The relationship between GDP and the gender wage gap

INTRODUCTION

The gender pay gap is a topic of crucial importance and universal interest. The rampant discrimination

and harassment women face in the workplace on a daily basis are no longer neglectable and have been

under discussion by politicians for decades. Although there has been much change since numerous

policies have been enacted to legally protect people from discrimination, the gender pay gap persists.

Research on the UK labour market and organisational case studies show that despite many progressive

policies there are still steps remaining to achieve equality. This report is concerned with the link

between the gender pay gap and GDP and aims to investigate the relationship mathematically.

THE GENDER PAY GAP

According to OECD, the gender pay gap is defined as “the difference between median earnings of men

and women relative to median earnings of men”.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the “total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services

produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period.”

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant linear relationship between GDP and the gender pay gap.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
There is a negative correlation between the two.

If the p value is higher than the common threshold, which is 0.05, the null hypothesis will be accepted.

DATA COLLECTION

16 countries across the world were selected. The primary data were collected from a variety of

databases including Our World in Data (OWID), OECD database, and World Economic Forum (Appendix

A).

By adding all the yearly data from 2010 to 2020 and dividing it by the number of data, the average

values were calculated. Some countries were missing on information about certain years, which possibly

increased the risk of bias.

Table 1

GDP and GPG

id Country gpg gdp continent

South
1 Korea 38.68824 1.129E+12 Asia
2 Germany 17.99333 3.4797E+12 Europe
3 Mexico 5.811111 1.0935E+12 SA
4 Japan 30.04375 5.7581E+12 Asia
5 Turkey 4.4 8.6159E+11 Europe
6 Costa Rica 2.333333 3.7909E+10 SA
7 UK 20.92941 2.5329E+12 Europe
8 France 10.425 2.6537E+12 Europe
9 Denmark 8.878571 3.3232E+11 Europe
10 Czechia 16.10625 2.0665E+11 Europe
11 Afghanistan 16 1.94E+10 Asia
12 Austria 24.5025 4.17E+11 Europe
13 Bahrain 16 3.03E+10 Asia
14 Barbados 16 4471868477 NA
15 Belgium 8.27 5.11E+11 Europe
16 Brazil 16.8175 2.32E+12 SA
Then I graphed a scatter plot using R.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝐷𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑦 𝐺𝑎𝑝

CALCULATING THE REGRESSION LINE

I used 𝑦: to represent the dependent variable. Algebraically the equation of the line is:

𝑦: = 𝑎:𝑥1 + 𝑏>𝑥2 + 𝑐̂ 𝑥3+𝑑C𝑥4 + 𝑒̂

I used the lm() function to create a multiple regression model. I mapped the 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦(𝑙𝑚) output to

get the equation.

𝑒̂ is the estimate value in the (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡) row and 𝑎:, 𝑏>, 𝑐̂ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑C are the estimate values in the other

rows. Plugging these values into the equation, I got:

𝑦" = (2.013𝑒 − 12)𝑥 + (−1.052𝑒 + 01)𝑥2 + (−5.701𝑒 + 00)𝑥3 + (−1.569𝑒 + 01)𝑥4 + (2.169𝑒 + 01)

STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Intuitively, there seems to be a correlation between the two variables. I needed to measure the extent

of the linear relation between them.

The p value is a statistic that helps one determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis in a

hypothesis test. The smaller the p value, the stronger the evidence that the null hypothesis is invalid.

Typically, a p value less than 0.05 is significant. In this case, the p-value is 0.07882, showing that it has a
certain trend of significance. Nonetheless, it is higher than 0.05, so unless I detect an error(s), the null

hypothesis will be accepted.

However, this doesn’t mean that there is no relationship between GDP and the gender pay gap - there

could perhaps be a nonlinear relation, or there might be some outliers that should be removed.

ANALYSIS OF RESIDUALS

In linear regression analysis, one of the assumptions is that the residuals have constant variance at every

level of x (Statology, 2021). Heteroscedasticity refers to the situation with nonconstant variances among

the error terms. If the residual diagram indicates the residuals are systematically bigger in certain area

of the diagram, there might be a systematic change in the spread of the residuals.

