ƒ›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹˜‡•
„‡––‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

{ ‘™›‹Ž†‡™ǣ‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–™‹–Š‹†‘›ŽǦ̷͸‰Ȁ‰•‡‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›‘‡•’”ƒ›‘ˆ‹†‘›ŽǦ
̷͵‰Ȁ”‡†—…‡•‹…‹†‡…‡Ǥ

{ ‘‘•‡ƒ†…‘˜‡”‡†•—–•ǣ‡‡††”‡••‹‰™‹–Š•—Ž’Š—”ȋ̷Ͷ‰Ȁ‰•‡‡†ȌǤ

{ ƒ†‡†•Š‡ƒ–Š„Ž‹‰Š–ǣ‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–™‹–Š’”‘’‹…‘ƒœ‘Ž‡ȋ̷ͳŽȀ‰•‡‡†ȌǤ

{ Žƒ•–ǣ ’”ƒ›‹‰ ƒ”„‡†ƒœ‹ ȋ̷ ͲǤͳΨ ƒǤ‹ǤȌ ‘” ”‹…›…Žƒœ‘Ž‡ ȋ̷ ͲǤͲͷΨ ƒǤ‹ǤȌ ‘” ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ…‘œ‡„͸͵ΨΪƒ”„‡ƒ†œ‹ͳʹΨ‹•”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ

{ —•–ǣ ‘Ž‹ƒ”•’”ƒ›‘ˆƒ…‘œ‡„̷ͲǤʹΨ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›…‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡”—•–Ǥ

{ •‡…–˜‡…–‘”ǣ’”ƒ›‹‰‘ˆ‹†ƒ…ŠŽ‘”’”‹†̷ͳǤͷŽȀ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›”‡†—…‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡ƒˆŠ‘’’‡”
ƒ††‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ˜‹”ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
110

SECTION - 13



ǡ
Ǥ 

Ǥ
ǡ
ǤǤǤ
ǡ
 Ǥ 
 ǡ 
 Ǥ 
ǡ

‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰
ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡǡŠ—„ƒ‡•™ƒ”

SCOPE OF
MECHANIZATION
OF MILLET CROPS
FOR SMALL FARMERS IN ODISHA

‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Šƒ•‰ƒ‹‡†…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡–‘†ƒ›ǡ•‹…‡•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆŽƒ„‘—”‹…”‹–‹…ƒŽ
’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ…”‘’’”‘†—…–‹‘•›•–‡ƒ†Š‹‡‹Žƒ„‘—”…‘•–’‘•‡•‡”‹‘—•–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ
•‡…–‘”‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ…‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ……‘—–•ˆ‘””‡†—…–‹‘‹Žƒ„‘—”ǡ…‘•–ƒ†
†”—†‰‡”›‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ϐ‹‡Ž†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‡“—ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ–‹–ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•
–‘ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ …”‘’’‹‰ ‹–‡•‹–›Ǥ ‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘’‡‡† ƒ Ž‘– ƒ› ƒ˜‡—‡• ™Š‹…Š ƒŽ‘•–
‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‡ƒ”‘”‡„›…—––‹‰†‘™–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡•—”‹‰„‡––‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›
‘ˆϐ‹‡Ž†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†•–‘Š‹‰Š‡”’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǤˆŽƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•‡…–‘”‹–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡ ƒ† …‘—–”› Šƒ• ‰‘‡ •‡ƒǦ…Šƒ‰‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘•– ‰”‡‡ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‡”ƒǢ ‹ ˆƒ…–ǡ ‹– Šƒ• ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡†
–Š‡…‘—–”›•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡„—”‰‡‘‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–ŠǤ‹…‡–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ„Ž‡
Žƒ†’‡”’‡”•‘…ƒ‘–„—–†‡…”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†–Š‡…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡‹•“—‹–‡ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ…‘…‡”Ǣ–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›
—•–ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ”‹•‹‰–”‡†ƒ†•‘ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‡…‘‘›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ•‡…–‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘—”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–‹‰ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†ˆ”‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡†—…‹‰–Š‡Žƒ†
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›’‡”’‡”•‘ƒ†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‘”‡–Šƒͺ͸Ψ‘ˆŽƒ†Š‘Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‡…‘—–”›ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”•ƒŽŽƒ†
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ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ…ƒ–‡‰‘”›ǤŠ‡†‹•Šƒ…‘†‹–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ†ƒ„‘—–ͻͲ’‡”…‡–‘ˆŽƒ†Š‘Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ…ƒ–‡‰‘”›ƒ†–Š‡’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŠ‘Ž†‹‰•‹•„‘—†–‘
‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‹–ƒ›‘–„‡ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡–‘‰‘ˆ‘”Š‹‰ŠǦ‡†‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹
ƒ›’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǣ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•‡‡†•–‘„‡ƒ—‰‡–‡†
™‹–Š…‘…‡”–‡†‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ

Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– …”‘’•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ „› ˆƒ” ƒ† ™‹†‡ „‡‹‰ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ’‘‘” ƒǯ• …”‘’•ǡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡…‘‡ ƒ
‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹”‹…Šƒǯ•†‹‡–‹‘—”—”„ƒ•‘…‹‡–›†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ›
—–”‹‡–•ǡ˜‹–ƒ‹•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•‹ƒ›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–
…”‘’•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›‰”‘™‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡†…‘†‹–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–—…Šƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ—”‹‰”‡…‡–’ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡
•Š›‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•™Š‹…ŠŠƒ†‡˜‡”„‡‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†”‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰
–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ˆ‘”—–”‹–‹‘•—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†•ǡ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•ƒ”‡”‡ƒ‡†ƒ•—–”‹Ǧ
…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†ˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…”‘’•™‹–ŠŠƒ†•‘‡•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”‹–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†–Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘…—”‡‡–„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ–•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘dz
Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ •‹…‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡ †‹•–”‹…–• •—…Š ƒ•
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ǡ ƒ†ŠƒŽǡ
ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǡ‘”ƒ’—–ǡƒ›—”„ŠƒŒǡ
ƒŒƒǡ‡–…Ǥƒ†™‘”‹‰‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘
ˆ‘”‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‹…‘‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†ƒ‹‰‘”‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”…‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‡–Š—•‡†–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‹–‹•‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡
•‘‡ ‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ•’‡…–• •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ …‘•– ‘ˆ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡†—…‡† –‘ ‹„‹„‡ ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹
‹’‡–—• –‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ —–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ• ƒ– ˆƒ” Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ †‹•–”‹…–• ƒ”‡ †‘‹ƒ–‡† „›
•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•–‘–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ‹‡–›’‡”…‡–ǡ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡…Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‰‘–
Š—‰‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†™Š‹…Š‹…Ž—†‡•‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›Š—ƒƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ
’‘™‡”Ǥ‘•—’’‘”––Š‡•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡…Šƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡–ƒ‡—’ƒ––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’Ž‡‡–• •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ’”‹ƒ”› –‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ •‡…‘†ƒ”› –‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ •‘™‹‰ǡ ™‡‡†‹‰ǡ –Š”‡•Š‹‰ ƒ†
™‹‘™‹‰ǤŠ‡ŽŽ†‹ƒ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘Œ‡…–‘–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ƒŽ‡”‰›ȋ —†‡†„›Ȍ
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰—†‡”Šƒ•„‡‡’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ’”‹‡”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡†
ƒ‹ƒŽ†”ƒ™‹’Ž‡‡–•‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡‡–”‡ƒ†–Š‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Šƒ˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•‘‡ƒ…Š‹‡”‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š
ƒ”‡—†‡”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ••’”‘†—…–‹‘„›–Š‡ȋƒŽŽ…ƒŽ‡†—•–”›Ȍ—‹–•—†‡”
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™‹–Š•—„•‹†›ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡’”‘˜‡†‘‡ǡ‘—Ž†„‘ƒ”†’Ž‘—‰Š
ƒ†•‹‰Ž‡”‘™Ȁϐ‹˜‡”‘™—Ž–‹…”‘’•‡‡†…—ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”†”‹ŽŽǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ
•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ•‘”‰Š—‡–…Ǥ‡…‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡–Š”‡‡”‘™•‡‡†…—ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”†”‹ŽŽ™ƒ•’”‘…—”‡†ˆ”‘ǡ
Š‘’ƒŽƒ†™ƒ•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‹ˆƒ”‡”•ǯϐ‹‡Ž†‹
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ƒ†ƒ›—”„ŠƒŒ†‹•–”‹…–•‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡
…‘…‡”‡†”—•Š‹‹‰›ƒ‡†”ƒ•ƒ†
•Ǥ —”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•—†‡”’”‘‰”‡••–‘‘†‹ˆ›–Š‹•‹’Ž‡‡–
–‘ƒ‡‹–ƒ†‘’–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ‹‡•‘™‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡†
ƒ– Ž‘™‡” …‘•–ǡ Ž‡•• –‹‡ ƒ† †”—†‰‡”› „› —•‹‰ –Š‡ •‡‡† †”‹ŽŽ ™Š‹…Š ™‹ŽŽ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡•—”‡ ‘’–‹— ’Žƒ–
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›„‡––‡”…”‘’‰”‘™–Šƒ†›‹‡Ž†ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†
‘ˆ•‘™‹‰„‡Š‹†–Š‡’Ž‘—‰ŠǤ
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‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„—ŽŽ‘…†”ƒ™•‹‰Ž‡”‘™•‡‡†…—ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”†”‹ŽŽˆ‘”Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—‹
ˆƒ”‡”•ǯϔ‹‡Ž†ƒ–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡—Š‹Žƒƒ„ƒǡ‘Šƒƒǡ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹Ǥ

‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š”‡‡”‘™•‡‡††”‹ŽŽˆ‘”Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹ ƒ•‹’—”ǡƒ›—”„ŠƒŒ‹

…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šǡƒ›—”„ŠƒŒƒ††‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘
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‰‘‘†—„‡”‘ˆ’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•–‰ƒ†‰‡–••—…Šƒ•ƒ‰‹–Š”‡•Š‡”…—’‡ƒ”Ž‡”ǡ•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡––Š”‡•Š‡”ƒ†
•‘”‰Š— –Š”‡•Š‡”Ǧ…—Ǧ…Ž‡ƒ‡” Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†
„› ͳǤͲ Š’ ‡Ž‡…–”‹… ‘–‘”Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ…Š‹‡• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† „› „—ŽŽ‘… ’‘™‡” ‹ ”‘–ƒ”› ‘†‡Ǥ Š‡
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ…Š‹‡• ‹ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ϐ‹‡Ž†• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‘”›Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–’—– ‘ˆ –Š‡
”ƒ‰‹–Š”‡•Š‡”…—’‡ƒ”Ž‡”Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ͻͲ‰ǤŠǦͳ™‹–Šͻ͵ǤͷΨ–Š”‡•Š‹‰‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†ͻʹǤͶΨ
…Ž‡ƒ‹‰‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘—–’—–‘ˆͷǦ͸‰ǤŠǦͳ‹…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†‘ˆƒ—ƒŽŠƒ†„‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†
™‹‘™‹‰„›—ŽƒǤŠ‡…‘•–‘ˆ–Š”‡•Š‹‰„›–Š‹•ƒ…Š‹‡‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡•ͲǤ͵͵’‡”‰ƒ•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘•
ͷǤͲͲ’‡”‰‹…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡–Š‘†ǤŽ‘…ƒŽƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‹••—‡†ƒ‘Ǧš…Ž—•‹˜‡‹…‡•‡ˆ‘”
–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†–Š—•‹–‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ’ƒ–‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•
ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ϐ‹Ž‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ‰‹–Š”‡•Š‡”…—’‡ƒ”Ž‡”ȋ‡ˆǤ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ʹͲͳͺ͵ͳͲͶͳͺ͹ͻ ‹Ž‡’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘
‘ȀǦͳȀͶͷ͸ͳͻȀʹͲͳͺǦȌǤ

”ǤǤ—–Š——ƒ”ǡǡ‹”‡…–‘”ǡ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǡ
‘˜–Ǥ‘ˆ†‹•Šƒǡ™‹–‡••‹‰–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‹
–Š”‡•Š‡”…—’‡ƒ”Ž‡”‹’”‡‹•‡•Ǥ
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‡…‡–Ž›ǡ–™‘‘”‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ǡ˜‹œǤŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡––Š”‡•Š‡”
ƒ† •‘”‰Š— –Š”‡•Š‡”Ǧ…—Ǧ…Ž‡ƒ‡” Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– ˆ‘” –Š”‡•Š‹‰ ƒ†
…Ž‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ƒ† •‘”‰Š—ǡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
Š‡•‡ƒ…Š‹‡•ƒ”‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›ͳǤͲŠ’‡Ž‡…–”‹…‘–‘”
ƒ†…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›„—ŽŽ‘…’‘™‡”‹”‘–ƒ”›
‘†‡ǤŠ‡‘—–’—–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡––Š”‡•Š‡”‹•ƒ”‘—†
ͶͲ ‰ǤŠǦͳ ƒ• …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ͷǦ͸ ‰ǤŠǦͳ ‹ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ—ƒŽŠƒ†„‡ƒ–‹‰‡–Š‘†Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘—–’—–‘ˆ
–Š‡•‘”‰Š—–Š”‡•Š‡”…—…Ž‡ƒ‡”Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘
„‡ ƒ”‘—† ͳͳͲ ‰ǤŠǦͳ ƒ• …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ͳʹǦͳͷ ‰ǤŠǦͳ
‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ‰‹ ‹ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—ƒŽ Šƒ† „‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡–Š‘†Ǥ Š‡
–Š”‡•Š‡”…—’‡ƒ”Ž‡”‹ˆƒ”‡”•ǯϔ‹‡Ž†
ȋ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǣŠƒ†‹’—–ǡ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹Ȍ ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡–Š”‡•Š‡”•‹•
–Š‡„‡––‡”Š›‰‹‡‹…“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ’”‘†—…–ǡ™Š‹…Š‡•—”‡•
Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ”‡–˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†–Š—•Š‹‰Š‡”‡…‘‘‹…„‡‡ϐ‹–
–‘–Š‡•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ

‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‰Š—–Š”‡•Š‡”…—
…Ž‡ƒ‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›„—ŽŽ‘…’‘™‡”‹”‘–ƒ”›
‘†‡‹’”‡‹•‡•
•ǤŠ‡•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ–”‹„ƒŽ
‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡––Š”‡•Š‡”‹
’”‡‹•‡•–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ”‘‘Šƒƒǡ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹†‹•–”‹…–
 –Š‡ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡– „—ŽŽ‘… ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†
”‘–ƒ”› •›•–‡ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ– ǡ
™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡™‘—Ž†
‹…”‡ƒ•‡Ǣ–Š—•–Š‡˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›™‘—Ž†
„‡ ‹‡•‡Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡– —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ ”‘–ƒ”› •›•–‡ ‘ …‘—‹–› „ƒ•‹• ™‹ŽŽ …‡”–ƒ‹Ž›
‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—ŽŽ‘…• ™Š‹…Š ™‹ŽŽ
”‡†—…‡–Š‡„—”†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡…‘•–Ǥ
‰‘‘†—„‡”‘ˆ…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǡϐ‹‡Ž†
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡˆƒ”‡”•ǯˆƒ‹”ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†
–Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” …”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– …”‘’•
ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‘˜‡” …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†• ‹
…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹•Š‹ ‹‰›ƒ ‡†”ƒ•ǡ ‹‡
†‡’ƒ”–‡–ƒ†
ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ”‡–‘„‡‹‡•‡Ž›„‡‡ϐ‹–‡†‹
ˆ—–—”‡™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘Š‹‰Š‡”‘—–’—–ƒ†Ž‘™‡”…‘•–
‘ˆ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š „‡––‡” Š›‰‹‡‹… “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† Š—‰‡
”‡†—…–‹‘‹†”—†‰‡”›ǤŠ‡…‘•–„‡‡ϐ‹–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•ƒ”‡„‘—†–‘‹’”‘˜‡ǡ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽƒ‡
–Š‡•‡…”‘’••—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”
the small and marginal farmers
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SECTION - 14
Ǥ
ǤǤǤ

Ǥ

Ǧ‡–”ƒŽ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‘•–Ǧƒ”˜‡•–
‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
—†Š‹ƒƒǦͳͶͳͲͲͶǡ—Œƒ„

PROCESSING AND VALUE

ADDITION OF NUTRI-CEREALS
(MILLETS)

‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽǦ•‡‡†‡† …‡”‡ƒŽ …”‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡

”ƒ‹ƒ‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ƒ”‡ Šƒ”˜‡•–‡† ˆ‘” Š—ƒ ˆ‘‘† ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ
ˆ‡‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ƒ† ™‡ŽŽ ‘™ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •‘”‰Š— ȋ‘”‰Š— ˜—Ž‰ƒ”‡Ȍ ƒ† ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–
(‡‹•‡–— ‰Žƒ—…—ȌǤ Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ……‘—– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡– ‰”ƒ‹ ’”‘†—…‡† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡
™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‘”‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•‹…Ž—†‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋŽ‡—•‹‡
…‘”ƒ…ƒƒȌǡ„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ȋ…Š‹‘…Š‘Žƒ…‘Ž‘ƒȌǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Žȋ‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‹–ƒŽ‹…ƒȌǡ’”‘•‘ȋƒ‹…—‹Ž‹ƒ…‡—Ȍǡ‘†‘
or ditch millet (ƒ•’ƒŽ— •…”‘„‹…—Žƒ–—Ȍ ƒ† Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ‹…— •—ƒ–”‡•‡ȌǤ ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ǡ ‘†‘ǡ
ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Žǡ’”‘•‘ȋ…‘‘‹ŽŽ‡–ȌǡŽ‹––Ž‡ƒ†„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–‘‡Ǥ••‡–‹ƒŽ•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‘—’‘ˆ•’‡…‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡…‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š”‹˜‡‹Šƒ”•Š‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡƒŽ‘‰
™‹–Š —–”‹–‹‘—• •‡‡† …‘–‡–Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒ ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ •ƒŽŽǦ•‡‡†‡† ‰”ƒ••‡•ǡ ™‹†‡Ž› ‰”‘™
ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ•…‡”‡ƒŽ…”‘’•‘”‰”ƒ‹•ˆ‘”ˆ‘††‡”ƒ†Š—ƒˆ‘‘†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰”‘™•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›‘”
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ…‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‘”—•‡„›Š—ƒ•ƒ•ˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ•ˆ‘††‡”ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•
ƒ”‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•–‘ƒ›’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǣ‹–‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†ƒ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›‘”‹‰‹‹–”‘’‹…ƒŽ
™‡•–‡”ˆ”‹…ƒǡƒ•–Šƒ–‹•™Š‡”‡–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–—„‡”‘ˆ„‘–Š™‹Ž†ƒ†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”•‡š‹•–Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•
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ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ–Š‡’”‹…‹’ƒŽ•‘—”…‡•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ǡ’”‘–‡‹ǡ˜‹–ƒ‹•ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–’‡‘’Ž‡
‹–Š‡•‡”‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›…‘•—‡†„›†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†‰”‘—’•Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘
ƒ•Dz…‘ƒ”•‡‰”ƒ‹dz‘”Dz’‘‘”’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•…”‘’dzǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘–—•—ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ†‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–•‘”‡˜‡
‹Ž‘…ƒŽƒ”‡–•‹ƒ›…‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ

†‹ƒ‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰’”‘†—…‡”‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ……‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—–ͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘ȋ ‘‘†ƒ†
‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ†‹ƒ…‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†—…‡”‘ˆ’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†
•‡…‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†—…‡”‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹Ž‘™Ǧˆ‡”–‹Ž‡Žƒ†ǡ‘—–ƒ‹‘—•ǡ
–”‹„ƒŽ ƒ† ”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡† ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹…Ž—†‡ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ
—Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ƒ†Š›ƒ
”ƒ†‡•ŠǡƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǡƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ƒ†‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǤ

‡…‡–Ž›ǡ †‹ƒ
‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• ”‡ƒ‡† –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ† –™‘ ’•‡—†‘‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ• Ǯ—–”‹Ǧ‡”‡ƒŽ•ǯǤ Š‡
‘˜‡‹•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–”‡‘˜‹‰ƒŽ‹‰‡”‹‰’‡”…‡’–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡‹ˆ‡”‹‘”–‘”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–ǡ‡˜‡
ƒ•–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡”Ǥƒ‘–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹‹•–”›•ƒ‹†ǡDz–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–
Š‡”‡„›†‡…Žƒ”‡•‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘’”‹•‹‰‘”‰Š—ȋ ‘™ƒ”Ȍǡ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ȋƒŒ”ƒȌǡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋƒ‰‹Ȁƒ†—ƒȌǡ
‹‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–• Ȅ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋƒ‰ƒ‹Ȁƒ—Ȍǡ ”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋŠ‡‡ƒȌǡ ‘†‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ‘†‘Ȍǡ ƒ”›ƒ”†
Millet (ƒ™ƒȀƒ™ƒȀ Šƒ‰‘”ƒȌǡ ‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ—–‹Ȍ ƒ† –™‘ •‡—†‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–• Ǧ Žƒ…Ǧ™Š‡ƒ– ȋ—––—Ȍ ƒ†
‡”ƒ–Š—•ȋŠƒ—Žƒ‹Ȍǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š—–”‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ•Dz—–”‹‡”‡ƒŽ•dzˆ‘”’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†
–”ƒ†‡’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥdz„‘–ƒ‹…ƒŽ–‡”•ǡƒƒ”ƒ–Šƒ†„—…™Š‡ƒ–ƒ”‡‘––”—‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ‘•–…‡”‡ƒŽ•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ
™Š‡ƒ–ǡ ”‹…‡ǡ „ƒ”Ž‡›Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‘‘…‘–›Ž‡†‘‘—• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ’•‡—†‘…‡”‡ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ †‹…‘–›Ž‡†‘‘—• ’Žƒ–•Ǥ Š‡›
ƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Ǯ’•‡—†‘…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǯǡƒ•–Š‡‹”•‡‡†•”‡•‡„Ž‡‹ˆ—…–‹‘ƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”—‡
…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ‘’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—–”‹–‹‘—•…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‡…‹†‡†–‘
‹…Ž—†‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–Š‡—„Ž‹…‹•–”‹„—–‹‘›•–‡ȋȌ™‹–Š–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‹‰—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ

Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡ ƒ† •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• …‘ƒ”•‡ …‡”‡ƒŽ• ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡˜‹†‡– ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‰‘˜‡”‡–
•…Š‡‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹…‹‡•Ǥ—–‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹˜‡…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›‹••‹‘†—”‹‰ͳʹth ‹˜‡‡ƒ”
Žƒǡ Ǧ‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›‹••‹‘ǡ‹‹–•ͳʹ–Š ‹˜‡‡ƒ”Žƒǡ
Šƒ••‡–‡™–ƒ”‰‡–•‘ˆʹͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰ͳͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘•
”‹…‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘•™Š‡ƒ–ǡͶ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘•’—Ž•‡•ƒ†͵‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘•’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•
„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆͳʹ–Š ‹˜‡‡ƒ”ŽƒǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•‘ˆ Ǧ…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•
–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‡ƒ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‡Šƒ…‡‡–‹ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‡”‹–Š‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡††‹•–”‹…–•
‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”‘ˆ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‘—’‘ˆˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹•Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…”‘’•ˆ‘”†”›Žƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›—–”‹–‹‘—•ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…‘’Ž‹ƒ–…”‘’•Ǥ
—–†—‡–‘†”—†‰‡”›‹’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹”…‘•—’–‹‘‹•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•‹†‹ƒǤ‘”†‡”–‘
”‡˜‹˜‡–Š‡†‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹†‹ƒǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‡‡†–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘„”‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘
…‘•—’–‹‘•›•–‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘ƒ…‘‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†Ž‹’‘‘”†”›Žƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•™‹–Šƒ”‡–ƒ†
–Š‡…‘•—‡”•ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡ǤŠ‡…”‘’‹•ˆƒ˜‘—”‡††—‡–‘‹–•’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†•Š‘”–‰”‘™‹‰•‡ƒ•‘—†‡”†”›ǡ
Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
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‹ŽŽ‡–• ’‘••‡•• —‹“—‡ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ƒ† •’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ› Šƒ˜‡ …‘’Ž‡š …ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•ǡ ”‹…Š
‹ †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• —‹“—‡ ‹ ’Š‡‘Ž‹… …‘’‘—†• ƒ† ’Š›–‘Ǧ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ• „‘ƒ•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡†‹…‹ƒŽ
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› …‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒŒ‘” …‡”‡ƒŽ• ƒ† •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ‰‘‘† •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ ’”‘–‡‹
ȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǡ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•ƒ†’Š›–‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•Ǥ‡‹‰‘Ǧ‰Ž—–‹‘—•ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡•ƒˆ‡ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰
ˆ”‘‰Ž—–‡ƒŽŽ‡”‰›ƒ†…‡Ž‹ƒ…†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǥ•‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰Ž—–‡ˆ”‡‡ǡ–Š‡›…‘—Ž†„‡—•‡ˆ—Ž†‹‡–ƒ”›…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡›
ƒ”‡‘Ǧƒ…‹†ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ†Š‡…‡‡ƒ•›–‘†‹‰‡•–ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘ǦƒŽŽ‡”‰‡‹…Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘’Ž‡‡–™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š
Ž›•‹‡Ǧ”‹…Š ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ȋŽ‡‰—‹‘—•Ȍ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ’”‘–‡‹• ƒ† ˆ‘” —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› „ƒŽƒ…‡† …‘’‘•‹–‡• ‘ˆ
Š‹‰Š„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›…‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‘”‡˜‡•—’‡”‹‘”–‘ƒŒ‘”…‡”‡ƒŽ••—…Šƒ•
™Š‡ƒ–ƒ†”‹…‡ǡ‘™‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’”‘–‡‹™‹–Š‘”‡„ƒŽƒ…‡†ƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡ȋ‰‘‘†•‘—”…‡
‘ˆ ‡–Š‹‘‹‡ǡ …›•–‹‡ ƒ† Ž›•‹‡Ȍ ƒ† Š‡…‡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ”‹‰Š–Ž› –‡”‡† ƒ• Ǯ—–”‹…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǯǤ Š‡‹” Š‹‰Š ϐ‹„”‡
…‘–‡– ™‹–Š ‹–• Š‡ƒŽ–Š „‡‡ϐ‹– •—…Š ƒ• ‰‘‘† „‘™‡Ž ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒ† ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‹ „Ž‘‘† …Š‘Ž‡•–‡”‘Ž ƒ†
•—‰ƒ”Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘…‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‹”‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡ƒ†Ǥ‡•‹†‡•ϐ‹„”‡ǡ–Š‡•‡…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘”‹…Š‹
Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ’”‘‘–‹‰’Š›–‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•Ž‹‡’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž•ǡŽ‹‰ƒ•ǡ’Š›–‘•–‡”‘Ž•ǡ’Š›–‘Ǧ‘‡•–”‘‰‡•ǡ’Š›–‘…›ƒ‹•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒ•ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–•ǡ‹—‡‘†—Žƒ–‘”•ǡ†‡–‘š‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ‰‡–•‡–…Ǥƒ†Š‡…‡’”‘–‡…–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‰‡Ǧ
”‡Žƒ–‡††‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹˜‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ž‹‡…ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ•…—Žƒ”†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ȋȌǡ†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ…ƒ…‡”‡–…Ǥȋƒ‘‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ

‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ”‹…Š •‘—”…‡• ‘ˆ ‹•‘Ž—„Ž‡ ȋ Ȍ ƒ† •‘Ž—„Ž‡ ȋ Ȍ †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” ƒ† Šƒ• …‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘” ‡˜‡
Š‹‰Š‡” –‘–ƒŽ †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” ȋ Ȍ –Šƒ ‘–Š‡” …‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› …‘–ƒ‹ •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ– ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ
‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†•ȋƒ„Ž‡ʹȌǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›•—Ž’Š—”…‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ‘—–•
‘ˆ‡–Š‹‘‹‡Ǧƒƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†–Šƒ–‹•†‡ϐ‹…‹‡–‹‘•–‰”ƒ‹•ǡ‰‹˜‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ…‡‹ƒ˜‡‰‡–ƒ”‹ƒ
†‹‡–Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘–‡‹•ƒ”‡—‹“—‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—Ž’Š—”Ǧ”‹…Šƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†…‘–‡–•Ǥ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ…‡”‡ƒŽ
’”‘–‡‹•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡƒ”‡Ž‹‹–‡†‹Ž›•‹‡ƒ†–”›’–‘’Šƒ…‘–‡–ƒ†˜ƒ”›™‹–Š…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”ǤŠ‡‹’‹†•
ƒ”‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‰‡”ǡ’‡”‹…ƒ”’ƒ†ƒŽ‡—”‘‡Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹ǤŠ‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆƒ––›ƒ…‹†•
Ž‹‡Ž‹‘Ž‡‹…ǡ‘Ž‡‹…ƒ†’ƒŽ‹–‹…ƒ…‹†•ˆ‘—†‹ˆ”‡‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‘‘‰ƒŽƒ…–‘•›Ž†‹ƒ…›Ž‰Ž›…‡”‘Ž•ǡ†‹‰ƒŽƒ…–‘•›Ž
†‹ƒ…›Ž‰Ž›…‡”‘Ž•ǡ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‹†›Ž‡–Šƒ‘Žƒ‹‡ǡ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–†›Ž •‡”‹‡ ƒ† ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‹†›Ž …Š‘Ž‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ „‘—†
ˆ‘”’”‡•‡–‹‹ŽŽ‡–•ȋƒ‰†‹ǡ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‡‹ƒ…‹…‘–‡–‹’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–ŠƒƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”
…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–‹•”‹…Š‹˜‹–ƒ‹•ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ…‹ǡ’›”‹†‘š‹‡ƒ†ˆ‘Ž‹…ƒ…‹†Ǥ‘”‰Š—ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ
‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡƒ”‡”‹…Š•‘—”…‡•‘ˆǦ…‘’Ž‡š˜‹–ƒ‹•Ǥ‘‡›‡ŽŽ‘™Ǧ‡†‘•’‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—…‘–ƒ‹
éǦ…ƒ”‘–‡‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ „‡ …‘˜‡”–‡† –‘ ˜‹–ƒ‹  „› –Š‡ Š—ƒ „‘†›Ǥ ‡–‡…–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ–Ǧ
•‘Ž—„Ž‡˜‹–ƒ‹•ǡƒ‡Ž›ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ˆ‘—†‹‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘–ƒ•‘—”…‡‘ˆ
˜‹–ƒ‹Ǥ‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ˜‹–ƒ‹‹••›–Š‡•‹œ‡†‹–Š‡‰”ƒ‹ƒ†‘ˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡
‹•ƒˆ—”–Š‡””‹•‡‹–Š‡˜‹–ƒ‹Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–• …‘–ƒ‹ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ “—ƒ–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ …ƒŽ…‹—ǡ ‹”‘ǡ ’‘–ƒ••‹—
ƒ† ƒ‰‡•‹—Ǥ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹• –Š‡ ”‹…Š‡•– •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ …ƒŽ…‹— ȋ͵ͲͲǦͶͲͲ ‰ȀͳͲͲ ‰Ȍ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
•ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‰‘‘† •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘•’Š‘”‘—• ƒ† ‹”‘Ǥ ‘”‰Š— ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ ‰‘‘† •‘—”…‡
‘ˆ’‘–ƒ••‹—ƒ†‹•’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡˜‘‹†‘ˆ•‘†‹—ǤŽƒ…ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡ͳͺ͵Ͳ
ρ‰Ȁ‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡•‹— ȋ
Ž‡™ ‡– ƒŽǢ ʹͲͲͺȌǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘”ƒŽ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– Šƒ• ƒ„‘—– ͳ͵Ͳ ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ ‘ˆ
ƒ‰‡•‹—ȋ‹”
—ŽŽǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ
 ƒ„Ž‡ͳ:  ȍͳͲͲ
ǢͳʹΨȎ
118

Total Crude
Protein Fat Energy Calcium Iron Š‹ƒ‹ ‹„‘ϐŽƒ˜‹ Niacin
Cereals minerals ϐ‹„”‡ ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•
ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ…ƒŽȌ ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ
ȋ‰Ȍ ȋ‰Ȍ

ȋȌ ͹Ǥͻ ʹǤ͹ ͳǤ͵ ͳǤͲ ͹͸ǤͲ 362 33 ͳǤͺ ͲǤͶͳ ͲǤͲͶ ͶǤ͵

 ͳͳǤ͸ ʹǤͲ ͳǤ͸ ʹǤͲ ͹ͳǤͲ ͵Ͷͺ ͵Ͳ ͵Ǥͷ ͲǤͶͳ ͲǤͳͲ ͷǤͳ

 ͻǤʹ ͶǤ͸ ͳǤʹ ʹǤͺ ͹͵ǤͲ ͵ͷͺ 26 ʹǤ͹ ͲǤ͵ͺ ͲǤʹͲ ͵Ǥ͸


 ͳͲǤͶ ͵Ǥͳ ͳǤ͸ ʹǤͲ ͹ͲǤ͹ ͵ʹͻ ʹͷ ͷǤͶ ͲǤ͵ͺ ͲǤͳͷ ͶǤ͵

 ͳͳǤͺ ͶǤͺ ʹǤʹ ʹǤ͵ ͸͹ǤͲ 363 Ͷʹ ͳͳǤͲ ͲǤ͵ͺ ͲǤʹͳ ʹǤͺ


 ͹Ǥ͹ ͳǤͷ ʹǤ͸ ͵Ǥ͸ ͹ʹǤ͸ 336 ͵ͷͲ ͵Ǥͻ ͲǤͶʹ ͲǤͳͻ ͳǤͳ

 ͳͳǤʹ ͶǤͲ ͵Ǥ͵ ͸Ǥ͹ ͸͵Ǥʹ ͵ͷͳ 31 ʹǤͺ ͲǤͷͻ ͲǤͳͳ ͵Ǥʹ

 ͳʹǤͷ ͵Ǥͷ ͵Ǥͳ ͷǤʹ ͸͵Ǥͺ ͵͸Ͷ ͺ ʹǤͻ ͲǤͶͳ ͲǤʹͺ ͶǤͷ

 ͻǤ͹ ͷǤʹ ͷǤͶ ͹Ǥ͸ ͸ͲǤͻ ͵ʹͻ ͳ͹ ͻǤ͵ ͲǤ͵Ͳ ͲǤͲͻ ͵Ǥʹ

 ͳͳǤͲ ͵Ǥͻ ͶǤͷ ͳ͵Ǥ͸ ͷͷǤͲ ͵ͲͲ 22 ͳͺǤ͸ ͲǤ͵͵ ͲǤͳͲ ͶǤʹ

 ͻǤͺ ͵Ǥ͸ ͵Ǥ͵ ͷǤʹ ͸͸Ǥ͸ ͵ͷ͵ ͵ͷ ͳǤ͹ ͲǤͳͷ ͲǤͲͻ ʹǤͲ

 ͳ͹ǤͲ ͸ǤͲ ʹǤ͸ ͳͳǤͲ ͸͸ǤͲ ͵ͻͲ ͷͶ ͶǤ͹ ͲǤʹʹ ͲǤͳʹ ͵Ǥʹ

‘—”…‡ǣƒ—”‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳʹ
 ƒ„Ž‡ʹ: ȍ
ȀͳͲͲ
 Ȏ

