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PDF 1996 Jeep Motor ZJ Diagrama Electrico DL
PDF 1996 Jeep Motor ZJ Diagrama Electrico DL
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d spj
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be tfj co`w `c murrjet t` tfj h`tt`g `c tfj pdaj. Qbr- m`eejmt`rs.
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f jd
jd n odo d g p s w bt
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b `r tfj spobmj sjrvjs.
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MDZ^B@E] d r j u s j n t ` b e nb m d t j b e c ` r g d t b ` e t f d t (Cba. 4) wfbmf bnjetbcbjs tfj gdbe mbrmubt, pdrt `c tfj
m ` u o n p r j v j e t g d k b e a d e j r r ` r t f d t g d y nd g d a j t f j g d b e mb r mu
mu b t , a d u a j `c w b r j , d e n m`o `r
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vjfbmoj. sf`we ds d tw` ojttjr m`nj wfbmf mde hj bnjetbcbjn hy
QDXEBEA] pr`v pr`vbnjbnj bec`
bec`rgd
rgd tb`e t` prjv prjvjet
jet pj pjr-
r- rjcjrrbea t` tfj Qbrj M`o`r M`nj Mfdrt (Cba. 8)
s `e
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mo j n d g d a j . H j o `w
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vjfbmoj bs hjbea sjrvbmjn.
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Doo mbrmubts
mbrmubts be t fj nbd ardgs usj d e dopfd /eugjrbm M ` e e jm
jmt ` r s s f `w`w e b e t f j nb d a r d g s d r j b nje nje t b cbjcbj n
m`nj t ` bnjetbcy t fj w brj d en bts cuem
m`nj cuemtb`e
tb`e (Cba. =). =). ^`
^` u s b e a t f j b e t j r e d t b ` e d o s t d e nd r n d r r ` w s c` r g d o j d e n
bnjetbcy wfbmf mbrmubt m`nj dppobjs t` d systjg, rjcjr c jg
jg d o j t j r g bebe d o s (Cb a . >). D m `e `e e j mt
mt ` r b nje
nje t b c bj
bj r b s
t ` t f j M b r mu
mu b t B nj e t b cb
cb md
md t b ` e M ` nj
nj M f d r t . ^f b s m f d r t p od
od m jn
jn e j xt
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`e e j mt mt ` r
s f ` w s t f j g d b e m b r m u b t s ` e o y d e n n` j s e ` t s f ` w t f j eughjr (Cba. >).
sjm`endry m`njs tfdt gdy dppoy t` s`gj g`njos.
^DKJ @Z^]
^fj dhhrjvbdtb`e ^/@ bs usjn be tfj m` m`gp`
gp`ejet
ejet
o`mdtb`e sjmtb`e t` benbmdtj d p`bet be wfbmf tfj wbr-
bea fdrejss hrdemfjs `ut t` d m`gp`ejet.
Cba. = Mbrmubt Bnjetbcbmdtb`e
]RGH@O]
Sd r b ` us
us s y g h`o
h`o s d r j u s jn
jn t f r ` ua
ua f `u
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be a
Nbdardgs. ^fjsj sygh`os mde hj bnjetbcbjn hy rjcjr-
rbea t` tfj sygh`o bnjetbcbmdtb`e mfdrt (Cba. :).
• L u g p jr
jr Qb r j - ^f ^f b s b s d t j s t w b r j u s jn jn t ` m`e - • ^j r g be
be d o s b e t f j w b rb r b ea
e a d s sj
s j g ho
ho y d r j c uo uo oy
oy
e j m t t w ` p ` b e t s ` c d m b r m u b t . B t m d e hj u s j n t ` hy p d s s sjdtjn bet` tfj m` m`eejm
eejmt`r/
t`r/m`m`gp`gp`ejet
ejet de n o` o`mmkjn be
de `pje be d mbrmubt. p`sbtb`e
• Nbrt `r m`
m`rr`sb
rr`sb`e `e `e tf j tjrgbed os. Dey Dey dg`uet
QDXE
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EJSJX
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D O@DN, ]ZMF D] D G@^@X, M@EEJM^JN oj g
HJ^QJJE D HD^^JXR CJJN DEN AX@ZEN. • Nd gd ajn m`eejmt`r/
m` eejmt`r/m` m`gp`ejet
gp`ejet mdsbea jxp jxp`sbea
`sbea
t f j b t j g t ` nb r t d e n g ` b s t u r j
•
S`
S`o t g jt
jt j r - Z s j n t ` mf j mk
mk c`
c`rr v `o
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mubt. Dowdys m`eejmt tfj hodmk ojdn t` d ke`we a``n
d sf`rt t` ar`uen
ar`uen den tfj rjn ojdn t` tfj p`sbtbvj sbnj `c tfj
• Qbrbea hr`kj besbnj `c tfj besuodtb`e
mbrmubt.
