The analysis leading to p (22 + a) 4 Me) 4, 4 ny 22 + p92 = 0 and that used while deriving the overall balance is based on the consideration of the flow in and out of an element of fixed size, fixed in space and containing a variable mass — Eulerian The analysis that leads to 577 + aH = 0 is based on a fixed mass of fluid as it moves in space the volume of the element may vary ~ Lagrangian Main use of the equation of continuity will be to simplify the differential heat and momentum equation with which it must hold simultaneously in flow problems.Jement of unit mass moving with the fluid, the volume element change with time. he relation pV = 1 with respect to time bv , De ? Dt Dt Or IDV ,1Dp _4 VDt pDt ‘Comparing with += + ra. oe =0 1 DV duy | du, + VDt Ox dy dz Physical interpretation is the first term = ~ rate of volumetric strain or expansion of the element, is the same as the sum of the first three terms which represent the thre rates of strain called as the divergence of the velocity vectorrat for EO ruses 2-a- B : : onze) 4 Aye) ac ae ax ay +t vay * oe Expanding tux) 4 Ouy) | ue a (% iy) 4 a ae lo ae tae + Se) + pea lege ae Density of the fluid is a function of x, y, z and t, from the definiti the substantial derivative n of My du, D ig ee BUA, dx * dy * de pDt Using the idea of substantial derivative and explaining the physical significance of the first three termsg the differential change in u,p over distancedx luxe) dx d(ugp) =“ Express Output- Input in x direction is “S*""dxdydz lar equations ean be written for flow in the y and z directions Paxdyde ate of accumulation in the element The balance become: dxdydz + C20) ayaxde + Mee dodxdy + 22 dedyde Three terms is equivalent to A(uAp) that is Aw fourth term to ™/,,balance over a differential element of volume identical to that over a finite volume Output- Input + Accumulation =0 Input in the x direction through the face of area dydz located at a distance x from plane x = 0 is updydz Output through the parallel face located at x + dxx luxp + d(up)ldydx Output - input in the x direction [ucp + d(u,p)ldydz — u,pdydz......(1) {d(u,p)]dydz ......2)“oO | Richt add notes ‘Sie 0et 1h beghtioded Rj= Rate of generation of “i’ by chemical reaction within the control - volume in kg/hr For n components ina system mfwy ff an I For a surface over which u is normal to A constant over the area of integration mass flow rate, upAp aw at te IEW, and W, are funetion oft, the equation can be integrated Often flowrates are equal and constant If both flowrates are equal and constant(steady state) dM a?Application of the overall mass balance Let alll the inflow (flow inward) be normal to area A, and outflow be normal to area A, 14 Flow is parallel to all other parts of the control surface For such conditions dM UpaP2A2 — UmPrAr +7 = 0 y= bulk or average velocity : hick toad notesa [, UA pcosadA —is positive when there is a net efflux of mass - is negative when there is an influx of mass is zero when mass in the control volume is constant (no efflux no influx) Since density in general is a function of position within the volume there may be density difference within the volume "I ¢ j a Eg, Fluid is compressible, as pressure changes, density will also change Total accumulation rate ‘oO ot ody = alll, e¢= Ge Net flow from I and 2 ‘ [ff srcomanet [fade ..3 lek toad notesNet outflow across the surface for a small element dA J) upcosadA ... ..1 ls cosadA = Projection of dA on a plane normal to the velocity 1. When the velocity vector u is parallel to the surface cosa = Oas a= 90° 2. When uw is directed inward © @> 5, cosa = negative 3. When u is parallel to normal . @ = 0,cosa = L(positive)Rate of mass Rate of mass Rate of accumalation inflow in }—| outflow in within the control volume, control volume, control volume, Let