The simplest way to detect heteroscedasticity is to graph a fitted value vs residual plot. It allows one to

detect several types of errors in the assumptions. It is essentially a scatter plot; residuals on the y axis

and fitted (estimated) values on the x axis.

RESIDUALS VS FITTED

In order to determine whether the model has heteroscedasticity, I created a Residuals vs Fitted plot.

Typically, if there is heteroscedasticity, the plot displays a pattern, such as a cone, parabola, or a

paracone.

A residual is the difference between the sample mean value the model predicts and the observed value .

The residuals vs fitted plot is a scatter plot of residuals on the y axis and fitted values on the x axis.
 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 3: 𝐹𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠

There are several outliers according to this plot: 1, 5, and 12.

However, there seems to be no evident pattern. Linearity seems to hold reasonably well; the red line is

somewhat close to the dashed line. The spread of the residuals is not increasing.
SCALE – LOCATION

Then I graphed a scale-location plot. The scale-location plot has fitted values on the x axis, and the

square root of the absolute value of standardised residuals on the y axis. It indicates whether residuals

are spread equally, therefore making it easy to diagnose heteroscedasticity.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2: 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Here, the red line is roughly horizontal, suggesting that the spread of the residuals might be equal at all

fitted values.

Q-Q PLOT
After that, I created a normal Q-Q plot to assess the dataset’s plausibility. A Q-Q plot is a scatterplot that

provides an indication of normality of the dataset. If the data is normally distributed, the points will fall

on the 45-degree reference line. In the diagram below, the standardized residuals are plotted on the Y-

axis, and the theoretical quantile values are plotted on the X-axis.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 4: 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑄 − 𝑄

The shape of the plot is inconsistent and there is a right skew. Also, it shows that the data is light tailed

but there are some outliers, as suggested in Figure 1 and 3.

RESIDUALS VS LEVERAGE

However, not all outliers are influential in regression analysis. In order to determine whether the

outliers are significant, a residuals vs leverage plot was graphed.

Cook’s distance is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point in Regression Analysis. A

data point for which Cook’s Distance is higher than 1 is highly influential.

To briefly explain what Cook’s Distance is, it is a combination of each point’s leverage and residual

values. The higher the leverage, the higher the Cook’s Distance.

The formula for Cook’s distance is:

where hii is the ith leverage value, and ri is the ith residual.
 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 4: 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑣𝑠 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

Here almost all the residuals appear on the left and there is no influential case behind the Cook’s

distance lines. Therefore, there is no need to remove the outliers.

There are no significant outliers, and the error terms have normal distributions – there is no indication

of nonlinearity, substantial deviation from normality, or heteroscedasticity. Therefore, the null

hypothesis is accepted – there is no significant linear relationship between the two variables.
CONCLUSION

The purpose of this report is to see determine whether there is a linear relationship between GDP and

the gender pay gap. Using continent as a categorical valuable, I created a multiple regression model.

After completing this research, I have come to the conclusion that there is no significant linear

relationship between the two variables. However, it certainly approached the borderline of significance.

There were several weaknesses: I didn’t collect enough data to effectively lower estimation variance.

More data would have increased the probability of building a more accurate model. Using R, I could

build a DNN (Deep Neural Network) model to efficiently analyse the data. However, it would have

required a larger set of data to train the model. The categorical variables could have been modified to

evaluate the relationship with more accuracy. Also, more authorised sources should have been used, as I

sometimes had to use unreliable sources.

If I were to redo this investigation, I would try to include more data and try other methods such as

machine learning algorithms and time series.

 Bibliography

“ArcMap.” Normal QQ Plot and General QQ Plot-ArcMap | Documentation,

desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/extensions/geostatistical-analyst/normal-qq-plot-and-
general-qq-plot.htm.

Bommae, Written by. “University of Virginia Library Research Data Services + Sciences.”
Research Data Services + Sciences, data.library.virginia.edu/diagnostic-
plots/#:~:text=Residuals%20vs%20Fitted,capture%20the%20non%2Dlinear%20relationshi
p.

“Earnings and Wages - Gender Wage Gap - OECD Data.” TheOECD,

data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm.

