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MODERN
BY

CHINA

A POLITICAL STUDY

SIH-GUNG

CHENG, M.A., B.Sc.(Econ.)

FEUOW OF THE ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY

OXFORD AT THE CLARENOON PRESS

Oxford University Press

Lenaon Edlnburgb GlugOfll NtJfJI 'Tork Bombay Toronto Melbourne Cape Toun

Humphrey Milford Publisher to the University

PREFACE
THIS book is an attempt to deal with some of the important problems which confront the Chinese statesman and diplomat, and those who have anything to do with China. It has been the author's hope to give a true picture of things in the Far East and to suggest constructive schemes for every subject touched upon. He has tried to avoid patriotic bias and to discuss politics with disinterestedness; and it is hoped that he has not altogether failed in his efforts. The world has become small through the rapid means of communication and through the economic interdependence of its different parts, and it is certain that, before many years have passed, a country with a territory extending over four million square miles and with a population jaf nearly four hundred millions, will playa far mure important part in the intellectual and economic developments of the world than it does at present. It will indeed be most gratifying to the author should this book afford some food for thought to readers interested in human progres~ and international relations. Most of the chapters were written while the War W.1S still in progress, and that explains the present tense in Sections 2 and 3 of Chapter 9 (on' China in the War' and on ' Chinese Labour '). Section I in the same chapter has been revised since the Armistice, and again since the signing ofthe Peace Treaty. The Peace Conference, which required the author's

iv

Preface

presence in Paris, has interrupted his work, and has made it impossible for him to give reference notes to many of the statements based on authoritative works or official documents. He is leaving for America while these pages go to the press and has to entrust the work of making an index to his publishers, to whom he wishes to express his thanks. To the numerous friends who have been kind to him, and made him feel at home during his five years' stay in Great Britain and France, it will be impossible (if not out of place) to expressindividual thanks, but among those who have been helpful to him in the preparation of this work, he is deeply grateful to Viscount Bryce and to Viscount Burnham for the valuable information they have given him. He is equally indebted to Sir John Macdonell (King's Remembrancer and Master of the Supreme Court), to Sir Francis T. Piggott (late Chief Justice of Hong Kong), to Professor Gilbert Murray (of OXford University), to Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson (of King's College, Cambridge), and to Professor Graham WaHas (of London University), for useful information and critical suggestions. One of his countrymen, his Excellency Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo, Chinese Minister at Washington and plenipotentiary delegate to the Peace Conference, has taken great interest in this work and it will be only fitting to record here the deep esteem and respect which the author has long entertained for the distinguished diplomat. To complete the list of acknowledgements, it will be necessary to thank the British Foreign Office Library for the loan of some Blue Books. S. G. CHENG.

CONTENTS
PART I
PAGE
I. 2..

HISTORICAL CONCEPTION OF CHINESE GOVERNMENT POLITICAL SITUATION SINCE 19II § I. The Revolution • § 2. North and South.
12. 12.

28

3. CONSTITUTION-MAKING President • § 2. Cabinet § 3. Legislature § 4. Judiciary •

I.

47 47
63 89
IIO
12.1 12. I

4. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
§
I

Rclat:J.onof the Central to the Provincial Governments cial Subdivisions

§ 2. Provincial Government and Government of Provin-

135

PART II
5. A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS 6. EXTERRlTORIALITY •

'47
178 195 INVEST208

7. TARIFF AND TARIFF ADMINISTRATION 8. ECON;OMIC CONCESSIONS AND FOREIGN MENTS

vi

Contents
PAGE

9. NEW PROBLEMS SINCE THE WAR § I. Kiaochow Question § 2. China in the War § 3. Chinese Labour • § 4. The Ascendancy of Japan in the Far East § 5. The Policy of the United States

:7.35 235

256.
:7.67 278 :7.90

PART III
10.

CONCLUSION § I. Political Outlook. §:7.. Foreign Policy

APPENDICES
1. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China 316

:7.. Treaties respecting Shantung, South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia, and Exchanges of Notes between China and Japan, May :7.5, 1915

322

3. Documents relative to the Negotiations between Japan and the Allied Powers as to the disposal of German lights in respect of Shantung Province, and the South Sea Islands north of the Equator • • 341

4. Exchange of Notes between the Chinese Minister at Tokio

and the Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs respecting the Construction of the Tsinanfu-Shunteh and the KaomiHsuchow Railways, September 24, 1918 5. Preliminary Contract between China and Japan respecting the Tsinanfu-Shunteh and the Kaomi-Hsuchow Railways, September 24, 1918
6. Exchange of Notes between the Chinese Minister at Tokio

348

349

and the Japanese Minister for Foreigl'l Affairs respecting Adjustment of Questions concerning Shantung, September Z4, 1918 • 352

Contents
7. Exchange of Notes between the Chinese Minister at Tokio and the Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs for building Four Railroads in Manchuria and Mongolia, September 24> 1918•

vii
PAG:r:

354

8. Preliminary Contract for Loans to build Four Railroads in Manchuria and Mongolia, September 1.8, 1918 • 355 9. Clauses of the Treaty of Peace with Germany, relating to China, signed on June 28, 1919, by the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, but not by China

358