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Reverse Osmosis vs Nanofiltration Membrane Process:

What Is the Difference?
APRIL 20, 2017

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Reverse osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) are physical separation technologies used to remove contaminates from liquidClose streams. In recent years,
RO/NF technologies have become more efficient and affordable (http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-23/issue-5/awwa-exhibitors/new-
nanofiltration-ro-systems-offer-simplified-use.html) for use across a variety of industrial applications, including potable water generation and the
treatment of brackish water, seawater, and wastewater.

If you’re wondering what filtration options might be available for separation and/or potable water generation at an industrial facility, you might be
asking “What are the differences between reverse osmosis and nanofiltration?”

The following article will simplify the differences between RO and NF by first focusing on their similarities:

How RO and NF are similar

RO and NF are membrane filtration technologies in which pressure is applied to a liquid stream, driving it though a semipermeable membrane in
order to remove dissolved solids. In this way, RO/NF closely resemble other forms of membrane filtration, including Microfiltration (MF) and
Ultrafiltration (UF) (http://www.samcotech.com/what-are-microfiltration-and-ultrafiltration-and-how-do-they-work/), yet are capable of removing
even smaller molecules, such as dissolved organics, pesticides, and agricultural chemicals.

Both RO and NF benefit from pretreatment

With the smallest pores of all filtration membranes, RO and NF membranes can foul quickly if larger particles aren’t removed by upstream filtration
technologies, such as media filtration (http://www.samcotech.com/technologies/filtration/) or MF/UF. Pretreating process streams to remove these
problematic particulates can also reduce the amount of energy needed to maintain adequate pressure in a RO/NF system.

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5/5/22, 4:38 PM Reverse Osmosis vs Nanofiltration Membrane Process: What Is the Difference?
When process streams are sufficiently pretreated, RO/NF membranes can have a long service life and require relatively little maintenance. This is
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because feed water constantly flows across the surface of the filtration membrane in what is called crossflow filtration, which results in rejected

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substances being swept away with the waste stream, as opposed to caking onto the membrane.

Both RO and NF require pressure to function

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While
ASK RO and NF are
AN ENGINEER fairly(http://info.samcotech.com/ask-an-engineer)
TODAY efficient purification technologies, both demand energy to move water across their membranes. This is because their fine
pores result in a high concentration of salts and other compounds on the retentate side of the membrane, and as a result, enough pressure must be
applied that the water is able to overcome the osmotic pressure that causes water to resist flowing through the membrane.

Both are used in place of conventional treatment technologies

Conventional water treatment trains typically consist of several unit processes, including: coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, clarification, ion
exchange, and filtration. While conventional treatment systems are effective in removing dissolved solids, they do so through a complex series of steps
that often demand a large footprint and investment in an assortment of specialized equipment and chemical agents. As RO/NF membrane technologies
have become more efficient and affordable (http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-23/issue-5/awwa-exhibitors/new-nanofiltration-ro-
systems-offer-simplified-use.html) in recent years, they are increasingly being adopted as more compact, efficient, and environmentally-friendly
alternatives to conventional treatment trains. When NF is used in place of traditional lime softening
(http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-23/issue-5/awwa-exhibitors/new-nanofiltration-ro-systems-offer-simplified-use.html), for
example, multiple treatment steps are consolidated into one, and no concentrated brine byproducts are produced.  

[Download our free RO/NF membrane system e-book.] (https://info.samcotech.com/cs/c/?cta_guid=3099be55-26ed-4b3e-a034-

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How RO/NF are different

While RO and NF are very similar, they can be distinguished based on the size of particulates that each is able to remove. Comparatively, RO and NF
are capable of removing finer contaminates than MF and UF, with applications including the removal of hardness, nitrates, sulfates, total dissolved solids
(TDS), heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic macromolecules from process and waste streams.

Reverse osmosis
RO is the finest of all membrane filtration systems, with extremely small pores capable of removing particles as small as 0.1 nm. RO has existed since
×
the 1950s, and is used chiefly for desalination, as in potable water generation from seawater (http://www.samcotech.com/project-briefs/oil-producer-
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applications of RO include filtering process water for industrial applications, such as in the printing industry, in order to sustain optimal equipment
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performance.  RO membranes are very efficient at removing all ions, large and small.
Close

Nanofiltration
NF delivers slightly coarser filtration than RO, with the ability to remove particles as small as 0.002 to 0.005 μm in diameter. NF is a relatively recent
technology that was developed mainly for potable water generation. NF removes harmful contaminates, such as pesticide compounds and organic
macromolecules, while retaining minerals that RO would otherwise remove (http://www.aquaclearllc.com/technical-info/reverse-osmosis-vs-
nanofiltration-and-other-filtration-technologies/). Nanofiltration membranes are capable of removing larger divalent ions such as calcium sulfate, while
allowing smaller monovalent ions such as sodium chloride to pass through.

How can SAMCO help?

SAMCO has over 40 years’ experience custom-designing and manufacturing RO/NF systems for a range of industries and solutions, so please feel
free to reach out to us with your questions.

For more information or to get in touch, contact us here (http://www.samcotech.com/contact/) to set up a consultation with an engineer or request a
quote (http://info.samcotech.com/get-a-quote). We can walk you through the steps for developing the proper solution and realistic cost for your RO/NF
treatment system needs.

Head on over to our blog to learn more about industrial filtration and process separation technology. Some articles that might be of specific interest to
you include:

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How Do You Choose the Best Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membrane System for an Industrial Facility?
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Reverse
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