CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Tanish Jindal of class 12th ‘Science’ has

completed the project work in chemistry in the year
2021-22 on “Adsorption” under the guidance of Mrs. Harpreet
Kaur as prescribed by CBSE course.

It is further certified that this project is the individual work

of the student.

Internal Examiner Principal’s Signature

School Stamp
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my subject teacher Mrs.
Harpreet Kaur to give her guidance to make
the successful completion of this project.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents
and classmates who helped me to complete
this project within the given time frame.

 Introduction

You would have noticed a number of people

using mask to protect themselves from air
pollution. have you thought how do these marks
protect from air pollution? In this unit we would
take up study of phenomena behind such masks
we would talking about the phenomena of
adsorption that occur at the surface or interfaces
this comes under the study of surface chemistry.
To accomplish surface studies meticulously it
becomes imperative to have a really clean surface
under very high vacuum. It is now possible to
obtain ultra clean surface of the metal solid
materials with such clean surface need to be
stored in
In this module you will be studying about an
important area of surface chemistry viz
adsorption and its application

 ADSORPTION:

The phenomenon of attracting and

retaining the molecules of a substance on
the surface of a Liquid or a solid resulting in
the higher concentration of the molecules
on the surface is called Adsorption.

The substance thus adsorbed on surface is

called Adsorbate and the substance on
which it is adsorbed is called Adsorbent.

 Characteristics of
ADSORPTION

1. Adsorption can occur in all interfacial faces

i.e., the adsorption can
occur in between gas –
solid, liquid – solid, liquid – liquid, solid –
solid and gas – liquid.
2. Adsorption is always accompanied by
∆
decrease in free energy. When G reaches
zero, the equilibrium is attained.
3. Adsorption is a spontaneous process
. 4. When molecules are getting adsorbed, there
is always decrease in randomness of the
molecules
5. Adsorption is exothermic and it is a quick
process
. 6. If simultaneous adsorption and absorption
take place, it is termed as ‘sorption and
sorption of gases on metal surface is called
occlusion.
 Factors affecting
ADSORPTION

·Surface Area of the Adsorbent:-

more is the surface
Greater the surface area,
available for adsorption and greater is the

adsorption.
·Nature of the Adsorbed Gas:-
The extent of adsorption also depends upon the
nature of the gas. The gases which are more
easily liquifiable or are more soluble in water
are more readily adsorbed than others.
·Temperature:-
The extent of adsorption decreases with rise in
temperature and vice versa.
·Pressure of the gas:-
At a constant temperature the extent of
adsorption increases with increase in the
pressure of the gas

 MECHANISM:-

o Adsorption occurs because the particle on

in the bulk of the
the surface and the particle
adsorbent are not in the same environment.
That is, the net force acting on them is not the
same.
o The particle on the surface has unbalanced
forces acting on it which are also called residual
attractive forces
o Due to these forces, the surface
v particles of the adsorbent attract
the adsorbate particles.

o During adsorption, there is always a decrease

in the residual attractive forces of the surface.
That is, the energy of the surface decreases and
this appears as heat. This is called the heat of
adsorption

 o The amount of heat evolved when one mole of

adsorbate is adsorbed on the adsorbent surface is
amount

called enthalpy of adsorption

o Adsorption is always exothermic and the enthalpy
change, ΔH is always negative
o When the adsorbate molecules are adsorbed on the
surface of the adsorbent, their freedom of movement
becomes restricted and hence ΔS the entropy decreases
o We know that Gibbs free energy
,ΔG= ΔH –TΔS.
For adsorption to be spontaneous, ΔG must be
negative. This can happen if ΔH has a significantly
high negative value as –TΔS is positive.
o As the adsorption continues, ΔH becomes less and
less negative till it becomes equal to TΔS and ΔG
becomes zero. At this point, equilibrium is attained.
 Types of
ADSORPTION