Barnyard
Amino acids Finger Millet Kodo Millet Proso Millet Foxtail Millet Š‡ƒ– Rice
Millet

 ͶǤͶ 3 ͺǤͳ ͹Ǥ͸ ͺǤͺ ͵Ǥ͵ ͵Ǥͺ

 ͻǤͷ ͸Ǥ͹ ͳʹǤʹ ͳ͸Ǥ͹ ͳ͸Ǥ͸ ͸Ǥ͹ ͺǤʹ

 ʹǤͻ 3 3 ʹǤʹ ʹǤͻ ʹǤͺ ͵Ǥͺ

 ͵Ǥͳ ͳǤͷ ʹǤ͸ ʹǤͺ ͳǤͻ ͳǤͷ ʹǤ͵

 ʹǤʹ ʹǤ͸ 1 ͳǤ͸ ʹǤͺ ʹǤʹ ͳǤͶ

 ͷǤʹ 6 ͶǤͻ ͸Ǥ͹ ʹǤʹ ͶǤͷ ͷǤʹ

 ͵Ǥ͸ ͵Ǥͷ Ͷ ʹǤʹ ʹǤͶ 3 ͵Ǥͻ

 ͵Ǥͺ ͵Ǥʹ ͵Ǥʹ ʹǤ͹ ʹǤʹ ʹǤͺ ͶǤͳ

 ͳǤ͸ ͲǤͺ ͲǤͺ ͳǤͲ ͳǤͲ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͶ

 ͸Ǥ͸ ͵Ǥͺ ͸Ǥͷ ͸Ǥͻ ͸ǤͶ ͶǤͶ ͷǤͷ

 ʹǤʹ ͳǤͷ ͳǤͻ ʹǤͳ ͳǤͻ ʹǤ͵ ʹǤͶ

‘—”…‡ǣ ǡͳͻ͹Ͳ
119
120

 
‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡’‘”–‡†–‘„‡„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ‹ƒ›’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‹•‘”†‡”••—…Šƒ•…‡Ž‹ƒ…
†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ‘„‡•‹–›ǡ…ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ•…—Žƒ”†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ…‡”•ǡ‘•–‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‹ƒ‡–…Ǥ

ȍ

Ȏ

‡Ž‹ƒ…†‹•‡ƒ•‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•…‡Ž‹ƒ…•’”—‡ǡ‘Ǧ–”‘’‹…ƒŽ•’”—‡ǡƒ†‰Ž—–‡Ǧ•‡•‹–‹˜‡‡–‡”‘’ƒ–Š›Ǥ‡Ž‹ƒ…
†‹•‡ƒ•‡‹•ƒƒ—–‘‹—‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡‹—‡•›•–‡•–ƒ”–•ƒ––ƒ…‹‰‘”ƒŽ–‹••—‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›
–Š‡‹‡”Ž‹‹‰–‹••—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‹–‡•–‹‡ǡ‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘‡ƒ–‹‰‰Ž—–‡Ǧ–Š‡™Š‡ƒ–’”‘–‡‹ǤŠ‡‡šƒ…–
…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ…‡Ž‹ƒ…†‹•‡ƒ•‡‹•‘–…Ž‡ƒ”ǡ„—–‹–‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰‡‡–‹…ȋ‹Š‡”‹–‡†Ȍ…‘’‘‡–ǤŽ›™Š‡ƒ–ϐŽ‘—”
‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘„‡”‡•–”‹…–‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘’‡”ƒ‡–†ƒƒ‰‡•…ƒ—•‡†„›‹–Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†‹‘”
‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡•ƒˆ‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹ƒ…’ƒ–‹‡–•†—‡–‘‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ‰Ž—–‡Ǥ



‹ƒ„‡–‡• Šƒ• „‡…‘‡ ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡– †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ ‹‡–ƒ”›
ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ †‹ƒ„‡–‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘•–’”ƒ†‹ƒŽ Š›’‡”‰Ž›…ƒ‡‹ƒ ƒ† ‰‘‘† ‰Ž›…ƒ‡‹…
…‘–”‘ŽǤ‡”‡†‹–›ǡ‘„‡•‹–›ǡ•–”‡••ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽƒ…‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ—•‡•ˆ‘”†‹ƒ„‡–‡•Ǥ
Š‡…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‘‘†‹–‡•’”‘†—…‡–Š‡Ž‘™‡•–’‘•–Ǧ’”ƒ†‹ƒŽ‰Ž—…‘•‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‡ƒŽǤ
Š—•‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ‡ƒ‰‘‘†•—„•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘””‹…‡ˆ‘”›’‡†‹ƒ„‡–‹…•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–ǯ•Š‹‰Šϐ‹„‡”…‘–‡–•Ž‘™•†‹‰‡•–‹‘
ƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡••—‰ƒ”‹–‘–Š‡„Ž‘‘†•–”‡ƒƒ–ƒ‘”‡‡˜‡’ƒ…‡ǤŠ‹•Š‡Ž’•†‹ƒ„‡–‹…•ƒ˜‘‹††ƒ‰‡”‘—••’‹‡•
‹„Ž‘‘†•—‰ƒ”–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†–‘‰Ž—…‘•‡•’‹ŽŽ‹‰‘˜‡”‹–‘–Š‡—”‹‡ǡ‘™ƒ•‰Ž—…‘•—”‹ƒǤ‹ŽŽ‡–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰‘‘†
•‘—”…‡‘ˆ˜‹–ƒ‹•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹•Ǥ



‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”ƒ†Šƒ•—‹“—‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ž‹‡„—Ž–‘–Š‡†‹‡–ǡ
˜‹•…‘•‹–›ǡ™ƒ–‡”Š‘Ž†‹‰ƒ†ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›ǡ™Š‹…Š†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡–’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
Š‡†‹‡–™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ–‹‡–›–Š‡”‡„›”‡†—…‹‰–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ‘˜‡”‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ



ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ•…—Žƒ”†‹•‡ƒ•‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”•–‘…‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ””‘™‡†‘”„Ž‘…‡†„Ž‘‘†˜‡••‡Ž•–Šƒ–
…ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒŠ‡ƒ”–ƒ––ƒ…ǡ…Š‡•–’ƒ‹ȋƒ‰‹ƒȌ‘”•–”‘‡Ǥ–Š‡”Š‡ƒ”–…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡…–
–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–ǯ•—•…Ž‡ǡ˜ƒŽ˜‡•‘””Š›–ŠǡƒŽ•‘ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰‘‘†•‘—”…‡•
‘ˆƒ‰‡•‹—–Šƒ–‹•‘™–‘„‡…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ”‡†—…‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ‹‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ”–ƒ––ƒ…ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡
”‹…Š‹’Š›–‘Ǧ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰’Š›–‹…ƒ…‹†ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‘™ˆ‘”Ž‘™‡”‹‰…Š‘Ž‡•–‡”‘ŽǤƒ‹…‘–‡–‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ‹Ž‘™‡”‹‰…Š‘Ž‡•–‡”‘ŽǤ
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Š‹• †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‹• †—‡ –‘ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ …‡ŽŽ•Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” ƒ† …‘–ƒ‹ ‰‡”ǡ
‡†‘•’‡” ƒ† „”ƒǡ ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– ™‹–Š ”‡ϐ‹‡† ‰”ƒ‹•ǡ ™Š‹…Š …‘–ƒ‹ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ‡†‘•’‡”Ǥ Š‘Ž‡ ‰”ƒ‹•
‘”’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›†‡Š—ŽŽ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡ƒƒŒ‘”•‘—”…‡‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ˜‹–ƒ‹•ǡ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡƒ†’Š›–‘Ǧ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹…Š
Šƒ˜‡ƒ–‹Ǧ…ƒ…‡”’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†…‘—Ž†’Žƒ—•‹„Ž›”‡†—…‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ…‘Ž‘”‡…–ƒŽ…ƒ…‡”„›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
‡…Šƒ‹••Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š•‘—”…‡•‘ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ„Ž‡…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•ȋ”‡•‹•–ƒ–•–ƒ”…ŠȌǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡…‘˜‡”–‡†
„›–Š‡‹–‡•–‹ƒŽ„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒ‹–‘•Š‘”–Ǧ…Šƒ‹ˆƒ––›ƒ…‹†•–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’–‘’”‘–‡…–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–…‘Ž‘…ƒ…‡”‹–Š‡‰—–Ǥ



‘•–‹’ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‹ „‘™‡Ž ‘˜‡‡–• ‘” †‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–› ‹ ’ƒ••‹‰ –Š‡ •–‘‘ŽǤ  •‘‡ …ƒ•‡•ǡ
†‹ƒ””Š‘‡ƒ …ƒ „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ …‘•–‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘•–‹’ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ †‹˜‡”–‹…—Žƒ” †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ƒ†
Š‡‘””Š‘‹†•ǡ‘––‘‡–‹‘ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ‹Ž‡–•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–‹•ƒ„—†ƒ–‹†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”ǡ™Š‘•‡ͶͲǦͷͲ‰
‹–ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ…Š …ƒ Š‡Ž’ ‹ ”‡†—…‹‰ …‘•–‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ †‡“—ƒ–‡ †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡” …ƒ „‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† „› …‘•—‹‰
ƒ„‘—––™‘–‘–Š”‡‡•‡”˜‹‰•‘ˆ™Š‘Ž‡‰”ƒ‹•Ȁ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†ƒ”‘—†ϐ‹˜‡•‡”˜‹‰•‘ˆˆ”—‹–•ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•’‡”
†ƒ›Ǥ



‡‹ƒ‹•ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ‘—–‘ˆ”‡†„Ž‘‘†…‡ŽŽ•ȋ•Ȍ‘”Š‡‘‰Ž‘„‹‹–Š‡„Ž‘‘†ǡ‘”ƒŽ‘™‡”‡†
ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡„Ž‘‘†–‘…ƒ””›‘š›‰‡Ǥ‹‡–ƒ”›‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘—•‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–•…ƒƒ‹†‹’”‡˜‡–‹‰ƒ‡‹ƒ†—‡–‘
„‡‹‰”‹…Š‹‹”‘…‘–‡–Ǥ


 ǧ
Š‡’”‹ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•‹…Ž—†‡•Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ǡ–Š”‡•Š‹‰ǡ™‹‘™‹‰ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡
Žƒ”‰‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡…—–ƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒŽ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡”Ȁ‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡…—–ƒ––Š‡„ƒ•‡ȋ‡††›
ͳͻͻ͹Ǣƒ”˜‡›ƒ† —ŽŽ‡”ʹͲͲͷȌǤ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡‹–‡•‹˜‡Žƒ„‘—”ˆ‘”’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡƒ†
‘”‡’”‘…‡••‹‰•–ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•‹•ƒŽ•‘‹ϐŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡•‡—•‡•‹–—”ƒ”‡‹ϐŽ—‡…‡•„›…—Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‘ˆˆ‘‘†…‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†–ƒ•–‡Ǥ

”‹ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‹‰‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡‘—–‡”„”ƒȋ’‡”‹…ƒ”’Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹‹•–Š‡‘•–…‘‘™ƒ›–‘
’”‘…‡••–Š‡…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡƒ–‡…Š‹“—‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‘•‡•‡‡‹…ƒ•‡‘ˆ”‹…‡ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡•–Š‡
…‘Ž‘—”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ˆƒ•–‡”…‘‘‹‰‘ˆ•‘ˆ–‡”’”‘†—…–•ȋƒŽŽ‡•Š‹ͳͻͺͻȌǤŠ‡…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‹‰
‹ŽŽ‡–•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‡Š—ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡†•—•‹‰’‡ƒ”Ž‡”ƒ†–Š‡‰”‹†‹‰–Š‡’‡ƒ”Ž‡†•‡‡†•—•‹‰„—””‹ŽŽǤ
ˆ–‡”†‡Š—ŽŽ‹‰ǡ–Š‡‹š–—”‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‡†‘•’‡”„›ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘…‘’”‹•‡•‘ˆŠ—ŽŽǡ„”ƒǡ‰‡”ƒ†
ƒŽ•‘ƒ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡†‘•’‡”‹ˆ‘”‘ˆ„”‘‡•ƒ†’‘™†‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‰‘‡•ƒ•™ƒ•–‡ǤǦǡ—†Š‹ƒƒ
Šƒ†…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–†‡–ƒ‹Ž•–—†‹‡•‘’”‹ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ‡Ž›‹…Ž—†‹‰’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘”‹–•‡ƒ•›†‡Š—ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†„‡––‡””‡…‘˜‡”›‘ˆƒŽŽˆ”ƒ…–‹‘•
‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•–—†‹‡•ǡƒPatent ˆ‘”–Š‹•‡™’”‘…‡••‘ˆ†‡Š—ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ‹‘”
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‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‰”ƒ–‡†–‘Ǧ–‹–Ž‡†ƒ•Ǯ‡™’”‘…‡••ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆ…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†

‹ŽŽ‡–•–‘‰‡–”‡ϐ‹‡†’‘™†‡”ǯ‹ʹͲͳͺǤ

 

Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—–”‹‡–•‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ‡•–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‹
–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–•ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ„ƒ‡”›’”‘†—…–•ǡ„ƒ„›ˆ‘‘†•ǡ•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†•ǡ†‹‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘‘†•ǡ‡–…Ǥ
‹„‘–Š‰”ƒ‹ƒ†ϐŽ‘—”ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–•Žƒ…‰Ž—–‡ƒ†Š‡…‡…ƒ„‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†‹Š‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘‘†•ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹ƒ…
†‹•‡ƒ•‡’ƒ–‹‡–•‹ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰Ž—–‡ˆ”‡‡’”‘†—…–•Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡•‡ƒ––”‹„—–‡•ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡Ž‘•‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‹†‡‘ˆ
’Žƒ…‡‹’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†…‘•—’–‹‘‹†‹ƒǤ”‡…‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡•‘‡‡ˆˆ‘”––‘™ƒ”†•”‡˜‹˜‹‰
–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†‘™‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ‘‰Š‡ƒŽ–Š…‘•…‹‘—•…‘•—‡”•Ǥ

 

Rotiȋ—Ž‡ƒ˜‡‡†’ƒ…ƒ‡Ȍǡ—††‡ȋ†—’Ž‹‰Ȍƒ†’‘””‹†‰‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–•—•—ƒŽŽ›’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘
–Š‡•‡‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ ‘”’”‡’ƒ”‹‰rotiǡ–Š‡ϐŽ‘—”‹•‹š‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘–™ƒ–‡”–‘’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›‰‡Žƒ–‹‹œ‡–Š‡•–ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‹•
‹’ƒ”–•–Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›„‹†‹‰‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ†Š‡Ž’•–‘”‘ŽŽ–Š‡†‘—‰Š‹–‘–Š‹•Š‡‡–•ǤŠ‡ϐŽƒ––‡‡††‘—‰Š
‹• „ƒ‡† ‘ ƒ Š‘– ’Žƒ–‡Ǥ Roti ”‡•‡„Ž‡• –Š‡ ™Š‡ƒ– …Šƒ’ƒ–‹ ‘” ƒ‹œ‡ –‘”–‹ŽŽƒǤ —††‡ ˆ”‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ϐŽ‘—” ‹•
’”‡’ƒ”‡† „› •–‡ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ †‘—‰Š ƒ† ƒ‹‰ ‹– ‹–‘ „ƒŽŽ•Ǥ Ǧǡ —†Š‹ƒƒ Šƒ† ƒŽ•‘ …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–
•‘‡•–—†‹‡•‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘‘†•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•—ƒ”‹œ‡†Š‡”‡—†‡”Ǥ



‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† •ƒ––— …ƒ „‡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ•–‡† ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ™‹–Š „‡‰ƒŽ ‰”ƒǤ Š‡
‘’–‹— …‘†‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” ”‘ƒ•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ƒ– ͳͺͲo ˆ‘” ͸Ͳ •‡…‘†• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› •Ž‹‰Š– ’‡ƒ”Ž‹‰ ƒ†
‰”‹†‹‰Ǥ‘ƒ•–‡†’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ–ͳͲΨŽ‡˜‡Ž™‹–Š„‡‰ƒŽ‰”ƒȋͻͲΨȌƒ›„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‰‘‘†•‡•‘”›
ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋε͹ǤͲ•…‘”‡ƒ–ͻ’‘‹–Š‡†‘‹…•…ƒŽ‡ȌǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹ǡˆƒ–ƒ†–‘–ƒŽ‹‡”ƒŽ…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‹••ƒ’Ž‡
™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ƒ•ʹͷǤʹ͹ΨǡͷǤͷʹΨƒ†͵ǤͲͷΨǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ



‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† •ƒ––— …ƒ „‡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ•–‡† ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ™‹–Š „‡‰ƒŽ ‰”ƒǤ Š‡
‘’–‹—…‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘””‘ƒ•–‹‰‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ–ͳͺͲoˆ‘”Ͷͷ•‡…‘†•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›•Ž‹‰Š–’‡ƒ”Ž‹‰ƒ†
‰”‹†‹‰Ǥ‘ƒ•–‡†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ–ͳͲΨŽ‡˜‡Ž™‹–Š„‡‰ƒŽ‰”ƒȋͻͲΨȌƒ›„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‰‘‘†•‡•‘”›
ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋε͹ǤͲ•…‘”‡ƒ–ͻ’‘‹–Š‡†‘‹…•…ƒŽ‡ȌǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹ǡˆƒ–ƒ†–‘–ƒŽ‹‡”ƒŽ•…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‹••ƒ’Ž‡
™ƒ•ʹͷǤͳͳΨǡͷǤ͵ͳƒ†͵ǤͳΨǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ



‘”‰Š—‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†•ƒ––—…ƒ„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘ƒ•–‡†•‘”‰Š—™‹–Š„‡‰ƒŽ‰”ƒǤŠ‡‘’–‹—
…‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘””‘ƒ•–‹‰‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—ƒ–ʹʹͲoˆ‘”͸Ͳ•‡…‘†•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›•Ž‹‰Š–’‡ƒ”Ž‹‰ƒ†‰”‹†‹‰Ǥ‘ƒ•–‡†
•‘”‰Š—ƒ–ͳͲΨŽ‡˜‡Ž™‹–Š„‡‰ƒŽ‰”ƒȋͻͲΨȌƒ›„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‰‘‘†•‡•‘”›ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋε͹ǤͲ
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•…‘”‡ ƒ– ͻ ’‘‹– Š‡†‘‹… •…ƒŽ‡ȌǤ Š‡ ’”‘–‡‹ǡ ˆƒ– ƒ† –‘–ƒŽ ‹‡”ƒŽ• …‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• •ƒ’Ž‡ ™ƒ• ʹͷǤ͵ͲΨǡ
ͷǤ͵ʹΨƒ†͵ǤͲ͸Ψǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ



‘’’‹‰ƒŽ•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•’—ˆϐ‹‰‹•ƒ’”‘…‡••‹‰
–‡…Š‹“—‡ ‘ˆ …‡”‡ƒŽ• –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ†› –‘ ‡ƒ–
’”‘†—…–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ …”—…Š›ǡ ’‘”‘—• ƒ†
’”‡…‘‘‡†ǤŠ‹•–‡…Š‹“—‡‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡–ƒ•–‡
ƒ† ϐŽƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–Ǥ ‘’’‡† ‰”ƒ‹•
…ƒ „‡ …‘•—‡† ‹ ƒ› ™ƒ›• ƒ• •ƒ…Ǥ
Ǧǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ’‘’’‹‰‘
˜ƒ”‹‘—• “—ƒŽ‹–› …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‘ˆ •‘”‰Š—
ϐŽ‘—” ™ƒ• •–—†‹‡†Ǥ – ™ƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ–
’‘’’‹‰†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡„—Žƒ†–”—‡†‡•‹–‹‡•
‘”‰Š— Ž‘—”‘’’‡†‘”‰Š—ϔŽ‘—” ‘ˆ •‘”‰Š— ϐŽ‘—” ™‹–Š ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† ™ƒ–‡”
ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ ƒ† •‘Ž—„‹Ž‹–› ‹†‡šǤ ‘’’‹‰
•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›‹…”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡‹Ǧ˜‹–”‘’”‘–‡‹†‹‰‡•–‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‘”‰Š——’‘’‘’’‹‰ˆ”‘ͶͲǤ͹Ͳͷ–‘
ͶͺǤ͸͸ͷΨǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹ǡˆƒ–ǡ–‘–ƒŽ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǡ…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡•ƒ†…”—†‡ϐ‹„‡”…‘–‡–‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—ϐŽ‘—”
™ƒ•ͺǤͶͻΨǡʹǤͺ͸ΨǡͳǤ͹ͷΨǡͺͳǤ͵͹Ψƒ†ʹǤ͹ͺΨǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

ǧ

Š‡ —–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘…‡••‡† –‘ ‰‡– ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†—…–• „› ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’”‘…‡••‹‰
–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ



‘”ƒ‹‰ϐŽƒ‡†’”‘†—…–•ǡ–Š‡’‡ƒ”Ž‡†Ȁ†‡Š—ŽŽ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡•‘ƒ‡†‹™ƒ–‡”ǡ•–‡ƒ‡†‘”…‘‘‡†
—†‡”’”‡••—”‡–‘‡ˆˆ‡…–…‘’Ž‡–‡‰‡Žƒ–‹‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”…Šǡ†”‹‡†–‘ƒ„‘—–ͳͺ’‡”…‡–‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡
’”‡••‡†–‘”‡“—‹•‹–‡–Š‹…‡••„‡–™‡‡Š‡ƒ˜›†—–›”‘ŽŽ‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡†”‹‡†–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡ϐŽƒ‡•Ǥ Žƒ‡•
Š›†”ƒ–‡“—‹…Ž›™Š‡ƒ††‡†–‘™ƒ”™ƒ–‡”‘”‹Žƒ†ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡•™‡‡–‘”•ƒ˜‘—”›†‹•Š‡•Ǥ



š–”—•‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰‡š’ƒ†‡†•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†Ž‹‡—”—”‡ƒ†‘‘†Ž‡Ž‹‡’”‘†—…–•„›Š‘–
‡š–”—•‹‘ƒ†…‘Ž†‡š–”—•‹‘ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤǦŠƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ–’”‘†—…–•ˆ”‘
‹ŽŽ‡–•—•‹‰‡š–”—•‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡•Ǥ”‡ƒ†›–‘‡ƒ–’—ˆˆ‡†’”‘†—…–•ˆ”‘’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ȋ…‘‘Ž›‘™ƒ•
„ƒŒ”ƒȌƒ†•‘”‰Š—ˆ‘”–‹ϐ‹‡†™‹–ŠŽ‡‰—‡•Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘‰‡––Š‡Š‹‰Š’”‘–‡‹ǡ†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„”‡ƒ†
’Š›–‘Ǧ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ–’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‡š–”—†ƒ–‡•ǡƒ…‘ŽŽ‡–
‡š–”—†‡”ȋʹͷ‰ȀŠȌ™‹–Š•…”‡™•’‡‡†ȋͷͲͲ”’Ȍǡˆ‡‡†‘‹•–—”‡ȋͳͶΨǡ™„Ȍǡˆ‡‡†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‹œ‡ȋͳǤ͸ͷǦʹǤ͵͸
Ȍ‹•ˆ‘—†•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†”‡…‘‡†‡†Ǥ
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ǧ
™Š‘Ž‡’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǡϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ††‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡†
•‘› „‡ƒ „Ž‡†‡† ȋ‹ŽŽ‡– •‘›Ȍ ‡š–”—†ƒ–‡• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘• —•‹‰ ƒ Ž‹‡ƒ” ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡
–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ…‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹‹•Š‡†’”‘†—…–ǤŠ‡†‡•‹”‡†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‡†Šƒ˜‹‰ͺͳǤ͸ͺΨ™Š‘Ž‡’‡ƒ”Ž
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ͹ǤͲʹΨϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ͳͳǤʹͻΨ†‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡†•‘›„‡ƒǤ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‡š–”—†‡†•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†™ƒ•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†—•‹‰–™‹•…”‡™ˆ‘‘†‡š–”—†‡”ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‡‡†”ƒ–‡ͻǤͷ‰ȀŠȌǡ•…”‡™•’‡‡†ʹͷͲ”’ǡͳͶΨˆ‡‡†
‘‹•–—”‡ǡͳʹͲ o„ƒ””‡Ž–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†…—––‡”•’‡‡†ƒ•ͳͷ”’ǤŠ‡•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†–Š—•’”‡’ƒ”‡†™ƒ•‘ˆ
‰‘‘†‡ƒ–‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ„‘—–ͳͷͲ‰‘ˆ•—…Š•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ„‘—–ʹͲ‰’”‘–‡‹ƒ†ͳ͵ͷ‰
…ƒŽ…‹—–‘–Š‡…‘•—‡”•ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡ƒ‘—–…ƒˆ—Žϐ‹ŽŽ–Š‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘–‡‹ǡ‘‡–Š‹”†…ƒŽ‘”‹‡ƒ†ƒ„‘—–
ͳ͸’‡”…‡–‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒŽ…‹—”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆƒͳͲ›‡ƒ”‘Ž†…Š‹Ž†ƒ•’‡”–Š‡ˆ‘”†‹ƒǤ




 ’”‘–‡‹ ”‹…Š ‡š–”—†‡† •ƒ… ˆ‘‘† —–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ •‘”‰Š— ƒ† ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ™‹–Š ƒ‹œ‡ǡ Ž‡‰—‡ ƒ† •‡•ƒ‡
•‡‡†•Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ–Ǧǡ—†Š‹ƒƒǤŠ‹••–—†›‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ͳ͸Ψˆ‡‡†‘‹•–—”‡ǡͳʹͲo
„ƒ””‡Ž–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ†͵ͲͲ”’Ȁ••…”‡™•’‡‡†ƒ›„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ—Ž–‹‰”ƒ‹„ƒ•‡†
Š‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘‘†—•‹‰‡š–”—•‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡™‹–Š•‡•‘”›ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›•…‘”‡ͺǤ͸Ͷƒ–ͻ’‘‹–Š‡†‘‹…•…ƒŽ‡ǤŠ‹•
•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†’”‘˜‹†‡†͵ͺʹ…ƒŽ…ƒŽ‘”‹‡•ǡʹǤͲ͵‰…”—†‡ϐ‹„”‡ǡʹǤͶͻ‰‹”‘ǡʹͲ͸‰…ƒŽ…‹—‹ͳͲͲ‰•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ†
ͳͻǤʹ͹Ψ’”‘–‡‹™‹–Š͸͹ǤͲʹΨ‹˜‹–”‘’”‘–‡‹†‹‰‡•–‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ



š–”—•‹‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ—Ž–‹‰”ƒ‹„ƒ•‡†‡š’ƒ†‡†•ƒ…•™‹–ŠʹͲΨ
•‘”‰Š—ǤŠ‡‘’–‹‹œ‡†’”‘…‡••‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‹••‘”‰Š—‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†—Ž–‹‰”ƒ‹„ƒ•‡†•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†
™‡”‡ ˆ‡‡† ‘‹•–—”‡ ͳͶΨǢ †‹‡ Š‡ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ͳͳͲo ƒ† •…”‡™ •’‡‡† ͵Ͷʹ”’Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘–‡‹ǡ ˆƒ–ǡ –‘–ƒŽ
‹‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† …ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡ …‘–‡– ‹ •—…Š •ƒ… ˆ‘‘† ™‡”‡ ͳͷǤͷͲǡ ͵Ǥͳͻǡ ʹǤͳͳ ƒ† ͹ͷǤͷ͸Ψǡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›
™Š‹Ž‡…ƒŽ…‹—ƒ†‹”‘…‘–‡–•™‡”‡ͳͳ͸Ǥ͸ʹƒ†ͶǤʹ͹‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡‡š’ƒ†‡†•ƒ…Šƒ†
͹ʹǤͳͳΨ‹˜‹–”‘’”‘–‡‹†‹‰‡•–‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡‡”‰›ƒ•͵͹͹…ƒŽȀͳͲͲ‰Ǥ


‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ȋͻͷΨȌ™‹–ŠͷΨ™Š‡›’”‘–‡‹…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡ȋȌ‡š–”—†ƒ–‡•…ƒ„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
‡š–”—•‹‘…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ••…”‡™•’‡‡†͵ͷͲ”’ǡˆ‡‡†‡”•’‡‡†ʹ͵”’ǡˆ‡‡†”ƒ–‡ͳͲǤͷ‰ȀŠǡƒ†ͳʹͲι
†‹‡Š‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†—•‹‰ˆ‘‘†‡š–”—†‡”ǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹ǡˆƒ–ǡƒ†…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡…‘–‡–‹•—…Š
’”‘†—…– ™‡”‡ ͳʹǤͶǡ ͳͶǤ͵ǡ ƒ† ͸͹Ǥͳͺ Ψǡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ™‹–Š ͶͶǤ͹ ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ǡ ͸Ǥ͸ ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ ƒ† ʹͲͺ
‰ȀͳͲͲ‰…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ‹”‘ƒ†’Š‘•’Š‘”—•…‘–‡–ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†…‘’‘•‹–‡’ƒ•–ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ‡š–”—†ƒ–‡•
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‘”‰Š— ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† ‘‘†Ž‡• …ƒ „‡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡† —•‹‰ •‘”‰Š— ϐŽ‘—” —’ –‘ ͳͲǦʹͲΨ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ
•‡•‘”›ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›•…‘”‡‘”‡–Šƒ͹ǤͲƒ–ͻ’‘‹–Š‡†‘‹…•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ



‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†„ƒ”Ž‡›ϐŽ‘—”™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ•„ƒ•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”’ƒ•–ƒ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›’”‘–‡‹…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡
™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ††‡†–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡…‘Ž‘—”ƒ†’”‘–‡‹…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ•–ƒ’”‘†—…–Ǥ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ϐŽ‘—”ͳ‰ǡͳ͵ͺ‰
„ƒ”Ž‡›ϐŽ‘—”ǡͳʹʹǤ͹‰™Š‡›’”‘–‡‹…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡ƒ†ʹ͹͸Ž™ƒ–‡”™‹–Š•‘‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‰‘‘†“—ƒŽ‹–›pearl millet based ’ƒ•–ƒǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹ǡˆƒ–ǡƒ†…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡…‘–‡–‹•—…Š
’ƒ•–ƒ’”‘†—…–™‡”‡ͳ͸ǤͷǡʹǤͻǡƒ†͹ͺǤ͸Ψǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Š…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ‹”‘ƒ†’Š‘•’Š‘”—•…‘–‡–ƒ•ͻͺǤͷ
‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ǡͷǤͶ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ƒ†͵ͳͷǤͷ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ



‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡† ƒ‹Ž› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Š‹‰Š
˜‹–ƒ‹ ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ …‘–‡– ƒ† …‘–ƒ‹
˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘‘† ‹‰”‡†‹‡–•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡
‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ „—‹Ž† —’ǡ ”‡’ƒ‹” –Š‡ „‘†› ƒ†
ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒŽƒŽ‹‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘†›Ǥ Š‡
‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ‹–‘ ‡š–”—†‡†
’”‘†—…–• …ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ „ƒŽƒ…‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š›
—–”‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ƒ– ϐŽ‘—” ™ƒ• ”‡’Žƒ…‡† „› ͳͲΨ
’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– •‡‘Ž‹ƒ ˆ‘” ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† ’ƒ•–ƒ –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡
‹‡”ƒŽ …‘–‡– ƒ† ͷΨ  –‘ ‡Šƒ…‡
’”‘–‡‹ …‘–‡– ‘ˆ ’ƒ•–ƒ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ™‹–Š ‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡„Ž‡†‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ…‘’‘•‹–‡’ƒ•–ƒ
˜ƒ”‹‡†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡Œ—‹…‡•Ǥ



ƒ‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡‹•…—””‡–Ž›„‡‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡†
ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰ —‡”‘—• …‘ƒ”•‡ …‡”‡ƒŽ• „ƒ•‡†
„ƒ‡”› ’”‘†—…–• ˜‹œǤ „”‡ƒ†ǡ „‹•…—‹–•ǡ …ƒ‡•
‡–…Ǥ Ǧǡ —†Š‹ƒƒ Šƒ• •–—†‹‡†
–Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– „ƒ‡”›
’”‘†—…–• •—…Š ƒ• „‹•…—‹–•ǡ —ˆϐ‹• ‡–…Ǥ Pearl
millet based biscuits …ƒ „‡ •—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† —•‹‰’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡– ϐŽ‘—”—’–‘͵ͲΨ
ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†‰Ž—–‡ˆ”‡‡—ˆϔ‹•
Ž‡˜‡Ž• ™‹–Š ͷΨ †‡ˆƒ––‡† •‘› ϐŽ‘—” ȋ Ȍ ‹
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–Š‡ϐŽ‘—”„Ž‡†Ǥ Sorghum soy blended biscuits…ƒ„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† —•‹‰’‡ƒ”Ž‡†•‘”‰Š—ϐŽ‘—”

—’ –‘ ͶͲΨ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ™‹–Š  ”‡ϐ‹‡† ™Š‡ƒ– ϐŽ‘—” ƒ† ͷΨ   ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘‘† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡•–‹–—–‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡’”‘…‡••ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†‰Ž—–‡ˆ”‡‡—ˆϔ‹•
™‹–Š‘—–—•‹‰ƒ›™Š‡ƒ–ϐŽ‘—”™‹–Š˜‡”›‰‘‘†•‡•‘”›ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†„ƒ‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

  

‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†‹•–ƒ–ˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ–Ǧǡ—†Š‹ƒƒǤ‘
Šƒ”‡•• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ ’ƒǡ ƒŽ™ƒ ƒ† …‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ‹š‡• ™‡”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ
‡‹‰ǡ ƒ Š‹‰Š ‡‡”‰› ƒ† ’”‘–‡‹ †‹‡–ǡ ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– †”› ‹š‡•
…ƒ„‡—•‡†‹‹†Ǧ†ƒ›‡ƒŽ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‡‡†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ

‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹•–ƒ–upma ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹•–ƒ–halwa ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‹š

†”›‹š †”›‹š

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF PEARL MILLET BASED INSTANT DRY MIXES