a= angle between a line normal to the surface and directed outward and a line representing the direction the of velocity at the point consideredOverall Mass balance (General equations) Applying the law of conservation of mass to a hypothetical enclosure fixed in Space * Space enclosed is called control volume * Boundary is called control surfaceChek toad notes Choosing methanol as the reference i DR = -2Rvecranot 1 Application of balance to methanol Ws = Ryetnanot g: x m AR mernanot Since Zmetnanot2s Emetnanot yand emeaane! — enanot + Reo + Ruryarogen Rutethanot The composition of the recycle gas which is the same as that of purge can be deduced from a balance on argon. W.X4r2 — OOlw,Methanol is made by the reaction CO + 2H, © CH,OH The net feed to the process is 66 mole percent hydrogen, 33mole percent CO and mole percent argon. All the methanol is removed from the reactor product in the separator and there are no side reactions. The purge rate is 1 mol to 10 mole of net feed. Calculate the composition of recycle gas and ratio of moles of methanol produced to moles of net feed. W,= Net feed Methanol product Under steady state conditions W, + Ws — WH = Rycrnanot + Reo + Rayarogen CH,0H — CO -2H, =0 Pmethanot = 1,b¢0 = —1, buyarogen = — Choosing methanol as the referene SaR, are interrelated by the stoichiometry of the rection, using B; to denote the symbol for the species » T b, > 0 for products and b;< 0 for reactants 1B; = 0 Any one of R; can be related to a reference rate, Rg| dt f dx, 60¢ + 100 180x, — 30 mC 23) | Solving for x4, at =Ihr, x4= 0.126 Xa 6 If the components can react chemically, a generation term has to be added to the balances[ dt - / dx, - 60¢+ 100 180x, — 30 a a Solving for x4, at Ihr, x4~ 0.126 If the components can react ch added to the bala ically, a generation term has to be Waka — Ta += Ri 3 Summing over N components _ _ dM W,- +E = ‘Chemical reaction within the control volume may change the number of moles i (heh to ad ote1 “Inlet is made up of two streams, water and salt 20 | wy = 150430 a aM 7 | 120 - (150 + 30) +7 = 0 : Integrating M=60t4+M, ‘ My = 100kg Substituting in . dx, aM 120x4 — 30+ MTA + xq ‘There are only t and x4 as variables 120%, — 30 + (60 + ma) + 60x, = 0 xy 180x4 — 30 + (60t + My)-F* ie (Ck oad notes Serie emceeWa2 War +4 =0 X, represents the mass fraction of salt in solution leaving the tank d(Mx,) a war, — War + 120%4-30+ M244 x, =0 2 ae tae Balance on total streams aM W.-W, + ve de 120 ~(150+30) +4 =0 (450 +30) +-F >= aM 60 kg/h de 7 Okg/h ick toad notesnce on salt(component A) I am, War — War +40 2X, fepresents the mass fraction of salt in solution leaving the tank au. Wak Wika + oa) =0 ‘ dx, dM 8 120x, 30+ MTA 4x47 =0 Balance on total streams ‘0 aM _ Wa— w+ oP aM ae 120 — (150 + 30) + = 0 7 dt i = 60 kg/h a 4 atWater is flowing into a well stirred tank at 150 kg/hr and NaCl is being added at 30 kg/hr. The resulting solution is leaving the tank at 120 kg/hr. Because of effective stirring the concentration of the outlet solution is the is the same as that within the tank. There is 100 kg of fresh water in the tank at the start of operation and rate of input and output remains constant thereafter. Calculate the outlet concentration(mass fraction salt) after 1 hourA cylindrical tank has a cross sectional area of 4square feet and is filled with water to a depth of 6ft. A valve is opened at the bottom of the tank. The flow rate of wate decreases as the depth of the water goes down according to w = 20yz, where w is the flow rate out in Ib/min and z is the depth of water in the tank. How long will it take for the level to fall to 2 ft? w,= 0 and w,= w, M = Integrating, t=26 minsw, Application of law of conservation of mass Rate of Rate of Rate of (mass row )~ (mass ow ) +( mass )-0 out in accumalation. Wa