Fernando, J. (2021, November 3). Gross domestic product (GDP). Investopedia. Retrieved November 7,
2021, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp

Foundation, Thomson Reuters. “Afghanistan's Gender Gap by Numbers.” News.trust.org,

news.trust.org/item/20210816183731-
9ircb/#:~:text=%2D%20In%20Afghanistan%2C%20the%20income%20of,man%2C%20ac
cording%20to%202021%20data.&text=%2D%20Afghan%20women%20make%20up%20
4.1,positions%2C%20according%20to%202021%20data.

Frost, Jim, et al. “Heteroscedasticity in Regression Analysis.” Statistics By Jim, 15 Mar. 2019,
statisticsbyjim.com/regression/heteroscedasticity-regression/.

“GDP (Current US$) - OECD Members.” Data,

data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=OE.
 Appendix A

Gender
wage
Entity Code Year gap (%)
Argentina ARG 1986 15.79
Argentina ARG 1987 12.5
Argentina ARG 1988 11.31
Argentina ARG 1991 6.71
Argentina ARG 1992 8.33
Argentina ARG 1993 7.69
Argentina ARG 1994 -2.27
Argentina ARG 1995 4.44
Argentina ARG 1996 -2.33
Argentina ARG 1997 0
Argentina ARG 1998 6.82
Argentina ARG 1999 2.44
Argentina ARG 2000 0
Argentina ARG 2001 2.5
Argentina ARG 2002 12.2
Argentina ARG 2003 -4.55
Argentina ARG 2004 2.08
Argentina ARG 2005 -1.72
Argentina ARG 2006 8
Argentina ARG 2007 6.67
Argentina ARG 2008 2.68
Argentina ARG 2009 1.52
Argentina ARG 2010 -0.61
Argentina ARG 2011 0
Argentina ARG 2012 -1.9
Argentina ARG 2013 1.45
Argentina ARG 2014 -3.62
Austria AUT 2002 26.4
Austria AUT 2006 25.44
Austria AUT 2010 23.95
Austria AUT 2014 22.22
Belgium BEL 2002 17.13
Belgium BEL 2006 7.01
Belgium BEL 2010 10.2
Belgium BEL 2014 6.54
Belize BLZ 1993 -28.27
Belize BLZ 1994 9.24
Belize BLZ 1997 0.5
Belize BLZ 1998 -3.26
Belize BLZ 1999 -9.35
Belize BLZ 2016 -20.03
Bolivia BOL 1992 21.05
Bolivia BOL 1993 30.95
Bolivia BOL 1999 12.7
Bolivia BOL 2000 11.11
Bolivia BOL 2001 19.7
Bolivia BOL 2002 7.94
Bolivia BOL 2005 12.66
Bolivia BOL 2006 26.53
Bolivia BOL 2007 17.05
Bolivia BOL 2008 19.27
Bolivia BOL 2009 9.01
Bolivia BOL 2011 10.22
Bolivia BOL 2012 10.81
Bolivia BOL 2013 12.14
Bolivia BOL 2014 6.18
Brazil BRA 1981 34.21
Brazil BRA 1982 33.66
Brazil BRA 1983 35.75
Brazil BRA 1984 34.04
Brazil BRA 1985 28.58
Brazil BRA 1986 34.69
Brazil BRA 1987 32.01
Brazil BRA 1988 30.88
Brazil BRA 1989 33.33
Brazil BRA 1990 26.11
Brazil BRA 1992 15.44
Brazil BRA 1993 25.62
Brazil BRA 1995 24.14
Brazil BRA 1996 20.59
Brazil BRA 1997 20
Brazil BRA 1998 17.14
Brazil BRA 1999 17.14
Brazil BRA 2001 17.5
Brazil BRA 2002 14.29
Brazil BRA 2003 16.67
Brazil BRA 2004 17.65
Brazil BRA 2005 14.55
Brazil BRA 2006 14.75
Brazil BRA 2007 14.71
