1. Ethics form the base ground of values which differ from one culture to another.

Ethics was
applied in health care system, since ancient Egyptian times. A physician has moral
obligations towards his patient based on physician -patient's relationship. The ethical
principle of confidentiality confirms that patient can trust his health care provider not to
disclose any information that the patient may have given in order to get cured. A current
ethical issue in research involving human participant's informed consent has prime
importance. The subject and his guardian must have the capacity to understand the issue in
question and the possible risks of treatment in the trial study. We need to do more to ensure
that medical research practices are sound and ethical, and the goals of research should be
secondary to the well-being of the participants.

2. Like any other profession, nursing is governed by a set of ethical principles/requirements; high
level of education commits to the professional code of ethics/code of conduct and to protect
the interest of the public. According to Brown, (n.d.), the code of ethics for nurses focuses on
the professional behaviour and on making sure decision making is client oriented as much as
possible and outlines ethical responsibilities of the nurse. It is the responsibility of the whole
nursing fraternity to have a copy of the code available at all times, know and understand the
content, abide by the code as well as a duty to effectively and carefully practice their profession.

3. Beneficence means 'do good', and promotes actions that benefit the patient. Nurses should
support patients during their healing and recovery. This applies to all care processes, including
administering medication and providing patients with information and education. There is often
a need to balance the potential for a treatment to do good and do harm, particularly when
administering drugs with side effects, or in patients with complex care needs. Balancing non-
maleficence and beneficence is important, and requires careful consideration.

Beneficence is an ethical principle that addresses the idea that a nurse's actions should promote
good. Doing good is thought of as doing what is best for the patient. Beneficence should not be
confused with the closely related ethical principle of nonmaleficence, which states that one
should not do harm to patients. This principle acts as an obligation for nurses to protect their
patients from harm by removing and preventing bad situations and promoting good ones.