Wm += 0 Region over which the balance is made is the control volumeOverall Mass BalanceVolumetric flow rate = area x vzay I (PoP, )B? 8 5 28w _2(Po — PL)BSW Bul “Clk to add noesAverage velocity Prav = Ser fey dxdz Re i Case e fy &) exe eo Qub Sy’ fog axdz Year = (Chek to add notes2 SS 2WL, I, — Wty, lesa + waxy,(pv,) + (WaxL)pg + (WAx)py — (WAx)p, = Divide by WAxL and limit Ax > 0 (ck toad notes a manag‘A viscous fluid is in laminar flow in a slit formed by two parallel walls a distance 2B apart. Make a differential momentum balance and obtain expressions for the distribution of momentum flux and velocity profile in i the slit. Obtain the analog of the Hagen Poiscuille equation for the slit. Fluid in ee & IF atx=Wityely 8 | + Rate of momentum out across the cline surface | atx Ae= Wteelreae | + Rate of momentum in aeross annular surface B< foci 4 fu. Ban nt lick to add notes ee ES eS -os on Friction factor (1) R 001 0.005; Om TS Reynolds number (Rey) Lower the value of the Hedstrm number, smaller is the deviation from the Newtonian line,f = 18/pe Dimensionless parameter, used is Bingham number, BiGl to add nates Ve @)"(-28) [1-8 te. Bho i 3 2 me a Srdes by au ae 3S q Jao Bacay] ie AC} ie Se «She Hs] se Asie + EG] fg [ete ApeBu uaigliote Rep rota Nuwrber Re = 3B Jricion Aeon f= L eshy ar nest Hedstrom number YW = ic ° to lick to add notes&* (Bs Te (Bate a Az r(R- aha [' -$2- (&)s + $@J] a> *(B) eli SQ y+ d(a)] Bucky finan: Rein. RG id notes _ ———_—“lai 088-8) fegpe -e Y- (abe *-( Sted )aly + Oe | i : x (iene yi (9) - (B+ 4 (2 dd notes Sits Comes PS m T -—#- +7 &~ a fR : ai (1 e Brae “Tes o ay T Hd vo “SER FE] [te] k to add notesBPret re a see ['- ais 2 ext i \et ie ape PoLess as agit ¢ & vet 4b tap noe parla apy (tae rhe yo at both Uints .% Qkr=0 , Th=0 at reR , “Rr? 20,&02R vi ¥z20 lick to add notes es Bom A= se © -—.-.-SRN ar -ebe ea ce seo se yf ce ge “al Gael ca |te eg ] hee yzo a eR Re 4 . > 9 © - area Ra 0 ae ‘ 2 [Boh )e -@R 1G he Fo Bc: tem Bowes MS @ 5 -—s#— +mPrgten > Model Coa a “he te te 4 [yal > z ak 26 ee 2G ie + [Sef +Ve sm ao used when Ga & te Momentim flux equation Ty Gaae deity pelle b we whew -rnormerse fs Thue @ pag foe ok tu a a Click to add noteslastic behaviour E & >|t>" = j . j . id [lp y= Shear rate, 1SecMathematical models for viscoplastic behaviour + Bingham plastic model Tyx = To” + tp (yx) for |tyx| > Ito” x = 0 for [ty] < tol Two model parameters are tT)” and up Hp - plastic viscosity (PV) t9°- Yield point (YP) ‘cesneerseetsOyrsiem! al . 20 80 a a Too shear ae hee PV should be as low as possible for fast drilling, is best achieved by minimizing colloidal solids. YP must be high enough to carry cuttings out of the hole, but not so large as to create excessive pump pressure when starting mud flow. Bans Bs owShear stress, r4 (Pa) 8 6 5 10" Corrected nominal shear rate, 8(V— VD (s~")D = 0.191 mm and 7, = 5.83Pa, V, = 0.59 mm/s which yields a value of Sten = 28.885"!. D= 0.191 mm D=0266mm D= 062mm D=1.10mm re (SVD) BV Ve (SYD) KV Vr VID) BV V) oe VID) WV VD D D D DrR) ‘Slope. 8V, (mms) Vigmn/s) s 26 032s 226 283 a 27 S36 » ns 978 3s 132 14s 8 2 A V, = 1x 10-572 +3 x 10-47, — 0.0015 a 3 rr a ) Wha sear stress (Pa)(Pa) Boomers WE &ze & = g 8 GB 8 a 400 600 Nominal shear raf, 81D (s~*) ‘800 10000.191 x 1073 _ 5.83Pa 4 V = QixD*/4), and hence ev 32X3.66X10 gs gy Yun = (¢ 3.14 X (O.191 X 10735 D=0.191mm D=0.266mm D=0626mm D=1.10mm Tea) (SVD) T4(Pa) (SVD) T/¥(Pa) (SVD) 7 (Pa) (8VID) oy o oe eo 5.83 535 6.33 54.0 - - - - 721 MLd 747 100.1 675 6602 8.27 92.6 8.12 1506 908 1672 934 1424 962 132.4 110 2865 1046 22841... 12.42 3625 12.10 304.7 13.07. 270.7 13.00 241.1 14.50 4868 14.16 4086 1442 3255 16.17 362 15.86 5803 1539 © 476.3 1687 444.3 «18S 474S 16.88 6622 1678 S574 17.86. 