Lecture 23

Line Integral

Q. Evaluate ∫ (𝑧̅) 𝑑𝑧 along the real axis from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 2 and then along a line parallel to

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 from 𝑧 = 2 to 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖.

Solution: We know 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

We have ∫ (𝑧̅) 𝑑𝑧

= (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦)

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies 0 to 2 and Along 𝐴𝐵, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies 0 to 1

(𝑥 − 𝑖. 0) (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖. 0) + (2 − 𝑖𝑦) (0 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦)

= (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (2 − 𝑖𝑦) 𝑖𝑑𝑦

 = (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖 (4 − 4𝑖𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦

= + 𝑖 4𝑦 − 2𝑖𝑦 − We know ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =

2 0 1 0
= − +𝑖 4.1 − 2𝑖. 1 − − 4.0 − 2𝑖. 0 −
3 3 3 3

8 1
= +𝑖 4 − 2𝑖 − −0
3 3

8 11
= +𝑖 − 2𝑖
3 3

8 11𝑖
= + +2
3 3

14 11𝑖
= +
3 3

1
= (14 + 11𝑖)
3

Q. Evaluate∫ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 𝑑𝑧, along the path (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥and (b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 .

Solution: (a) we know 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

So that 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦

=> 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑥

=> 𝑑𝑧 = (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑥
We have ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 𝑦=𝑥

= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥) (1 + 𝑖)𝑑𝑥 We know ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =

= (1 + 𝑖) ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= (1 + 𝑖)
3
−𝑖 2 0

13 12 03 02
= (1 + 𝑖)
3
−𝑖 2
− 3
−𝑖 2

1 1
= (1 + 𝑖) −𝑖 −0
3 2

1 𝑖
= (1 + 𝑖) −
3 2

1 𝑖 𝑖 1
= − + +
3 2 3 2

5 1
= −𝑖
6 6
(b) Along the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥

So that 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦

=> 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑑𝑥

=> 𝑑𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑥𝑖)𝑑𝑥

We have ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) 𝑑𝑧

= (𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥 ) (1 + 2𝑥𝑖)𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 (1 − 𝑖) (1 + 2𝑥𝑖)𝑑𝑥

= (1 − 𝑖) 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥𝑖)𝑑𝑥

= (1 − 𝑖) (𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑖)𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥2+1 𝑥3+1
= (1 − 𝑖) + 2𝑖 3+1 We know ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2+1 0

1
𝑥3 𝑥4
= (1 − 𝑖) +𝑖
3 2 0

13 14 03 04
= (1 − 𝑖) +𝑖 − +𝑖
3 2 3 2

1 𝑖
= (1 − 𝑖) + −0
3 2
 1 𝑖
= (1 − 𝑖) +
3 2

1 𝑖 𝑖 1
= + − +
3 2 3 2

5 1
= +𝑖
6 6
 Lecture 24

Cauchy Integral formula: If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve 𝑐. If 𝑎 be

( )
any point inside 𝑐 then 𝑓 (𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧 where 𝑐 is the traversed in the positive sense.

Proof: We know, if 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a region bounded by two simple closed curves 𝑐 and

𝑐 (𝑐 lies inside c) and on these curves then ∮ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = ∮ 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧……………..(1)

( )
Here the function is analytic inside and on 𝑐 except at 𝑧 = 𝑎

We can write,

( ) ( )
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = ∮ 𝑑𝑧……………………(2) [by 1]

Where┌ is a circle with centre 𝑎 and radius 𝑟

|𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑟

=> |𝑧 − 𝑎| = 𝑟. 1
 => 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒

=> 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

=> 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = |cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃|

=> (𝑧) = 𝑎 + 𝑟𝑒 𝑒 = √cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃

=> = 0 + 𝑟𝑒 . 𝑖 ∴ 𝑒 =1

=> 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝜃

From the equation (2)

𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟𝑒 )
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝜃
𝑧−𝑎 𝑟𝑒

= 𝑖∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟 𝑒 )𝑑𝜃…………….(3)

Taking 𝑟 → 0 both side of equation (3)

𝑓(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖 lim 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟 𝑒 )𝑑𝜃
𝑧−𝑎 →

=𝑖 𝑓(𝑎 + 0. 𝑒 )𝑑𝜃

=𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)𝑑𝜃

= 𝑖 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑑𝜃

= 𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)[𝜃]

= 𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)(2𝜋 − 0)

𝑓(𝑧)
=> 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑧−𝑎
 𝑓(𝑧)
=> 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑎

( )
∴ 𝑓(𝑎) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧 (Proved)

Q. Show that ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 where c is circle|𝑧| = 5.

Solution: Here 𝑓(𝑧) = sin 3𝑧

and 𝑎 = −

By Cauchy integral formula:-

1 𝑓(𝑧)
∴ 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐𝑧−𝑎

𝑓(𝑧)
=> 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑐𝑧−𝑎

So we have ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(− )

𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 sin 3(− )
2

= 2𝜋𝑖. 1

∴∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (Proved)