^X@ZHOJ]F@@^BEA ^J]^]
H jc`
jc`rj
rj hjabeebea d ey tjsts `e d vjfb vjfbmo
mojsjs jojm
jojmtrbmdo
s y s t jg
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Qb r be
be a N b d a r d g s d e n s t u ny t f j mb r -
mubt.
mub t. Dos` rjcjr t` tfj ^r`uh r`uhojs ojsf``
f``tbea
tbea Qbrbea Y r`h-
ojgs sjmtb`e be tfbs sjmtb`e.
f d r e js
js s d h `u
`u t s bx
bx t ` jb afaf t b e mf mf js
js d p d r t d e n w d t m f (4) Sjrbcy tfj pr`hojg.
tf j v`otgjtjr/tjst odg p. (8) SjSj r bcy
bcy d e y r j od od t j n s y g pt
pt ` g s.
s. N` t f b s hy p jr jr -
(>) B c t f j v `o `o t g jt
jt j r r j a bs
bs t j r s v `o
`o t d a j ` r t f j t j s t c `r
`r g b e a `p jr
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odgp ao`ws, tfjrj bs d sf`rt t` ar`uen be tfdt aje- b e t f j s d g j m b r m u b t . X j cj r t ` t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
jrdo drjd `c tfj wbrbea fdrejss.
(6) M j e t j r t f j f j d t s f r b e k t u hb e a `v jr
jr t f j l`b e t ,
den fjdt usbea d fjdt aue. Fjdt tfj l`bet uetbo tfj
tuhbea bs tbaftoy sjdojn den sjdodet m`gjs `ut `c h`tf
j e ns ` c t f j t u hb e a .
(2) ]jmurj tfj wbrj t` tfj jxbstbea `ejs t` prjvjet
m f d c b e a ` r nd g d a j t ` t f j b e s u o d t b ` e
(49) M`eejmt hdttjry den tjst doo dccjmtjn systjgs.
4/8(>bemf
) ] t betd a ajrvd
jr mosu t(Cba
jr d o o . w89
b r)j. s `e
89) `e t f j f d r e js
js s s bn
bn j d t
(:) Xjg`
Xjg`vj vj 4 bemfbemf `c `c besuodtb`e cr`g jdmf wbrj `e
t f j f d r e j s s s b nj .
(3) ] t d a a jr
jr mu t t f j g d t mf m f b ea
ea w b r js
js `e t f j r jp jp d br
br
m`eejm
m` eejmt`r
t`r d ssjssjghoy
ghoy be tfj `p `pp`p`sbtj
sbtj `rnjr d s w ds n`ej
`e tfj fdrejss sbnj `c tfj rjpdbr. Doo`w jxtrd ojeatf
c `r
`r s `o`o n jr
jr jn
jn m`e e jm jmt b `e
`e s . M f jm jmk t f d t t f j `v jr jr d o o
o je
je a t f b s t f j s d g j d s t f j `r b a be be d o (Cb a . 8 9)
9).
Cba. 41 M`eejmt`r O`mkbea Qjnaj
(2) M`eejm
M`eejmtt m`
m`eejm
eejmt`r
t`r t` bts gdt bea fd oc/m`
m`gp`
gp`--
ejet.
(49) M`eejmt hdttjry den tjst doo dccjmtjn systjgs.
m`rj(4:typj
) M j s`onjr
jr t f`eoy.
e t jr j f j N`
d t s fe`t
r b e kusj dmbn
t u hb e a `m`rj
jr t fs`onjr.
v jr j l`b e t
den fjdt usbea d fjdt aue. Fjdt tfj l`bet uetbo tfj
tuhbea bs tbaftoy sjdojn den sjdodet m`gjs `ut `c h`tf
j e ns ` c t f j t u hb e a .
(43) Besjrt tfj rjpdbrjn wbrj bet` tfj m`eejmt`r.