Nutritional value Upma dry mix Halwa dry mix Complementary mix

ƒ–ȋ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ʹͻǤͷ ͳͺǤ͵ ͻǤͺ

”‘–‡‹ȋ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ͸Ǥ͹ ͶǤ͸ ͳͶǤ͹

ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡ȋ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ͸ʹǤͻ ͹ʹǤͺ ͸͹Ǥͻ

ƒŽ…‹—ȋ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ͳ͸Ǥ͵ ͳͳǤͷ ͵ͷͶ

”‘ȋ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ͶǤ͵ ͵Ǥͳ ͷǤͻ

Š‘•’Š‘”—•ȋ‰ȀͳͲͲ‰Ȍ ͳʹͻǤ͹ ͻͳǤʹ ʹͷͳǤʹ

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‘†ƒ›ǡ—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ•‹‘”…”‘’•ǡ‡š…‡’–•‘‡ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡
’‘‘”‘”ˆ‘††‡”ˆ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ—”‘’‡ƒ•ƒ†‡”‹…ƒƒ”‡‘•–ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡–•‹„‹”†•‡‡†Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†•…Š‡‡•Šƒ•…‘–”‹„—–‡†‹ƒ‹‰–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡
ƒ†‡‘”‘—•—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•†—‡–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ƒ‹‰
–Š‡‹”‘™†‡ƒ†ƒ‘‰…‘•—‡”•ǤŠ‡‹’”‘˜‡†’”‘…‡••‹‰–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š
ˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘‘†•ƒ†‡–Š‡”‡‘ˆŠƒ•‘’‡‡†–Š‡”‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‘”‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‹ˆ‘‘†
’”‘…‡••‹‰•‡…–‘”ǤŠ‡”‡‹••–‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡—–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”
†‡ƒ†„›˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•˜‹œǤȋ‹Ȍ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ
—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•ǡȋ‹‹Ȍƒ‹‰–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Šǡȋ‹‹‹ȌƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ
ƒ†ȋ‹˜Ȍ…Ž—•‹‘—†‡”ˆ‡‡†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ž‹‡‹†Ǧ†ƒ›‡ƒŽ‡–…Ǥ

 
‹”ǡ
—ŽŽǤǡ‘‡‡ǡ ƒǤǡ
—Žœƒ”Šƒ†Ǥǡƒ›‹ǤǡƒŽ‡•Š”ƒ•ƒ†Ǥǡ”ƒ†›—ƒ—ƒ”ƒ†
ƒ–‘‰‘™ƒŽȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹—–”‹–‹‘ǡ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†
”‘†—…–•ǣ‡˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ…‹‡…‡ǡ‘’—–‡”…‹‡…‡ƒ†‰‹‡‡”‹‰
Ƭ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ͵ȋ͵Ȍǣͳ͸ͲͳǦͳ͸ͲͺǤ

ƒ‰†‹ǡǤǡƒŽžœ•ǡ
Ǥǡ…Š‹†–ǡ Ǥǡœƒ–ž”‹ǡǤǡ…Š‘‡Ž‡…Š‡”ǡǤǡ‡”‰Š‘ˆ‡”ǡǤƒ†ڏڕÚœ‹ƒǡ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ ”‘–‡‹ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† —–”‹‡– …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ —‰ƒ”‹ƒ ’”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ†‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ…–ƒŽ‹‡–ƒ”‹ƒǤͶͲǣͳʹͺǦͳͶͳǤ

‡˜‹ǡǤǤǡ‹Œƒ›ƒ„Šƒ”ƒ–Š‹ǡǤǡƒ–Š›ƒ„ƒƒǡǤǡƒŽŽ‡•Š‹ǡǤ
Ǥƒ†”‹›ƒ†ƒ”‹•‹‹ǡǤǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
‡ƒŽ–Š „‡‡ϐ‹–• ‘ˆ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋŽ‡—•‹‡…‘”ƒ…ƒƒ ǤȌ ’‘Ž›’Š‡‘Ž• ƒ† †‹‡–ƒ”› ϐ‹„‡”ǣ ƒ
”‡˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ ‘‘†…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥͷͳȋ͸ȌǣͳͲʹͳǦͳͲͶͲǤ

ȋͳͻ͹ͲȌ‹‘ƒ…‹†…‘–‡–•‘ˆˆ‘‘†•ƒ†„‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ‘’”‘–‡‹•Ǥ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‡”‹‡•‘ǤʹͳǡʹͺͷȂʹͺ͹Ǥ

Ž‡™ǡ ǤǤǡ Š—ƒ‰ǡ ǤǤǡ ‘„‡”–•ǡ ǤǤ ƒ†
Ž‡™ǡ ǤǤ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‹‘ ƒ…‹†ǡ ˆƒ––› ƒ…‹† ƒ†
‹‡”ƒŽ…‘–‡–‘ˆ„Žƒ…ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋŽ‡—•‹‡…‘”ƒ…ƒƒȌ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡ ‘•’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‘ˆ
‹‰‡”‹ƒǤ ‘‘†ǤʹȋʹȌǣͳͳͷǦͳͳͺǤ

ƒ”˜‡›ƒ† —ŽŽ‡”ȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰…”‘’’”‘…‡••‹‰—•‹‰’Š›–‘Ž‹–ŠƒƒŽ›•‹•ǣ–Š‡

šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‹…‡ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‹‡…‡ǡ͵ʹǣ͹͵ͻǦͷʹǤ

ƒ‘ǡƒ‰ƒ•ƒ’‹‰‡ƒ†ƒ˜‹‹”ƒȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—–”ƒ…‡—–‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
‘ˆ•‡Ž‡…–‡†•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆŠƒ”ƒ…›ƒ†‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‡†…‹‡…‡•ǡ͵ǣʹ͹͹ǦͻǤ

‡††›ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤˆ–Š‡–Š”‡•Š‹‰ϐŽ‘‘”…‘—Ž†–ƒŽǣ–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‹•

†—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ–‡ƒ”ƒ’’ƒ‹
—Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ”…Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡͳ͸ǣͳ͸ʹǦͳͺ͹Ǥ

‹†›ƒ˜ƒ–‹ǡǤ
Ǥǡ‡‰—ǡǤ
Ǥǡ‹Œƒ›ƒ—ƒ”ǡ Ǥǡ
‘ƒ˜‹ǡǤǤǡƒ†‡‰—ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ†Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘‘† …‹‡…‡ ƒ† ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
ͶͳȋͶȌǣ͵͹ͻǦ͵ͺʹǤ
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SECTION - 15
ǤǤ


 




Ǧ†‹ƒ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ
›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ†ƒ›ƒƒ”̷‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ”‡•Ǥ‹

DEVELOPMENT OF VALUE CHAIN IN MILLETS:

VALUE ADDITION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
(DevelopmentofNutricereals)


Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ …Šƒ‹ ‡…‘’ƒ••‡• ˆ—ŽŽ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘” •‡”˜‹…‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ǯ•’Šƒ•‡•ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘ϐ‹ƒŽ…‘•—‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‹…Ž—†‡
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†•—’’‘”––‘ϐ‹ƒŽ‡†—•‡”‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–’Žƒ…‡
™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–•…‘—Ž†„‡Ž‘…ƒŽǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽȋƒ’‹•›ƒ†‘””‹•ǡʹͲͲͳǢʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹
ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠŠ‡Ž’•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡†›ƒ‹…•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹ǤƒŽ—‡
…Šƒ‹ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–‘‘Žˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡›†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ȋƒ’‹•›ǡ
ʹͲͲͲȌǤ

Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧ…Šƒ‹‡–™‘”ƒ›„‡†‡ϐ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘„”‹‰ƒ’”‘†—…–ˆ”‘
‹–•…‘…‡’–‹‘ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•†‡•‹‰‹‰ǡ•‘—”…‹‰‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡‹’—–•ǡƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽ…‘•—‡”Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹•‡…‘’ƒ••ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ––ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡˜‡Ž•
ȋˆƒ”ǡ”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒȌǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Š‹’—–•—’’Ž›ƒ†…‘–‹—‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘†—…–Šƒ†Ž‹‰ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡…›…Ž‹‰Ǥ • ’”‘†—…–• ‘˜‡ •—……‡••‹˜‡Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •–ƒ‰‡•ǡ –”ƒ•ƒ…–‹‘• –ƒ‡
’Žƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ …Šƒ‹ ƒ…–‘”•ǡ ‘‡› ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‡š…Šƒ‰‡† ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹• ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›
ƒ††‡†ȋƒ‹Ž˜ƒƒ†‡—œƒ ‹ŽŠ‘ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ
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Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ›‘ˆˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–‹‘‹•„‡‹‰”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‘”‡ƒ‹–‘ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰’”‘…‡••‡•ǡ
™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘Ǧ‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ…”‘••ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’”‘…‡••‘”•ǡ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹Ǥ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡– ƒ”‡–‹‰ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ •—……‡•• ‘ˆ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǧ
‘”‹‡–‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ  Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ •‡…–‘” ™Š‡”‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡
†‡’‡†‡–‘ƒ›‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ‰‡…‹‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†—…‡‹•‘–™‡ŽŽ’Žƒ‡†ǡ–Š‡’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ”‰‹•
ƒ”‡—†‡”•‡˜‡”‡’”‡••—”‡ǡ‘ˆ–‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‘™‡”•…ƒŽ‡‘ˆ
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘—–†ƒ–‡†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡŽƒ…‘ˆϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ǡ’‘‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ž‹ƒ‰‡•
™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ”‡– ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡‡Ǥ  ƒŽŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‡š’Ž‘‹–‡† „› •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ
‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡–”ƒ†‡”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡’”‘…—”‹‰ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹’—–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•™Š‹Ž‡ƒ”‡–‹‰–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡•Š’”‘†—…‡Ǥ

Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹’—–•”‡“—‹”‡†„›•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•„‡‹‰•ƒŽŽ‹“—ƒ–‹–›ǡ–Š‡›–‡†–‘’”‘…—”‡ˆ”‘Ž‘…ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‡”•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ„‘—–ʹͲǦ͵ͲΨŠ‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’”‹…‡’ƒ‹†„›Žƒ”‰‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™Š‘’”‘…—”‡Žƒ”‰‡”“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•Ǥ
Š‡›ˆ—”–Š‡”•—ˆˆ‡”†—‡–‘‹ˆ‡”‹‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹’—–•ƒ††‡Žƒ›‹’”‘…—”‡‡–Ǥ‹‰Š…‘•–‘ˆ„‘””‘™‹‰
ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡…‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹’—–•Ǥ

ƒ…‘ˆƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ‹––ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘‰‡”–‹‡ˆ‘”
•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•–‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†‹’—–•™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡
’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ‡…‘†Ž›ǡ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•„‡‹‰”‡•‘—”…‡Ǧ’‘‘”ƒ†•‡‹ǦŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡˜‡”›Š‡•‹–ƒ––‘‹˜‡•–
‹‡™–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ†—…‡”–ƒ‹ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡™˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•™Š‹…Š
’”‘‹•‡ ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ›‹‡Ž† „—– ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘ ‡‹–Š‡” †—‡ –‘ —…‡”–ƒ‹ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” …‘†‹–‹‘• ‘”
‡™Ž›‡‡”‰‡–’‡•–•ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥˆ–‡ǡ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‘…—”‡…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’—–•™‡ŽŽ‹
–‹‡ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–†”‘’‹–Š‡›‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‹•–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡–‘–Š‡
‡†—•‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘–ƒŽ…‘•–ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡…‡ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘†‡Ž‹•
‡‡†‡†‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ



‹ŽŽ‡– ‹• ƒ …‘‘ –‡” –‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ •ƒŽŽǦ•‡‡†‡† ‰”ƒ••‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ –‡”‡† —–”‹Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ• ‘” †”›
Žƒ†Ǧ…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ–ƒ‹Ž›‹…Ž—†‡••‘”‰Š—ǡ’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǡϐ‹‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ȋ’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ȌǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘Šƒ”•Š‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹†
–”‘’‹…•ǤŠ‡›”‡“—‹”‡Ž‘™‘”‘’—”…Šƒ•‡†‹’—–•ǡ–Š—•–Š‡›ƒ”‡„ƒ…„‘‡ˆ‘”†”›Žƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡Ž–‡”•ǡ
–Š—•ǡƒ”‡‘™ˆ‘”™Š‘Ž‡’Žƒ–—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•’‹–‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡ǡƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•†‡…Ž‹‡††—‡–‘
Š‹‰Š‡”†‡ƒ†ƒ†’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ…‘’‡–‹‰…”‘’•ȋ‡‡–Šƒ”ƒƒet alǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰
—–”‹–‹‘—•Ž› ”‹…Šǡ –Š‡ …‘•—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹– ‹• †‡…Ž‹‹‰ •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž› ȋƒ›ƒƒ” et alǤǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‘ ƒ—‰‡– –Š‡
’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘†‡Ž‹•‡‡†‡†Ǥƒ…ƒ›et alǤȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ†‡ϐ‹‡†˜ƒŽ—‡
…Šƒ‹ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ•–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆƒˆ—ŽŽ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘„”‹‰–Š‡’”‘†—…–‘”•‡”˜‹…‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ǯ•’Šƒ•‡•ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘ϐ‹ƒŽ…‘•—‡”•Ǥ—–ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–—”‰‡‘ȋʹͲͲͳȌǡ
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‹‰ǤͳǤƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‹‹ŽŽ‡–•Ȃ

˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹•Šƒ˜‡–Š”‡‡†‹‡•‹‘•ǡƒ‡Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆƒ…–‘”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ ”‘–Š‡
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ•’‡…–ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹•ƒ”‡„‘–Š…‘’Ž‡šƒ††›ƒ‹…‘”•‹’Ž‡ǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”•—•–ƒ‹‡†
•—’’Ž›‘ˆƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’—–•ǡ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŠ—ƒ”‡•‘—”…‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•ǤŠ‡
•‡…‘††‹‡•‹‘‹••’ƒ–‹ƒŽ™Š‹…Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‡•‘‡–‹‡•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘
ƒ•Dz‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…‘‘†‹–›…Šƒ‹•dz„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡–Š‹”††‹‡•‹‘‹•–Š‡ƒ…–‘”•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹Ǣ–Š‡•‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡ϐ‹”•–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡…Šƒ‹ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ…–‘”•…ƒ‡‹–Š‡”„‡
’”‘†—…‡”•ȋ‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹Ȍǡ•—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”•Ȁ™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡”•‘”Ž‡ƒ†
ϐ‹”•ȋ–—”‰‡‘ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ…ƒ•‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’Ž‡–‡‹ŽŽ‡–•˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
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‹ŽŽ‡–‹•ƒ‰‡‡”‹…–‡”—•‡†ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽDz…‘ƒ”•‡dz‰”ƒ‹•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—•‰”ƒ••‡•ȋ‡„‡”ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ
‘”‰Šum (‘”‰Š—„‹…‘Ž‘”Ȍǡ’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ȋ‡‹•‡–—‰Žƒ—…—Ȍƒ†ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ•‹š•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•–‘‰‡–Š‡”
…‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‡”•…Š‹‡ˆ•—’’‘”––‘”ƒ‹ˆ‡†ˆƒ”‹‰‘™Š‹…Š͸ͲΨ‘ˆ
†‹ƒˆƒ”‡”•†‡’‡†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒ…‘˜‡”•ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘Šƒ™‹–Šƒ—ƒŽ’”‘†—…–‹‘
‘ˆ ͳ͸Ǥ͹͹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ –‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• †”ƒ•–‹…ƒŽŽ› ”‡†—…‡ ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” †—‡ –‘ ‹…‘˜‡‹‡–ǡ
…—„‡”•‘‡ƒ†–‹‡Ǧ…‘•—‹‰’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘‘†ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡŽƒ…‘ˆ’”‘…‡••‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡŽƒ…
‘ˆƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡”‹–•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹…›‘ˆ†‹•‹…‡–‹˜‡‡••–‘™ƒ”†•‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†
ˆƒ˜‘—”‹‰‘ˆ•—’’Ž›‘ˆϐ‹‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ–•—„•‹†‹œ‡†’”‹…‡•Ǥ

‘”†‡”–‘”‡˜‹˜‡–Š‡†‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹†‹ƒǡǦ†‹ƒ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋˆ‘”‡”Ž›Ȍ

Ž‡†…‘•‘”–‹——†‡”–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽˆ—†‹‰ǡŠƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•–‘„”‹†‰‡–Š‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‰ƒ’•
‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ‘Ǧˆƒ”’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰†‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‡”–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ’”‘‘–‹‘
ƒ† ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘”‰Š— ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ––‡’– ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –‘ „”‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• ‹
’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘…‘•—’–‹‘•›•–‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘ƒ…‘‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†Ž‹’‘‘”†”›Žƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•™‹–Š
ƒ”‡–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•…‘•—‡”Ǥ–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ–Š‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‡Šƒ•„—‹Ž–Ž‹ƒ‰‡•™‹–Š’ƒ”–‡”•
ǡ•ƒ†ǡƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹•–‹–—–‡Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™‹–Š ǡ ǡƒ†Ǥ

‹‰ǤʹǤ
ƒ’•ǡ–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ƒ†ˆ—…–‹‘•‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‹‹ŽŽ‡–•Ȃ
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‹‰Ǥ͵Ǥ—……‡••ˆ—Ž˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ȂŽ‡†…‘•‘”–‹—Ǣƒ”–‡”•ǣǡƬ 

ȋ ‘”‡”Ž›
Ȍƒˆ—†‡†‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡

Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹ƒ”‡ǣ

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Š‡„ƒ…™ƒ”†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘†‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•’‡…‹ϐ‹…‘Ǧˆƒ”’”‘†—…–‹‘…‘˜‡”‹‰͵ͲͲͲƒ…”‡•‹ƒ”„Šƒ‹
ȋ”ƒ„‹Ȍƒ†ƒ†‡†ȋŠƒ”‹ˆȌ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒƒ††‹Žƒ„ƒ†ȋŠƒ”‹ˆˆ‘”ʹ•‡ƒ•‘•Ȍ†‹•–”‹…–‹‡Žƒ‰ƒƒ
™‡”‡–‡•–‡†ˆ‘”Ͷ•—……‡••ˆ—Ž›‡ƒ”•—†‡”‡ǦŠ‘—’ƒŽƒ”‡–ƒ••—”‡†‘†‡Ž‘ˆȋȌǤŠ‡„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒ”‹‡•
™‡”‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›„ƒ…•–‘’’‡†„›Ǧ’”‘†—…–•’‡…‹ϐ‹……—Ž–‹˜ƒ”•ȋ‘”‡–ŠƒͳʹȌ„”‹‰‹‰…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡
‹†•‡–‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•‘‹–‡•‹˜‡…‘‡”…‹ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡…‘‡†‡†’ƒ…ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ȋ‘Ȍˆ‘””‡…‡‹˜‹‰„‡––‡”›‹‡Ž†ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›™ƒ•‡š–‡†‡†‹‘†‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡š–‡•‹‘•‡”˜‹…‡•Ǥ
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Š‡‹’ƒ…–‹•˜‹•‹„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆƒ”’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒ••—”‡†‡–‹…‘‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡„‡…Šƒ”•
†‡–‡”‹‡††—”‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡•—”˜‡›…‘†—…–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ™Š‹…Š‹–—”Ž‡†–‘•Š‹ˆ–‹ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ–‘„‡––‡”•‘‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡””‹…Š‡˜‹”‘‡–•™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”‘ˆ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘
‘ˆƒ…”‡ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒǤ

ˆƒ…–ǡ„ƒ…™ƒ”†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‡†–‘‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹–Š‡…”‘’•…‡ƒ”‹‘•—…Šƒ•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡’”‘†—…‡ȋ•‘”‰Š—‰”ƒ‹Ȍǡ„‡––‡”—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒŽŽ‘™Žƒ†ǡƒ†…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”–‘–Š‡…”‘’–Š”‘—‰Š
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‹ƒ‰‡ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹Ǥ

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‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” †‡…Ž‹‡† …‘•—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹• †—‡ –‘ ‹…‘˜‡‹‡…‡ ‹ ‹–• ’”‘†—…–
’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹• ”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘• –Š”‘—‰Š †‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘
‹ŽŽ‡–• ™‡”‡ ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ ”‡‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‹…‘˜‡‹‡…‡• ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’ǡ ϐ‹‡ –—‡ ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡ •‘”‰Š—
’”‘†—…––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǡ–Š‡ǦŠƒ•‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ†”‡–”‘ϐ‹––‡†͵ͷƒ…Š‹‡”‹‡•—†‡”
Ǥ”‹ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†•‡…‘†ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‹‰‡–Š‘†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†ϐ‹‡Ǧ–—‡†—•‹‰
–Š‘•‡‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†Šƒ•…‘‡‘—–™‹–Š‰‘‘†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…––‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••—…Šƒ•
—Ž–‹‰”ƒ‹ƒ––ƒǡ•‡‘Ž‹ƒǡϐŽƒ‡•ǡ‡š–”—†‡†’”‘†—…–•ȋ˜‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹ƒ†’ƒ•–ƒȌǡ„‹•…—‹–•‡–…Ǥǡ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž› 
Šƒ• …‘‡ —’ ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡” ͳͲ ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ƒ† •‘”‰Š— ’”‘†—…– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ˆ ™Š‹…Šǡ ͻ Ǧ
’”‘†—…–•ƒ†ͷ ’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ˆ‘”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡
—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡…‘•—‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ”‘…‡••‹‰‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•‹•…‘–‹—‹‰
ƒ–Ǧ–‘–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ–‹…Š‡•‡‰‡–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ••ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ



Š‡‡–Š‘†‘ˆ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ϐŽƒ‡•ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘”‹…‡Ǥ Žƒ‡•…ƒƒ‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›„›
”‘ƒ•–‹‰ƒ†ϐŽƒ‹‰„›ϐŽƒ‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡•Ǥ

‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ϔŽƒ‡•‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡– Žƒ‡•
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…‘Ž†‡š–”—†‡†’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ•˜‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹ƒ†’ƒ•–ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡ˆ”‘†—”—™Š‡ƒ–‘””‡ϐ‹‡†
™Š‡ƒ–ϐŽ‘—”ǤŠ‡•‡’”‘†—…–•ƒŽ•‘…ƒ„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡–•™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ…Š‹‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•—Œ‹
‹•—•‡†–‘ƒ‡˜‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹ƒ†’ƒ•–ƒ„›—•‹‰•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡†‹‡•Ǥ‹š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡š–”—†‡†–Š”‘—‰Š†‹‡•
ƒ††”‹‡†ˆ‘”–‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†‘‹•–—”‡”‡ƒ…ŠǤ

ƒ‰‹˜‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹ƒŒ”ƒ˜‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹

‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–’ƒ•–ƒ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–’ƒ•–ƒ

 
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‡š’ƒ†‡† ”‹…‡ ‘” —”—”ƒ ‹• ƒ ˜‡”› ’‘’—Žƒ” ’”‘†—…–Ǥ —– •‹‹Žƒ” ’”‘†—…–• ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” …‡”‡ƒŽ•
ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘„‡‹‰’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—…Š’”‘†—…–•‡‡†‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ…‡”‡ƒŽ•˜‹œǤ
’ƒ”„‘‹Ž‹‰ ƒ† ’‡ƒ”Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ‹ „‡ˆ‘”‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹‰ –‘  –”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ š’ƒ†‡† ‰”ƒ‹• ‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›—•‹‰•ƒ‡‡–Š‘†Ǥ
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‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–’—ˆˆ•ƒŒ”ƒ’—ˆˆ•”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–’—ˆˆ•



‡š–”—•‹‘…‘‘‹‰ƒ†”‘ŽŽ‡”†”›‹‰ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ†ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”…‘”ƒ†”‹…‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•
…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‡š–”—•‹‘…‘‘‡†–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡”‡ƒ†›–‘‡ƒ–’”‘†—…–••—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ǤŠ‡’”‘†—…–•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡…”—…Š›
–‡š–—”‡ƒ†…ƒ„‡…‘ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•’‹…‡ƒ†…‘†‹‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡’”‘†—…–•„‡‹‰”‡ƒ†›–‘‡ƒ–ƒ–—”‡
™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”•…‘’‡ˆ‘”—•‡ƒ•™‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†•—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘‘†•Ǥ

š–”—†‡†•ƒ…•š–”—†‡†ϔŽƒ‡•



‹•…—‹–•ƒ”‡’‘’—Žƒ””‡ƒ†›–‘‡ƒ–’”‘†—…–•Ž‹‡†„›…Š‹Ž†”‡–‘‘Ž†ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’‹ƒˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥƒ‡”•ƒ†Š‘‡
•…ƒŽ‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• —•‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘† –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ „‹•…—‹–• ™Š‹…Š …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‘‡ „› Šƒ†Ǥ Š‡
’”‘…‡†—”‡‘ˆƒ‹‰„‹•…—‹–•‹…Ž—†‡•…”‡ƒ‹‰ȋˆƒ–ƒ†•—‰ƒ”’‘™†‡”Ȍƒ†ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–ϐŽ‘—”
–Š‡‹š‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰†‘—‰Šǡ”‘ŽŽ‹‰‘”•Š‡‡–‹‰ǡ…—––‹‰‹–‘„‹•…—‹–•ƒ†„ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‹•–‹‡
…‘•—‹‰ǡ–‡†‹‘—•ƒ†Žƒ„‘”‹–‡•‹˜‡‹ƒ‹‰–Š‡„‹•…—‹–•‹Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡Ǥƒ‡ǡ„—ǡ„”‡ƒ†ǡ”—•ǡ—ˆϐ‹•ǡ
„”‘™‹‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”„ƒ‡”›‹–‡•ƒŽ•‘’”‡’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ
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‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒŽ–…‘‘‹‡•‹ŽŽ‡–•™‡‡–…‘‘‹‡•ƒ‰‹…‘‘‹‡•

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Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‘Ž‡’–‹… •–—†› ‘ˆ ʹͲ ‹ŽŽ‡– ’”‘†—…–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› –Š‡ Ǧ …‘†—…–‡† „› –Š‡  •Š‘™
–Šƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡•—’‡”‹‘”–‘”‹…‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ†‘’ƒ”™‹–Š™Š‡ƒ–„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‹••–—†›™ƒ•
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹–•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–•‹†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ƒ†•…Š‘‘Ž…Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡•–—†‹‡•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
‹ŽŽ‡–• ‘ˆˆ‡” „‡––‡” —–”‹–‹‘ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ƒ”‡– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ’”‘†—…–• ƒ†‡ ˆ”‘ ™Š‡ƒ–ǡ ”‹…‡ ƒ†
ƒ‹œ‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡‘ˆ’—Ž•‡ȋ‘›„Ž‡†Ȍ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–•™‡”‡…‘–ƒ‹‹‰„‡––‡”
ƒ‘—–‘ˆŽ›•‹‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•Ž‹‹–‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”‹‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‘˜‡”…‘‡–Š‡†‡ϐ‹…‹‡…›‘ˆ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•Ǥ

Ž›…‡‹…†‡š‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†•™ƒ•ƒƒŽ›•‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡‡ƒ‰Ž›…‡‹…”‡•’‘•‡ˆ‘””‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ†–‡•–
ˆ‘‘†•—•‹‰–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǤŠ‡•–—†›”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ‹…”‡‡–ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‰Ž—…‘•‡…—”˜‡ȋȌŽ‡˜‡Ž•ƒˆ–‡”…‘•—‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

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Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡•‹•–‘†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡ƒ–Š‘”‘—‰Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡
‘ˆ ’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•– ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹…Ž—†‡• Ž‹‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‹–Š ƒ”‡–•ǡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ –Š‡ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰ǤŠ‡–‘’‹…•†‹•…—••‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ȋ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ
”—”ƒŽ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǡ 
•ǡ 
•ǡ •ƒŽŽǦ ƒ† ‡†‹—Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ ’”‘…‡••‘”•ǡ ™‘‡ ƒ† ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ȌǤ
–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ȋȌ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–• …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†’”‘†—…–•™ƒ•Œ‘‹–Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†„›ƒ†™‹–Šƒ…–‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹•–‹–—–‡•Ž‹‡
ǡ ǡƒ†‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‘‡…‹‡…‡ǡǤƒ…Š‹‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–•™‡”‡
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǤʹͲͲͲ—”ƒŽ™‘‡ƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”͵ͲͲͲ
•ǡˆƒ”‡”•ǡ—”„ƒ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•
ƒ”‡–”ƒ‹‡†‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†’”‘…‡••‹‰Ǥ

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ǦŽƒ—…Š‡†‹–•‘™„”ƒ†ƒ•Dzƒ–”‹–‡dzƒ†–Š‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡†ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ˆ‘‘†•™Š‹Ž‡
 Šƒ•„”ƒ†‡†–Š‡‹”’”‘†—…–•ƒ• ˆ‘‘†•ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡ϐ‹‡Ǧ–—‡†ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†
‘™Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ†„”ƒ†‡†ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘‘†•„ƒ•‡†‘—–”‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›•–—†‹‡•ƒ†–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”—”„ƒ—’ƒ”‡–‹‰ȋ‹††Ž‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”‹…‘‡…Žƒ••‡•Ȍƒ†”—”ƒŽƒ”‡–•Ǥ ‘—†ƒ’Žƒ…‡‹
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•Š‡Žˆ•’ƒ…‡‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹Žƒ”‡–•‹›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǤŠƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘™Š‹…Š™ƒ•ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›—†‡”–ƒ‡„›
ǦŽ‡†…‘•‘”–‹—‘ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡”‹–•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘˜‡”‹‰͵͸Ͳ†‡‰”‡‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘”’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ–”‹–‡’”‘†—…–•—–”‹–‹‘‹•–•Ȁ†‘…–‘”•Ȁ†‹‡–‹…‹ƒ•™‡”‡•‡•‹–‹œ‡†„›Ǧ
ƒ†ˆ‘”…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’‘”–ƒŽǦŽƒ—…Š‡†™™™Ǥ‹eatriteǤ…‘™‡„•‹–‡Ǥ

‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‘—–•‘—”…‡† –Š‡ ‡˜‡– ƒƒ‰‡”• ˆ‘” ’‘’—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡– ’”‘†—…–• ȋ͵͸Ͳ †‡‰”‡‡
…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ„”ƒ††‡•‹‰‹‰Ž‘‰‘ǡ‡–…™‹–Šƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ȍ‹—”„ƒƒ”‡–•Ƭ
‡™ƒ‰‡‡†‹ƒǤƒ••‹˜‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‹•…”‡ƒ–‡†‘•‘”‰Š—ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†—–”‹ƒˆ‘‘†–Š”‘—‰Š‘ƒ†•Š‘™•
ȋͳͲͲΪȌ‹’—„Ž‹…’ƒ”•ǡƒŽŽ•ǡƒ†‹•–‹–—–‡•‡–…‹›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ƒ†‹‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•‹‹’ƒ”–‹‰ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‡–•–‘ƒ…”‘••ͶͲͲͲͲ…‘•—‡”•–Š”‘—‰Šˆƒ„”‹…ƒ–‡† ‘™ƒ”ƒ–Š‹—‡ǡƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡ǡ ƒ„ƒŽ’—”ǡŠ‡ƒ‹ǡ
‘‹„ƒ–‘”‡ǡ‡™‡ŽŠ‹‡–…Ǥ—”ƒŽ…‘•—‡”†”‹˜‡™ƒ•—†‡”–ƒ‡„›”—”ƒŽ…Š‘—’ƒŽŠƒƒ–•–‘•‡•‹–‹œ‡
–Š‡…‘˜‡‹‡…‡ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–’—–•ˆ”‘–Š‡•—„Ǧ’”‘Œ‡…–Ǥ

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Š‡’‹Ž‘–…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…–•ƒ–›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†•–ƒ”–•™‹–ŠŽƒ—…Š‹‰‘ˆǦ„”ƒ†
“ƒ–”‹–‡dz™‹–Šƒ–ƒ‰Ž‹‡Ǯǯƒ– ‘™ƒ”Ȃ•–ƒ›Š‡ƒŽ–Š›᪃ǤŠ‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•—†‡”–Š‹•„”ƒ†‹…Ž—†‡•ǣ‹ŽŽ‡–
‹…Š—Ž–‹‰”ƒ‹ Ž‘—”ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–‡‘Ž‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ•–ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹ǡ‹ŽŽ‡– Žƒ‡•Ƭ‹ŽŽ‡–‘ƒ•–‡† Žƒ‡•ǡ
ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹•…—‹–•Ȁ‘‘‹‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• ”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ ͷ ˆ‘”ƒ–• ‘ˆ „—•‹‡•• ’Žƒ• ƒ”‡ …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ‘™ƒ”
’”‘†—…–• ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† —†‡” –Š‡‹” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡”‹– ƒ••‡••‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• •Šƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ …‘•—‡” ”—’‡‡Ǥ
—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ǡ Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ǡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ƒ† ’”‹…‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ˆ‘” –ƒ”‰‡–‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ —”„ƒ
ƒ”‡–•ȋƬ ȌǤŠ—•‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘’”‘˜‹†‡…‘˜‡‹‡–‘’–‹‘•ˆ‘”…‘•—‡”•
ƒ‘‰•‘”‰Š—ˆ‘‘†•Ǥ

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Š‡•—……‡•••–‘”›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‹‘†‡Šƒ•…ƒ’–—”‡†–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡•…‹‡–‹•–•
ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•’‘‡‘ˆ‹’‘’—Žƒ”
 …Šƒ‡Ž• „‡•‹†‡• ‰‹˜‹‰ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• †—”‹‰ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‡‹ƒ”• ƒ† …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡• •—…Š ƒ•
…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ†•‘‘„‡•‹†‡•ƒ†‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••–Š”‘—‰Š
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•„‘–Šƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•‡––‹‰—’ƒ–”‹–‡ƒŽ‡•…‘—–‡”•ƒ–
 ‘—–Ž‡–•ǡ”‹•Š‹Šƒ˜ƒǡ‘’Ž‡šǡ‡™‡ŽŠ‹Ǥ

‘”†‡”–‘†”ƒ™–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹…›ƒ‡”•™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ–Š‡‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š
ǡ ƒ‹’—” ƒ† ǡ ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ† …‘†—…–‡† ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‹ƒ” ‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ ‘˜‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͲǤ Š‡
•‡‹ƒ” ™ƒ• —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ”ƒ‹•–‘”‹‰ ‡••‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ –ƒ• ˆ‘”…‡ ‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ’”‘‘–‹‘
™ƒ••‡–—’Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ† ‘‘†‡…—”‹–›–Š”‘—‰Š–‡•‹˜‡‹ŽŽ‡–•”‘‘–‹‘
ȋȌ’”‘Œ‡…–ǡƒ•Ǥ͵ͲͲ…”‘”‡—†‡”™ƒ•Žƒ—…Š‡†„›™‹–Šƒ•–Š‡‡–‡”‘ˆš…‡ŽŽ‡…‡
ˆ‘”†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰’”‘…‡••‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘ƒ”‘—†ʹͲͲ’”‘…‡••‹‰…Ž—•–‡”•–Šƒ–™‡”‡•‡–—’—†‡”–Š‡
•…Š‡‡ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ‡‡–”‡‘ˆš…‡ŽŽ‡…‡ȋ‘Ȍƒ–Ǧ‹•‘™‹ˆ—ŽŽ•™‹‰†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‰
–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†—†‡”–‘’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘—–”›ǤŠ”‡‡’‹Ž‘–‹†ƒ›‡ƒŽ•…Š‡‡
•–—†‹‡• ™‹–Š ‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• †‹‡– ƒ”‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ‹ ͵ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ†  „› –Š‡
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—†‡”–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‰—‹†ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ†
‘˜‡”‡–‹•ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›…‘–‡’Žƒ–‹‰ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–•‹
’—„Ž‹…ˆ—†‡†™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡•–ƒ”‰‡–‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰”‘—’•Ǥ

Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘”  ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–•᪃ ˆ‘‘†•Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡† –‘ ‡Šƒ…‡† …‘•—’–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ
–ƒ”‰‡–‡†‰”‘—’•ǡ‹…‘‡ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‹–‹‘ƒ†„”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•
ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘‘†•ǤŠ‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‡–ǦŽ‹‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ’”‘…—”‡‡–ǡ’”‹ƒ”›’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†
„—›Ǧ„ƒ…ȋ’”‘…—”‡‡–Ȍƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•™‡”‡†‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š᪃•–†ƒ”‡–ƒ••—”ƒ…‡‘†‡Žƒ†–Š‹•™ƒ•
‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡…‘ϐ‹†‡…‡‘ˆ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ˆ‘”—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ


•–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‹••—……‡••ˆ—Ž—†‡”’”‘Œ‡…–ǡ‹–…ƒ„‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‹‘–Š‡”
’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™Š‡”‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‹ …”‘’Ǥ ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ’‘Ž‹…› ƒ‡”• ƒ†
…‘…‡” †‡’ƒ”–‡– •Š‘—Ž† –ƒ‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ‹•’‹”‡ ƒ† ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ˆƒ”‡”•
–‘ ‰‘ ˆ‘” …‘‡”…‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• •—…Š ƒ• ‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ ǡ
•—„•‹†‹œ‡ƒ…Š‹‡”›ˆ‘”’”‘…‡••‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ™‹†‡…ƒ’ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ϐŽƒ‰‰‹‰ƒ•
Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–ˆ‘‘†ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•™‹ŽŽ‘–‘Ž›•‡…—”‡–Š‡‡…‘‘‹……‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ†”›
Žƒ† ˆƒ”‡”• „—– ƒŽ•‘ ™‹†‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† •‡…—”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘—–”›Ǥ • Š‡ƒŽ–Š „‡‡ϐ‹–•ǡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ ƒ …Š‹‡ˆ
…‘’‘‡–‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†‹‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡•‹…‡‹–…ƒ…‘–”‘Ž˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘†‡”Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
„‘˜‡–Š‡•‡ǡ–Š‡…‘•—‡”•™‡”‡‘™‰‹˜‡‘’–‹‘‘ˆ…‘˜‡‹‡…‡ˆ‘”…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—
ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘†—…–•ǤŠ‡™Š‘Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•™‹ŽŽ—’Ž‹ˆ––Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ƒ†
•ƒ–‹•ˆ›…‘•—‡”•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•Ǥ

 
ƒ ‹Ž˜ƒ ƒ† ‡ —œƒ ‹ŽŠ‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” ”ƒ’‹† ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ ˆ‘‘† …Šƒ‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ‹ƒŽ‡†‡ŽŽ‡‡”‡†‹ƒ”ƒ…ƒŽŽƒǦͲͲͳͷ͵‘‡ǡ–ƒŽ›
ƒ›ƒƒ”ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ƒ–‹Žǡ ǤǤǡ ƒŒ‡†”ƒ’”ƒ•ƒ†ǡ ǤǤǡ ‹”ƒŽ ‡††›ǡ Ǥǡ ƒ‹‹ ‡˜‹ǡ ”‹Šƒ”•Šƒǡ Ǥ ƒ† ƒ…Š—‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ
’ƒ…–‘ˆ‘˜ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒŽ—‡Šƒ‹‘‘”‰Š— ƒ”‡”•Ǥ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘‘‹…•‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡˜‹‡™Ǥʹ͵ȋ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡
—„‡”ȌǡͶͳͻǦͶʹ͸Ǥ
ƒ’‹•›ǡDz
Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†—‡“—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǣ™Šƒ–…ƒ„‡Ž‡ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹ƒƒŽ›•‹•Dz ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
•–—†‹‡•‘Ž͵͹ǡ‘ͳǡʹͲͲͲ’’ͳͳ͹ǦͳͶ͸Ǥ
ƒ’‹•›ǡƒ†‘””‹•ǡDz˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǣ–‘‘Žˆ‘”‡Šƒ…‹‰‡š’‘”–•—’’Ž›‘Ž‹…‹‡•dzǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ
‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ‘Žͳǡ‘͵ʹͲͲͺ’’ʹͺ͵Ǧ͵ͲͺǤ
ƒ’‹•›ǡƒ†‘””‹•ǡƒƒ†„‘‘‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–‡”ǡ––ƒ™ƒ
ʹͲͲͳǤ
ƒ…ƒ›ǡǤǡ‘””‹••‡›ǡǤƒ†ƒ‹ŽŽƒ–ǡǤȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ”ƒ†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡•—’’Ž›”‡•’‘•‡ǣ••—‡ƒ†•‘‡
Ž‡••‘•Ǥ—”‘’‡ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤͻȋʹȌǣͳʹͻȂͳͶ͹Ǥ
‡‡–Šƒ”ƒƒǡ Ǥǡ ƒ›ƒƒ” ƒ‘ǡ Ǥǡ Žƒ‰‘˜ƒǡ Ǥǡ ‹Žƒ•ǡ Ǥ ‘ƒ’‹ ƒ† ƒ–ƒ˜ƒ–Š‹ǡ ǤǤ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ Šƒ‰‹‰ …‡ƒ”‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹ŽŽ‡–•—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒǤ‘—˜‡‹”ǡ ƒ” ‡•–ǦʹͲͲ͹ǡʹ͵Ǧʹͷ–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ƒ–’’ƒŽƒǡ—†—…Š‡”‹Ǥ
–—”‰‡‘ǡǤ ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌ‘™†‘™‡†‡ϐ‹‡˜ƒŽ—‡…Šƒ‹•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘‡–™‘”•ǫ—ŽŽ‡–‹͵ʹȋ͵ȌǣͻȂͳͺǤ
‡„‡”ǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ‡‡†•‘ˆ”„ƒ‹•ǣƒŽ‡‘‡–Š‘„‘–ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡†—•‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‹“—‹–›ǡ͹͵ȋʹͺʹȌǡͺͳʹǦͺʹ͸Ǥ
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SECTION - 16
Ǥ 

ǡ

TAKING A SMART FOOD APPROACH

™‘‘ˆ–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–‹••—‡•‘–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ‰‡†ƒƒ”‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–
ˆ‘”†‹ƒǤ††–‘–Š‹•–Š‡’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ†‹ƒˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†™‡Šƒ˜‡•‘‡–‘—‰Š…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ•‘Ž—–‹‘•
ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡„‹‰‹••—‡•™‘”‹•‹Ž‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ”– ‘‘†1ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•ƒ„‘—–ϐ‹†‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰‘‘†
ˆ‘”›‘—ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǡ‹—‹•‘Ǥ

Š‡ ϐ‹”•– •–‡’ ‹ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‹• ‹• –‘ ˆ‘…—• ‘ †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›‹‰ •–ƒ’Ž‡• ™‹–Š ƒ”– ‘‘†•Ǥ
‹˜‡ –Šƒ–
•–ƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡͹ͲΨ‘ˆƒ‡ƒŽƒ†–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡ϐ‹‡†…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡ǡŠ‡…‡–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡—–”‹–‹‘
„‡‹‰‰ƒ‹‡†ǡ–Š‹•‹•™Š‡”‡™‡…ƒŠƒ˜‡„‹‰‹’ƒ…–Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†•‘”‰Š—ƒ”‡‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†•–‘–ƒ”‰‡––‘†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›•–ƒ’Ž‡•ǤŠ‡›ϐ‹––Š‡…”‹–‡”‹ƒ‘ˆ„‡‹‰
ƒ”– ‘‘†•Ž‹‡–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡••Š‘™‹‹ƒ‰”ƒ•ǡƒ†Ǥ
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–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ––Š‡‰”‘™‹‰‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„‹‰‰ƒ’
ƒ––Š‡…‘•—‡”‡†™Š‹…Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‡‡†•ƒ”‡–‹‰–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
™‘”‹‰™‹–Š’”‘…‡••‘”•–‘ƒ‡‘†‡”ǡ…‘˜‡‹‡–ƒ†ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

‘”Ž‘‰‡”–‡”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ›‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘„”‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†•‘”‰Š—‹–‘ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǡ–Š‡›‡‡†–‘„‡
–ƒ•–›ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ”‡–‹‰ǡˆ‘‘†’”‘…‡••‘”•ǡ…‘‘•ƒ†…Š‡ˆ•’Žƒ›ƒ‡›”‘Ž‡‹ƒ…Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‹•Ǥ
What is often missed is that the ˆ‘‘†’”‘…‡••‘”••–”—‰‰Ž‡Œ—•–ƒ•—…Šƒ•ˆƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒŽŽȂ‡†‹—
–‡”’”‹•‡•ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†•‘”‰Š—‹†—•–”›ƒ†‡“—ƒŽŽ›†‡•‡”˜‡•—’’‘”–‹‰Ǥ

Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ†–ƒ•–›’”‘†—…–•ƒ”‡Œ—•–ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–™Š‡„‡‹‰„”‘—‰Š–‹–‘ƒˆ‡‡†‹‰
program ƒ•‹–‹•™Š‡„‡‹‰ƒ†‡‹–‘…‘‡”…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

Ž•‘Œ—•–‹…Ž—†‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–‘ƒˆ‡‡†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡—–”‹–‹‘—•ǡ™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›
‹’ƒ…–ˆ—Žǡ—Ž‡••‡›…”‹–‡”‹ƒƒ”‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–Ǥ

‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––‘„‡‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†–‘–Š‡‡†‹ƒ‘ˆƒ”‡…‡–’‹Ž‘–—†‡”–ƒ‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•–Š‡ϐ‹”•–‘™
Ǯ•…‹‡–‹ϐ‹… •–—†›ǯ1 ‘ ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹–‘ •…Š‘‘Ž ˆ‡‡†‹‰ǡ –Šƒ– –‡•–‡† –Š‡ ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ƒ† —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‹’ƒ…–Ǥ ƒ”Ž› ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‡ ‹…Ž—†‡† Š‡”‡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• —†‡”–ƒ‡ „› –Š‡
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘’•‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‹Ǧ”‹†”‘’‹…•ȋȌƒ†•Šƒ›ƒƒ–”ƒǤ

’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳǡͷͲͲƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–•…Š‘‘Ž…Š‹Ž†”‡ˆ”‘–™‘•…Š‘‘Ž•™‡”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†‹†Ǧ†ƒ›
‡ƒŽˆ‘”͵‘–Š•Ǥ‘–Š‡”–™‘•…Š‘‘Ž•„‡‹‰ˆ‡†–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”–‹ϐ‹‡†”‹…‡ƒ†•ƒ„ƒ‹†Ǧ†ƒ›‡ƒŽ•
™‡”‡ –Š‡ …‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’ ˆ‘” …‘’ƒ”‹•‘Ǥ ͳͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …Š‹Ž†”‡ ™‡”‡ –”ƒ…‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ȋ—•‹‰
ƒ–Š”‘’‘‡–”› ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ȍ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ •‡•‘”› ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‡˜‡”› ‘–Š –‘ •‡‡ Š‘™ –Š‡
…Š‹Ž†”‡™‡”‡Ž‹‹‰‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‡ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡–Š‡„‡‡ϐ‹–•™ƒ•†‡•‹‰‡†„ƒ•‡†‘͸…‘’‘‡–•ǣ

ͳǤ †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†–ƒ”‰‡–‹‰–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•—‡”•‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ‡‹ƒǤ

ʹǤ ‡Ž‡…–‹‰–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•–Šƒ–„‡•––ƒ”‰‡––Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡†•

͵Ǥ ‡Ž‡…–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•Š‹‰Š‡•–‹–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—–”‹‡–•

ͶǤ •‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡•„›˜ƒ”‹‡–›ƒ††‘‡•‘–—•‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›

ͷǤ …Ž—†‡ƒ‡†—Ǧ–ƒ‹‡–’”‘‰”ƒȋƒ™ƒ”‡‡••’”‘‰”ƒ–Šƒ–‹•ˆ—Ȍ

͸Ǥ •’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†‡—•–ƒ‹‰‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ǣ
{ …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆˆ‘‘†•

{ „ƒŽƒ…‹‰–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‡—ƒ††‹‡–
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{ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘‘‹‰‡–Š‘†•

{ ‡“—‹’‡–ƒ†…‘‘‹‰•‹ŽŽ•

{ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ•‡•‹–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†–ƒ•–‡Ǥ

‹–Š–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š„‡‹‰ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ǡ–Š‡•–—†›”‡•—Ž–•ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––‘„‡‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ‹…Ž—†‡†ǣ

 ͷͲΨˆƒ•–‡”‰”‘™–Šˆ‘”–Š‡…Š‹Ž†”‡„‡‹‰ˆ‡†–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ•–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”–‹ϐ‹‡†”‹…‡Ǧ
„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ•ǡ‹Œ—•–͵‘–Š•Ǥ

 The children rated the mealsͶǤͷ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”‘—–‘ˆͷˆ‘”–ƒ•–‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‡ƒ–‹‰Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ•”‹…‡Ǥ

Š‡—–”‹–‹‘…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒŽ•™ƒ•Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›–‡•–‡†Ȃ•‡‡‰”ƒ’Š•ǦǤŠ‡‡™Ž›†‡•‹‰‡†‹ŽŽ‡–
„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ•™‡”‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›•—’‡”‹‘”ˆ‘”—–”‹–‹‘…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†‡ƒŽ•‘”ƒŽŽ›•‡”˜‡†‘ˆ
ˆ‘”–‹ϐ‹‡†”‹…‡ƒ†•ƒ„ƒ”Ǥ‹…‡™ƒ•‘–•‡”˜‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ǡƒ†‘•‘‡†ƒ›•Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–
™ƒ••‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ”‹…‡Ǥ

”ƒ’Š•Ǧǣ—–”‹–‹‘…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆˆ‘”–‹ϐ‹‡†”‹…‡ƒ†•ƒ„ƒ…‘’ƒ”‡†
–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–„ƒ•‡†•Ǥ
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ƒ”‡–‹‰ –‘ ’‘•‹–‹‘ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ† •‘”‰Š— ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‡•—”‹‰ †‡Ž‹…‹‘—• ”‡…‹’‡• ƒ†
’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘’‘‡–•–‘’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡ƒ†ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†•‘”‰Š—ǤŠ‹•”‡“—‹”‡•
ƒ”‡––‡•–‹‰ƒ†•—’’‘”–Ǥ

Š‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–™Š‡–Š‡”‹–‹•ƒˆ‡‡†‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‘”ƒ…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–Ǥ‡‡’‹‰ˆ‘‘†–ƒ•–›„—–•–‹ŽŽ
Š‡ƒŽ–Š›‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡„—–…ƒ–ƒ‡‡š–”ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥƒš‹‹œ‹‰–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•ƒŽ•‘–ƒ‡••’‡…‹ϐ‹…
‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

‘™‹•–Š‡–‹‡–‘‡•—”‡ƒ”– ‘‘†…‘•—‡”ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡‰”‘™–ŠǤ
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SECTION - 17


 
‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ† ‘‘†‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ
‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
†‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡŠ—„ƒ‡•™ƒ”ǡ
†‹•Šƒǡ͹ͷͳͲͲ͵ǡ†‹ƒ

VALUE ADDITION OF UNDER-EXPLOITED MILLETS:

KEY TO NUTRITIONAL SECURITY
‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– †”‘—‰Š– ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ– …”‘’• ™‹–Š ƒ •Š‘”– ‰”‘™‹‰ •‡ƒ•‘ ƒ†
‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Šˆ”‡“—‡–…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›‰”‘™‹–Š‡•‡‹ƒ”‹†–”‘’‹…•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• •—…Š ƒ• ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋPennisetumglaucumȌǡ ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋEleusinecoracanaȌǡ ‘†‘
millet (PaspalumsetaceumȌǡ ’”‘•‘ ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋPenicummiliaceumȌǡ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋSetaria italicȌǡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–
(PanicumsumatrenseȌǡƒ†„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ȋEchinochloautilisȌǤŠ‡•‡‘ˆˆ‡”„‘–Šˆ‘‘†ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›
–‘Š—ƒ”ƒ…‡ƒ†ˆ‡‡†•‡…—”‹–›–‘†‹˜‡”•‡Ž‹˜‡•–‘…‹†”›Žƒ†”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ†‹ƒǤŠ‡‰Ž—–‡ˆ”‡‡‹ŽŽ‡–
‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘•–”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•Ǥ‹‰Šϐ‹„”‡…‘–‡–ǡ’”‘–‡‹
“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‹›‰”ƒ‹•…‘–”‹„—–‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›–‘—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›‘ˆƒ
Žƒ”‰‡•‡…–‹‘‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘”‡•‹†‹‰‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”‘™‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡—–”‹–‹‘—•‹ŽŽ‡–•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘……—’‹‡†
ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹‡–• ƒ† …”‘’ •›•–‡• ‹ –”‹„ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ †‹•ŠƒǤ †‹•Šƒ ’”‘†—…‡• •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ
“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•ȋ”ƒ‰‹ȌǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ȋ•—ƒȌǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒŽ•‘‹•
‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”…”—†‡ϐ‹„‡”ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ…‘–‡–•–Šƒ–Š‘•‡‘ˆ…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ–•’”‘–‡‹‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„‡––‡”
„ƒŽƒ…‡†™‹–Š‘”‡Ž›•‹‡ǡ–Š”‡‘‹‡ǡƒ†˜ƒŽ‹‡–Šƒ‘–Š‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
”‡’‘”–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”ȋ͵͹Ψ–‘͵ͺΨȌǡƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ–Šƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”’‘Ž›—•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†ˆƒ––›ƒ…‹†•Ǥ
‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘–‡‹…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‹–•’”‘–‡‹…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡‹•ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘‘†
‹‰”‡†‹‡–ƒ†‹•”‹…Š‹Ž›•‹‡ǡƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†—–”‹‡–•‹
‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ‡•–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹‡†ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

”‹‘” –‘ …‘•—’–‹‘ǡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ‰”ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ’”‘…‡••‡† „› …‘‘Ž› —•‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‹‰
–‡…Š‹“—‡•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”‡†‹„Ž‡ǡ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†•‡•‘”›’”‘’‡”–‹‡•Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ˆ‘‘†
’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ† ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†• …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡Šƒ…‡ –Š‡ „‹‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•
’”‡•‡– ‹ ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹…Ž—†‡ „‘–Š –Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ •‘ƒ‹‰ǡ ”‘ƒ•–‹‰ǡ ϐŽƒ‹‰ǡ
‰”‹†‹‰ǡˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ȀƒŽ–‹‰ǤŠ‡•‡’”‘…‡†—”‡•ƒ‹–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’Š›•‹…‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ
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ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•ƒ†–‘†‡…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ—–”‹‡–•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡’”‘…‡••‹‰
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡†ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ˆ‘‘†Ǧ’”‘†—…–•ǡ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•…ƒϐ‹†ƒ
’Žƒ…‡‹Žƒ”‰‡—”„ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘Ǧ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡–—•‡”•Ǥ



—”‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –Š”‡‡ †‡…ƒ†‡•ǡ ƒ”‡ƒ —†‡” ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– Šƒ• †‡…Ž‹‡† ‘•–Ž› †—‡ –‘ †‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–‹‡• ’‘•‡†
†—”‹‰’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•–’”‘…‡••‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•–‘‘–‹›–‘„‡Šƒ†Ž‡†
„› …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ …Ž‡ƒ‡”• ƒ† †‡Š—ŽŽ‡”•Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†• ƒ”‡ –‹‡ …‘•—‹‰ǡ –‡†‹‘—• ƒ† Ž‡••
‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡†‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘†‡…‘”–‹…ƒ–‡
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹•‹ƒ•Š‘”––‹‡ƒ–…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ…Š‹‡••—…Š
ƒ•†‡•–‘‡”•ǡ…Ž‡ƒ‡”Ǧ…—Ǧ‰”ƒ†‡”•ƒ††‡Š—ŽŽ‡”•ƒ”‡‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡”•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•
‡š…‡’–”ƒ‰‹‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›†‡Š—ŽŽ‡†ƒ†•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š›†”‘Ǧ–Š‡”ƒŽ–”‡ƒ–‡–•ˆ‘”‘”‡ƒ†
‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–”‡…‘˜‡”›Ǥ‡Š—ŽŽ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•…ƒ„‡…‘‘‡†Ž‹‡”‹…‡‘”…ƒ„‡‹ŽŽ‡†–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡ϐŽ‘—”ƒ†…ƒ„‡—•‡†
‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•Ǥ

 



‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ƒŽ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ‹• ƒ› ”‡•—Ž– ‹ •‘‡ „‹‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ ‘†‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡ ƒŽ– ™‹–Š
‹’”‘˜‡†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡—•‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡…‹’‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘–‡‹†‹‰‡•–‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†
–Š‡…‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹ƒ‹‡ǡ‹ƒ…‹ǡ–‘–ƒŽŽ›•‹‡ǡ’”‘–‡‹ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ•—‰ƒ”•ǡ•‘Ž—„Ž‡†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”‹•‹’”‘˜‡†ƒˆ–‡”
‰‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘ƒ‹‰ƒ††”›Š‡ƒ–‹‰™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ–‹Ǧ—–”‹‡–•‹•”‡†—…‡†ǤƒŽ–‹‰…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•
‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ”‡•—’‡”‹‘”–‘‘–Š‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†”ƒ•‡š––‘„ƒ”Ž‡›ƒŽ–ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•„‡‡ϐ‹–•‘ˆ
ƒŽ–‹‰•—…Šƒ•˜‹–ƒ‹Ǧǡ’Š‘•’Š‘”—•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ†Ž›•‹‡ƒ†–”›’–‘’Šƒƒ”‡•›–Š‡•‹œ‡†Ǥ
Š‡ƒŽ–‡†ƒ†ˆ‡”‡–‡†”ƒ‰‹ϐŽ‘—”ƒ”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›—•‡†‹’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‡ƒ‹‰ˆ‘‘†ǡ‹•–ƒ–‹š‡•
ƒ†„‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡ƒŽ–‡†™‡ƒ‹‰ˆ‘‘†‹•‹š‡†™‹–Š’‘™†‡”‡†•—‰ƒ”ǡ‹Ž’‘™†‡”‘”™Š‘Ž‡‹ŽƒŽ‘‰
™‹–ŠϐŽƒ˜‘—”‹‰ƒ‰‡–•–‘ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž„ƒ•‡†„‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹•’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‰‘‘†•‘—”…‡‘ˆ—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†
•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‹•’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‹•’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›‘™ƒ•ǮragiƒŽ–ǯƒ†…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š
†”‹ ‘” ‡‡”‰› †”‹Ǥ ƒŽ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ϐŽ‘—” ™‹–Š ƒ Š‹‰Š …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ

‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•…ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡…Š‹“—‡‘”‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š’”‘„‹‘–‹…ˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘
’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒŽ–’‘™†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ•‹ˆƒ–ˆ‘”—Žƒǡ…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›
ˆ‘‘†’”‘†—…–•ǡƒ†…‘’‘•‹–‡ϐŽ‘—”•‘”ˆ‘‘†„Ž‡†•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ–‹‰
ƒ– ƒ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ •…ƒŽ‡ —•‹‰ ‘˜‡Ž ‰‡”‹ƒ–‘”• —†‡” …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† …‘†‹–‹‘• –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–› ƒŽ–
’”‘†—…–•–‘Š‡Ž’‹’”‘‘–‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Ȁǧ
 Ȁ 
Š‡†”›‹ŽŽ‹‰’”‘…‡•••–ƒ”–•™‹–Š–Š‡…Ž‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡…Ž‡ƒ‡†‰”ƒ‹‹•‹ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡Šƒ‡”‹ŽŽ•
–‘‘„–ƒ‹™Š‘Ž‡ϐŽ‘—”‘”ƒ›„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹–‘‡†‘•’‡”ǡ‰‡”ƒ†„”ƒˆ”ƒ…–‹‘•–‘‰‡–ϐ‹‡ϐŽ‘—”Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–
‰”ƒ‹• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ’—Ž˜‡”‹•‡† –‘ ‰‡–•‡‘Ž‹ƒ ƒ† ϐŽ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰‹ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ •‹œ‡Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–
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‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡•Š•‹œ‡‹–Š‡‹ŽŽ‹•ƒ†Œ—•–‡†Ǥ Ž‘—”…ƒ„‡•–‘”‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‡™‘–Š•™Š‹…Š
‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒƒ‹‹‰”‡†‹‡–ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡…‹’‡•Ǥ—Ž–‹‰”ƒ‹”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒˆ‘‘†–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡
–›’‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹ǤŠ‹•™Š‘Ž‡‰”ƒ‹„Ž‡†‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•–Š‡„”ƒǡ‰‡”ǡƒ†‡†‘•’‡”’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•–‘
ƒ‡—–”‹–‹‘—•ϐŽ‘—”ǤŠ‹•„Ž‡†ƒ›„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†”‘–‹•ǡ‹•–ƒ–‹š‡•ǡ
•ƒ…•ƒ†„ƒ‡”›ˆ‘‘†•Ǥ

ƒ‰‹ƒŽ–ƒ†ƒ‡”›’”‘†—…–•


Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ „ƒ‡”› ’”‘†—…–• ‘– ‘Ž› ‘ˆˆ‡”• •—’‡”‹‘” ˆ‘‘† ‹–‡• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ϐ‹„”‡ …‘–‡–ǡ
‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•„—–ƒŽ•‘…”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ‰‘‘†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•’”‘…‡••‘”•‘”’”‘†—…‡”•–‘‡–‡”‹–‘–Š‡„ƒ‡”›
™‘”Ž† ƒ• ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ϐŽ‘—” …ƒ „‡ ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’”‘’‘”–‹‘• ˆ”‘ ͳͲΨ –‘ ͳͲͲΨ
Ž‡˜‡Ž• –‘ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡ …‘‘‹‡•ǡ „”‡ƒ†Ȁ„—ǡ „‹•…—‹–ǡ ƒŠƒ–ƒ‹ǡ —ˆϐ‹•ǡ ’‹œœƒ „ƒ•‡ ƒ† …ƒ‡ „› ”‡’Žƒ…‹‰
”‡ϐ‹‡†™Š‡ƒ–ϐŽ‘—”„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡…‘•—‡”’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ

 ȀȀ 
‘’’‡†‘”’—ˆˆ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡’‘’—Žƒ”’”‘†—…–•™‹–Š’Ž‡ƒ•‹‰–‡š–—”‡ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ϐŽƒ˜‘”Ǥ‘’’‹‰
‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡„›‹ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‰•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›‡Šƒ…‹‰
–Š‡’”‘–‡‹ƒ†…ƒ”„‘Š›†”ƒ–‡†‹‰‡•–‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘‡Šƒ…‡•–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ǡ…‘Ž‘—”ǡ–ƒ•–‡ƒ†ƒ”‘ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡
’”‘…‡••‡†”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ ‘”’‘’’‹‰‘”’—ˆϐ‹‰ǡ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‘”†‡Š—ŽŽ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡…‘†‹–‹‘‡†„›
‹š‹‰ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”—’–‘ƒ‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–‘ˆͳͺǦʹͲΨƒ†–‡’‡”‡†ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—–ͶǦ͸Š‘—”•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†
„›ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡Š‘–•ƒ†•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ʹ͵ͲǦʹͷͲǏˆ‘”•Š‘”––‹‡Ǥ‹…‡†—”‹‰’‘’’‹‰
‘”’—ˆϐ‹‰‰”ƒ‹•ƒ”‡†‡Š›†”ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–ȋ͵ǦͷΨȌǡ–Š‡•Š‡ŽˆǦŽ‹ˆ‡‹•
‡Šƒ…‡†Ǥ ‘™ǦƒǦ†ƒ›• ‘†‡” ƒ‹” ’—ˆϐ‹‰ ƒ…Š‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ™Š‹…Š …ƒ „‡ —•‡† ˆ‘” ƒ••
’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ’—ˆˆ‡†‘”’‘’’‡†‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•Ǥ Žƒ‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›–”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•™‹–Š•–‡ƒ
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ƒ† –Š‡ …”—•Š‹‰ –Š‡ „‡–™‡‡ Š‘– ”‘ŽŽ‡”•Ǥ —ˆˆ‡† ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‰”ƒ‹• …ƒ „‡ …‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘ ’‘™†‡”
„› •‹’Ž‡ ‰”‹†‹‰ ™Š‹…Š …ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡” „‡ ‡”‹…Š‡† ™‹–Š ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰”‡†‹‡–•Ǥ ƒ”‹‘—• …‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹‰”‡†‹‡–•…ƒ„‡–ƒ‡ƒ†‹š™‡ŽŽǡ–Š‹•—–”‹–‹‘—•‹š•‘’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”•ˆ‘‘†ǤŠ‡•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒ†
…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•‹•†‘‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–‰”‘—’•Ž‹‡…Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ’”‡‰ƒ–

—ˆˆ‡†ǡ Žƒ‡†ƒ†š–”—†‡†”‘†—…–•ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‡–•

ƒ†Žƒ…–ƒ–‹‰‘–Š‡”•‡–…ǤŠ‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–•ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”…‘‘‹‰”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ†
Š›‰‹‡‹…ƒŽŽ›’ƒ…‡†‹•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

Ȁ

Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ †”ƒ•–‹… …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† Šƒ„‹–• •‹…‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡
‡š–”—†‡†ˆ‘‘†•„‡‹‰’”‘†—…–•Šƒ˜‡„‡…‘‡ƒ‰‘‘†…Š‘‹…‡ƒ••ƒ…ˆ‘‘†•Ǥš–”—•‹‘…‘‘‹‰‹•ƒŠ‹‰Š
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‰”ƒ‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’ƒ†‡†‘”…‘’”‡••‡†‡š–”—†ƒ–‡•ǤŽŽ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•…ƒ„‡‡š–”—†‡†ƒ•–Š‡•‡…‘–ƒ‹‰‘‘†ƒ‘—–
‘ˆ•–ƒ”…ŠǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–ϐŽ‘—”‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘„‡…‘†‹–‹‘‡†Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ϐŽ‘—”‘”‰”‹–•‡šŠ‹„‹–‰‘‘†
‡š–”—•‹‘ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǥ š–”—•‹‘ …‘‘‹‰ Šƒ• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‰‡Žƒ–‹‹œ‡ ƒ† …‘‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ƒ† ‡ƒ„Ž‡•
‹–•—•‡•ƒ•ƒˆ‘‘†ǤŠ‡ϐŽ‘—”Ȁ‰”‹–™‹–Šͳ͸Ǧͳͺ؏‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–Šƒ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‡š–”—†‡‹–Š‡„ƒ””‡Ž
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳͲͲǦͳʹͲǏ™‡ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‰‘‘†‡š’ƒ•‹‘™‹–Š…”—…Š›ǡ’‘”‘—•ƒ†•‘‘–Š•—”ˆƒ…‡
–‡š–—”‡Ǥ‹‡‘–Š‡”’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ϐŽ‘—”…ƒ„‡„Ž‡†‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”Ž‡‰—‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–ϐŽ‘—”•‹
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘™‹–Šˆ—”–Š‡”ˆ‘”–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†˜‹–ƒ‹•–‘†‡•‹‰ƒ„ƒŽƒ…‡†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‡š–”—†‡†ˆ‘‘†Ǥ–Š‡‡š–”—†‡”ǡ†—‡–‘‡š…‡••Š‡ƒ–ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•…”‡™•–Š‡‡ƒŽ‰‡–•Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†
–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡…‘–‡–‰‡–•”‡†—…‡†ǤŠ‡‡ƒŽ’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡š–”—†‡”ƒ†‰‡–•…—–„›–Š‡…—––‹‰‹ˆ‡•
‹–‘”‡“—‹”‡†Ž‡‰–Š•Ǥƒ•–ƒ‹•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ”–ƒŽ‹ƒˆ‘‘†‹–‡Ǥ–…‘‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••Šƒ’‡•ƒ†•‹œ‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡
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ƒ†‡ˆ”‘•‡‘Ž‹ƒϐŽ‘—”™Š‹…Š‹•‡š–”—†‡†‹–‘–Š‡•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–ƒŽ‹‡‘‘†Ž‡•ǡƒ…ƒ”‘‹ǡ˜‡”‹…‡ŽŽ‹
ƒ†•’ƒ‰Š‡––‹‡–…ƒ††”‹‡†ƒ†’ƒ…‡†Ǥ


‡”‡–‡†ˆ‘‘†•Ž‹‡Dosa and †Ž‹ƒ”‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹ƒ›’ƒ”–•‘ˆ†‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡˜‡”›…‘‘ƒ•„”‡ƒˆƒ•–
ˆ‘‘†•ƒ†‡˜‡ƒ•–Š‡‡˜‡‹‰‡ƒŽ•‹•‘—–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†ƒ•‘‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰”‡†‹‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‹†•‘ˆˆ‡”‡–‡†ˆ‘‘†•Ǥ–‘–‘Ž›‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡–ƒ•–‡„—–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡
‡”‹…Š‡•–Š‡ˆ‘‘†˜ƒŽ—‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ’”‘–‡‹ǡ…ƒŽ…‹—ƒ†ϐ‹„”‡Ǥ’”‘—–‹‰‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹‘”–Š‡ƒŽ–‡†
‹ŽŽ‡–•…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”ˆ‡”‡–‡†ˆ‘‘†•†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡–ƒ•–‡ƒ†…Š‘‹…‡Ǥ


•–ƒ– ƒ† ”‡ƒ†› –‘ ”‡…‘•–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘‘†• Šƒ˜‡ „‡…‘‡ ™‡ŽŽ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ’”‘†—…–• ƒ• ‹•–ƒ–
ˆ‘‘†• ‹…Ž—†‡ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†—…–• –Šƒ– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘™†‡” ‹ Š‘– ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‘” –Š‡ †‹Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ
…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†•–‘…•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ•—…Šƒ•…‘†‡•‡†•‘—’Ǥ•–ƒ–†‘•ƒ‹šǡ”‘–‹‹šǡ…Šƒ’ƒ––‹‹šǡ—Ž–‹‹ŽŽ‡–
Š‹…Š†‹‹šǡ—’ƒ‹šǡ‡–…ƒ”‡„‡‹‰ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡‘”„Ž‡†‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‰”ƒ‹•Ǥ