Brazil BRA 2008 15.49
Brazil BRA 2009 14.29
Brazil BRA 2011 18.02
Brazil BRA 2012 16.39
Brazil BRA 2013 16.89
Brazil BRA 2014 15.97
Brunei BRN 2014 2.74
Bulgaria BGR 2014 12.66
Chile CHL 1990 26.45
Chile CHL 1992 24.47
Chile CHL 1996 17.37
Chile CHL 1998 18.75
Chile CHL 2000 25.9
Chile CHL 2003 20.5
Chile CHL 2006 14.41
Chile CHL 2009 23.97
Chile CHL 2011 16.15
Chile CHL 2013 20.55
Colombia COL 2008 0.76
Colombia COL 2009 0.71
Colombia COL 2010 3.92
Colombia COL 2011 -2.08
Colombia COL 2012 4.87
Colombia COL 2013 0.63
Colombia COL 2014 2.99
Colombia COL 2015 0.34
Costa Rica CRI 1989 4.55
Costa Rica CRI 1990 3.13
Costa Rica CRI 1991 1.23
Costa Rica CRI 1992 1.03
Costa Rica CRI 1993 -6.53
Costa Rica CRI 1994 -0.68
Costa Rica CRI 1995 2.28
Costa Rica CRI 1996 -5.56
Costa Rica CRI 1997 -2.15
Costa Rica CRI 1998 -2.38
Costa Rica CRI 1999 -1.32
Costa Rica CRI 2000 -1.31
Costa Rica CRI 2001 0.62
Costa Rica CRI 2002 -7.69
Costa Rica CRI 2003 -4.06
Costa Rica CRI 2004 -2.41
Costa Rica CRI 2005 5.49
Costa Rica CRI 2006 4.4
Costa Rica CRI 2007 10
Costa Rica CRI 2008 5.86
Costa Rica CRI 2009 -0.15
Cyprus CYP 2010 16.84
Cyprus CYP 2014 14.15
Czechia CZE 2012 21.25
Czechia CZE 2013 20.91
Czechia CZE 2014 21.16
Czechia CZE 2015 21.12
Czechia CZE 2016 20.61
Denmark DNK 2014 15.96
Dominican
Republic DOM 1996 22.12
Dominican
Republic DOM 1997 7.75
Dominican
Republic DOM 2000 10.06
Dominican
Republic DOM 2001 7.85
Dominican
Republic DOM 2002 3.27
Dominican
Republic DOM 2003 9.18
Dominican
Republic DOM 2004 11.09
Dominican
Republic DOM 2005 5.04
Dominican
Republic DOM 2006 8.77
Dominican
Republic DOM 2007 12.06
Dominican
Republic DOM 2008 5.42
Dominican
Republic DOM 2009 6.33
Dominican
Republic DOM 2010 1.7
Dominican
Republic DOM 2011 11.78
Dominican
Republic DOM 2012 7.55
Dominican
Republic DOM 2013 3.17
Dominican
Republic DOM 2014 8.25
Dominican
Republic DOM 2015 7.38
Ecuador ECU 2003 6.25
Ecuador ECU 2004 11.11
Ecuador ECU 2005 11.76
Ecuador ECU 2006 5.56
Ecuador ECU 2007 15
Ecuador ECU 2008 15
Ecuador ECU 2009 10
Ecuador ECU 2010 4.55
Ecuador ECU 2011 12.5
Ecuador ECU 2012 7.69
Ecuador ECU 2013 10.34
Ecuador ECU 2014 12.9
Ecuador ECU 2016 -2.8
El Salvador SLV 2000 8.15
El Salvador SLV 2001 9.09
El Salvador SLV 2002 19.33
El Salvador SLV 2004 0
El Salvador SLV 2005 5.88
El Salvador SLV 2006 -6.25
El Salvador SLV 2007 5.56
El Salvador SLV 2008 5.56
El Salvador SLV 2009 0
El Salvador SLV 2010 0
El Salvador SLV 2011 0
El Salvador SLV 2012 0
El Salvador SLV 2013 -5.26
El Salvador SLV 2014 -5.26
Estonia EST 2014 28.16
Finland FIN 2002 18.04
Finland FIN 2006 21.25