506.6 20.53 595.4 17.89 757.2 17.55 606.1 19.44 643.6 21.67 918 18.90 8786 © «19.66 757.7 19.83. 701.7 22.45 796Apparent shear rate at the wall ay —¥, fm = SV 1. Qvs AP data for dif ferent diameter tubes D= 0.191 mm D=0.266mm D=0626mm D=1.10mm oe 2x10" (-Ap) Qx10" (Ap) Qx10" (-Ap) 2x10" (Ap) (m'¥s) (kPa) (mss) (kPa) (mvs) (kPa) (m’/s)_—(KPa) 3.66 4565 (9983561 - - - 1.66 5648 185 4203 159 1614121 11.25 103 6358 30.9 51.06 343 2233 0«173 (13.08 196 86.13 422 5886 53.4 28.07 23.2 «15.08 24.8 9731 563 68.10 65.2 3128 31S 17.68 333, 1136 755 1964 784 3448 473-2199 397 142 88 8654 107 4032 62 «(25.23 453 1322 103 9437 122 4269 778 2792 518, 140.1 112 98.69 155 4647 WA 2947 60.1 148.1 140 1106 169 4741 104 = 3053 Notes @lcommess BN SgQ = =RV, + foe" Q= + Qns Dividing by TR*tw = RV, Multiply by 4 throughout 2 ipl BV) 1 _ 8%, 320 DD) Dr, xD ry Second term is constant for a fixed value of wall shedr stress Slope of (8 / D ) versus (1/ D ) plots on linear seales for a range of constant values of the wall shear stress ( t w ) will give slip velocity as a function of the wall shear stress. 7Assume, a slip velocity, V's , exists at the wall. At the wall of the tube (7 = R ), the fluid has a velocity Vz = V's instead of 0 = >| Fluid flowing at a slip yelocity V s at the wall (r=R ) —dV, & O=aRV, +0 fr 0 The total flow rate = from slip ( Qs ) and that occurring when there is no-slip ( Ons ). Slip velocity is generally assumed to be a function of the wall shear stress only, can also be a function of tube diameter.* The presence of the depleted layer near the wall is responsible for a higher flow rate than expected at a given value of the wall shear stress * Fora constant value of wall shear stress, the apparent shear rate (velocity gradient) at the wall is reduced when there is slip * Owing to the occurrence of a positive velocity at the wall, the observed flow rate is larger than expected.‘Wall Slip Effects Slip may occur in multiphase mixtures * concentrated suspensions, + foams, emulsions + large polymer molecules confined in narrow passages The phenomenon of slip is generally associated with the flow of structured materials in narrow ‘gaps as in porous media, micro-fluidic devices, extrusion dies used in food and polymer processing applications The layer of fluid near the wall is depleted, and this thin, dilute layer has a much lower viscosity, resulting in an apparent slippage of the bulk fluid along the wall.Vokum cbc 3 = 2500 y J = 6-46xIOm & Be06 * T0#S /s Re 88x10%. 00125 a: rev = a) (GE oe. Yn, 233! oP = avenge Vetochy = an 3a ms a Ra mfeb A polymer solution (density 1075 kg/m* ) is being pumped at a rate of 2500 kg/h through a 25 mm inside diameter pipe. The flow is known to be laminar and the power-law constants for the solution are m = 3 Pas” and n = 0.5. Estimate the pressure drop over a 10 m length of straight pipe and the centre-line velocity for these conditions. How does the value of pressure drop change if a pipe of 37 mm diameter is used?ayn — yp [342] 2tmvn2 PV ve = yn (3nt2 "2m x 2" = f n px? xD Multiply and divide by 8 a a yn(30 1)" (2xmx2")B = n pxV?x D8 1 16 16 f= Grex De Ro, ‘3n +1)" mars (Sr)pot y Bnet 2ummn2 a pvr 3n +1)" (2x mx 2" =yn eee r= (2) Gar) Multiply and divide by 8 3n +1)" (2xmx2"\8 =vn pene 2 r=) (Gaver) 8 16 16 “pE" XD XB = XD" x8 a ex + 1) PS man (BED 4)7 eS —— Substituting “ in the expression for velocity v=[et jae"2 3n + | D<2m 2Yngnt/ng PAVEDTen =2, 2m = 2.33, Vymax=2.33V Tfn= 0.1, “288 = 1.18, Ve max 1.18V 20.0.1. The ratio is 2 when n = | for a Newtonian fluid. in = (aeall a} * 3n+1 2mL —Ap\@ Q = aRV = 7{—"_ ||? | Reto 3a +1) 2mL For a given PL fluid and a fixed pipe radius—Ap a Q” Fora shear thinning fluid, pressure gradient is less sensitive than for a Newtonian fluid to changes in flow rate Flow rate shows a strong dependence on radius of pipe at n= 1, Qa