 

™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•ƒ…ˆ‘‘†•ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰’”‡’ƒ”‡†—•‹‰–Š‡ϐŽ‘—”‘”‰”‹–•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„Ž‡†•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰’‘’—Žƒ”ƒ‘‰–Š‡’”‡•‡–†ƒ›…‘•—‡”•‹–Š‡…‘–‡š–‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›—–”ƒ…‡—–‹…ƒŽƒ†
ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘‘†Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–••‘—’ǡ’ƒ‘†ƒǡ˜ƒ†ƒǡ—’ƒǡŠ‹…Š‹†‹ǡŽƒ††—ǡ‹†Ž‹ǡ†‘•ƒ‡–…Ǥƒ”‡‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ


‘‘†—•‡•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–••–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡”‡ƒ‹‡†—†‡”—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ƒ•–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡…‘ϐ‹‡†‘Ž›–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
…‘•—‡”•ǢŽ‹‹–‡†‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›–‘ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ‘‰–Š‡…‘•—‡”•ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•ǡϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Šƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‰ƒ‹‡†‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡Ǥ”‘…‡••‹‰–Š‡—•‹‰
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ††‡† ƒ† …‘˜‡‹‡…‡
’”‘†—…–•™‘—Ž†…‡”–ƒ‹Ž›†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†—•‡•ǤŠ‡‹”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ
—•‡‘””‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ…‘‘’”‘†—…–•™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’‹‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ‘‰‘Ǧ
‹ŽŽ‡–…‘•—‡”•Ǥ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—–”‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š„‡‡ϐ‹–•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•ƒ†
–Š‡‹”ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘•‹ƒ‹ƒŽƒ†Š—ƒ‘†‡Ž••Š‘—Ž†„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‹ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–—†‹‡•–‘
•—’’‘”–‡ˆˆ‘”–•ˆ‘”’”‘‘–‹‰–Š‡‹”—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŽ‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†”—†‰‡”›‘ˆ™‘‡„›‹–”‘†—…‹‰
‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ‹‹Ǧ‹ŽŽ‹‰ •›•–‡ǡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ’”‘…‡••‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ …ƒ’ƒ…‹–› „—‹Ž†‹‰
ƒ‘‰ˆƒ”™‘‡‘—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‹’”‘†—…–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ”‡
ˆ‡™ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ •–‡’• ˆ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‰ —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǥ ‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡– ‘ˆ ’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•–
’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘’”‘…‡••ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡’”‘†—…–•–‘„‡
ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡„›„‘–Š”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒ…‘•—‡”•ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‘–‘Ž›Š‡Ž’‹‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ‹–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•„—–™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’‹’”‘˜‹†‹‰‹…‘‡ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹”—”ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒƒ†™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘…‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡ˆ‘‘†•‡…—”‹–›‘ˆƒ–‹‘Ǥ
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SECTION - 18
ǡ 
 
‘•–Ǧ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‘–ƒ›ǡǤǤǤ”–•
ƒ†ǤǤǤ…‹‡…‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡƒ•Š‹Ǧͷ
ƒ‹Žǣƒ—–‹•ƒŒƒ›͸͸̷‰ƒ‹ŽǤ…‘

FINGER MILLETS DIVERSITY FOR

NUTRITIONAL SECURITY AND
AGRARIAN CRISIS

 –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •…‡ƒ”‹‘ ‘ˆ —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡…—”‹–› ƒ† ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ …”‹•‹• •’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ ”ƒ‹ˆ‡† ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ŽŽ‡–•
‰‘–•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ǡƒ•‹–‹•”‹…Š‹—–”‹‡–•ƒ†‡‡’’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ†ƒ’–™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ†˜‡”•‡…Ž‹ƒ–‹…
…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽƒ†ǡŽ‡••™ƒ–‡”Ǥ

”‹„ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒƒ”‡‹‘”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Žǡ‘†‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ’”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†
„ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍ‰”‘™‹‰ƒ†‡šŠ‹„‹–•’‡…‹ϐ‹……Ž‹ƒ–‹…ƒ†‡†ƒ’Š‹……‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡
•…Š‡†—Ž‡–”‹„‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡„‡Ž‘™’‘˜‡”–›Ž‹‡ƒ†•—ˆˆ‡”‡†™‹–Š˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹…”‘—–”‹‡–†‡ϐ‹…‹‡…‹‡•ǤƒŒ‘”‹–›
–”‹„ƒŽ ƒ”‡ †‡’‡† ‘ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘” ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– Ž‹‡ ˆ‘‘†ǡ ˆ‘††‡” ƒ† ‹…‘‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
…”‡ƒ•‡ —•‡ ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘…ƒŽ ˆ‘‘† ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ Š‡Ž’• –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–
†‡ϐ‹…‹‡…‹‡•ƒ†–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡‡…‘‘‹…•–ƒ–—•Ǥ–Š‹•…‘–‡š–ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡
Š‹‰ŠŽ›—–”‹–‹‘—•ƒ†‡…‘‘›…”‘’Ǥ–‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹‰‘”‡††—”‹‰ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”‰”‡‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†ƒš‹—
‡’Šƒ•‹•‰‹˜‡‘–‘„‘‘•––Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘™Š‡ƒ–ǡ”‹…‡ƒ†ƒ‹œǤŠ‡•‡…ƒ‘–…‘’‡–‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡…ƒ•Š
…”‘’• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ †‡ƒ†• ƒ† ”‡–—”• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ ƒ‰”‘Ǧ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǡ ‡‘”‘—• —•‡
‘ˆ…Š‡‹…ƒŽˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ†‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–›ǤʹͲͳ͸Ǧͳ͹ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–••–‘‘†ƒ–ͳͶǤ͹ʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘
Š‡…–ƒ”‡•ǡ†‘™ˆ”‘͵͹‹ŽŽ‹‘ŠƒǤ‹ͳͻ͸ͷǦ͸͸ǡ’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡’”‡Ǧ
”‡‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‡”ƒǤ
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Š‡•‡ϐ‹‰—”‡•…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡†‡…Ž‹‡‹–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–†—‡–‘‹‰‘”ƒ…‡†—”‹‰ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”‰”‡‡
”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‹‰•…‘–‹—‡–‹ŽŽ†ƒ–‡Ǥ ”‘–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‡™›‡ƒ”•ǯ‡’Šƒ•‹•‰‹˜‡‘–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡’”‘†—…–‹‘
ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ  •‘”‰Š— ƒ† ’‡ƒ”Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–  „› —•‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‹‰
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹’—–•Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹••–‹ŽŽ‹‰‘”‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ƒ†
‘˜‡”‡–
‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–•ǡ ˆƒ”‡”• Šƒ• ‰‹˜‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ –‘  ϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–  Žƒ†”ƒ…‡• ȋŽ‘…ƒŽ
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ȍƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆŽƒ†”ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡„‡––‡”–Šƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘”‡—–”‹–‹‘—•ǤǤ

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋŽ‡—•‹‡…‘”ƒ…ƒƒȌƒ†‹–•™‹Ž†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ŠŽ‘”‹†‘‹†‡ƒ‡ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”
’”‹ƒ”›•—„ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ••ˆƒ‹Ž›‘ƒ…‡ƒ‡Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡŽ‡—•‹‡…‘”ƒ…ƒƒ
ƒ‡”–ǤȋʹαͶšα͵͸Ȍǡ
‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘‘† …”‘’ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† ™‹†‡Ž› ‹ †‹ƒǤ ƒŽŽ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† ‘ Žƒ†• ™Š‡”‡ ‘ ‘–Š‡”
…”‘’™‘”–Š‡–‹‘‹‰…ƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹ƒ†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡•–”ƒ™ǤŠ‡•‡‡†•Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š
—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‹…Š•‘—”…‡‘ˆ…ƒŽ…‹—ǡ‹”‘ƒ†‡–Š‹‘‹‡ƒ‰‹‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–
•‘—”…‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–••—…Šƒ•’Š‡‘Ž‹……‘’‘—†•˜‹œǤ…ƒˆˆ‡‹…ƒ…‹†ǡˆ‡”ƒŽ‹…ƒ…‹†ƒ†˜ƒ‹ŽŽ‹…ƒ…‹†Ǥ
Žƒ–ƒŽ•‘…‘–ƒ‹•Š›†”‘…›ƒ‹…ƒ…‹†Ǥ

 ‡ Š—†”‡† –™‡–› Žƒ†”ƒ…‡• ™‡”‡ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ •’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ƒ†—”„ƒ”ǡ
ƒ•Š‹ǡƒŽ‰Šƒ”ǡŠƒ‡ǡ—‡ǡŠ‡†ƒ‰ƒ”ǡ‘ŽŠƒ’—”ƒ†‘ƒ”‡‰‹‘ǤŽŽ–Š‡Žƒ†”ƒ…‡•™‡”‡•–—†‹‡†
ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‘’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ͳͳ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†‡Ǥ‰Ǥ…‘Ž‘—”
‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹•ǡŠ‡‹‰Š–ǡ—„‡”‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”•ǡ–‹ŽŽ‡”•ǡ—„‡”‘ˆ‰”ƒ‹•‹‡ƒ…Š—‹–ǡŽ‡‰–Šƒ†„”‡ƒ†–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹‰‡”•ǡ
‹–‡”‘†‡…‘Ž‘—”ǡƒ–—”‹–›ǡ…‘’ƒ…–‡••‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”•ƒ†ˆ”‡‡ϐ‹‰‡”Ǥ‰‘‘†ƒ‘—–‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›™ƒ•ˆ‘—†
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•–—†‹‡†™‡”‡…ƒ””‹‡†‘—––‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ƒ‘‰
˜ƒ”‹‘—•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǤŽ‡‡–•ƒ†‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”••Š‘™‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘˜ƒ”‹‡†‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ
…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ”‹‘—• ‡Ž‡‡–• •Š‘™‡† …‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ† ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ǥ‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–…‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•”‡’‘”–‡†„‡–™‡‡—ƒ†ǡ—ƒ† ‡ƒ†—ƒ†‰ǡƒ†‰Ǥ
ƒƒ†‰•Š‘™‡†ƒš‹—•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–…‘Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ†”ƒ…‡•™‡”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ˆ‘”‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ‹‘ƒ…‹†•Ǥ

’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ‹–• —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ƒ”‡ƒ —†‡” …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‹•
‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰ǡ–Š‹•†‡…”‡ƒ•‡…ƒ—•‡ǯ•Ž‘••‘ˆ‰‡‡–‹…†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ–—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ƒ†…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰‡”’Žƒ•‹•‡š–”‡‡Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ…‡
ˆ‘”—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›Ǥ
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SECTION - 19
ǡ




DOUBLING YIELDS IN RAGI THROUGH

INTEGRATED INNOVATIONS IN SRI IN
ANDHRA PRADESH
”‹„ƒŽ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ •›•–‡ ‹• ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›
”ƒ‹ˆ‡†Ǥ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›•‡‡†‹•„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‡†ƒ†
Šƒ”˜‡•–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡ …”‘’ ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† ˆƒ”‡”•
”ƒ‹•‡—”•‡”‹‡•ƒ†–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ„‘—–ʹͷ†ƒ›•‘Ž†
•‡‡†Ž‹‰• ”ƒ†‘Ž› ™‹–Š ƒ„‘—– ͺ –‘ ͳͲ ™‘‡
Žƒ„‘—”Ǥ ‡‡†• ƒ”‡ ”‡‘˜‡† ƒ—ƒŽŽ› —•‹‰
™‘‡Žƒ„‘—”ǤŠ‡•‡•‹’Ž‡‡–Š‘†•†‘‡•‘–
ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† …‘•‡“—‡–Ž›
›‹‡Ž†Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒ”‡Ž‘™ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ʹ–‘Ͷ“—‹–ƒŽ•’‡”
ƒ…”‡Ǥ Ǧƒ‰‹’Žƒ–•‹…‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ

ƒ˜ƒ”ƒƒ•ƒ‹ƒŠǡƒ–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”‹—•—‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
‹ ‡‡–Šƒ’‡–ƒ ƒ†ƒŽ ‘ˆ ”‹ƒ—Žƒ †‹•–”‹…–Ǥ
‡ ‘™• ͷ ƒ…”‡• ‘ˆ Žƒ†ǡ ‘•–Ž› ”ƒ‹ˆ‡†ǡ ƒ†
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡• ƒ‰‹ ȋϐ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍ ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
ƒ”˜‡•– ‘ˆ ƒ„‹ ʹͲͳ͸ǦʹͲͳ͹ „”‘—‰Š– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ
’‡‘’Ž‡–‘Š‹•ϐ‹‡Ž†Ȃ•…‹‡–‹•–•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‰‹‘ƒŽ
‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š •–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹•–”‹…– ƒ†
ƒ†ƒŽ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‘ˆϐ‹…‡”•ǡ”‘Œ‡…–ˆϐ‹…‡”ǡǡ
ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘–Š‡”’Žƒ…‡•Ǥƒ•ƒ‹ƒŠ‰‘–
ƒ„‘—–ͳ͵“—‹–ƒŽ•›‹‡Ž†’‡”ƒ…”‡ƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘
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–Š‡”‘’—––‹‰š’‡”‹‡–•‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†‹Š‹•ϐ‹‡Ž†–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡›‹‡Ž†ǢͶ–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽǨ
Š‹Ž‡–Š‡…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ’Žƒ–Š‹ŽŽŠƒ•ƒ„‘—–ͷ–‘ͳͲ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡–‹ŽŽ‡”•ǡ–Š‡”ƒ‰‹…”‘’‹ƒ•ƒ‹ƒŠǯ•ϐ‹‡Ž†Šƒ•ƒ
”‡…‘”†͵ͷ–‘ͶͷǤŠ‡”‡–—”•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ƒ„‘—–•ǤͳͲǡͲͲͲ–‘͵ʹǡͷͲͲ’‡”ƒ…”‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒ˜‹‰‘‹’—–•‘ˆ
ƒ„‘—–•ǤͳͺͲͲƒ•Š‡ƒƒ‰‡†–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡™‡‡†‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›Žƒ„‘—”™‹–Š–Š‡‡™Ǯ…›…Ž‡™‡‡†‡”ǯǤ

Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ …”‘’’‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‹…‡ –‡•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž‹‡–Š‘†ƒ•’”ƒ…–‹…‡†‹ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ™‹–Š–Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ”‹…‹’Ž‡•‹ƒ‰‹…‘•‹•–
‘ˆ•“—ƒ”‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‘–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ‘ˆ›‘—‰‡”•‡‡†Ž‹‰•‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳͷ†ƒ›•ƒ‰‡
ȋ‹ ’Žƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ʹͲ –‘ ͵Ͳ †ƒ›• ‘Ž† ‘‡•Ȍǡ ‹–‡”Ǧ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š …›…Ž‡ ™‡‡†‡” ȋ‹ ’Žƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—ƒŽ ™‡‡†‹‰Ȍǡ
ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‡‡Œƒ”—–ƒƒ† ‡‡˜ƒ”—–ƒǤ

ƒ•ƒ‹ƒŠǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ”‡”• –”‹‡† ‘—– –Š‡  ’”‹…‹’Ž‡• ‹ ƒ‰‹ ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–™‘”
’”‘‰”ƒŠƒ•–ƒ‡—’ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ ƒ”‡”‡•‘—”…‡’‡”•‘•ˆ”‘ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ
…›…Ž‡™‡‡†‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•’”‘‘–‡†„›ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰‘’”‹…‹’Ž‡•™‡”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǥ
Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Šƒ”‹ˆ •‡ƒ•‘ ‹ ʹͲͳ͹ǡ ‡š’ƒ†‡† –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ –‘ ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘—” †‹•–”‹…–• ƒ† ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ™Š‡”‡
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ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ‹•’‹”‡† „› –Š‡ ‡š’‘•—”‡ ˜‹•‹–• ‹ ƒ„‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ™‡”‡ •’‡…–ƒ…—Žƒ” ƒ† ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†
ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡ  ‹ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ǥ ”‘’ —––‹‰ š’‡”‹‡–• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
ˆƒ”‡”••Š‘™‡†›‹‡Ž†•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ͺ“—‹–ƒŽ•–‘ͳ͸“—‹–ƒŽ•’‡”ƒ…”‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›…Š‡‹…ƒŽ‹’—–•Ǥ ‹‡Ž†
†ƒ›•™‡”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†‹ƒŽŽ–Š‡’Žƒ…‡•Ǥ„‘—–͵͹ͷˆƒ”‡”•’”ƒ…–‹…‡†Ǧƒ‰‹†—”‹‰–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ǤͶ͹Ͳˆƒ”‡”•
Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡–‘Ǧƒ‰‹†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‹•‡ƒ•‘‘ˆʹͲͳͺǦͳͻǤ

š’‘•—”‡ ˜‹•‹– ˆ‘” ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆƒ”‡”

‡•‘—”…‡ ’‡”•‘• ƒ† ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–
ˆƒ”‡”•Ǣ ϐ‹‡Ž† †ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡
‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ –”‹„ƒŽ
™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡–
ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡
”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ…”‘’…—––‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡–•
™‡”‡ ƒ‘—…‡† „› –Š‡ ‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•
ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ǤŠ‡•‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•Š‡Ž’‡†‹ϐ‹”•–Šƒ†‡š’‘•—”‡–‘ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ
…‘•‡•—•Šƒ•‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‘–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧƒ‰‹‹–Š‡”‹„ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ƒ–•…ƒŽ‡Ǥ”ƒ…–‹…‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–”‡˜‹‡™‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†•Šƒ”‡†–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡Ǥ

‘™‹•ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡‡’‡‹‰–Š‡Ǧƒ‰‹’”ƒ…–‹…‡•™‹–Šƒˆ‘…—•‘”‡†—…‹‰Žƒ„‘—”—•‡Ǥ
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Š‡ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ‘ˆ —•‹‰ „—ŽŽ‘…• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡

‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ –Š‡ †”›Žƒ†• ‘ˆ
ƒ–ƒ’—” †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ ƒ”‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‘•‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡
„”‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ ”‹„ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• –‘ –‡ƒ…Š –Š‡•‡ •‹ŽŽ• –‘
–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•Ǣ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹™‡‡†‹‰™‹–Š„—ŽŽ‘…•
”‡’Žƒ…‹‰ Š—ƒ Žƒ„‘—”Ǥ ‹‡ •‘™‹‰ ‡ƒ„Ž‡•
‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ ™‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† –”‹„ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ’Ž‡–› ‘ˆ
„—ŽŽ‘…•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡‘–—•‡†„‡›‘†Žƒ†’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
–ǯ• Ž‡ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ ›‡ƒ”•ǯ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ –Šƒ–
„‘–Š„—ŽŽ‘…•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•‡‡†•‹ŽŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ

‘–Š‡”‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•–‘‹–”‘†—…‡–™‘”‘™–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡”ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š–ˆ”‘‡–”ƒŽ
•–‹–—–‡ ‘ˆ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ Š‘’ƒŽ ƒ† ‹• „‡‹‰ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ˆ‘” Ǧƒ‰‹Ǥ Š‹• ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ”‡†—…‡•
–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Žƒ„‘—”ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡•ˆƒ”‡”•–‘–”ƒ•’Žƒ–™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›Žƒ„‘—”‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‹•ƒ›–ƒ‡‘‡
‘”‡›‡ƒ”ˆ‘”•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‹ŽŽ„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ

Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹•‘™‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡‰‘‘†–‹ŽŽ‡”‹‰…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›Ǥ




–Š‡•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ…‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ
‹–™ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†–‘•…ƒŽ‡—’–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ

 –Š‡   …Ž—•–‡”•Ǥ ͸Ͳ …Ž—•–‡”• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† ‹ Ͷ

†‹•–”‹…–•ˆ‘”•…ƒŽ‹‰—’–‘͸ͲͲͲƒ…”‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͳͻǦ
ʹͲ Šƒ”‹ˆ •‡ƒ•‘Ǥ › ‹• ˆ—ŽŽ› ˆ—†‹‰ –Š‹• ’”‘‰”ƒǤ
ƒŒ‡‡˜ƒ‹ǡ ’ƒ”–‡”‹‰ ™‹–Š  ™‹ŽŽ ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡
ϐ‹‡Ž†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡•…ƒŽ‹‰—’™Š‹Ž‡’”‘˜‹†‡•
–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰•—’’‘”–Ǥ

–‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•™‹ŽŽ”‡•—Ž–‹–‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͵–‘Ͷ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ›‹‡Ž†’‡”ƒ…”‡ƒ‘—–‹‰–‘ƒ„‘—–
•ǤͶǤͷ”‘”‡•ƒ—ƒŽ‰”‘••˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††Ǩ‹–Š‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲ”‡•‘—”…‡ˆƒ”‡”•‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‹‰—’
‹•™‡ŽŽ‘‹–•™ƒ›Ǥ

Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆǦƒ‰‹’‹Ž‘–‡†‹–Š‡Ƭ›•—’’‘”–‡†Ȃ ’”‘Œ‡…–‹•ƒ…ƒ•‡‹’‘‹–ˆ‘”

†‹ƒ‰‘•‹‰…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘–Š‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ„—‹Ž†‹‰
Ž‘…ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰…‘˜‹…–‹‘ƒ†…‘•‡•—•ƒ‘‰–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ǡˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†
‘–Š‡”•Ǥ…Ž‡ƒ”…ƒŽ‹‰’•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹•™‡ŽŽ‡„‡††‡†‹–‘–Š‡†‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒǤŠ‡’”‘‰”ƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡
—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ…”‘••ƒŽŽ …Ž—•–‡”•‘…‡‹–‹•’‹Ž‘––‡•–‡†ƒ––Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‘ˆ͸ͲͲͲƒ…”‡•Ǥ
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SECTION - 20

INTRODUCTION OF NUTRITIOUS MILLETS AT

ANGANWADI CENTRES VIKARABAD DISTRICT,
TELANGANA

‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ† †‹•–”‹…– Šƒ† „‡‡ …ƒ”˜‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”•–™Š‹Ž‡ ƒŠƒ„—„ƒ‰ƒ” ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ”‡††› †‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ Š‡
†‹•–”‹…–‹••’”‡ƒ†‘˜‡”ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͵ǡ͵ͺ͸ǤͲͲ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–”‡•Ǥ–”‡…‡‹˜‡•͸ͻͲȀ͹ͺͳǤͷ‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹ƒ
›‡ƒ”Ǥ–Šƒ•ͳͺƒ†ƒŽ•ƒ†ͷͲͳ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–‹•ͻǡʹ͹ǡͳͷͲǤ‡†‰”ƒǡ…‘––‘ǡ”‹…‡ǡƒ‹œ‡ǡ
Œ‘™ƒ”ǡ‰”‡‡‰”ƒƒ†„Žƒ…‰”ƒƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”…”‘’•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ–‹••—””‘—†‡†„›–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ
ƒ‰ƒ”‡††›ǡƒ‰ƒ‡††›ǡƒŠƒ„—„ƒ‰ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ–‹•ƒŽ•‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†”‹‡•–†‹•–”‹…–•
ƒ†™‹–Š‘”‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ„ƒ†ƒŠƒŽ‡–•‹‡Žƒ‰ƒƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡•‘ˆ‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ††‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–Šƒ•Ž‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ȋŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ•ƒƒŽ—Ȍǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–
ȋŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ•‘””ƒŽ—Ȍǡϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ•Š›†ƒŽ—Ȁƒƒ‰—Ž—Ȍǡ‘”‰Š—ȋŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ•
‘ƒŽ—Ȍƒ†‘–Š‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡—–”‹–‹‘—•ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡•˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•—ƒŽŽ›…”‘’•
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†„ƒ•‡–ǤŠ‡•‡…”‘’•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡
ˆ‘‘†ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡…—”‹–›‘ˆŽ‘…ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
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‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ†„‡‡ƒ†”ƒ•–‹…
decrease in the area under
‹ŽŽ‡–• …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —””‡–Ž›ǡ
‘Ž›•‘”‰Š—ƒ†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•
ƒ”‡ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† ‹ •ƒŽŽ ’‘…‡–•Ǥ
• …”‘’• †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ˆ”‘
ϐ‹‡Ž†•ǡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ˜ƒ‹•Š‡† ƒŽ•‘
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ˆ‘‘† „ƒ•‡–Ǥ
‡˜‹˜‹‰ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ ˆƒ”• ƒ†
„”‹‰‹‰ „ƒ… ‘ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘†
’Žƒ–‡•™ƒ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘…‹‡–ƒŽ
need, more so, in the dryland
ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǤ




ȍȎ
„‘—–ͳ͵Ǥ͵Ψ‘ˆ…Š‹Ž†”‡„‡Ž‘™ϐ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”‡Ž›ƒŽ‘—”‹•Š‡†‹‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǤŠ‹‰Š‡”’‡”…‡–ƒ‰‡
‘ˆ…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡•–—–‡†ƒ†—†‡”™‡‹‰Š–‹–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ†‘‹ƒ–‡††‹•–”‹…–•ƒ†’Žƒ…‡†ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡
Š—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹†‡šȋȌǡȋ—ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡’‘”–ʹͲͳ͹ǡ‡Žƒ‰ƒƒ–ƒ–‡ȌǤ

˜‡‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹ŽŽ‡–…‘•—‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Ž‹‡‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡‘™•‡”˜‡†”‹…‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•
ƒ– ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹ ‡–”‡•Ǥ Š‡ •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ •—„•‹†‹œ‡† ”‹…‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ’—„Ž‹… †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ •›•–‡ ȋȌ Šƒ• ‘–
‘Ž›”‡•—Ž–‡†‹Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡†‡…Ž‹‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–…‘•—’–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘‘†„ƒ•‡–‘ˆ
Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•Ǥ•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ…”‘’’‹‰’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•†‹‡–Šƒ•ƒŠ—‰‡‹’ƒ…–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‹†•ǡ
™‘‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•‘…‹‡–›Ǥ

  ǯ  



•ƒ”‹•‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡˆƒ”‡”•ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡†…”‘’†‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ
‹–‡”…”‘’’‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•™‹–Š’—Ž•‡•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡‘–‘Ž›•—’’Ž‹‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ†’—Ž•‡••‡‡†•Ž‘…ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•„—–
ƒŽ•‘™‡–‹–‘ƒ„—›„ƒ…ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ǤŠ‡ •Šƒ••‡–—’†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹•‡†’”‘…‡••‹‰ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•
™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”•Š‡†—’’‘”–‡”˜‹…‡•…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‡–™‘”ȋȌǤ

• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘ˆ •ǡ ƒ”‡ƒ —†‡” ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ƒ Šƒ• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† –‘ ͹ͲͲ ƒ…”‡• ‹ Šƒ”‹ˆ
ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ ƒ”‡”•ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ƒϐ‹‡Ž††ƒ›ƒ†‹˜‹–‡†–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”Ǥ
’”‘’‘•ƒŽ™ƒ••—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘””‡“—‡•–‹‰–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‡–ˆ‘”ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–
ƒ†•‘”‰Š—ǡƒ†‹–”‘†—…‹‰–Š‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•—’’‘”–‡†ƒ†ǤŠ‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽŠƒ†Ž‡†–‘ƒ›
†‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› Ž‡† –‘ ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ –Š‡  Ƭ  ƒ• ƒ ’‹Ž‘– „› –Š‡ ‹•–”‹…–
‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”Ǥ
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ȃ 



• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡‰‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹ –Š‡

…Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ǡ –Š‡ ‹•–”‹…– ‘ŽŽ‡…–‘” ‘ˆ ‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ†
decided to engage mothers and children in
‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ –Š‡‹” •–ƒ’Ž‡ †‹‡–• ƒ†
‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡‹” •—’’Ž› ƒ† …‘•—’–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š
Ǥ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‘‘†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –‘ ‹–”‘†—…‡ ƒ† ϐ‹ƒŽ‹•‡
‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡† †‹•Š‡• ƒ† „—‹Ž† …‘•‡•—• ƒ‘‰
different stakeholders for inclusion of millets in
–Š‡Ǥ

Š‡ ‹•–”‹…– ‡Žˆƒ”‡ ˆϐ‹…‡” ȋȌ ƒ† 

™‘”‡† ‘ ƒ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ”‡…‹’‡• ‹
†‹•…—••‹‘• ™‹–Š •…‹‡–‹•–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
•–‹–—–‡ ‘ˆ —–”‹–‹‘ ȋȌǤ Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‘Ž‹‡
 ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡ Dz…‘—– ™Šƒ– ›‘— ‡ƒ–dzǡ ‡‡”‰› ƒ†
—–”‹–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ…Š ”‡…‹’‡ ™ƒ• …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† –‘
‡‡– –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ  Š—• ƒ ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”› ‡—
…‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ’ƒ††› ”‹…‡ Ϊ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ”‹…‡ ƒ†
•ƒ„ƒ”Ȁ†ŠƒŽǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹…Š‹†‹ƒ†•‘”‰Š—
—’ƒ™‡”‡ϐ‹ƒŽ‹•‡†Ǥ

‘‡ ƒ† …Š‹Ž†”‡ ™‡”‡ •‡”˜‡† ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†

†‹•Š‡• ƒ– ˆ‘‘† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† ˆ‡‡†„ƒ… ‘ˆ –Š‡
community including women, mothers, kids,
’ƒ”‡–•ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡•ǯ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹
–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹‰ •–ƒˆˆ ™ƒ• …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† ƒ–
–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡–ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰
’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡
™ƒ• ƒ „”‘ƒ† …‘•‡•—• ƒ‘‰•– ƒŽŽ •‡…–‹‘• –Šƒ–
‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›—–”‹–‹‘—•ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡”˜‡†
ˆ‘”‹†•ƒ––Š‡ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹…‡–”‡•ǡ‡˜‡”›ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡
†ƒ›Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…ǡ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹…Š‹†‹
ƒ†•‘”‰Š——’ƒ™‹–Š˜‡‰‰‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ϐ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”‹…Ž—•‹‘‹–Š‡‡ƒŽ••‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”‹†•ƒ–ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹
…‡–”‡•Ǥ ”ƒ‹‹‰ ™‡”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹ –‡ƒ…Š‡”• ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹‰ •–ƒˆˆ …‘‘‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
†‹•Š‡•ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒˆˆŠƒ•ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘’—–•‘‡‡š–”ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”–‹…‘‘‹‰ƒ†•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•Ǥ
‡•‘Ž—–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’ƒ••‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‘–Š‡”• …‘‹––‡‡• ”‡…‘‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ
„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•ƒ––Š‡•Ǥ
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ˆ–‡”ϐ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•ǡ‹–™ƒ•–Š‡–‹‡ˆ‘”Žƒ—…Š‹‰–Š‡’‹Ž‘–ǤŠ‡’‹Ž‘–‘‹–”‘†—…–‹‘
‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•ƒ–‰ƒ™ƒ†‹…‡–”‡•ˆ‘”‹†•Šƒ†„‡‡Žƒ—…Š‡†‘ͳͶ–Š’”‹ŽǡʹͲͳ͹ǡ–Š‡„‡†ƒ”
ƒ›ƒ–‹Ǥ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǡ•–ƒˆˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘‡ƒ†Š‹Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‹˜‹Ž—’’Ž‹‡•‡’ƒ”–‡–•
ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‡”•ǯ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–‘ˆϐ‹…‡”•’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡˜‡–Š‘•–‡†„›
–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”ǡ‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǤŠ‡‡˜‡–™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠǤ”‹
Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ†‡‡•™ƒ”ǡ‡…”‡–ƒ”›ǡ‘‡ƒ†Š‹Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹”‡…–‘”ǡ•ǤǤ‹œ‹‡†”ƒǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†ƒ•
•’‡…‹ƒŽ‰—‡•–•ƒ––Š‡‡˜‡–Ǥ‹•–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡ ‘‹–‹”‡…–‘”ǡ‘‡ƒ†Š‹Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ
‹•–”‹…–‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ǡ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ†•–ƒˆˆǤ

•Ǥ‹˜›ƒǡ‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”ǡ‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ†ƒ””ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•ƒ†–Š‡
‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰”‡•’‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ‹†•ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ǤŠ‡’‹Ž‘–’”‘‰”ƒ™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†
ƒ–Ͷͷƒ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹…‡–‡”•‹͵ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–™‹–Šƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲͲ…Š‹Ž†”‡ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹Ž‘–‹•
–‘•‡”˜‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•–‘‹†•Ͷ–‹‡•ƒ™‡‡Ǥ

”‹Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ†‡•Š™ƒ”ǡ‡…”‡–ƒ”›ƒ†•ǤǤ‹œ‹‡†”ƒǡ‹”‡…–‘”ǡ‘‡ƒ†Š‹Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡’ƒ”–‡–
ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”ǤŠ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡—•–„‡‡š–‡†‡†–‘
–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘…—•‹‰‘’”‡‰ƒ–ƒ†Žƒ…–ƒ–‹‰™‘‡ƒ†ƒ†‘Ž‡•…‡–‰‹”Ž•™Š‘‡‡†’”‘’‡”
—–”‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡›‘ˆˆ‡”‡†•—’’‘”––‘–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ

–™ƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–’”‘‰”ƒ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡’‹Ž‘–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ƒ†‡…‡••ƒ”›…Šƒ‰‡•™‹ŽŽ
„‡ƒ†‡„ƒ•‡†‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǤŠ‡’‹Ž‘–™‹ŽŽ…‘–‹—‡ˆ‘”ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–Š”‡‡‘–Š•ǡ‹ˆ•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‘”›ǡ–Š‡
‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”™‹ŽŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘‹–”‘†—…‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ•ƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ™ƒ†‹
…‡–”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ
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‹…‡‹••—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ǤͶ’‡”‰ƒ–ƒ•—„•‹†‹œ‡†’”‹…‡ǡ„—–‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‘–•—„•‹†‹œ‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
’”‹…‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•’‡”‡ƒŽ‹•Š‹‰Š‡”ǤŠ‡’”‹…‡‘ˆ”‹…‡„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ’‡”…Š‹Ž†‹•͸Ǥͳ͵ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ȁ
•‘”‰Š—’ƒ™‘—Ž†…‘•–ǤͺǤ͵ʹƒ†ͳͲǤ͵ͻ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ•’”‘˜‹†‡•‘–‘Ž›ƒ
‡“—ƒŽƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ƒ†’”‘–‡‹•„—–ƒŽ•‘‡Šƒ…‡††‘•‡‘ˆ‹…”‘—–”‹‡–•ƒ†ϐ‹„”‡Ǥˆ•—„•‹†›‹•
‡š–‡†‡†ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‹•Š‡•™‘—Ž†„‡…‘‡—…Š…Š‡ƒ’‡”‘”‘’ƒ”™‹–Š”‹…‡Ǥ