Finland FIN 2010 20.29
Finland FIN 2013 17.63
Finland FIN 2014 16.93
Finland FIN 2016 16.34
France FRA 2002 16.59
France FRA 2006 15.47
France FRA 2010 15.62
France FRA 2014 15.5
Germany DEU 2002 25.61
Germany DEU 2006 22.62
Germany DEU 2010 22.28
Germany DEU 2014 22.29
Greece GRC 2002 25.47
Greece GRC 2006 20.69
Greece GRC 2010 15.07
Guatemala GTM 2000 18.82
Guatemala GTM 2006 5.34
Guatemala GTM 2011 5.71
Guatemala GTM 2014 0.68
Haiti HTI 2001 16.04
Honduras HND 1991 19.35
Honduras HND 1992 19.44
Honduras HND 1993 20.45
Honduras HND 1994 14.04
Honduras HND 1995 21.13
Honduras HND 1996 13.25
Honduras HND 1997 17.76
Honduras HND 1998 26.39
Honduras HND 1999 17.65
Honduras HND 2001 4.83
Honduras HND 2002 -3.13
Honduras HND 2003 -0.45
Honduras HND 2004 0.91
Honduras HND 2005 -23.18
Honduras HND 2006 -10.08
Honduras HND 2007 0
Honduras HND 2008 9.79
Honduras HND 2009 -10.78
Honduras HND 2010 -8.55
Honduras HND 2012 -15.76
Honduras HND 2013 -4.37
Honduras HND 2014 -15.05
Hungary HUN 2014 15.12
Iceland ISL 2014 16.55
Ireland IRL 2002 14.92
Ireland IRL 2006 17.22
Ireland IRL 2010 13.87
Ireland IRL 2014 13.93
Israel ISR 2014 15.52
Israel ISR 2015 15.1
Italy ITA 2002 18.9
Italy ITA 2006 4.29
Italy ITA 2010 5.26
Italy ITA 2014 6.12
Jamaica JAM 1990 28.42
Jamaica JAM 1996 21.81
Jamaica JAM 1999 6.67
Jamaica JAM 2001 6.9
Jamaica JAM 2002 15.33
Latvia LVA 2014 17.38
Lithuania LTU 2014 13.29
Luxembourg LUX 2002 18.95
Luxembourg LUX 2006 10.68
Luxembourg LUX 2010 8.7
Luxembourg LUX 2014 5.38
Malaysia MYS 2011 -0.86
Malaysia MYS 2012 -2.57
Malaysia MYS 2013 -3.19
Malaysia MYS 2014 -1.43
Malaysia MYS 2015 -2.25
Malta MLT 2010 7.23
Malta MLT 2014 10.19
Mexico MEX 1989 20.58
Mexico MEX 1992 25.35
Mexico MEX 1994 16.87
Mexico MEX 1996 17.7
Mexico MEX 1998 16.37
Mexico MEX 2000 23.87
Mexico MEX 2002 12.5
Mexico MEX 2008 13.39
Mexico MEX 2010 3.13
Mexico MEX 2012 13.98
Mexico MEX 2014 6.65
Montenegro MNE 2014 7.78
Netherlands NLD 2002 18.78
Netherlands NLD 2006 23.65
Netherlands NLD 2010 17.45
Netherlands NLD 2014 16.07
Nicaragua NIC 1993 6.78
Nicaragua NIC 1998 19.59
Nicaragua NIC 2001 2.96
Nicaragua NIC 2005 9.93
Nicaragua NIC 2009 2.04
Nicaragua NIC 2014 2.62
North Macedonia MKD 2014 9.15
Norway NOR 2014 14.45
Pakistan PAK 2016 10.81
Panama PAN 1989 18.18
Panama PAN 1991 4.55
Panama PAN 1995 8.33
Panama PAN 1997 16
Panama PAN 1998 10.34
Panama PAN 1999 7.69
Panama PAN 2000 3.45
Panama PAN 2001 0
Panama PAN 2002 0
Panama PAN 2003 0
Panama PAN 2004 0
Panama PAN 2005 0
Panama PAN 2006 0
Panama PAN 2007 0
Panama PAN 2008 0
Panama PAN 2009 0
Panama PAN 2010 0
Panama PAN 2011 -2.86
Panama PAN 2012 2.44