R* = whereas for n= 0.5, Qa R® :+ Compared to parabolic profile for Newtonian fluid (n=1) the profile is flatter when n < | and sharper when n> 1 + Velocity is maximum at the pipe centre where r= 0 “o 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 v,/¥——> spear" ={3atl v atl ‘zmax Vemax _ {30 +1 Vv n+1Power Law fluid dv,\" aeon(-2) 1% av, =- 22) pte dr : 7 2m Integrating a nt+1 V, va |= i a oD!" + constant 2m Atr=R, v,=0, Te no slip condition us constant = Retive (4 =) “= Nas GicommersAssumptions + Flow is laminar + Density is constant + Steady state + Newtonian + End effects neglected + Fluid behaves as continuum + No slip at the wall vr drd@PoP eae or ¥ = ( eal *) ae Hagen- Poiscuille Equation Yzmax = 4uL Vrav = 2 Vzmax Vy max = 2Vyav= _ —_ Po Pr vemax ~ (“BP*) at Average velocity = Sum of all the velocities over a cross section divided by cross sectional area i" fie v,r drdé SR" fe raraa Vzav = Ie (Per) R? [1 - Gy? |r ara Se" Se raraa Vzav = Py — P R Rrs an (Poet) we r-J, Re 4 2a (5)Tre = (* — *) r ze T 2L Integrating Po-PL) 2 z PEL Te + Cy atl Boundary condition: v,= 0 at r=R Ga (22) R2 aul = _ (PoxPL)\ 2. (Po=Pe) pz Y= (er + (et 4uL HR tf rt{Rate of momentum in} ~ {Rate of momentum o sum of forees acting on system 0 QL ply — 2A yelp gay t2MT Ov, (PV) (2nrdrL)pg+ (2rhr)po — (2nrdr)p, = — 2nrdrv,(pv,)| z= Divide by 2mrdr and limit Ar > 0 Prrabetar—Trele _— Integrating . 4S uy Cymust be zero if momentum flux is not to be infinite at 0 Po - Py r a= ( 2L }e :{Rate of momentum in}- {Rate of momentum out} +{ sim of forces acting on system} =0 Qn Lt aly — MTL pzlyvart2AT OY, (V2) gan — 2erBrve(pr,)leau* (2nrdrL)pg+ (2nrAr)py — (2nrAr)p, =0 Divide by 2mrAr and limit Ar ——- 0 oa o Ttrzlr+ar—TTrzlry _ ; Po~PL him (2) = (+ par ro d Po- Pr rant] ar (tz) = ( L )r P =p—pgz tame Py—Pi\_. C, van (HoH ra C, must be zero if momentum flux is not to be infinite at =0 Po- Pi we =( 2L )r oo Somes fs @ = —- IntegratingTecnica + Rate of momentum in across cylindrical surface atr~ 2mrLty_l, + Rate of momentum out across the cylindrical surface alr + Ar= 207 Ltyelrsar + Rate of momentum in across annular surface at z = 0=2nrdrv,(pv;)|,-0 + Rate of momentum out across annular surface atz = L~2nrarv,(pv, let *+ Gravitational force on cylindrical shell = (2nrarL)pg + Pressure force acting on annular surface at z = 0= (2nrdr)po + Pressure force acting on annular surface atz=L=-(2nrdr)p,ana ean cae Flow through circular pipe Consider steady state laminar flow of a fluid of constant density p ina very long tube (to neglect end effects)of length L and radius R. Memetaninty tae femeeImportant Boundary condition: + At solid-fluid interfaces the fluid velocity equals the velocity with which the solid surface is moving; "no-slip, condition” (fluid assumed to cling to the solid surface with which it is in contact) + Ata liquid-gas interface, momentum flux (hence velocity gradient ) is nearly zero. Assumption is reasonable, since the viscosities of gases are much less than those of liquids. + At liquid-liquid interfaces momentum flux perpendicular to the interface, and the velocity are continuous across the interfaceFor solving viscous flow problems + Write a momentum bdlance for a shell of finite thickness + Let the thickness of the shell approach zero and make use of the definition of the first derivative to obtain the corresponding differential equation for the momentum flux. + Integrate this equation to get the momentum-flux distribution. + Insert appropriate Newtonian or non Newtonian expression for momentum flux to obtain a differential equation for the velocity distribution. + Integrate this equation to get the velocity distribution + Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities, such as the maximum velocity, average velocity, volumetric flow pressure