RICE FOXTAIL MILLET KICHIDI SORGHUM UPMA

Qty Rate Cost/ Qty Rate Cost/ Qty Rate Cost/

Item (gm/ (Rs/ day Item (gm/ (Rs/ day Item (gm/ (Rs/ day
†ƒ›Ȍ ‰Ȍ ȋ•Ȍ †ƒ›Ȍ ‰Ȍ ȋ•Ȍ †ƒ›Ȍ ‰Ȍ ȋ•Ȍ

‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡– ͷͲƬ ‘”‰Š—

‹…‡ ͹ͷ Ͷ ͲǤ͵ ͸ͷ ʹǤͲ͸ ͹ͷ ͷͺ ͶǤ͵͸
‹…‡ȋ͸ͲǣͶͲȌ Ͷ ‹…‡

ŠƒŽ ͳͷ ͹Ͳ ͳǤͲͷ ŠƒŽ ͳͷ͸Ͳ ͳͲͲ ͳǤͷͺ ŠƒŽ ͳ͵Ǥ͵͵ ͳͲͲ ͳǤ͵͵

‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ʹͷ ʹͺ ͲǤ͹ ‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ʹͷ ʹͷ ͲǤ͸͵ ‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ʹͷ ʹͷ ͲǤ͸͵

‘†‹‡–• ͲǤʹͷ ‘†‹‡–• ͲǤʹͷ ‘†‹‡–• ͲǤʹͷ

‰‰ȋ͵Ͳ‡‰‰• ‰‰ȋ͵Ͳ‡‰‰• ‰‰ȋ͵Ͳ‡‰‰•

ͷͲ ͵Ǥͷ ͵Ǥͷ ͵Ǥͷ ͵Ǥͷ
’‡”‘–ŠȌ ’‡”‘–ŠȌ ’‡”‘–ŠȌ

‹Ž ͷ ͷͻ ͲǤ͵͵ ‹Ž ͲǤ͵͵ ‹Ž ͲǤ͵͵

‘•–’‡”…Š‹Ž†’‡”†ƒ› ͸Ǥͳ͵ ‘•–’‡”…Š‹Ž†’‡”†ƒ› ͺǤ͵ͷ ‘•–’‡”…Š‹Ž†’‡”†ƒ› ͳͲǤͶ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•–Ȁ†ƒ› Ͳ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•–Ȁ†ƒ› ʹǤʹʹ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘•–Ȁ†ƒ› ͶǤʹ͹

‘”–Š‡’‹Ž‘–‘ˆ͹‘–Š•…‘˜‡”‹‰ͺͻ•ƒ†ͷͶͶͶ…Š‹Ž†”‡‹…—””‡†ͷǤͽ͹ƒŠ•ƒ•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡Ǥ
Š‹•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–—”‡‹…—””‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’‹Ž‘–™ƒ•‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ϔŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ˆ—†‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”„›–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
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ͳǤ 

Š‡…‘‹––‡‡Ž‡ƒ†„›ǡ…‹˜‹Ž•—’’Ž‹‡•™‘—Ž†ϐ‹š–Š‡
’”‹…‡„›…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡’”‹…‡•‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ‹•–”‡ƒƒ†
Ž‘…ƒŽƒ”‡–•Ǥ

ƒ”‡”•ǯ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ “—‘–‡† –Š‡ ’”‹…‡ ˆ‘” •—’’Ž› –Š‡

ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†•‘”‰Š—”ƒ˜˜ƒǤ‘‹––‡‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ’”‹…‡ “—‘–‡† „› ƒ”‡”•ǯ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹• Ž‡•• –Šƒ
‘–Š‡”•ƒ†ƒƒ‰”‡‡‡–Šƒ†„‡‡•‹‰‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
ǡƒ† ƒ”‡”•ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡

ʹǤ

ǡ  Šƒ• ‰‹˜‡ —‹ˆ‘” •’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” •‘”‰Š—

‡–‹‘‡† ‹ –Š‡ ǣȋŠ––’ǣȀȀˆ…‹Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ‹Ȁƒ’’ʹȀ
™‡„”‘‘–Ȁ—’Ž‘ƒ†Ȁ—ƒŽ‹–›ȀǦʹͲͳͷǦͳ͸Ǥ’†ˆȌǤ

’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– ȋ•’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ

†Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ   ™Š‹…Š ’”‘…—”‡† ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž
‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ Šƒ”‹ˆǡ ʹͲͳ͸ ‹ ƒ–ƒ’—” ‹•–”‹…–Ȍ ˆ”‘
ˆƒ”‡”•…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ

͵Ǥ

‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‘ˆϐ‹…‡”ǡ…‹˜‹Ž•—’’Ž‹‡•˜‹•‹–•–Š‡•–‘…’‘‹–•ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰—‹–•ƒ†ƒ••‡••–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†‹••—‡•ƒ
“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ••‡••‡–”‡’‘”–Ǥ

ͶǤ

”‘…—”‡‡– ƒ† ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘”‰Š— Ȁ ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–• …ƒ „‡ †‘‡ „› –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡
…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†…”‡†‹–ˆ”‘ ƒ† ǡ–‘‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”‹‰…ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ

ͷǤ‡…Š‹…ƒŽ‘ˆϐ‹…‡”ǡ…‹˜‹Ž•—’’Ž‹‡•™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡–”ƒ‹‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‘…—”‡‡–…‘‹––‡‡‘“—ƒŽ‹–›•’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘•
ƒ†ƒ••‡••‡–Ǥ”‘…‡••‡†ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–”‹…‡ƒ†•‘”‰Š—”ƒ˜˜ƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘’‘‹–„›–Š‡
…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ


ǣ‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘””‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡„—†‰‡–”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’‹Ž‘––‘–Š‡ǡ‹˜‹Ž—’’Ž‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡
ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ˆ—†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǤŠ‡†‹•„—”•‡•–Š‡
’ƒ›‡–•–‘ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‹•ˆ—†Ǥ
162

͸Ǥ 

ƒ›‡––‘ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǣ
…‡ –Š‡ •–‘… ”‡ƒ…Š‡• –Š‡ 
’‘‹–ǡ …‹˜‹Ž •—’’Ž‹‡• †‡’ƒ”–‡–
ƒ‡• –Š‡ ’ƒ›‡– –‘ –Š‡
ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ ‡Ž‡ƒ•‡
”†‡”ǣ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹••—‡†
„› –Š‡ …‘…‡”‡† †‡’ƒ”–‡–
‘ˆϐ‹…‡”Ǥ • ™‹ŽŽ …‘ŽŽ‡…– –Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡–••—’’Ž‹‡•‹Ǥ‡Ǥˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–
”‹…‡ƒ†•‘”‰Š—”ƒ˜˜ƒˆ”‘–Š‡
’‘‹–ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘”‹…‡Ǥ
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‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹…‡ƒ†‘”‰Š—ƒ˜˜ƒ—’’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡ ƒ”‡”•ǯ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•

Total Quantity sup-

INR / Kg ‘–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ȋȌ
plied in Kgs
 ͸Ͳ ʹʹͲ͹ ͳ͵ʹͶʹͲ

 ͷͲ ͳͷͻͺ ͹ͻͻͲͲ
 ͵ͺͲͷ ʹͳʹ͵ʹͲ



ƒ•‡† ‘ •—……‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹Ž‘–ǡ ƒ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ˆ‘” •…ƒŽ‹‰Ǧ—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡…– –‘ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‹ƒ”ƒ„ƒ† †‹•–”‹…–
™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ†•—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡‹”‡…–‘”ǡ‘‡ǡ‹•ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ†Š‹Ž†
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ‡Žƒ‰ƒƒ„›–Š‡‹•–”‹…–‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”Ǥ–Šƒ†„‡‡‰‹˜‡ƒ‹’”‹…‹’Ž‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ
ƒ† ‡š’‡…–‡† –‘ „‡ –ƒ‡ —’ •Š‘”–Ž›Ǥ ƒ„ƒ” Šƒ† „‡‡ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡—ǡ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘
–Š‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ…ˆ”‘•ǡ•—’‡”˜‹•‘”•ǡƒ†•–‡ƒ…Š‡”•ƒ•‹†•Ž‘˜‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹…Š‹†‹ƒ†
•‘”‰Š——’ƒǤ



Regular rice Menu Foxtail millet
‘”‰Š——’ƒ
Option ’‡”…Š‹Ž†Ȁ†ƒ› ‹…Š‹†‹‡—’‡”
‡—’‡”…Š‹Ž†Ȁ†ƒ›
”•Ǥ͹Ǥͻ͸ Š‹Ž†Ȁƒ›
’–‹‘ͳ
ʹͷ͹Ǥͻ͸α•ǤͳͻͻȀ
‘–ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ”‡—ȋƒŽŽʹͷ†ƒ›•‘Ž› ‹Ž ‹Ž
…Š‹Ž†Ȁ‘–Š
”‹…‡„ƒ•‡†‡—Ȍ
’–‹‘ͳ‘–ƒŽ„—†‰‡–ǣ•ǤͳͻͻǤͲͲȀ…Š‹Ž†Ȁ‘–Š
’–‹‘ʹ
ͳȌͻ†ƒ›•”‡‰—Žƒ”‡—
ʹȌͺ†ƒ›•ˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–‹…Š‹†‹ ͻ͹Ǥͻ͸α͹ͳǤ͸Ͷ ͺšͻǤͻα͹ͻǤʹ ͺšͳͳǤͲ͸αͺͺǤͶͺ
̷•ͻǤͻȀ…Š‹Ž†Ȁ†ƒ›
͵Ȍͺ†ƒ›••‘”‰Š——’ƒ
̷•ǤͳͳǤͲ͸Ȁ…Š‹Ž†Ȁ†ƒ›
’–‹‘ʹ‘–ƒŽ„—†‰‡–ǣ•Ǥʹ͵ͻǤ͵ʹȀ…Š‹Ž†Ȁ‘–Š
‘–ƒŽ‘Ǥˆ• ͳͳͲ͹
‘–ƒŽ‘Ǥ‘ˆ…Š‹Ž†”‡ ͳ͸ʹͺͻ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–”‡“—‹”‡†Ǣ•Ȁ…Š‹Ž†Ȁ‘–Š ͶͲǤ͵ʹ
‘–ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–”‡“—‹”‡†Ȁ
͸ͷ͸͹͹ʹǤͶͺ
‘–Šȋ•Ȍ
—ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–‹• ͹ͺͺͳʹ͸ͻǤ͹͸
—ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–‹ƒŠ• ͹ͺǤͺͳʹ͸ͻ͹͸
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’”‘’‘•ƒŽŠƒ†„‡‡•—„‹––‡†–‘”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡’‹Ž‘––‘ͳͳͲͶ•Ǥ„‘—–ͷͻ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–”‹…‡
ƒ†ͳͳͳ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—”ƒ˜˜ƒ‹•”‡“—‹”‡†‘–ŠŽ›–‘•‡”˜‡‹ŽŽ‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ƒŽ•–‘‹†•ˆ‘”ͳ͸†ƒ›•
‘—–‘ˆʹͷ™‘”‹‰•†ƒ›•‘ˆƒ‘–ŠǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘’”‘…—”‡ͻ͸ͳ“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–”‹…‡ƒ†ͳͺͲ͵
“—‹–ƒŽ•‘ˆ•‘”‰Š—”ƒ˜˜ƒǤ‘•—’’Ž›–Š‡ƒ‘—–ǡˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’ƒ†•‘”‰Š—…”‘’•Š‘—Ž†„‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†
‹͵ͺͷƒ…”‡•ƒ†͹ʹͲƒ…”‡•”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‹ʹͲͳ͹ǦͳͺǤ

‹•–”‹…–…‘ŽŽ‡…–‘”Šƒ•…‘˜‡‡†ƒ‡‡–‹‰™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•ǯ…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ
‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹…––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘’Žƒƒ†ƒ•‡†–Š‡…‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‹–ǤŠ‡
‹•–”‹…– …‘ŽŽ‡…–‘” ƒ••—”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…– ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ‡š–‡† •—’’‘”– –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ’”‘…‡••‹‰
—‹–•ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡…‘–ƒ‹‡”•ˆ‘”•…ƒŽ‹‰‹–—’‘˜‡”–Š‡‡–‹”‡†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ–‹•‡š’‡…–‡†–Šƒ–•…ƒŽ‡—’‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡
™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹•‘‘Ǥ



ƒǤ Š‡”‡‹•‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰”‡•’‘•‡ˆ”‘…‘—‹–›–‘‹…Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹Ǣ„—–‹–•ƒ‹•–”‡ƒ‹‰

‹•…‘•–”ƒ‹‡†„›Žƒ…‘ˆƒŽ‡˜‡Ž’Žƒ›‹‰ϐ‹‡Ž†„‡–™‡‡‹ŽŽ‡–•Ƭ’ƒ††›Ȁ™Š‡ƒ–Ǥ

„Ǥ ‹…‡‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡—–”‹–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•—„•‹†‹œ‡†”ƒ–‡‘ˆͶ–‘͸’‡”

‰Ǥ‡’Žƒ…‹‰”‹…‡™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–Š‡†‹‡–’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‡–ƒ‹Ž•’—”…Šƒ•‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ––Š‡‘’‡ƒ”‡–
’”‹…‡•ǡ‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‹‰’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–•Ǥ

…Ǥ ƒ”‡– ’”‹…‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ ȋ‹‹— •—’’‘”– ’”‹…‡Ȍ ǡ ƒ•  ˆ‘”
‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•‡’–˜‡”›Ž‘™ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘”‡‰—Žƒ”•–ƒ–‡’”‘…—”‡‡–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǣ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ”‡‘–™‡ŽŽ
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ

†Ǥ ‡––‹‰—’ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ’”‘…—”‡‡–•›•–‡ƒ†ϐ‹†‹‰ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ”’”‘‰”ƒ•

‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž‹ŽŽ‡–•‹…Ž—•‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ

‡Ǥ ƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘– Šƒ’’› ™‹–Š –Š‡  ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡–•Ǥ Š‘—‰Š
‘˜–Ǥ ƒ‘—…‡• –Š‡  ˆ‘” ˆ‡™
‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ‘‡…Šƒ‹•Šƒ†„‡‡’—–‹’Žƒ…‡ˆ‘”…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•–‘’”‘…—”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ

ˆǤ ‡‡† •’‡…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘…—• –‘ „”‹‰ „ƒ… ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹–‘ Ž‘…ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ •›•–‡• ƒ† …‘•—’–‹‘Ǥ ‘ •—…Š
…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡•…Š‡‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‹’Žƒ…‡”‹‰Š–‘™Ǥ

‰Ǥ ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‘–…‘˜‡”‡†‹–Š‡ Ǥ

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SECTION - 21
”—•ƒ–‡Šƒ”Š‘—†Š—”›ǡ

PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL TRIAL (PVT) ”‹•™ƒƒƒ”ƒ•ǡ

”—ŽƒƒŒƒƒ›ƒǡ
IN FINGER MILLET, ODISHA

‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•…”‘’‰”‘™‹Žƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰™‘”Ž†
‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ”‹…ƒƒ†•‹ƒǤ–Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’”‘†—…‡Š‹‰Š‡”›‹‡Ž†–Šƒ™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆʹǤͳͻ‹ŽŽ‹‘
–‘•ƒ†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆͳͶͺͻ‰’‡”Šƒȋ‹”‡…–‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ…‘‘‹…•ƒ†–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡ
ǡʹͲͳͲǦͳͳȌǤ

Š‡—–”‹–‹‘—•‹ŽŽ‡–•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘……—’‹‡†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‡–•ƒ†…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡•‹–”‹„ƒŽ
ƒ† ”ƒ‹ˆ‡† ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ †‹•ŠƒǤ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡– –‘ …Ž‹ƒ–‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† …Šƒ‰‡ ƒ† …ƒ „‡
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‡˜‡‹ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽƒ†•Ǥ”‘’…‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•Šƒ•”‡†—…‡†‘˜‡”Žƒ•–ϐ‹ˆ–››‡ƒ”•Ǥ‡†—…–‹‘
‹‹ŽŽ‡–•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹—–”‹–‹‘‹„ƒŽƒ…‡•ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡‹…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ–Š‹•…‘–‡š–ǡ
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ
†‹•ŠƒŠƒ•Žƒ—…Š‡†ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ȋ†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘Ȍ
–‘‹’”‘˜‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‡†”‘—‰Š–•‹–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒǤŠ‹•’”‘‰”ƒ‡ƒ‹•–‘”‡˜‹˜‡‹ŽŽ‡–•
‹ˆƒ”•ƒ†„”‹‰–‘’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ

Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‹•’”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–ƒ”‡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‘””ƒ‰‹ȋŽ—•‹ƒ…‘”ƒ…ƒƒȌ
, little millet (ƒ‹…—•—ƒ–”‡•‡Ȍƒ† ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ȋ‡–ƒ”‹ƒ‹–ƒŽ‹…ȌǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘‰”ƒ‡
‹•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ʹͲǦ͵Ͳϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǡͷǦͳͲŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†Ͷ–‘ͷˆ‘š–ƒ‹Ž–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡•‡†‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹ƒ
Šƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲͲϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ‰”‘…Ž‹ƒ–‹…”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ
”‘—†‘”‡–Šƒ͵Ͳϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›–Š‡†‹•Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†
‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋȌǤŽŽ–Š‡•‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡‰”‘™ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡—†‡”…‘–”‘Ž…‘†‹–‹‘ƒ†’”‘’‡”
—–”‹‡–ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–„—–™Š‡‹–…‘‡•–‘ˆƒ”‡”•ϐ‹‡Ž†–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‘–‹ϐ‹‡††—”‹‰
”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ• ˆƒ”‡”• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ‘™ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› —…Š
•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ—––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘’”‘’‡”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‹ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘
‘˜‡”‡– ”‡…‘‡†‡† ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”› ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ
‡Ž‡…–‹‘ȋȌ‘”ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ƒŽȋȌǤ

ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ƒŽȋȌ‹•ƒ•‹’Ž‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”„”‡‡†‡”•ƒ†ƒ‰”‘‘‹•–•–‘Ž‡ƒ”™Š‹…Š˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•
’‡”ˆ‘”™‡ŽŽ‹‘Ǧˆƒ”ƒ†ƒ”‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”•ǤŠ‡–”‹ƒŽ‹•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›’”‡ˆ‡””‡†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ”•‹–Š”‡‡
’Šƒ•‡•ǣ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ‡‡†•Ǣ•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ˆ‘”•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–‘–‡•–™‹–Šˆƒ”‡”•Ǣƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘
‘ ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ ϐ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ …‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǡ –Š‡ •‡‡† ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† …—Ž–‹˜ƒ”• ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ƒ† …‘•–Ǧ
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž› •—’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ˆƒ”‡”• ˆ‘” Žƒ”‰‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ –”‘†—…‹‰  ‹–‘ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
’”‘‰”ƒ…ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡…Šƒ…‡•–Šƒ–‹–•’”‘†—…–•™‹ŽŽ„‡™‡ŽŽƒ†‘’–‡†Ǥ

›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ’Žƒ–„”‡‡†‡”•†‡˜‡Ž‘’˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‹•‘Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ…–‹˜‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘•–
’”‘†—…–‹˜‡—†‡”‹†‡ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǣ‘ˆ–‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”…‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž•ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ
166


 
Ǧˆƒ”ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ƒŽȋȌ
ƒ”‹‡–› –”‹ƒŽ• …‘†—…–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒƒ‰‡† ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› ˆ”‘ ˆƒ”‡”
’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ  ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ’’Ž› ‘”‡
ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”ǡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ ‘”‡ …‘’Ž‡–‡ ™‡‡† ƒ† ’‡•–
…‘–”‘Žǡ ƒ† ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡ ‘”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› –Šƒ ˆƒ”‡”•
…ƒǤ  ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• –Šƒ– ’‡”ˆ‘” ™‡ŽŽ —†‡” –Š‡•‡ DzŠ‹‰ŠǦ
‹’—–dz …‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ› ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘” ™‡ŽŽ —†‡” ‘”‡
•–”‡••ˆ—Ž …‘†‹–‹‘• ˆƒ…‡† „› ˆƒ”‡”• ™Š‘ …ƒ‘–
•’‡† —…Š ‘ ’—”…Šƒ•‡† ‹’—–• ‘” ™Š‘ Žƒ… –Š‡
Žƒ„‘”–‘…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›…‘–”‘Ž™‡‡†•Ǥ
‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ–‡•–‹‰ˆ‘…—•‡•‘ƒ‰”‘‘‹…
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ȋ–”ƒ‹–• Ž‹‡ ›‹‡Ž†ǡ †—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†
†‹•‡ƒ•‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡Ȍǡ „—– ˆƒ”‡”• …‘•‹†‡” ƒ›
‘–Š‡” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ™Š‡ †‡…‹†‹‰
™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– –‘ ƒ†‘’– ‹–Ǥ  ‘‘‹‰ ƒ† ‡ƒ–‹‰
“—ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ƒ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘” ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‡™ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ  ƒ”‡”• ƒ› ƒŽ•‘ „‡ …‘…‡”‡†
™‹–Š •–”ƒ™ “—ƒ–‹–›ǡ ™‡‡† …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ǡ
Šƒ”˜‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† •–‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ  Š‡•‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• ƒ”‡
˜‡”› Šƒ”† –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ‹ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›
–‡•–‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ„—–ƒ›„‡•–”‘‰Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘
ˆƒ”‡”•ǯ†‡…‹•‹‘•‘ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ› ˆƒ”‡”• ‹ ”ƒ‹ˆ‡† ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ”‡Ž›
ƒŽ‘•– ‡–‹”‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡‹” ‘™ •‡‡† •—’’Ž› ˆ‘”
’Žƒ–‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡƒ†‘–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•ǡˆ”‹‡†•ǡ
ƒ† ‡‹‰Š„‘”• ˆ‘” ‡™ ‰‡”’Žƒ•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ›
ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ƒŽȋȌ
 –”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ …‘†—…–‡† ‘Ǧˆƒ” ƒ†
—†‡” –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡–‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ
’”‘˜‹†‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ
‡™ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• —†‡” –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘• ˆƒ…‡†
„› ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ  ”ƒ‹–• Ž‹‡ ™‡‡† …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••
ƒ†›‹‡Ž†—†‡”Ž‘™Ǧˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›…‘†‹–‹‘•…ƒ„‡
ƒ••‡••‡†‹–Š‹•–”‹ƒŽǤ
–”‹ƒŽ•‹…Ž—†‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ•–‡’•‹™Š‹…Šˆƒ”‡”•
‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ƒ„‘—–
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• —†‡” ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ƒ”‡” ‹’—– ‹•
•‘—‰Š–‘„‘–Š’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†‡†Ǧ—•‡–”ƒ‹–•ǡ
—•‹‰ –‘‘Ž• –Šƒ– ‡•—”‡ –Šƒ– –”ƒ‹–• ‹’‘”–ƒ–
–‘ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†ǤŠ‹•‹’—–‹•˜‡”›
—•‡ˆ—Ž‹’”‡†‹…–‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘–ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡
Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›Ǥ
–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ‹‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡™ƒ›
–‘‡š’‘•‡ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‡™‰‡”’Žƒ•Ǥ ƒ”‡”•
‘ˆ–‡ •’‘–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ƒ†‘’– ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• –Š‡›
‘„•‡”˜‡‘”‰”‘™‘–Š‡‹”‘™ˆƒ”•‹–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
„‡ —ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‘” Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ƒ……‡•• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡† •‘‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ†‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•‹•
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹
’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–
˜ƒ”‹‡–› ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ† ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ  –Š‡”
‡…Šƒ‹••ǡ ‘–ƒ„Ž› Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ •‡‡†
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ •…Š‡‡•ǡ ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –‘
‘”‡ ”ƒ’‹† †‹••‡‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”Ǧ’”‡ˆ‡””‡†
˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ

Source: Rice Knowledge Bank, IRRI

 167

 
 ‘ƒ••‡••‰‡‡–‹…†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†–‘ƒ••‡••‰‡‡–‹…˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‰‡‘–›’‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
…‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆƒ……‡••‹‘•ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡••‘™‹ƒƒ†‘‹œ‡†Ž‘…‡•‹‰ȋȌ‹–Š”‡‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•
†—”‹‰Šƒ”‹ˆʹͲͳͺǤ

 ‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡–Š‡‰‡‘–›’‡•„ƒ•‡†‘•‡‡†ǡ•‡‡†Ž‹‰ƒ†’Žƒ–‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ



‡– –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ „Ž‘… ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ͳͳ –Š‡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ –ƒ‡
ƒ‘–Š‡”–™‘‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡…‘‡†‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ͲͳǤ‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽͳʹ—„‡”‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‰”‘™‹
ƒ†‘‹œ‡†Ž‘…‡•‹‰‡†ȋȌ‹ƒ’Ž‘–ǤŠ‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š”‡‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ’Ž‘–Ǥƒ…Š”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘
™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘ͳʹ‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–•ǤŠ‡‹‹—•‹œ‡‘ˆƒ’Ž‘–Ȁ˜ƒ”‹‡–›Ȁ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ʹͷ•“ǤǤȋ‹ƒ‰”ƒ
ȂȌǤŽŽ–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ–”‹ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘†—…–‡†‹ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•ϐ‹‡Ž†Ǥ



ʹͲͳ͹Ǧͳͺ‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Š‹•™‘”‹͵Ͳ„Ž‘…•‘ˆͲ͹–”‹„ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ‘‹ŽŽ‡–•…”‘’
‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ‘™‡Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ‡†‡ƒ…Š„Ž‘…Šƒ•–‘†‘‘‡‹ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•ϐ‹‡Ž†ǤŠ‡Ž‘…ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡
…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† ˆ”‘ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ „Ž‘… ‘” †‹•–”‹…– ƒ† …Š‡…‡† ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† ˆ”‘ †‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ
‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒǤ

™ƒ”‡‡••…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ‹‹‰™ƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ƒ‰‡…‹‡•ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ •ƒ”‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†
‰‘‘†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‹•–”‹ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–™‘”‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•’—–‘
—”•‡”›„‡†ƒˆ–‡”–”‡ƒ–‡–Ǥ‰‘‘†’Ž‘–‘ˆͳͲͲͲ•“Ǥ™ƒ••‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ†ƒ†‡Žƒ›‘—–ˆ‘”‡“—ƒŽ’Ž‘–ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š
˜ƒ”‹‡–›‹‡ƒ…Š”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡‹‹—’Ž‘–•‹œ‡’‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›’‡””‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•ʹͷ•“ǤǤ‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘
™ƒ•‡’–ͳͲͲ…ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡–›–‘˜ƒ”‹‡–›‹–Š‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•͸Ͳ…Ǥʹͳ–‘ʹͷ†ƒ›••‡‡†Ž‹‰•™‡”‡—’”‘‘–‡†
ƒ† ’Žƒ–‡† ‹ ”‘™• ȋʹͲ š ͳͲȌ …Ǥ Š‡ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”• ƒ”‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ˜‹•‹–‡† –Š‡  ’Ž‘–• ƒ† ‡‡’ –Š‡
”‡…‘”†‹‰•‘ˆ†ƒ–‡‘ˆ•‘™‹‰ǡ’Žƒ–‹‰ǡ™‡‡†‹‰ƒ†ϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰Ǥ—”‹‰’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ–—”‹–›•–ƒ‰‡

Š‡ ’Ž‘–• ™‡”‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ͷ“Ž ‰‘‘† †”‹‡†  ƒ• „ƒ•ƒŽ †‘•‡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’Ž‘—‰Š‡† –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›Ǥ “—ƒŽ
ƒ‘—–‘ˆ ™ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘‡ƒ…Š’Ž‘–ƒˆ–‡”ͳ•–™‡‡†‹‰ȋͳͷ†ƒ›•ƒˆ–‡”Ȍƒ†ƒˆ–‡”͵Ͳ†ƒ›•Ƭ
Ͷͷ†ƒ›•‘ˆǤ•—”‡†™ƒ–‡”†—”‹‰ϐŽ‘™‡”‹‰’‡”‹‘†Ǥ

   ǣ

 ‡…‘†‡–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’—–—‡”‹…ƒŽ—„‡”Ǥ

 ˜‹–‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ˆƒ”‡”•ȋʹͲȂ͸Ͳƒ‰‡Ȍˆ”‘…Ž—•–‡”‘ˆ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•–‘–Š‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘’Ž‘–Ǥ
168

 š’Žƒ‹–Š‡–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”˜‹•‹–Ǥ

 ”‡’ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡–ƒ‰•ǣ‡•–˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǣ
”‡‡ǡ‡”›™‡ŽŽǣŽ—‡ǡ‘‘”ǣ‡†Ǥ

 ‹˜‹†‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”‘—’•

Ž›ƒŽ‡‰”‘—’ȋͷǦͳͲȌ Ž› ‡ƒŽ‡‰”‘—’ȋͷȂͳͲȌ

‹š‡†
”‘—’ȋͷƬͷ Ȍ ‘—–Šˆ‡ƒŽ‡ȋͷȂͳͲȌ
‘—–ŠƒŽ‡ȋͷȂͳͲȌ ‹š‡†‘—–Šȋͷ Ƭ Ȍ

 Š‡‰”‘—’•™‡”‡‡–‡”‡†‹–‘–Š‡’Ž‘–™‹–Š–ƒ‰•ƒ††‹•…—••‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†’—–‘–Š‡–ƒ‰
„‡•–ǡ„‡––‡”ƒ†’‘‘”ǤŠ‡•ƒ”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Š›–Š‡‰”‘—’”ƒǫ ‘”™Š‹…Š–Š‡›
Šƒ˜‡ ”ƒ‡†ǫ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ǫ › ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ™ƒ– –‘
‰‹˜‡Ǥ

 Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†„‘–Š˜‹•—ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ”‘‡ƒ…Š”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
•…‘”‡‹–ƒ•’‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ•‘…‘ŽŽ‡…–“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ˆ”‘ͳͲ’Žƒ–•Ȁ’Ž‘–Ȁ
˜ƒ”‹‡–›Ȁ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘’‹Ž‡‹–Ǥ‘–Š–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡…‘’‹Ž‡†ƒ†–Š‡„‡•–˜ƒ”‹‡–›™‡”‡
•‡Ž‡…–‡†ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡•‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ


 ͳʹǣȍͳͳΪͲͳ
Ȏ

R1 1 7 2 4 11 9 6 10 8 3 12 5

R2 8 1 5 11 9 2 3 12 4 6 10 7

R3 2 3 8 12 4 5 11 9 10 1 7 6

‘–‡ǣǦ
  ʹͲͳͺȃͳͻ

Sl
ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
district
No. of Block
No. of FA
No. of PVT
No of Farmers
No of Local
varieties
Number of Govt.
Š‡…˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•
Total Number of
varieties
No of varieties
repeted
Date of Nursery
Date of
transplanting
Ž‘–•‹œ‡ȋƒ…”‡Ȍ
Remarks

ŽŽ
”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ʹͺǤ͸Ǥͳͺǡ–‘ ʹͳǤ͹Ǥͳͺǡ–‘
1  2 2 3 3 ʹ͹ 3 ͵Ͳ ͲǤͷ‡ƒ…Š
in three ͳͻǤ͹Ǥͳͺ ͳ͸ǤͺǤͳͺ
’Žƒ…‡•

‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒ–’—”
Ͳ͹ǤͲ͸Ǥͳͺ–‘ ͳ͸ǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ–‘ ™ƒ•Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†„›
2  ͹ ͹ ͹ ͹ ͷͷ 13 ͸ͺ 13 ͲǤʹͷ–‘ͲǤͷ
ͲʹǤͲͺǤͳͺ ͲͷǤͲͻǤͳͺ –Š‡ˆƒ”‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡
selection

Ͳ͵ǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ–‘ ͵ͳǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ–‘
3  3 3 3 3 ʹͻ ͺ ͵͹ Ͷ ͲǤͷƒŽŽ
ͲͷǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ ͳͲǤͲͺǤͳͺ

ʹͶǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ–‘ ʹͳǤͲͺǤͳͺ–‘
Ͷ 
 3 3 3 3 ʹͷ 3 ʹͺ ʹͲ ͲǤͳʹ–‘ͲǤʹͷ
ʹ͹ǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ ʹͷǤͲͺǤͳͺ

–Š‡”Ͳ͵ •™‹ŽŽ„‡
ͷ
  1 1 1 1 3 ͷ ͺ Ͳ ͳͻǤͲ͸Ǥͳͺ ͳ͹ǤͲ͹Ǥͳͺ ͲǤͷ †‘–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‹
ƒ„‹

Š‡™ƒ•
damaged and
6  1 1 1 1 13 1 ͳͶ Ͳ ͲͷǤͲͺǤͳͺ ͲͶǤͲͻǤͳͺ ͲǤͷ
’Žƒ‡†–‘…‘†—…–
‹ƒ„‹

 ͳ͹ ͳ͹ ͳͺ ͳͺ ͳͷʹ 33 ͳͺͷ ͵͹

169
170

‹ƒŽ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ǣƒ„Ž‡Ȃͳǣ ‹ƒŽ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ”‘‡š‡”…‹•‡
ȂʹͲͳͺˆ‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘‹ʹͲͳͻǦʹͲŠƒ”‹ˆ

Sl District Block Organization Best performed varieties

ƒƒƒ†‹ƒ
1 

——’—” •Šƒ
ƒ†ƒƒ†‹ƒ
—”—–‹ƒ†‹ƒ
2 
 ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ†ƒ ’†•…
Telugu Mandia
ƒŽ•ƒ”—ƒ†‹ƒ
3  ƒ”Žƒ ƒŠƒ„Šƒ‰‹˜‹›ƒ
Ǧʹͺ
‡”‡‰ƒƒ†‹ƒ
Ͷ  ‡‹Ž‹‰—†ƒ Šƒ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘

’—Ȃ͸͹
”Ȃ
ͷ  ƒ†ƒ’—” ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹
ƒ†ƒƒ†‹ƒ
ƒ–‹ƒ†‹ƒ
6  —†”ƒ Mssrf
Š‹Ž‹ƒƒ†‹ƒ
‡’—ƒ†‹ƒ
͹  ‘‹’ƒ”‹‰—†ƒ ›•†
ŠƒŽƒƒ‰ƒ†ƒ
”‹Šƒ‹–ƒ›ƒ
ͺ  ‘”‹‰—ƒ ƒ”•Šƒ”—•–