Panama PAN 2013 -2.44
Panama PAN 2014 4.44
Paraguay PRY 1997 0.95
Paraguay PRY 1999 8.56
Paraguay PRY 2001 8.99
Paraguay PRY 2002 28.24
Paraguay PRY 2003 -0.81
Paraguay PRY 2004 5.47
Paraguay PRY 2005 12.74
Paraguay PRY 2006 15.99
Paraguay PRY 2007 9.58
Paraguay PRY 2008 5.99
Paraguay PRY 2009 9.49
Paraguay PRY 2010 -1.56
Paraguay PRY 2011 6.91
Paraguay PRY 2012 7.32
Paraguay PRY 2013 10.62
Paraguay PRY 2014 5.41
Paraguay PRY 2015 -1.77
Peru PER 1997 20
Peru PER 1998 21.43
Peru PER 1999 12.2
Peru PER 2000 25.64
Peru PER 2001 15
Peru PER 2002 11.9
Peru PER 2003 18.6
Peru PER 2004 22.5
Peru PER 2005 15.38
Peru PER 2006 20.45
Peru PER 2007 16.33
Peru PER 2008 20.37
Peru PER 2009 18.97
Peru PER 2010 23.81
Peru PER 2011 22.06
Peru PER 2012 25.33
Peru PER 2013 21.33
Peru PER 2014 20.51
Poland POL 2014 7.73
Portugal PRT 2007 10.65
Portugal PRT 2008 11.74
Portugal PRT 2009 9.67
Portugal PRT 2010 7.64
Portugal PRT 2011 9.58
Portugal PRT 2012 8.8
Portugal PRT 2013 10.34
Portugal PRT 2015 9.59
Portugal PRT 2016 8.54
Romania ROU 2014 4.5
Romania ROU 2016 6.61
Russia RUS 2015 24.42
Serbia SRB 2014 8.72
Slovakia SVK 2010 19.66
Slovakia SVK 2014 19.66
Slovakia SVK 2015 19.1
Slovenia SVN 2010 0.66
Slovenia SVN 2014 7
South Korea KOR 2009 35.09
South Korea KOR 2010 34.27
South Korea KOR 2011 33.58
South Korea KOR 2012 32.69
South Korea KOR 2013 32.94
South Korea KOR 2014 33.8
South Korea KOR 2015 34.67
South Korea KOR 2016 33.59
Spain ESP 2002 20.22
Spain ESP 2006 17.9
Spain ESP 2010 16.25
Spain ESP 2012 18.75
Spain ESP 2013 18.75
Spain ESP 2014 12.5
Spain ESP 2015 12.5
Suriname SUR 1999 6.18
Sweden SWE 2014 13.85
Switzerland CHE 2014 17.38
Thailand THA 2016 -21.57
Turkey TUR 2014 -1.26
United Kingdom GBR 2014 20.91
United Kingdom GBR 2015 20.59
Uruguay URY 1989 22.22
Uruguay URY 1992 21.82
Uruguay URY 1995 16.32
Uruguay URY 1996 14.94
Uruguay URY 1997 13.29
Uruguay URY 1998 14.68
Uruguay URY 2000 9.66
Uruguay URY 2001 10.1
Uruguay URY 2002 7.4
Uruguay URY 2003 13.19
Uruguay URY 2004 9.31
Uruguay URY 2005 11.13
Uruguay URY 2006 11.71
Uruguay URY 2007 11.02
Uruguay URY 2008 15.54
Uruguay URY 2009 15.46
Uruguay URY 2010 12.94
Uruguay URY 2011 9.19
Uruguay URY 2012 8.59
Uruguay URY 2013 10.01
Uruguay URY 2014 8.62
Venezuela VEN 1989 11.78
Venezuela VEN 1992 12.23
Venezuela VEN 1995 13.21
Venezuela VEN 1997 10.72
Venezuela VEN 1998 15.87
Venezuela VEN 1999 6.11
Venezuela VEN 2000 -3.75
Venezuela VEN 2001 2.39
Venezuela VEN 2002 1.9
Venezuela VEN 2003 0.3
Venezuela VEN 2004 0.77
Venezuela VEN 2005 5.1
Venezuela VEN 2006 6.43
Vietnam VNM 2015 7.69
Vietnam VNM 2016 10.71