frop, forces on boundariesShell Momentum Balance For steady state flow I {Rate of momentum in}- {Rate of momentum out} +{ sum of forces acting on system} =0 Momentum can enter by momentum transfer according to the Newtonian or non Newtonian expression of momentum flux Momentum can also enter by the virtue of the overall fluid motion Forces are the pressure forces acting on the surfaces and gravity forces acting on the volume as whole Momentum balance can be applied for rectilinear flowShell Momentum BalancePartial derivative is evaluated at a fixed point in space Total derivative is evaluated while the observer is mo’ arbitrary velocity Substantial derivative is evaluated when the observer is moving the velocity of the fluidaca erm 3 — dc = dx dy dz Measure “4 directly along the path ard 47 are the components of velocity If the observer moves with the velocity of the stream, ax; at ¥;.; is the component of the velocity In this special case the total time derivative is the substantial derivative Dlg _ Oy y aC, Dt at "Ox, _a6,q , ACadx at" ax dt” dy at All time derivatives can be found by measuring C, vs t and finding aca de acady ‘az dt BC, lim of “4 ate! aeaca x Term 1 4, + Measure of CO concentration with time ( at a fixed point) , ” a + plot C4 vs t find the slope “4, the partial time derivative T x OC, dx — ‘ax dt + Measure concentration at the same elevation simultaneously, plot C4 vs x + x is the distance along the row giving the ac, value of >* since t, y and z are constant“CO” concentration in the urban system to be monitored Cy Cy = fr@y.z.0) Mathematically the differential change in concentration can be expressed as a sum of ar 4 Bay 4 ax Xt ay Changes due to change in each independent variable Rate of change with time will be given by total derivative dC, OC, , AC, dx | Cady dt at ax de ay dt Term—»3 1 2 oaSubstantial time derivative 9“/p (special kind of total derivative) Substantial time derivative is related to total time derivative DC _ ac + CL ac * ac De or * dx Yay" Oz Vz, Vy, Vz are the components of the local fluid velocity 'v’ ’x Vy» Vz iP Evaluated when the observer is moving the velocity of the fluid lo add notes a _Whenever we speak of motion time factor comes in picture There are three types of time derivatives Partial time derivative fa, EL Evaluated at a fixed point in space 9C/,, partial derivative of C with respect to t keeping x, y, z constant. Total time derivative “/,,, C = fn(x,y,2,0) dC _ AC aCdx | AC dy | AC dz dt at’ axdt* dydt* azdt %& & are the components of velocity Evaluated while the observer is moving at an arbitrary velocity 2 Bcommens ial ql #Steady and Unsteady flows In Eulerian approach the fluid flow field will be a function of four independent variables (x. y, 2,1) If the flow at every point of the fluid is independent of time, the flow is steady If it varies with time it is unsteady Itis possible sometimes to reduce an unsteady flow to a steady flow by changing the frame of reference.Eulerian and Lagrangian frame of reference Flow can be viewed from two important frames of reference ‘+ When observer is stationary, such thata + Flow can be observed from a frame of flow sweeps fluid properties past the reference that is moving with the fluid ~ observer, frame of reference is Eulerian Lagrangian description + Named after the Swiss mathematician + Named after the French mathematician physicist Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) Joseph Louis Langrange (1736-1813) + Particle remains stationary relative to Lagrangian coordinates but is swept past the Eulerian coordinates + In Lagrangian frame of reference there is an absence of bulk fluid motion that occurs when observer is moving with the fluid , ., (@) Eulerian coordinates (©) Lagrangian coordi J 1 coordinates DSFluid Kinematics Kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies the description of fluid motion without consideration of the forces that bring it out. Three formulations to describe the motion of continuum materials: + Lagrangian, + Eulerian + Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian. Three tools to visualize fluid motion + Streamlines, * Trajectorie + Streaklines.Shear Thickening (Dilatant behaviour) Atrest 0 = 9d ~ RO 0 a0 notes* Casson model (yx) = (a2 He Yn) for [rye > Ho Ye = O fo ya < eal (Blood, molten chocolate, yoghurt) ‘even Gen. GeMathematical models for viscoplastic behaviour * Bingham plastic model = to" + Up (yx) for |tyx| > Ito = 0 for |ryx| < |t0"l Two model parameters are Tp! and uy Lig - plastic viscosity (PV) T98- Yield point (YP) PV should be as low as possible for fast drilling, is best achieved by minimizing colloidal solids. YP must be high enough to carry cuttings out of the hole, but not so large as to create excessive pump pressure when starting mud flow.Viscoplastic fluid behaviour Characterized by the existence of a yield stress tywhich must be exceeded before the fluid will deform or flow. Once the magnitude of the external stress has exceeded the value of the yield stress, the flow curve may be linear or non-linear but will not pass through origin. In the absence of surface tension effects, such a material will not level out under gravity to form an absolutely flat free surface. Substance at rest consists of three-dimensional — structures of sufficient rigidity to resist any external stress less than To. For stress levels greater than Ty , the structure breaks down and the substance behaves like a viscous material. In some cases, the build-up and breakdown of structure has been found to be reversible, i.e., the substance may regain its initial value of the yield stress.Sagi mand 1 are two empirical curve-fitting parameters ‘ m =pPluid consistency coefficient ( Consistency Index) n= flow behaviour index Fora shear thinning fluid, the index may have any value between 0 and 1. + Smaller the value of n, the greater is the degree of shear-thinning. For a shear-thickening fluid, the index n will be greater than unity. When n = 1, describes Newtonian fluid behaviour“Chek ta ad notes Mathematical models for shear thinning behaviour Shear stress and shear rate (plotted on double logarithmic coordinates) for a shear-thinning fluid approximated by a straight line over a limited range of shear rate (or stress). This part of the flow curve, expressed as . yn Tyx = Myx) Apparent viscosity for a power law fluid Beans Tye aye a2 mye "=a (rx) For 1 <1, the fluid exhibits shear-thinning properties 1n = 1, the fluid shows Newtonian behaviour n> 1, the fluid shows shear-thickening behaviourMathematical models for shear thinning behaviour Power-law or Ostwald de Waele model Shear stress and shear rate (plotted on double logarithmic coordinates) for a shear-thinning fluid approximated by a straight line over a limited range of shear rate (or stress). This part of the flow curve, expressed as . n Tyr = M(x) Apparent viscosity for a power law fluid Tyx : n= = my, 9) : Ne For <1, the fluid exhibits shear-thinning properties n = 1, the fluid shows Newtonian behaviour n> 1, the fluid shows shear-thickening behaviourtoad notes At low shear rates materials tend to maintain an irregular order with a high zero shear viscosity resulting from particle/molecular interactions and the restorative effects of Brownian motion. At shear rates or stresses high enough to overcome these effects + Particles can rearrange or reorganize in to string-like layers, 105 we oe « O Range of shear rate over which apparent viscosity is constant (zero shear region) increases + As MW decreases + As MW distribution becomes narrower + As concentration decreasesShear thinning