’—ǦͶͺ
—†‡Žƒ†‹ƒ
ͻ  ƒ–ƒ’—– ”ƒ†ƒ
Mami Mandia
ƒ–ƒƒ”ƒ
ͳͲ
  Mohana ƒ…ƒŽ
Š‹Ž‹ƒ
ƒƒŠƒ‹ƒ†‹ƒ
11  ‹ƒ’ƒŽŽ‹ ˜ƒ
ƒ†ƒƒ†‹ƒ
ƒ†ƒƒ†‹ƒȋƒŽƒ†‹ƒȌ
12  ‘ƒǦ Š‹•ŠƒŽ—„
Š‘†ƒƒ†‹ƒ


 Š‡ ƒ‰”‘‘‹… †ƒ–ƒ …‘—Ž† ‘– …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† „› –Š‡ ǡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘”ƒ– ƒ† ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ
…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ‘ –Š‹• ƒ• ‹– ‹• ˜‡”› ‡™ ‡š‡”…‹•‡ –‘
–Š‡Ǥ‘‘˜‡”…‘‡–‘–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡ǡƒ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–‡ƒ‹•ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†™‹ŽŽŽ‘‘ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‰”‘‘‹…†ƒ–ƒ
…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‹ʹͲͳͻǦʹͲ

 ŽŽ–Š‡’Ž‘–•‘ˆƒŽƒ‰‹”‹™‡”‡™ƒ•Š‡†‘—–ƒ––Š‡—”•‡”›•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ

 ‡‰—Žƒ”‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’Ž‘–•ƒŽ•‘†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹•–”‹…–…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”•


‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆϐ‹…‹ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡”˜‹•‹–‘”•—ƒ„Ž‡˜‹•‹––Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ’Ž‘–•†—‡–‘‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
„Ž‘…•

 ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ •™‡”‡–ƒ‡‘”‡–‹‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡…‘…‡’–ǡ•‘–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ’Žƒ‹–‹‡‹–Š‡”ʹͲͳͺǦ
ͳͻƒ„‹‘”ʹͲͳͻǦʹͲŠƒ”‹ˆ
 171

 
 ‡•––™‘˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•„‘–Šˆ”‘ˆƒ”‡”ǯ••‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‡Ž‡…–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‰”‘™‹‡š–›‡ƒ”ˆ”‘
ƒ‹…Ž‡–‘”‘™ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘

 ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǯ‹†‹‰‡‘—•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‹–•”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ†”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ

 Š‡„‡•–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡••‡‡†•™‹ŽŽ„‡’—”‹ˆ›ƒ†‰”‘™ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡•‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘–‘‡‡––Š‡•‡‡†
•…ƒ”…‹–›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†’”‘†—…–‹‘‡Šƒ…‡‡–

 ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”› ™‘” ‡ƒ„Ž‡ „‘–Š ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ •’‡…‹ϐ‹… ‡‡† ‘ˆ
ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”™‹ŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•’”ƒ…–‹…‡ƒ†ϐ‹‡Ž†…‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

 ˆƒ”‡”…ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘””‡‰‹•–‡”‡†–Š‹•˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ•ˆƒ”‡”ǯ•˜ƒ”‹‡–›

 ‰”‘—’‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•…ƒ•–ƒ”–ƒ•‡‡†‡–”‡’”‡‡—”

 ‘”‡–ŠƒͳͲͲŽ‘…ƒŽŽƒ†”ƒ…‡•‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ”‡…‘•‡”˜‡†

 ‘’—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘‰ˆƒ”‹‰…‘—‹–‹‡•†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”†‘‹‰‹”‹…‡ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†
sorghum

  ʹͲͳͻǧʹͲ

 Šƒ”‹ˆ ʹͲͳͻǦʹͲǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‹•–”‹…–• ˆ”‘ ͹ –‘ ͳͶ ƒ† „Ž‘…• ˆ”‘ ͵Ͳ –‘ ͹ʹǤ ‘–ƒŽ Ͷ͹ • ƒ”‡
’Žƒ‡†ƒ†Ͷʹ•ƒ”‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†Ǥͷ•ƒ”‡†ƒƒ‰‡††—‡–‘…‘–‹—‘—•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹‹ƒ›ƒ‰ƒ†ƒǡ
ƒ†ŠƒƒŽƒ†
ƒŒƒ†‹•–”‹…–•„‘–Šƒ–—”•‡”›ƒ†–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰•–ƒ‰‡Ǥͳʹ•‡Ž‡…–‡†˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ˆ”‘•
‹ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻƒ”‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‡†‹ʹͶǤͷƒ…”‡•‘ˆŽƒ†ˆ‘”•‡‡†’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ

Districts Planned …Š‹‡˜‡† Balance Remarks


 Ͷ Ͷ Ͳ
 ͹ 6 1 —”•‡”›™ƒ•™ƒ•Š‡†‘—–†—‡–‘ϐŽƒ•ŠϐŽ‘‘†
 3 3 Ͳ
Ͳʹ‘ˆ
—†ƒ”‹Ƭ—‹‰—†ƒ™ƒ•Š‡†ƒ™ƒ›

 6 Ͷ 2
†—”‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ƒ†ϐŽƒ•ŠϐŽ‘‘†Ǥ
 1 1 Ͳ

 Ͷ Ͷ Ͳ
 3 3 Ͳ

 6 6 Ͳ

  Ͷ 2 2 Ͳʹ—”•‡”›™ƒ•Š‡†‘—––™‹…‡
  Ͷ Ͷ Ͳ ‘’Ž‡–‡†
 Ͷ Ͷ Ͳ …‘’Ž‡–‡†

  1 1 Ͳ
Total Ͷ͹ Ͷʹ ͷ
172

SECTION - 22

”—•ƒ–‡Šƒ”Š‘—†Š—”›ǡ
”‹•™ƒƒƒ”ƒ•ǡ
”—ŽƒƒŒƒƒ›ƒǡ

INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
OF FINGER MILLET THROUGH SYSTEM
OF MILLET INTENSIFICATION (SMI)


†‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳͷǤͶͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡…–ƒ”‡’”‘†—…‹‰ͳ͹Ǥʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•™‹–Šƒ›‹‡Ž†
‘ˆͳͳͳͳ‰ȀŠƒǤ‘‰‹ŽŽ‡–•ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‘……—’‹‡•ƒ„‘—–͸ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ†…‘–”‹„—–‡•͹ͲΨ–‘–Š‡
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡Šƒ”†›…”‘’•ƒ†“—‹–‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡––‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆƒ‰”‘Ǧ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…ƒ†˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǡ
•—…Šƒ•’‘‘”•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒŠ‹‰Š‹…”‘—–”‹‡–
…‘–‡–ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘…ƒŽ…‹—ƒ†‹”‘ǡƒ†Š‹‰Š†‹‡–ƒ”›ϐ‹„‡”Ǥ

†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–•…‘˜‡”‡†‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳ͸ʹǤͻ–Š‘—•ƒ†Š‡…–ƒ”‡ȋ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻȌƒ†ƒŽ‘‡ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
…‘˜‡”‡†͹ͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ—––Š‡›‹‡Ž†‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•–ƒ‰ƒ–‹„‡–™‡‡͹Ǥͷ“ŽȀŠƒ–‘ͺǤ͸͹“ŽȀŠƒ‹Žƒ•–ͷ
›‡ƒ”•™Š‹…Š‹•Ž‘™‡”–Šƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ͳ͵ǤͲͺ“ŽȀŠƒǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡
†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ͳ͸ͷ–‘ͳʹͲ–Š‘—•ƒ†Š‡…–ƒ”‡ȋ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻȌǤ—–‘ˆ͵Ͳ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒͳͶ†‹•–”‹…–•
ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•‰”‘™ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡…—•–‘†‹ƒ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•…”‘’ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆ”‘Š‹ŽŽ–‘’•–‘ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ•„‘–Š‹•‘Ž‘ƒ†—Ž–‹’Ž‡…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•
‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‡–‹–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›Ž—…Šƒ†„”‡ƒˆƒ•–ǡ„—–‹–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘””‘—†–Š‡›‡ƒ”ˆ‘”…‘•—’–‹‘ˆ‘”
ƒ•ƒŽŽƬƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž›‹•˜‡”›†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–†—‡–‘Ž‘™’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡”‡•‘—”…‡’‘‘”ƒ†Žƒ…‘ˆ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘‹’”‘˜‡†’ƒ…ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ˆ‘”›‹‡Ž†‡Šƒ…‡‡–Ǥ
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒŠƒ•Žƒ—…Š‡†
ƒDz•’‡…‹ƒŽ”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘””‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–”‹„ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒdz’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›‘™ƒ•Dz†‹•Šƒ
Millets Mission” for reviving millets in farms and on plates ‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳ͹Ǧͳͺ‹•‡˜‡–”‹„ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ
†‹•ŠƒǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡‹•–‘‡Šƒ…‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–„›ƒ†‘’–‹‰›•–‡
‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡––‡•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ȋȌǡ‹‡”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ȋȌƒ†‹‡‘™‹‰ȋȌǤͺͲͲͲˆƒ”‡”•™‡”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹ ͵Ͳ „Ž‘…• ‘ˆ ͹ †‹•–”‹…–• „› —•‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ ”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
 173

ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š’‘•—”‡•Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ǥ—•–‘
‹”‹‰‡–”‡•ȋȌƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–„Ž‘…Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘•—’’‘”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹’Ž‡‡–•†—”‹‰…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘
”‡–ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•Ǥ‘—‹–›ƒƒ‰‡†‡‡†‡–”‡•ȋȌƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–‘•—’’‘”–“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†’”‘†—…‡ǡ
•ƒŽ‡ ƒ† •—’’Ž›Ǥ ƒ”‡”ǯ• ‹…‡–‹˜‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰‹˜‡ –‘ ”‡†—…‡ …‘•– ‘ˆ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ
—†‡”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘–Š‡…”‘’…—––‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡–”‡’‘”–•‹–‹•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹›‹‡Ž†
ƒ”‘—†ͷͲǦ͸ͲΨ—†‡”–Šƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ‡š’Žƒ‹‹†‡–ƒ‹Žƒ„‘—–
–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹••‹‘‘’”‘†—…–‹‘‡Šƒ…‡‡–‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆ”‘
—Ž–‹ǦŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰”‘Ǧ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…”‡‰‹‘Ǥ


‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…‡”‡ƒŽ•™Š‹…Š’Žƒ›ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ†—–”‹–‹‘•‡…—”‹–›‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
…‘—–”‹‡•‹–Š‡•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹†–”‘’‹…•‘ˆ•‹ƒƒ†ˆ”‹…ƒǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹†‹ƒǡ‹‰‡”‹ƒƒ†‹‰‡”ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‰”‘™
‘•‘‹Ž•™Š‹…Š–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡–‘‘’‘‘”–‘•—’’‘”–ƒ›‘–Š‡”…”‘’ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡ˆ‘”†”‘—‰Š–ǡ
Ž‘™—–”‹‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ϐŽ—…–—ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ‘–Š‡”…‡”‡ƒŽ…”‘’•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘—‹“—‡†—‡–‘
–Š‡‹”•Š‘”–‰”‘™‹‰•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡ƒŽŽǦ•‡ƒ•‘…”‘’•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†”‘—†–Š‡›‡ƒ”ƒ†’”‘†—…‡•—Ž–‹’Ž‡
•‡…—”‹–‹‡•ȋˆ‘‘†ǡˆ‘††‡”ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ—–”‹–‹‘ǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‡…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽȌƒ‹‰–Š‡–Š‡…”‘’•‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ
•‡…—”‹–›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡’”‹…‡•Ǥ’‘”–ƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’•‰”‘™‹†‹ƒƒ”‡‘”‰Š—ȋ
”‡ƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍǡ
ƒŒ”ƒȋ‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍǡƒ‰‹ȋ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍƒ†•ƒŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡–•˜‹œǤǡ‘””ƒȋ ‘š–ƒ‹Ž‹ŽŽ‡–Ȍǡ‹––Ž‡‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ‘†‘
‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ”‘•‘‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†ƒ”›ƒ”†‹ŽŽ‡–ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•…‘ƒ”•‡…‡”‡ƒŽ•ǡ„—–”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡
—–”‹‡–”‹…Š‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ‹•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘™…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•—–”‹ƒǦ…‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡
‹”‘ǡ ƒ‰‡•‹—ǡ ’Š‘•’Š‘”‘—• ƒ† ’‘–ƒ••‹—Ǥ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹• –Š‡ ”‹…Š‡•– ‹ …ƒŽ…‹— …‘–‡–ǡ ƒ„‘—– ͳͲ
–‹‡•–Šƒ–‘ˆ”‹…‡‘”™Š‡ƒ–Ǥ

†‹ƒǡ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳͷǤͶͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡…–ƒ”‡’”‘†—…‹‰ͳ͹Ǥʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•™‹–Šƒ›‹‡Ž†
‘ˆͳͳͳͳ‰ȀŠƒȋ‹”‡…–‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆ…‘‘‹…•ƒ†–ƒ–‹•–‹…•ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒŒƒ•–Šƒƒ†ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒƒ”‡
–Š‡–‘’‘•–•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹†‹ƒǤ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–‘–ƒŽˆ‘‘†‰”ƒ‹’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ
†‹ƒ”‡†—…‡†ˆ”‘ʹʹǤͳ͹Ψ–‘͸ǤͻͶΨ‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–•‹š†‡…ƒ†‡•ˆ”‘ͳͻͷͲǦͷͳ–‘ʹͲͳͳǦͳʹǤ•’‹–‡‘ˆƒŽŽ
–Š‡‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”›“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ…‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‹ŽŽ‡–’”‘†—…–‹‘Šƒ•
„‡‡•Š”‹‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–ϐ‹˜‡†‡…ƒ†‡•ƒ†”ƒ’‹†Ž›ǡ•‹…‡–Š‡
”‡‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘’‡”‹‘††—‡–‘”‡Ž‡–Ž‡••
’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡”…”‘’••—…Šƒ•”‹…‡ƒ†™Š‡ƒ–ˆ‘”‹–‡•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰‹•‡Ž‡…–ˆ‡™”‡•‘—”…‡”‹…Šƒ”‡ƒ•
—†‡”‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†…‘†‹–‹‘•ȋȌ

 †‹•Šƒ ‹ŽŽ‡–• …‘˜‡”‡† ‹ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ͳ͸ʹǤͻ –Š‘—•ƒ† Š‡…–ƒ”‡ ȋ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻȌ ƒ† ƒŽ‘‡ ϐ‹‰‡”
‹ŽŽ‡–…‘˜‡”‡†͹ͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ—––Š‡›‹‡Ž†‘ˆϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•–ƒ‰ƒ–‹„‡–™‡‡͹Ǥͷ“ŽȀŠƒ–‘ͺǤ͸͹“ŽȀŠƒ‹
Žƒ•–ͷ›‡ƒ”•™Š‹…Š‹•Ž‘™‡”–Šƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ͳ͵ǤͲͺ“ŽȀŠƒǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•
„‡‡†‡…”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ”‘ͳ͸ͷ–‘ͳʹͲ–Š‘—•ƒ†Š‡…–ƒ”‡ȋ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻȌǤ—–‘ˆ͵Ͳ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ
ͳͶ†‹•–”‹…–•ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”‹ŽŽ‡–•‰”‘™ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‹‰…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡…—•–‘†‹ƒ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•
…”‘’ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡‹ŽŽ‡–•ˆ”‘Š‹ŽŽ–‘’•–‘ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡ƒ•„‘–Š‹•‘Ž‘ƒ†—Ž–‹’Ž‡…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ
‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹‡–‹–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›Ž—…Šƒ†„”‡ƒˆƒ•–ǡ„—–‹–•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘””‘—†–Š‡›‡ƒ”ˆ‘”
…‘•—’–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ•ƒŽŽƬƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž›‹•˜‡”›†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–†—‡–‘Ž‘™’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡‰”‘™‹
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„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰ƒ†”ƒ†‘–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‡–Š‘†•‹Š‹ŽŽ›ƒ†”ƒ‹ˆ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒǤŠ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡
•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹ŽŽ‡–•‹•‘Ž‘ǡ‹–‡”ƒ†—Ž–‹’Ž‡…”‘’’‹‰•›•–‡
‹ Šƒ”‹ˆǤ ƒ‰‹ ‹• –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‹ŽŽ‡– …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† ‹ ͳ͸ͷǤͺ –Š‘—•ƒ† Š‡…–ƒ”‡ ‹ †‹•Šƒ ™‹–Š ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ͳͶ͵Ǥ͹Ͷƒ†’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ͺǤ͸͹“ŽȀŠƒǤŠ”‹‹‰‘ˆ…”‘’ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ•–ƒ‰ƒ–‹’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ—ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†•ǡŽƒ…‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘‹’”‘˜‡†’ƒ…ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǡ—ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ”‡–ƒ†
…‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‘…ƒ•Š…”‘’ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•–‘‘˜‡‘—–
ˆ”‘‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ™‹ŽŽ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• ƒ† ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ †‹•Šƒ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ‹••‹‘ ȋȌ –‘
‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆ‘” ƒ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ ‹ŽŽ‡– …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‘”• ‘ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‡Šƒ…‡‡– ƒ†
’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ˜‡—‡•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”•‘…‹‘Ǧ‡…‘‘‹……‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ

METHODOLOGY

‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ‹’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ–‡”•Š‡†—’’‘”–‡”˜‹…‡•ƒ†…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‡–™‘”
ȋȌƒ†ƒ„ƒ”—•ŠƒŠ‘—†Š—”›‡–”‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ–—†‹‡•ȋȌ‹•Žƒ—…Š‡†
ƒDz’‡…‹ƒŽ”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘””‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒdz‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳ͸Ȃͳ͹
‹•‡˜‡–”‹„ƒŽ†‹•–”‹…–•‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒǤ—–‘ˆͳͲ‰”‘Ǧ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…œ‘‡•–Š‡•‡˜‡†‹•–”‹…–•ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘—”
ƒ‰”‘Ǧ…Ž‹ƒ–‹…œ‘‡•ȋ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‰Šƒ–ǡƒ•–‡”
Šƒ–‹‰Šƒ† , ‡•–‡”†—Žƒ–‹‰‘‡Ƭ‘—–Šƒ•–‡”
Šƒ–
ȌǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•„›ƒ†‘’–‹‰
ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ƒŽǡ’”‘˜‡†‰”‘‘‹…”ƒ…–‹…‡•Ž‹‡ȋ›•–‡‹‹ŽŽ‡––‡•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‹‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰ǡ‹‡•‘™‹‰ǡ’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘™Ǧ…‘•–Ž‹“—‹†‘”‰ƒ‹…ƒ—”‡ǡ—•‡‘ˆ…›…Ž‡™‡‡†‡”
‡–…ȌǤ ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡•—’’‘”–‡†ˆ‘”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹…‡–‹˜‡•ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡‹’—–•Ǥ‘—‹–›ƒƒ‰‡†
‡‡†›•–‡ȋȌƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹…Ž—•–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘’”‘†—…‡ǡ’”‘…—”‡ƒ†•—’’Ž›“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†
–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š‘†ƒŽȀ ǡ—•–‘‹”‹‰‡–”‡•ȋȌƒ”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹…Ž—•–‡”
Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘•—’’‘”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹’Ž‡‡–•‘Š‹”‹‰„ƒ•‹•ǤŽŽ–Š‡•‡•›•–‡•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ǡ
ƒ……‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆƒ”‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—‹–›‡•‘—”…‡‡”•‘•ƒ–ƒ…Šƒ›ƒ–
Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‹„ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ †‹•Šƒ ‹‹–‡†
ȋȌˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ–
Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘•‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”•—’Ž—•ƒ‘—–™‹–Š‹‹——’’‘”–
”‹…‡ȋȌ†‡…Žƒ”‡†„›
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹ƒǤ


 
–‡’Ȃǣ͵Ͳ„Ž‘…•ˆ”‘•‡˜‡†‹•–”‹…–•™‡”‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†ˆ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•„›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰
ƒš‹— ‹ŽŽ‡– ‰”‘™‹‰ ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ  ‡ƒ…Š „Ž‘… ‘‡ ƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ ‰‡…›Ȁ
 ‹• •‡Ž‡…–‡† –‘ ‘‹–‘”ǡ
‡š‡…—–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ††ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”‘™‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•‘…‘•—’–‹‘ǡ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘
ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ

–‡’ Ȃ ǣ ”‘‰”ƒ‡ ‡…”‡–ƒ”› ȋȌ Šƒ• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† †‹•–”‹…– Ž‡˜‡Ž –”ƒ‹‹‰ Ƭ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘
‰”‘‘‹…’”ƒ…–‹…‡•‘ˆ”‘†—…–‹‘‡Šƒ…‡‡–ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡†’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹…ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™—’†—”‹‰
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆ…”‘’Ǥ
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–‡’Ȃǣ ƒ”‡”•ǯ‹…‡–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡•—’’‘”–‡†–‘”‡†—…‡…‘•–‘ˆ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘„›‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡
ƒ† ‘‘†”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ†‹•Šƒ–Š”‘—‰Š‹”‡…–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‡‡ϐ‹–ȋȌ

–‡’ Ȃ ǣ ”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡–• –‡•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ‹ Žƒ”‰‡ •…ƒŽ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ǡ
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –”ƒ‹‹‰•ǡ ϐ‹‡Ž† ‡š’‘•—”‡• ‡–… „› ƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ ‰‡…‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š • ƒ† ”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡
farmers

–‡’Ȃǣ •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ—•–‘‹”‹‰‡–‡”•ȋȌƒ–

”ƒƒ…Šƒ›ƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž„›‘—‹–›„ƒ•‡†
”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋȌȀ ƒ”‡”•”‘†—…‡””‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ȋ Ȍ–‘•—’’‘”–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‰ƒ†‰‡–•‘”‹’Ž‡‡–•
Ž‹‡Ȃ™‡‡†‡”ǡƒ”‡”ǡ•’”ƒ›‡”ǡ„‹‘Ǧ’‡•–‹…‹†‡•ǡ–Š”‡•Š‡”Ǧ…—Ǧ’‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ†‹‡•‡Ž‘’‡”ƒ–‡†’—’•‡–•‘Š‹”‹‰
„ƒ•‹•–‘’”‘–‡…–ƒ†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ…”‘’•Ǥ

–‡’Ȃǣ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ‘—‹–›ƒƒ‰‡†‡‡†‡–‡”•ȋȌƒ–
”ƒƒ…Šƒ›ƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘‰”‘™ǡ
•—’’Ž›ƒ†•ƒŽ‡–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–Š”‘—‰ŠȀ ǤŠ‡„ƒ‹•™‡ŽŽ‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š‘‹•–—”‡
‡–‡”ǡ’‘Ž›–Š‡‡ǡ‰—›„ƒ‰•ǡ„ƒ„‘‘„ƒ•‡–•ƒ†‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…™‡‹‰Š‹‰ƒ…Š‹‡Ǥ

Ƭ

†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹••‹‘ƒ†‘’–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‘™…‘•–ǡŽ‘…ƒŽŽ›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ”‹‡†Ž›‘”‰ƒ‹…ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•
ˆ‘”…”‘’‰”‘™–Šƒ†’”‘–‡…–‹‘Ǥ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‡†”ƒ‰‹‹–Š‡‹”„‘—†‡†‘”
—„‘—†‡†—’Žƒ†•„‘–Š‹•‘Ž‘ǡ–‡”ƒ†‹š‡†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡•—”˜‡›‹–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–
‘”‡ –Šƒ ͸ͲΨ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ –Š‡› …‘—Ž† ‘– —–‹Ž‹œ‡ –Š‡‹” ”ƒ‰‹ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ• †‹‡– ˆ‘”
”‘—†–Š‡›‡ƒ”†—‡–‘Ž‘™’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ™ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—–‹’”‘˜‡†‡–Š‘†‘ˆ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹Ǥ‡ǡ
‹‹…‡‘”‹‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‹‹…‡ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡‰‹˜‡•‡…‘†’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•–‘ƒ‰‹‹–‡”…—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•
–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ„‘—”†‡ϐ‹…‹‡…›‹•‹†‡–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡’‘‘”‡…‘‘›Ǥ—‡–‘Ž‘™
”‡–—”ˆ”‘”ƒ‰‹ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡†‹˜‡”–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘…”‘’‘”…ƒ•Š…”‘’Ž‹‡‡—…ƒŽ›’–—•
ƒ†…‘––‘Ǥ–Š‡•‡…”‘’•–Š‡–”ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹’—–•ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰ƒ†
’”‘…—”‡ƒ––Š‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‹…ƒ•‡‘ˆ…‘––‘ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”ϐ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•‹…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡—…ƒŽ›’–—•Ǥ—–•–‹ŽŽ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ
–Š‘•‡•‡˜‡†‹•–”‹…–•‡˜‡”‰‹˜‡—’‹ŽŽ‡–•‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‘™’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ

‘‘‹‰ ƒˆ–‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–• †‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆƒ”‡”• ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ‘ ”ƒ‰‹ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˆ‘‘† Šƒ„‹–• ‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–
…‘•—’–‹‘ǡ‹’Ž‡‡–ˆ‘”•‘Ž‘…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‰‹–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ’ƒ…ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’™Š‹…Š–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›„›ƒ†‘’–‹‰
Ž‘™Ǧ…‘•– –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ȋ‡š—”‡ Ȃ ͳȌǤ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ ˆ‘…—• ‰”‘—’
†‹•…—••‹‘•ǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ …‘—•‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ –”ƒ‹‹‰• ƒ† †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ• „‡‡ …‘†—…–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ǡ
•ǡ•Ƭ•–‘ˆƒ”‹‰…‘—‹–‹‡•™‹–Š•Š‘—Ž†‡”‹‰ƒŽŽŠƒ”†™‘”Ƭ’ƒ‹Ǥ

ͺͲͲͲˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†ƒ‰‹‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͵ͲͲͲŠƒ‹•‡˜‡†‹•–”‹…–•Ǥ—–‘ˆ–Š‡ͷͲΨƒ”‡ƒ…‘˜‡”‡†
—†‡”›•–‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‹–‡•‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡…”‘’…—––‹‰”‡’‘”–•ƒ›•–Š‡͸ͲΨ›‹‡Ž†Šƒ•„‡‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‹
ˆ”‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆƒ”‡‡”•…ƒ•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹ˆ‘”…‘•—’–‹‘ˆ‘”™Š‘Ž‡–Š‡›‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒŽ•‘
•—”’Ž—•–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‡…‘‘›Ǥ
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‡š—”‡Ȃ: 
 
Practices SMI

‡‡†”ƒ–‡ȋƒ…”‡ȌŠƒ˜‹‰‘”‡ ͷͲͲ‰
–ŠƒͺͲΨ
‡”‹ƒ–‹‘

‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡– ‹Œƒ”—–ƒȋͳǦʹŽ‹–Ȍ

—”•‡”›„‡†’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‹œ‡ǣȋͷšͳšͲǤͳͷȌˆ‘”ͷ„‡†•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”…ƒƒŽ‘ˆͲǤ͵Ͳ„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡„‡†

’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ  ʹ“Ž

’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹˜ƒ”—–ƒ ͳǣͳͲƒˆ–‡”ͷ†ƒ›•

‘™‹‰ ‹šͳǣͳʹϐ‹‡•ƒ†‘”ϐ‹‡ ™‹–Š•‡‡†ƒ†•‘™‹Ž‹‡‘„‡†

‰‡‘ˆ•‡‡†Ž‹‰•‘’Žƒ–‹‰ ͳͷǦʹͲ†ƒ›•

’”‘‘–‹‰Ƭ’Žƒ–‹‰ ’”‘‘––Š‡•‡‡†Ž‹‰•ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•‘‹Žƒ†’Žƒ–‹•“—ƒ”‡
ȋʹͷšʹͷȌ…

ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ‹ϐ‹‡Ž† ͵Ͳ“ŽȀƒ…”‡

‡‡†Ž‹‰•ȀŠ‹ŽŽ Žƒ–‡•‡‡†Ž‹‰‹–‘ͳ‹…Š‹•‹†‡–Š‡•‘‹Ž

Weeding Š”‡‡™‡‡†‹‰„››…Ž‡™‡‡†‡”‘„‘–Š™ƒ›‹ͳͷ†ƒ›•‹–‡”˜ƒŽ
ƒˆ–‡”

’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹˜ƒ”—–ƒ ͳǣͳͲ ‹˜ƒ”—–ƒ‘‡†ƒ›ƒˆ–‡”™‡‡†‹‰

’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†‹Šƒ–ƒ ͳǣͶͲƒˆ–‡”ͳͷ†ƒ›•‘ˆ͵”†™‡‡†‹‰

‘‰”‘ŽŽ‹‰ •‹‰ƒŽ‹‰Š–”‘ŽŽ‹‰Ž‘‰’”‡••†‘™–Š‡•‡‡†Ž‹‰„‡†‹‰–Š‡
without damage after 2nd weeding in one direction

‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”ˆ—‰ƒŽ†‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘‹Žͳ‰™‹Ž†—Ž•‹Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‹ʹŽ‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•’”ƒ›–Š‹••‘Ž—–‹‘
ȋ„Žƒ•–Ƭ„”‘™•’‘–Ȍ ̷ʹŽȀŽ‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”–™‹…‡ƒ–ͳͷ†ƒ›•‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•

ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽŽ‡ƒˆ„Ž‹‰Š– ’”ƒ›ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ…‘™†—‰•Ž—””›ʹͲ‰‹š‡†‹ʹͲͲŽ‹–”‡•‘ˆ
™ƒ–‡”ǡϐ‹Ž–‡”‡†ƒ††‹Ž—–‡†™‹–ŠͷͲŽ‹–”‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”

—…‹‰’‡•–ȋ’Š‹†•Ȍ ’”ƒ›‰ƒ”Ž‹…‡š–”ƒ…–ȋͳͲͲ‰•…”—•Š‡†ƒ†‹š‡†ͷͲŽ‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ȍ
‘”ƒ’’Ž›ƒ—”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†—•‹‰†Šƒ–‘†ƒ˜ƒ•‹…ƒȋ
Ȍ
’’Ž›‡‡‘‹Žȋ͵ŽȀŽ‹–Ȍ
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Practices SMI

‘”‹‰’‡•–ȋ•–‡„‘”‡”Ȍ
”—•Š͵‰‡‡Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‹ͳͲŽ‹–…‘™—”‹‡
”—•Šʹ‰…—•–ƒ”†ƒ’’Ž‡Ž‡ƒˆǡʹ‰’ƒ’ƒ›ƒŽ‡ƒˆǡʹ‰’‘‡‰”ƒƒ–‡
Ž‡ƒ˜‡•ǡʹ‰‰—ƒ˜ƒŽ‡ƒ˜‡•‹™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
‹š–Š‡–™‘ƒ†„‘‹Žͷ–‹‡•ƒ–•‘‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ–‹ŽŽ‹–„‡…‘‡•ŠƒŽˆ
‡‡’ˆ‘”ʹͶŠ”•ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹Ž–‡”•“—‡‡œ‡–Š‡‡š–”ƒ…–Ǥ
‹Ž—–‡ʹǦʹǤͷŽ‹–‘ˆ–Š‹•‡š–”ƒ…––‘ͳͲͲŽ‹–ˆ‘”ͳƒ…”‡Ǥ

‘—‰‹‰ ‘—‰‹‰‘—––Š‡‘ˆˆ–›’‡

‡‡†‡Ž‡…–‹‘ ‡Ž‡…–‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Ž‘–

ƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ ͺͲΨ‘ˆ‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†–—”„”‘™


ȍ
ȎȃʹͲͳ͹ǧͳͺȍ ͹Ȏ

SMI
Sl No District No of Blocks Lowest Yield ‹‰Š‡•–‹‡Ž†
No of CCE
ȋ“ŽȀŠƒȌ ȋ“ŽȀŠƒȌ
1
  Ͷ 22 ͳͲǤͶͲ ͵ͶǤͲͲ

2  Ͷ ͷ ͻǤͲͲ ͳʹǤͶͲ

3  Ͷ ͺ ͻǤ͸ͻ ͳ͸ǤͲͲ

Ͷ  ͹ ͳͶͳ ͳ͸Ǥͳͺ ͵ʹǤͺͲ

ͷ 
 ͳͲ ͵ͷ ͳͲǤ͹͵ ͵͵ǤͺͲ

6  3 ͺ ͳͳǤ͸Ͳ ͳͻǤͷͲ

͹ 
 3 13 ͳ͸ǤʹͲ ͵ͶǤ͸Ͳ
178

SECTION - 23
 
ǡƒ’–ƒ’ƒ‹ 


SACAL

AN FPO JOURNEY WITH ODISHA MILLETS MISSION

IN MOHANA BLOCK OF GAJAPATI DISTRICT
ƒ’–ƒ’ƒ‹ ƒ”‡””‘†—…‡”‘’ƒ›‹‹–‡†ˆ‘”‡”Ž›‘™ƒ•ȋ Ȍǡ™ƒ•„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”
ʹͲͳͷǦͳ͸–‘’”‘‘–‡ˆƒ”‡”•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‹‘Šƒƒ„Ž‘…Ǥ
–Šƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡†‡ϐ‹‡†‹–•’‘•‹–‹‘‘–ŠŽ›–Š”‘—‰Š…‘•–ƒ–‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ‹–•’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ–•
†‡•‹”‡•–‘‡š’ƒ†‹–•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›„›…‘–‹—‡•‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ–‹•’‡”–‹‡––‘
‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ…–‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹… ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ ƒˆϐŽ—‡–
…Žƒ••‡•ƒ†”—”ƒŽ•‘…‹‡–‹‡•‘—•‡‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹…ˆ‘‘†•…‘•–ƒ–Ž›‰”‘™‹‰‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡
†‹ƒ†‘‡•–‹…ƒ”‡–„‡‹‰“—‹–‡Žƒ”‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’Ž‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹…’”‘†—…–•‹
–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ

 
ƒ’–ƒ’ƒ‹ ƒ”‡”•”‘†—…‡”•‘’ƒ›‹‹–‡†ȋ Ȍ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•…‘’ƒ‹‡•‹•’‹”‡†
ƒ†’”‘‘–‡†„›ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡†„›”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‘ͳͺǤͲ͹ǤʹͲͳ͸—†‡”•‡…–‹‘Ͷ͸ͷȋͳȌ„‡ƒ”‹‰
‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘Ǥ ͲͳͳͳͲʹͲͳ͸Ͳʹͷͷ͵͸ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’ƒ‹‡• …– ʹͲͳ͵ „ƒ•‡† ƒ– Šƒ†‹’—–ǡ ‘Šƒƒ
Ž‘… ‘ˆ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ ‹•–”‹…–Ǥ ‹–‹ƒ–‡† „› ͳͲ ‘ƒ”† ‘ˆ ‹”‡…–‘”• ‘™ ”‡ƒ…Š‡† –‘ ͹ͳͷ •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡” ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
•Šƒ”‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆͷͲͲǡͲͲͲȋϐ‹˜‡ŽƒŠ•Ȍ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘„–ƒ‹‡†…ƒ•Š…”‡†‹–Ž‹‹–‘ˆͶͷͲͲͲͲȋˆ‘—”ŽƒŠϐ‹ˆ–›
–Š‘—•ƒ†Ȍˆ”‘‹–•„ƒǤ