(41) B e st
s t d o o t f j m`e e jm jmt `r`r o `m`mk be
be a w j na na j,
j, b c
r j q u br
br j n, d e n r j m` m`e e j mt
mt t f j m`e e j mt mt ` r t ` b t s g d t b e a
fd oc/m`gp`ejet .
Cba. 88 ^jrgbedo Xjg`vdo (46
46)) Xj-
Xj-tdtd pj tf j w brj f d rejss std rt bea 4- 4-4/
4/8 bemfjs
hjfben tfj m`eejmt`r den 8 bemfjs pdst tfj rjpdbr.
(42) M`eejmt hdttjry, den tjst doo dccjmtjn systjgs.
\L 6 Q - 9 8 M@G Y@E JE ^ B E N JV 6Q - 98 - 4
AJEJXDO BEC@XGD^B@E
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^fbs sjmtb`e pr`vbnjs de dopfdhjtbmdo obstbea `c doo
tf
`ejsystjg
m`gp`ejets
m`gp`ejets m`vjrjn
m`
`pjrdtb`e, vjrjnrjcjrbe ar`up
t` tfj 6Q. C `r bec`rgd
dppr`prbdtj tb`e
sjmtb`e
` c t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
\L 6 Q - 4 4 Y@Q JX N B ]^X B HZ ^B @E 6Q - 44 - 4
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^fbs sjm
sjmtb`e
tb`e m`
m`vjrs
vjrs tfj p`
p`wjr
wjr nbstrbhutb`
nbstrbhutb`e
e mj
mjetjr
etjr
den
gdtb`e doo mbrmubts
`e systjg bev`ovjn wbtf rjcjr
`pjrdtb`e, bt. C`r
t` dnnbtb`edo bec`r-
tfj dppr`prbdtj
s jm
jmt b `e
`e `c t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
\L 6 Q - 4 8 LZ E M^B @E HO@MK 6Q - 48 - 4
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^f b s s jm
jmt b `e
`e m`v jr
jr s t f j b e t j r ed
ed o mb r mu
mu b t r y `c t f j
\L 6 Q - 4 : AX @Z E N N B ]^X B HZ ^B @E 6Q - 4: - 4
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^f b s s jm
jmt b `e
`e b nje
nje t b cbj
cbj s t f j a r `u
`u e ns , s p ob
ob mj
mj s t f d t
m`e e j mt
mt t ` t f ` sjsj a r `u
`u e ns , d e n t f j m`g p `e `e j e t s t f d t
m`eejmt tf`sj ar`uens. C`r dnnbtb`edo bec`rgdtb`e `e
systjg `pjrdtb`e, rjcjr t` tfj dppr`prbdtj sjmtb`e `c
t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s . C` r d e b o o u s t r d t b ` e ` c t f j p f y s -
bmdo o`mdtb`e `c jdmf ar`uen, rjcjr t` ar`up 6Q-29.
\L 6 Q - 8 9 MF DX AB E A ]R ]^JG 6Q - 89 - 4
4223 Arden Mfjr`kjj
Yuhobmdtb`e E`.
E`. 64-=19-34>1
^]H 83-98-23
83-98-23 Cjhru
Cjhrudry
dry,, 4223
4223
\L 6 Q - 8 4 ] ^DX^B E A ]R ]^JG 6Q - 84 - 4
Ar ` u e n c ` r t f j m ` b o s b nj ` c t f j s t d r t j r g ` t ` r r j o d y b s
\L 6 Q - = 9 CZ JO/ B AE B ^B @E ]R]^JG ] 6Q - =9 - 4
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E Betjredo t` tfj YMG, tfj ar`uen mbrmubt m`eejmts t`
tfj YMG sjes`r rjture mbrmubt (cr`g mbrmubt K>).
BAEB^B@E ]QB^MF
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD
BEC@XGD^B@E
^B@E
M b r mu
mu b t D 4 c r `g
`g cu sj sj 6 b e t f j Y ` w j r Nb s t r b hu
hu t b `e
`e
• Bc tfj systjg o`sjs ar`uen c`r tfj \48 mbrmubts,
Mjetjr (Y NM ) p`wjrs p`wjrs c` c`ur
ur nbccj
nbccjrjet
rjet mb mbrmub
rmubts
ts tfr`uaf
t f j b a e bt
bt b `e
`e s w b t mf
mf . Qf j e t f j b a e bt
bt b `e
`e s w b t mf
mf b s b e tfj vjfbmoj wboo e`t `pjrdtj. Mfjmk tfj m`eejmtb`e dt
tf j ] ^DX^ `r `r XZ E p` p`sbtb`e,
sbtb`e, bt m`
m`eejmts
eejmts mbrmmbrmubt
ubt D4 t` tfj adeajn-ar`uen mbrmubt jyjojt.
mbrmubt D84.