1. Physical Adsorption :
When a gas is bled on the surface of a solid by Vander
wall's forces without resulting in to formation of any
chemical bond between the Adsorbate and Adsorbent.
It is called physical adsorption or vender wall's
adsorption or also known as physicosorption.
2. Chemical Adsorption :
When a gas is held on the surface of solid by forces
similar to those of a chemical bond, the type of
adsorption is called chemical adsorption or
chemisorptions. It is also known as Longmuir
adsorption.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
PHYSISORPTION
·There is no specificity as any gas can be adsorbed
onto the surface
·It has been observed that highly liquifiable gases are
physically adsorbed more strongly.
·It is reversible in nature and is dependent on pressure
as well as temperature. An increase in pressure
decreases the volume of gas and thus increases the
adsorption of gas molecules. Conversely, a decrease in
pressure will cause the removal of gas molecules from
the solid surface.
·Since the adsorption process is exothermic, the
physical adsorption occurs readily at low temperature
and decreases with increasing temperature (Le-
Chatelier’s principle).
·Porous substances are better adsorbents as an
increased surface area promotes adsorption.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHEMISORPTION

··The process specific in character means that it will

occur only if there is a chemical bond formation
between the adsorbent and adsorbate.
·The process is irreversible in nature.
·It is an exothermic process and the process is
accompanied by an increase in temperature.
·It occurs slowly at low temperature and occurs at a
higher rate with increase in pressure.
·Just as in case of physisorption, chemisorption is
directly proportional to surface area and thus
increases with increase in surface area.
·Since the process involves chemical bond formation,
the enthalpy in high.
·It requires a certain energy of activation.
 Freundlich's Adsorption
Isotherm

A graph between the amount adsorbed by an

adsorbent and the equilibrium pressure of the
adsorbate at a constant temperature is called the
Adsorption isotherm.
At low value of p, the graph is nearly straight and
sloping
At higher pressure becomes independent of the values
of p. in this range of pressure
in the intermediate range of pressure, will depend on p
raised to the powers between 1 and 0. i.e. fractions.
For a small range of pressure values
Adsorption Isobars :
A graph drawn between the amount adsorbed and
temperature 't' at a constant equilibrium pressure of
adsorbate gas is known as Adsorption isobars.
(i)Physical Adsorption isobar
(ii)Chemical Adsorption isobar
 APPLICATIONS

flasks activated charcoal is placed
1. In preserving vacuum : In Dewar
between the walls of the flask so that any gas which enter in to the
annular space either due to glass
imperfection or diffusion through glass
is adsorbed.

2. In gas masks : All gas masks are devices containing suitable adsorbent
so that the poiseness gases present in the atmosphere are preferentially
absorbed and the air for breathing is purified.

3. In clarification of sugar : Sugar is decolorized by treating sugar

solution with charcoal powder. The later adsorbs the undesirable
colours present.

4. In softening of hard water : The use of ion exchangers for softening of

hard water is based upon the principle of competing adsorption just as
in chromatography.

5. In removing moisture from air in the storage of delicate instruments :

Such instruments which may be harmed by contact with the moist air,
are kept out of contact with moisture using silica gel.

6. In Adsorption indicator : Varous dyes, which owe their use to

adsorption, have been introduced as indicator particularly in
precipitation titration.
For example, KBr is easily titrated with AgNo3 using eosin as indicator.

 SUMMARY

Adsorption is the phenomenon of attracting and

retaining the molecules of a substance on the surface of a

liquid resulting into a
higher concentration on the
surface than in bulk.
The substance a adsorbed is known as adsorbent and the
substance on which adsorption takes place is called
adverse event in physisorption adsorbent is held to the
adsorbent by weak vanderwall forces and chemisorption
adsorbent is held to the adsorbent by strong chemical
bond.
Almost all solid adsorb gases. The extent of adsorption of
a gas on solid depends on the nature of gas nature of
solid pressure of gas at constant temperature of a gas
relationship between extent of adsorption and pressure
of gas at constant temperature is known as adsorption
isotherm there are two types of isotherm: Freundlitch
and Langmuir
.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1- NCERT Textbook

2- Wikipedia

3-www.allprojectreports.com
.