Š‡ƒ‹‹•–‘„”‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‹–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”™Š‡”‡–Š‡›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ
ƒ”‡–ƒ†–Š—•’”‘˜‹†‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘™‡”

–‹•‹’”‡••‹˜‡–‘‰‡–ƒ‰Ž‹’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š—„Ž‡„‡‰‹‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹„ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‘Šƒƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Š‹…Š‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›…Š‡”‹•Š‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™‹–Š†‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‡˜‘–‹‘ǡ…‘‹–‡–ƒ†
•‹…‡”‹–›ǡˆ‘”–Š‡™‡ƒ‡”•‡…–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š™‡”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›†‡’”‹˜‡†ǡƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†
‹•‘Žƒ–‡††—‡–‘‰‡‘ǦŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”•Ǥ

Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡™Š‹…Šƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡†™‡Žˆƒ”‡‡ƒ•—”‡•‹…‘•‘ƒ…‡™‹–Š‘—”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹…›™ƒ•‡š’ƒ†‡†
•—„•‡“—‡–Ž› „› ‹…Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡’‹‰ ‹ ˜‹‡™ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹…› ‹••—‡• ƒ†
‘’–‹‘•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ•‘‘–Š‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•
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•‘ˆ‘—”ƒ•–‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹…‘…‡”‡†™‹–Š”‹„ƒŽ•‘…‹‡–›™‡™‡”‡Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š–”‹„ƒŽ
•‘…‹‡–›ˆ‘”Žƒ•–ʹͲ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ‹ŽŽ‡–™‘—Ž†—•‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ƒ‹…”‘’ˆ‘””‹„ƒŽ•ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǤŠ‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–
ˆ‘‘†•™‡”‡„‡‡–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›†‹‡–…Šƒ”–‹…Ž—†‡†‹‡˜‡”›–”‹„ƒŽˆ‘‘†’Žƒ–‡Ǥ–Šƒ’’‡‡†„‡–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‹†—‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ–‹‡–Š‡”‹„ƒŽ•‰‘–‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†™‹–Šˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹„‡–ƒ•’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ǡƒ•–Š‡
‹„‡–ƒ•‡–‡”‡†‹–‘–Š‡…‘—‹–›–Š‡›•Ž‘™Ž›‰‘–…‘˜‡”–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’‘•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹œ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘
‹–Š‡‘Šƒƒ„Ž‘…Ǥ

‹–Š–Š‡’‡‡–”ƒ„Ž‡‰ƒ’‹Ǧ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‹„ƒŽ…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹–‰ƒ˜‡‡ƒ…‡…Šƒ…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹„‡–ƒ•–‘
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹–Š‡‹””‡‰—Žƒ”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ„‡Ž–‹‘ŠƒƒŽ‘…Ǥ

Š‡ƒ‹œ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›•’”‡ƒ†‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‘Šƒƒ„‡Ž–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹œ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ…Š‡†–Š‡
’‡ƒƒ•…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ…”‘’„—––Š‡•‡–”‹„‡•…‘—Ž†‘–…‘‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹…‹‘—••’Š‡”‡ƒ†™‡”‡‡–ƒ‰Ž‡†
™‹–Š–Šƒ–”‘’…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

•™‡™‡”‡™‘”‹‰‹–Š‡…‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ•‹…‡Žƒ•–ʹͲ›‡ƒ”•–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Šƒ
…‘’Ž‡–‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǡ™‡…‘—Ž†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†’”‘‰”ƒ‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
—’Ž‹ˆ–‡–ƒ†™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡„‡––‡”•‡”˜‹…‡•ˆ‘”
–Š‡–”‹„‡•Ǥƒ…ƒŽ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡„ƒ•‹…ƒ‹œ‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•…‘‡”…‹ƒŽ…”‘’Ǥ

Šƒ†„‡‡™‘”‹‰‹‘Šƒƒ„Ž‘…•‹…‡Žƒ•–ʹͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰–Š‡…‘”‡†”ƒ™„ƒ…‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• –‘ ‰‡– –Š‡ ”‹† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ™Š‹…Š –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ˆƒ…‹‰ •‹…‡ –Š‡› •–ƒ”–‡†
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ƒ‹œ‡‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ”Žƒ†•Ǥ

‡…‘—Ž†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Šƒ–‹ŽŽ‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†ƒ•–ƒ’Ž‡†‹‡–‘ˆ”‹„ƒŽ•‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ•‹…‡
–‹‡‹‡‘”‹ƒŽǤ‹ŽŽ‡–‹•‰”‘™‘•–Ž›‹”ƒ‹†‡ϐ‹…‹–ƒ”‡ƒ•„›–Š‡•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ

†—‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ–‹‡ƒ…ƒŽŠƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ’Ž‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡•‹–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‹„ƒŽ••—…Šƒ•™‡Šƒ†ƒ
‹–‡•‹‘‘ˆ†‹˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡‡–ƒŽ–‡†‡…›–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š‘—”’”‘‰”ƒ‡
Ž‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‘Šƒƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

‡‹–Š‘•‡–‘—‰Š–‹‡ǡ™‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ’”‘…‡†—”‡‘ˆƬ
ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š
–Š‡•‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡™‡ƒ‰ƒ‹‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ˆ‘‘†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡
”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›†‹‡–Ǥ

•‹–Š‡–‹‡•’ƒ
‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ†‹•Šƒ…ƒ‡—’™‹–Šƒ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ
™‹–Š
‹
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹†‹•–”‹…–™Š‹…Š™ƒ•ƒˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–‘
‡Šƒ…‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•–‘‰‡–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†™‹–Š
‘˜–Ǥ†ǯƒ‡”ǡ

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡™‡™‡”‡‰‹˜‡ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡‹–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ™Š‡”‡
™‡™‡”‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„›–‘”—–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡‹‘ŠƒƒŽ‘…
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–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰’”‘…‡••™‡Šƒ˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ’”‘…‡••‹‰—‹–ƒ• ‹‘ŠƒƒŽ‘…

ƒ’–ƒ’ƒ‹ ƒ”‡”•”‘†—…‡”•‘’ƒ›‹‹–‡†ȋ Ȍ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•…‘’ƒ‹‡•‹•’‹”‡†

ƒ†’”‘‘–‡†„›ƒ†•—’’‘”–‡†„›”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‘ͳͺǤͲ͹ǤʹͲͳ͸—†‡”•‡…–‹‘Ͷ͸ͷȋͳȌ„‡ƒ”‹‰
‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘Ǥ ͲͳͳͳͲʹͲͳ͸Ͳʹͷͷ͵͸ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’ƒ‹‡• …– ʹͲͳ͵ „ƒ•‡† ƒ– Šƒ†‹’—–ǡ ‘Šƒƒ
Ž‘… ‘ˆ
ƒŒƒ’ƒ–‹ ‹•–”‹…–Ǥ ‹–‹ƒ–‡† „› ͳͲ ‘ƒ”† ‘ˆ ‹”‡…–‘”• ‘™ ”‡ƒ…Š‡† –‘ ͹ͳͷ •Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡” ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
•Šƒ”‡…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆͷͲͲǡͲͲͲȋϐ‹˜‡ŽƒŠ•Ȍ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ƒ†‘„–ƒ‹‡†…ƒ•Š…”‡†‹–Ž‹‹–‘ˆͶͷͲͲͲͲȋˆ‘—”ŽƒŠϐ‹ˆ–›
–Š‘—•ƒ†Ȍˆ”‘‹–•„ƒǤ

Š‡ƒ‹ƒ‹‹•–‘„”‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‹–‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”™Š‡”‡–Š‡›™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡
Ž‘…ƒŽƒ”‡–ƒ†–Š—•’”‘˜‹†‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘™‡”

–‹•‹’”‡••‹˜‡–‘‰‡–ƒ‰Ž‹’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š—„Ž‡„‡‰‹‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹„ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‘Šƒƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Š‹…Š‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›…Š‡”‹•Š‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™‹–Š†‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‡˜‘–‹‘ǡ…‘‹–‡–ƒ†
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ʹǤ ’—–†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘

͵Ǥ ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ

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ͷǤ —•–‘‹”‹‰…‡–”‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ʹ‘•

͸Ǥ —‹‰‘—‹–›ƒƒ‰‡†‡‡†…‡–”‡ʹ‘•

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Ƭ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ˜‡–”‹‡†–‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ
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‡™‡”‡„‡‡•—’’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡–‘‰ƒ‹˜ƒ•–‡š’‘•—”‡‹–‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘•–‘
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ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‡†„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡…—•–‘‡”•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ

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‡š…‹–‡† –‘ ”‡†‡ϐ‹‡ –Š‡ …‘–‘—”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”ǯ• —’Ž‹ˆ–‡– „› †‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ •‡”˜‹…‡• ™‹–Š‹
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”‡ƒ…Šˆ‘”‡˜‡”›ˆƒ”‡”ǤŠ‹•—‹–‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ›‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†‡š’‡”–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”‹‘Šƒƒ„Ž‘…Ǥ

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ƒ†‘ϐ‹‡Ž†–”ƒ‹‹‰••—…Šƒ•‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–ǡ‘’‘•–’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‡‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹…ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ‹‡•‘™‹‰
ƒ†™‡‡†‹‰’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ǡ‡‡†…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ–‡”ƒ†•‘‹Ž‘‹•–—”‡…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„—ŽŽ…
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…”‘’ǡ”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡…”‘’ǡ”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ††›‹ǡ”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–—„‡”…”‘’ǡ”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†ǡ‡ƒˆ’Žƒ–‡ǡ’‹…‡•Ž‹‡–—”‡”‹…ǡ‰‹‰‡”Ǥ
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registered and those who are not registered with TFPCL.

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Ž‹ƒ‰‡™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ”‡–‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„—Ž’—”…Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•’”‘†—…–••—…Šƒ•ƒ›ƒ

”ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ƒƒ’ƒŽŽ‡ǡ ‹•ƒŠƒ’ƒ–ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ’Žƒ…‡ ƒ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ͳͲͲ ‘• ‘ˆ  ‘š–ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡–• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ –‹‡
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ˆ”ƒ‡‘ˆ•‹š‘–Š•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡‘—”’Žƒ•–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”–Š‡‘”†‡”‹–Š‡–‹‡•’ƒ‘……—’‹‡†’”‘…—”‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡
ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‘Šƒƒ”‡ƒǤ‡Šƒ˜‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒŽ‹…‡•‡ˆ‘”‹’—–•—’’Ž›ˆ”‘
‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”’ƒ††›ǡŠƒ‹…Šƒƒ†‘–Š‡”‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ…‡”‡ƒŽ•ƒ†’—Ž•‡•…”‘’•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”
Ž‹…‡•‡ˆ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹…ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•—’’Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡‡†›’—„Ž‹…‘ˆ–Š‡‘ŠƒƒŽ‘…Ǥ 
Šƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† Ž‹…‡•‡ ˆ‘” ’”‘…—”‡‡– ‘ˆ •—”’Ž—• ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†—…– ‘ ‹ŽŽ‡–• ƒ† ƒ‹œ‡ ˆ”‘ ǡ
ƒ”ƒŽƒŠ‡—†‹ǡ›–Š‡•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‰”‘™–Šƒ•’‡…–™‡ƒ…“—‹”‡†ƒ–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š
–‘’”‘…—”‡ƒ†•—’’Ž› –‘‘ƒ††‹‰ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”–Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•™‡
„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–‡”•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”Ž‡‰ƒŽ•—’’‘”–™‡Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡„‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡‡‰—Žƒ–‡†ƒ”‡–
…‘‹––‡‡ǡƒ”ƒŽƒŠ‡—†‹ǡš’‡”‹‡–‡†—•Š”‘‘…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šʹʹˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†‹–™‘”‡†‘—–™‡ŽŽǡ
ƒ†—’’Ž‹‡†ͷͲͲ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡‹–•–‘‹–••Šƒ”‡Š‘Ž†‡”ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ•Ž‘™Ž›–Š‡†‡ƒ†Šƒ••–ƒ”–‡†‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‹
–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”••‘…‹‡–›ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†™ƒ‹–‹‰–‹‡ƒ†Žƒ†Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ƒŽŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‡ —†‡”‰‘ ƒ ‘–ŠŽ› ‡‡–‹‰ –‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•
‹ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ‘‘†‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‰‡– •‘Ž—–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ‹ˆ ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ‹••—‡• ƒ”‹•‡• ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• –‘ „‡
—†‡”–ƒ‡ „› –Š‡  ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› —’ –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‡”• •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ ‘ ‡Šƒ…‡
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†‡…‘‘‹…ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š™‡Šƒ˜‡’”‘˜‹†‡†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•‡‡†•–‘–Š‡‹–‡†‹‰ͳ͸Ͳˆƒ”‡”•†—”‹‰
ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ›‡ƒ”ǡ‡ƒ”‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†™‹–Š ǡ”ƒ†‡ƒ”ƒ†
ƒ†ƒŽŽŽ‡‰ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‡•ƒ”‡
„‡‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†–‘„‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ”‡–…‘’Ž‡–‹‘Ǥ

‹–Š„‡•–‡ˆˆ‘”–•™‡Šƒ˜‡…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†•–”‡‰–Š•‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†ƒ–
‡†”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘—”’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ

Š‡•’‡…‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡†‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳ͸‹–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘Šƒƒ

„Ž‘…ǤŠ‹•’”‘‰”ƒ‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹‹‰•ǡ‡š’‘•—”‡•ǡ•‡‡†••—’’‘”–ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ”
–‘‘Ž•Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰‹…‡–‹˜‡‘‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡‡–Š‘†ƒ†‘’–‡†
„›–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”Ǥ…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡–Š‘†
‘˜–•—’’‘”–••ǤʹͲͲͲ’‡”ƒ…”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”…Šƒ•‹‰‘ˆˆƒ”–‘‘Ž•ƒ†
‡…‡••ƒ”›‘”‰ƒ‹…‹’—–•ƒ†›–Š‡‡–Š‘†‘ˆ‹‡–”ƒ•’Žƒ–‹‰‰‘˜–Ǥ•—’’‘”–‡†•ǤͳͲͲͲǤ…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡
†‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•™Š‡–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡…ƒ‡‹–‘–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‡™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•
–›’‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–”‡…‹’‡•ƒ–‰ƒ™ƒ†‹…‡–”‡ǡ…Š‘‘Ž‡–…Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†•ƒ”‡”‹…Š‹—–”‹–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡‹–
‰‘–ƒ’’”‘˜‡†–‘•—’’Ž›–Š‡‰ƒ™ƒ†‹…‡–‡”‘‡†ƒ›’‡”™‡‡Ǥ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–Šƒ•
™‹†‡Ž›„‡‡•’”‡ƒ†™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•…Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‘”ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š––‘™ƒ”†•‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•™‡Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ‡†
–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡‡‡–‹‰‹Š‘—•‡ƒ†‘—–†‘‘”ƒ–˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘”‡Ǧ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–‘‰‘ƒŠ‡ƒ†™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‡–
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡––Š‡”‡˜‹˜‡–Š‡’ƒ•–™‹–Š‘†‡”‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‘†‡”‡“—‹’‡–•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡dz
dzǤ

•™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‡†Ž‘–‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•…Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡‹†•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•‹‹ŽŽ‡–•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡
”‡ƒ†›–‘‡…Šƒ•‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ•
‘˜–ǤŠƒ•ƒ••—”‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒȋȌǤ

  ƒ• ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘  Šƒ• …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‹ –”‹„ƒŽ „‡Ž–• ‘ˆ ‘Šƒƒ ˆ‘” …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ˆ‘‘†‹–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›†‹‡–‹–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›‹•™‘”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
ƒ’‡š„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‘–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡†‹•…—••‘–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹••—‡•‘ƒ‘–ŠŽ›„ƒ•‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž‡‡–‹‰Ǥ‡ˆ‘…—•‘–Š‡ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡’ƒ––‡”ƒ–Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ”‘’’Žƒ’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ–Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†Ž‡˜‡Ž
„ƒ•‡†‘•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†’ƒ––‡”Ǥ–Š‹•™ƒ›™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡–‘‘™–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–‘ˆ
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•‡‡†•“—ƒ–‹–›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡–›Ǥ–‡’™‹•‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ƒ•‡‡†‡š…Šƒ‰‡‡Žƒƒ–‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†
Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ–
‹•„‡‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹„‡–™‡‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†…‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–
•‡‡†•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Šƒƒ„Ž‘…

–‹•–Š‡–—”‹‰’‘‹––‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•–‘™ƒ”†•‹ŽŽ‡–…”‘’ƒ•–Š‡‹”’”‹‡’”‘†—…–ƒ†…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
•‹‰‘”‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–‘ˆ–‹‡–‘’”‘…‡••–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•Ǥ‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ƒ‹‰ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ˆ‘”–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†ƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ–‹‡–ƒ‡’”‘…‡••„—–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–™‘—Ž†„‡Šƒ”†
–‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘…‡••–‘‰‡–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹…ƒ—•‡‹•ƒ–—”„ƒ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡…‡”–ƒ‹“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‹•‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…›‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–•
‹–Š‡—”„ƒ•‘…‹‡–›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‰”ƒ‹•ƒ–”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ–Šƒ•–‘‹ƒƒ™ƒ”‡‡••
’”‘‰”ƒ‡–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘–Šƒ–ǡ™Šƒ–‹•‹ŽŽ‡–ǫ†‡–…Ǥ

‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–‘‹–”‘†—…‡‹‹†Ǧ†ƒ›‡ƒŽǤ‘™
‘˜–‘ˆ†‹•ŠƒŠƒ•’”‘’‘•‡†–‘’—”…Šƒ•‡
–Š‡”ƒ‰‹‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ–•Ǥ͵ͳǤͷͲ–Š‹•ϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ›‡ƒ”Ǥ˜‡”›Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹˜‡ͳ‰”ƒ‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–Ǥ

–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•™Š‘•‡’”‹ƒ”›‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‹•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡Ž‘…ƒŽ…‘•—’–‹‘‹•–‡ƒ†
‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘Ǥ…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ…‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‡–—’†‡…‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†’”‘…‡••‹‰
—‹–•ǡ’”‘˜‡’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǡ„‡––‡”ƒ”‡–‹‰ˆ‘”„‡––‡”’”‹…‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘

…Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‡–•‹ˆ‘‘†ǡƒ›’”‘‘–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒŽŽ‹‡•ǡˆ‘‘†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ†…‘’‡–‹–‹‘•™‡”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†„‘–Š
‹”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•–‘…Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹†•‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‘—†‹ŽŽ‡–•

Massive awareness campaigns were launched.

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SECTION - 24

Pradan Ngo, Lamtaput, Koraput

CHANGE IN WOMEN’S LIFE &

HER FAMILY AFTER ADOPTING SRI PRINCIPLES
IN FINGER MILLET

Šƒ‰‡ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–ƒ‘‡†ƒ›’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ”ƒ†‘‘—–…‘‡Ǥ––ƒ‡•’”‘’‡”’Žƒ‹‰ǡ
–ƒ‹‰‘™‡”•Š‹’‘˜‡”–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†‡š‡…—–‹‘Ǥ ”‘–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳʹ–‘ʹͲͳͻ™‘‡ˆƒ”‡”‰‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š
ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Œ‘—”‡›‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”’”‹ƒ”›Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ƒ†ƒŒ‘”ˆ‘‘†…”‘’‹Ǥ‡ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǤŠ‡›…Šƒ‰‡†
–Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ”‘‘–‹‡–‘Šƒ˜‡–‹‡ǡ‘…ƒ”‡–‘…ƒ”‡ˆ—Žǡˆ‘‘†‹•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›–‘ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹…‘‡ǡƒ—ƒŽ–‘
‡…Šƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‹•‡ǯ•Ž‡••‡‰ƒ‰‡‡––‘‡ǯ•‘”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡…Šƒ‰‡Šƒ’’‡‡††—‡–‘ƒ†‘’–‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡‹ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•ǡ
–Š‡›•‹Ž‡†ǡ–Š‡›Žƒ—‰Š‡†‘–„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡̵–‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”„—–„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹”™‘”‰‘–‡ƒ•‹‡”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹•
Œ‘—”‡›Ǥ†…—””‡–Ž›‡˜‡”›™‘ƒ‘ˆƒ–ƒ’—–‹•…‘ϐ‹†‡–Ž›ƒ†Ž‘—†Ž›•ƒ›‹‰–‘‘—–‡”™‘”Ž†Dz‹ƒƒ
farmer”

‘”ƒ’—–Ǧ–Š‡Žƒ†‘ˆ‡‡”ƒŽ†Š‡‹‰Š–•ǡ—†—Žƒ–‹‰‡ƒ†‘™•ǡ”‘ƒ”‹‰”ƒ’‹†•ǡ‡…Šƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”ˆƒŽŽ•ǡ–‡””ƒ…‡†
˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ†˜‡”†ƒ–Š‹ŽŽ•Ǧ‘……—’‹‡•ƒ—‹“—‡’Žƒ…‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‹••ƒǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ‹–•
ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‡ƒ—–› „‘—–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ƒ† ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ „‹‘…Ž‹ƒ–‹…ǡ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹…– ‹• ‹
ˆƒ‘—•ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–„ƒ…™ƒ”††‹•–”‹…–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ƒ†…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›Š‹‰Š‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ
‹…‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘ǡ Š—‰‡”ǡ Ž‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›ǡ —‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ Š‹‰Š …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”‹„‡ǯ•ǡ
ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ ‡…‘‘›ǡ ’‘‘” ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”—…–—”‡ǡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› †‡‰”ƒ†‡† Žƒ†ǡ Š‹ŽŽ› –‡””ƒ‹ ƒ† ”‡‘–‡‡••ǡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡
…‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†Ž‘™‹…‘‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

ƒ–ƒ’—–‹•‘‡„Ž‘…‹‘”ƒ’—–†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ–‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„‘ƒ”†‡”‘ˆƒŽƒ‰‹”‹‹•–”‹…–ƒ††Š”ƒ
”ƒ†‡•Š•–ƒ–‡ǤŽ‘…‹•ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ‹ŽŽ›–‡””ƒ‹™‹–Š‘ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ†•—””‘—†‡†„›–Š”‡‡’‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡…–”‡•‡”˜‘‹”Ǥ
•‹ƒ—†‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‡…‘‘›ǡƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ‹‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡ƒ‹•‘—”…‡‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†
ƒ† ‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ –ƒ‡ —’ ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ Š—•„ƒ†”› ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘
‘ˆ ‹‘” ˆ‘”‡•– ’”‘†—…‡•Ǥ ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ˆ‘” ƒŽ‘•– ͹ͲǦͺͲ ’‡”…‡– Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†• ‘ˆ
ƒ–ƒ’—–ǡƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ˜‡–‘†‡’‡†—’‘‘Ž›”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡†—‡–‘˜‡”›’‘‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
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‡‘’Ž‡—•‡†–‘–ƒ‡„‘‹Ž‡†ϐ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋƒ†‹ƒ
ƒ—Ȍ ƒ• ƒŒ‘” ˆ‘‘† ‹ –Š‡‹” ’Žƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡
†ƒ›Ǥ ‘ –Š‡› ‰‹˜‡ ‘”‡ ˆ‘…—• ‘ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”ƒ‹› •‡ƒ•‘ ƒ• ‘Ž› †‡’‡†• ‘
”ƒ‹ ˆ‡† ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ Žƒ–ƒ’—– „Ž‘…
—•—ƒŽŽ›…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ††›ƒ†‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ•ƒŒ‘”…”‘’
ƒ† •‘‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” „ƒ…›ƒ”† Žƒ† ˆ‘”
…‘•—’–‹‘’—”’‘•‡•ǤŠ‹…Š‹•–‘–ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’”ƒ…–‹…‡•ƒ†™‘‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”
”‘Ž‡ ’Žƒ›‡” ‹ –Š‹• …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ …”‘’•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ‘ˆ …”‘’ ™ƒ• –‘–ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǡ
Žƒ„‘”‹‘—•ƒ†Ž‡••’”‘†—…–‹˜‡Ǥ

”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•‘‡ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆƒ–ƒ’—–„Ž‘…Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†ƒ††›…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹’”‹…‹’Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡
Š‡Ž’ƒ†•—’’‘”–‘ˆƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–Ǥ—– ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ȋƒ‹”ƒ„‹Ȃƒ”‹‡–›Ȍ™ƒ•…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†‹–Šƒ–
’”‹…‹’Ž‡ȋ Ȍ™‹–Š͵͵ˆƒ”‡”•‘ˆƒŒŠƒ’—–‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‡ƒ”ʹͲͳʹǦͳ͵ƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘„›
ǡ
Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡•—……‡••‘ˆ†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•’”‹…‹’Ž‡•…ƒŽ‡†–‘‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”„›˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ

Š‹•   ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ Šƒ• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ– ‹’ƒ…– ˆ‘” ™‘‡ǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ „ƒ…„‘‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ™‘”ˆ‘”…‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›’‡”ˆ‘”‘”‡–ŠƒͺͲ’‡”…‡–‘ˆˆƒ”ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥš…Ž—†‹‰’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰
™‘‡†‘‡•‡˜‡”›Žƒ„‘—”™‘”‹ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥˆ–‡”„”‘ƒ†…ƒ•–‹‰™‘‡ƒŒ‘”–ƒ•™ƒ•–‘
…Ž‡ƒ™‡‡†ˆ”‘Š‡”‹ŽŽ‡–’Ž‘–™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽ–‘‘ͶͲ–‘ͷͲ†ƒ›•‹–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹‹”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ‘–‘Ž›
™‘‡‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡–‘†‘™‡‡†‹‰„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‡”…Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘”…‡–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡Ǥ—–ͺͲǦͻͲ؏‡ƒ”‡‘–
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–‘†‘–Š‹•Žƒ„‘”‹‘—•™‘”Ǥƒ›ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†ƒŽŽ‹‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›™‘‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡ƒŽ‘–
‘ˆ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•–”ƒ‹™Š‹…Šƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡‹”™‘”‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Š‡ƒŽ–ŠŠƒœƒ”†•Ǥ†ƒŽ•‘„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•Ž‘‰‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ȋˆ”‘‘”‹‰ͻǤͲͲƒ–‘ͷǤͲͲ’ǤǦͶͲȀͷͲ†ƒ›•
…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›Ȍ‹”ƒ‹ƒ†‹ϐ‹‡Ž†ǡ–Š‡›ˆƒ…‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹••—‡•Ž‹‡ˆ‡˜‡”ǡŠ‡ƒ†ƒ…Š‡ǡ„‘†›’ƒ‹ǡ
„ƒ…’ƒ‹ǡŠƒ†ƒ†’ƒŽ…—––‹‰†—‡–‘™‡‡†•ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹•‡…–•„‹–‡•ǡ•ƒ‡„‹–‡•‡–…Ǥ

‡…‘†Ž›™Š‡™‘‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‹™‡‡†‹‰‹ŽŽ‡–ƒ†’ƒ††›‹”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰†ƒ›•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡
–‘†‘ƒ›‘–Š‡”…”‘’ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–ƒ„Ž‡’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ

Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™‘‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ˆƒ”‡“—‹’‡–Ž‹‡‹‡ƒ”‡”ǡ†”›Žƒ†™‡‡†‡”ǡ”‘ŽŽ‡”ǡ’‘™‡”•’”ƒ›‡”ǡ
–Š”‡•Š‡”…—™‹‡”‹–”‘†—…‡†™‹–Š ’”‹…‹’Ž‡–Š‡–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ™‡‡†‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ—ƒŽ™‘”
•Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘ƒ…Š‹‡”›ƒ†ƒŒ‘”Žƒ„‘—”™‘”•Š‹ˆ–‡†ˆ”‘™‘‡–‘‡Ǥ

ƒ”‡”ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–‡’•‹ ˆ‘”‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›ǣ

{ ‡‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–

{ ‡‡†„‡†’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‡–

{ —”•‡”›”‹•‹‰
 187

{ ”‘’‡”…ƒ”‡‹—”•‡”›

{ ƒ…—’—”•‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š—’”‡†‹…–ƒ„Ž‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ

{ ƒ”Ž›•‡‡†Ž‹‰–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

{ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰‡“—ƒŽ•’ƒ…‡†—”‹‰–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘—•‹‰‹‡ƒ”‡”Ǥȋ’Žƒ––‘’Žƒ–ƒ†”‘™–‘”‘™Ǧ
ͳͲdzȗͳͲdzȌǤ

{ •‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡‡–‹‡•†”›Žƒ†™‡‡†‡”ˆ‘”™‡‡†‹‰ƒ†Š‘‡‹‰‹‡˜‡”›ͳͷ†ƒ›•”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‡”˜ƒŽ
ƒˆ–‡”–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

{ •‹‰ –Š”‡‡ –‹‡  ‹ –Š‡ ϐ‹‡Ž† †—”‹‰ ™‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹… ’”‘†—…–• Ž‹‡ ‹„ƒ”‹–ƒ ƒ†
ƒ†‹Šƒ–ƒˆ‘”Š‡ƒŽ–Š›…”‘’ȋ—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†’‡•–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȌǤ

{ •‹‰‘‡–‹‡”‘ŽŽ‡””‘ŽŽ‹‰‘ϐ‹‡Ž†ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰‘”‡–‹ŽŽ‡”•‹–Š‡’Žƒ–Ǥ

{ —ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡†•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ƒ†’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡š–›‡ƒ”…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘

›ƒ†‘’–‹‰–Š‹• ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ˆƒ”‡”
‰‡–•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰„‡‡ϐ‹–•
{ ‹‹‹•‡ –Š‡‹” Žƒ„‘—” †—‡ –‘
introduction of mechanisation
ȋƒ—ƒŽ™‘”•Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘ƒ…Š‹‡Ȍ

{ More work shifted from women to

‡ƒ†™‘‡Šƒ˜‡•‘‡–‹‡–‘
–ƒ‡Š‡”„‘†›”‡•–Ǥ

{ ƒ”‡” ‰‡–• ‘”‡ –‹‡ ˆ‘” †‘‹‰

‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘”‰ƒ‹…’”‘†—…–•—•‡†„›ˆƒ”‡”
‘–Š‡” ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• ˆ‘” ƒ”‡–ƒ„Ž‡
’—”’‘•‡• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‹ŽŽ‡–
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

{ ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹••—‡

”‡†—…‡•Ǥ

{ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž› –Š‹• ’”‹…‹’Ž‡

”‡†—…‡• ‡š’‡•‡• ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•
’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ȋ‘”‡ –Šƒ ʹǦ͵
–‹‡• ˆ”‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‘ˆ
…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ȍ

{ Meet round the year food

‡‡†‹‰ǣ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ†Š‡”…Š‹Ž†”‡‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
’”ƒ…–‹…‡• •—ˆϐ‹…‹‡…›Ǥ
188

Š‡ †‹•Šƒ ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹••‹‘ •–ƒ”–• ‹– „”‹‰• ‘–Š‡”

„‡‡ϐ‹–• –‘ ˆƒ”‡” ƒ† Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š
‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– Žƒ†Ǥ
ƒ”‡” …ƒ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‘ ‘”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ
‹––Ž‡ ‹ŽŽ‡– ƒ† ‘š –ƒ‹Ž ‹ŽŽ‡– –Š‘—‰Š •Š‡ ‹•
‰‡––‹‰ •‘‡ ‹…‡–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” †‘‹‰ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘—‰
generation and children are taking millet through
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡”ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‘…ƒŽ”‡…‹’‡•Ž‹‡ƒ—†‹ǡ
ƒ”ƒǡ ‘•Šƒǡ Š‹”ǡ ŠƒŽ™ƒǡ ƒ†ƒǡ †Ž‹ǡ ƒ†‘‘ǡ ƒ•Š‹ǡ
•Š—’‡–…ǤǤǤ†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†‰ƒ™ƒ†‹…‡–”‡
…Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ „‡‡ϐ‹– ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡– ‹
–Š‡‹” Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ Š”‘—‰Š
‘˜–Ǥ ƒ†‹ ˆ‘” ’—”…Šƒ•‹‰
‹‰‡” ‹ŽŽ‡– †‹”‡…–Ž› ˆ”‘ ˆƒ”‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• 
ˆ”‘ͳ͸–‘ʹͺǤͻ͹ǤŠ”‘—‰Š”‹•‹‰‹’‡‘’Ž‡‰‡–•‘”‡‘‡›Ǥ™‡ƒ”‡†‹•…—••‹‰–Šƒ–ǡ™‘‡
Šƒ˜‡ƒ…”—…‹ƒŽƒ†ƒŒ‘””‘Ž‡‹ƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”‡„—–•Š‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•‰‘–‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†–”‡ƒ–ƒ•ƒŽƒ„‘—”‹Š‡”Žƒ†Ǥ
—–ƒ–ƒ’—–™‘‡ˆƒ”‡”‰‘––Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ƒ•ƒˆƒ”‡”ˆ”‘–Š‹•†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–Ǥ‘™
™‘‡ƒ”‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‹ƒ†‹ˆ‘”•‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹‰‡”‹ŽŽ‡–ǡƒ†ƒ‡–Š‡‹”…ƒ”†ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰…”‘’…‡–‹˜‡
‘‡›Ǥ†ƒŽ•‘‹ƒ–ƒ’—–„Ž‘…ƒ”‹•Šƒ–‹ƒŠ‹ŽƒƒŠƒ•ƒ‰Šƒȋ™‘‡ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ–ƒ‡…ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•
†‹•Šƒ‹ŽŽ‡–‹••‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–ˆ‘”ƒ–ƒ’—–„Ž‘…Ǥ


  
“It has become easier for me, I hire tools from CHC, I came to know
now I don’t have to sit whole day about its uses during training and
hence I am using it. I even told my
 ZHHGLQJJUDVVRQ¿HOG´
husband and my neighbors’ about
–Š‡„‡‡ϔ‹–•‘ˆ‹–dzǡ
  ƒ”‡”ǣƒ‹ƒ”‹•Šƒ‹
ƒ”‡”ǣŠƒ‰ƒ„ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹
 ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǣƒ‰”ƒ’ƒ†ƒ
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǣƒ„—‰—†ƒ

With use of battery sprayer, my

hand pain has reduced drastically
ƒ†›™‘”‰‘–ϔ‹‹•Š‡†™‹–Š‹͹Ͷ
minutes. Last year, I had experience
‘ˆ•Š‘—Ž†‡”’ƒ‹ƒˆ–‡”•’”ƒ›‹‰dzǡ
ƒ”‡”ǣƒŽ‹ƒ—„Šƒ”
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǣƒŒŠƒ’—–