or pseudoplastic fluids * Apparent viscosity decreases with increase jn shear rate + At low and high shear rates exhibit Newtonian behaviour FLOW CURVE Apparent viscosity At low shear rates Zero shear viscosityn, = -b lim(5) = Ho as rer = é i High shear rates a 3 Infinite shear viscosity 1,, 2 | Ti =z i i r lim (2) = te g PEG) =e 5 y g & 2 i Apparent viscosity for yc : shear thinning fluids varies from CTA "lone at Mie, | an, Ho 10 fe hk s wo? wt 0 10 ~ 0 61 (10Non-Newtonian fluids Time dependent Hq depends oa shea rate and alzo time for she Existence of yield stress ‘which must exceed for ‘material to flow| __ Solid-ike networks Agglomerated TFs = superstructure 48 = \ ‘Shear-induced deformation, \ ‘Orientation, de-agglomeration Shear stress > * Molten chocolate contains sugar, cocoa and powdered milk particles in a Newtonian fat met + Depending on the level of shearing stress the dispersed particles can organize themselves in different formsRheology of a product an key indicator that dictates how a product will perform during application Rheology life cyclelof a hand cream Sample storage- Low shear rates 0.001 sec! Stable Sample delivery- Medium shear rates ~ 10 sec! Pumpability Sample application — Low shear rate~1 see“! _ flow on hand high shear rate ~ 100 sec! Nice feel!Study of non-Newtonian flows is a sul science Rheology Rheology is the study of deformation and flow The word “Rheology” was coined in the 1920s by Professor E C Bingham at Lafayette College in Indiana ion of a large branch of Deformation Eg. Paint Toothpaste Chocolate Key indicator to the stability and Flow Pama prenet Flow and deformation Rheology of a product is a key indicator that dictates how a product will perform during applicationA non-Newtonian fluid is one whose flow curve (shear stress versus shear rate) is non-linear or does not pass through the origin. di Apparent viscosity fig, shear stres vided by shear rate, is not constant at a given temperature and pressure Dependent on flow conditions such as flow geometry, shear rate and sometimes even on the kinematic history of the fluid element under consideration. a " , Bingham is L pati Shear stress Newtonian fun Ditatant tic poi 4 Shear rateReo oe eee eae Mass Energy Flux % ‘Transport Ik Property Potential gradient Diffusivity Concentration Gradient of concentrationEngeray : Dimension of pC,T = “4x1 = ewe < moles ©4 = Fotume gen 2 kg ym _ MES _ Momentum ya arts volume 4 Flux = - diffusion coefficient x concentration gradient, 8 Click toadMass Diffusivity = Dyg,™ I ‘Thermal diffusivity= @ = 7 2 Momentum diffusivity Rewriting Nux laws aT k d(pc,)r Ge dx pC, dx dey dx Jax = —Dap avy __ nap) _ a0) dxFlux gradient relations 1687 1822 1855 I Newton Tay = —H 2 Momentum Fourier Fick Flux = Transport property x Potential gradient ee Phenomenological laws‘Three levels to study transport phenomena + Molecular level (1, | Dag, molecular models) + Continuum level (V, P, T microscopic balandes) + Equipment level (Input/Output, macroscopic balances) ‘Transport mechanisms + Molecular + Convective Areas of application Chemical and process industry Nature Biological Systems Engineering ScienceTransport Phenomena is a collective name given to the systematic study of three classical areas of engineering science * Energy or heat transport * Mass transport or diffusion * Momentum transport or fluid dynamics All the operations involve the transport of either of these quantities individually or in some combination One can bring all within one framework If set of relationships are developed to explain momentum transport mechanism one can as well use them for mass and heat transport provided the boundary conditions remain the same Difference between transport of momentum (vector) and that of mass and heat transfer(Scalar)TRANSPORT PHENOMENA