B e t f j D M M J ]]@ X R ` r X Z E p ` s b t b ` e , t f j b a e b t b ` e ND^D
ND^D OB EK M@EEJM
M@EEJM^@X
^@X
swbtmf m` m`eejm
eejmtsts t` mb mbrmub
rmubtt D=4
=4.. Be tfj ]^ ]^DDX^ p`sb-
p`sb- Mbrmubt D8:
Mbrmubt 8:9 9 cr`g cusj 44 be tfj Y `wjr N bstrbhu-
tb`e, tfj baebtb`e swbtmf m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 t` mbrmubt tb`e Mjetjr (YNM) p`wjrs mbrmubt C1: tfr`uaf cusj 1
D>4. Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m
`mk . M b r mu
mu b t C1 : s u p po po bj
bj s hd t t j r y
bt m`
m`eejmts
eejmts mbrm mbrmubt
ubt D4 t ` mbrmubt D88. D88. v`otdaj t` tfj ndtd obek m`eejmt`r.
M b r mu
mu bt
b t N 6>
6 > m`e e jm
jmt s t ` md v b t y M 82 8 2 `c t f j Y M G .
Do s ` b e t f j ]^ ]^DDX ^ p `s `s b t b`
b`e , t f j md s j a r `u
`u e njn
njn M b r m u b t N6 > b s t f j ]M B t r d e s g b t m b r m u b t c` r t f j Y ` w -
b ae
ae b t b`
b`e s w b t mf
mf a r `u
`u e n s mb r mu
mu bt
b t A 2 c r `g
`g t f j h r d k j
wdrebea swbtmf. jrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG). Mbrmubt N6= m`eejmts
t` mdvbty M81 `c tfj YMG den mdvbty D= `c tfj M`e-
HD^^JXR CJJN t r `o
`o oj
oj r-
r- DeDe t b O `m
`mk H r d k js
js . M b r mu
mu bt
b t N 6= 6= b s t f j ] M B
M b r m u b t C: cr ` g cu s j 8 9 b e t f j Y ` w j r Nb s t r b hu t b ` e rjmjbvj mbrmubt c`r tfj YMG.
M j e t jr
jr (Y N M ) s u p po
po bj
bj s hd t t j r y v `o
`o t d a j t ` md v b t y D88 Mbrmubts N26 den N22 cr`g tfj spjjn pr`p`rtb`edo
`c tfj Y`wjrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG). Mbrmubt D1 stjjrbea g`nuoj m`eejmt t` tfj ndtd obek m`eejmt`r.
c r`
r `g Y N M c us us j 4 : d o s`
s` p `w
`w j rsr s t f j Y N M d t md v bt bt y Mbrmubts \4 den \8 pr`vbnj ar`uen c`r tfj ndtd obek
D4>. m`eejmt`r.
AX@ZEN
Mbrmubt \48m`eejmts t` mdvbtbjs D=4 den D=8 `c tfj
Mbrmubt D84 p`wjrs mbrmubt
Mbrmubt mbrmubt C22 tfr`uaf Y NM cusj 46.
Mbrmubt C22 cjjns tfj m`bo sbnj `c tfj Dut`gdtbm ]fut
46.
YMG. ^fj \48 mbrmubt pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r YMG betjr- N` w e (D]N) r j od
od y . ^f j Y ` w j r t r d b e M ` e t r `o
`o G `nu
`nu o j
edo nrbvjrs tfdt `pjrdtj fbaf murrjet njvbmjs obkj tfj (Y MG) pr`vbnj
pr`vbnjss ar`uen c`r tfj rjody `e mbrmubt
mbrmubt K29
K299
9.
beljmt`rs den baebtb`e m`bo. Mbrmubt K299 m`eejmts t` mdvbty M= `c tfj YMG.
Qf j e t f j Y M G a r `u `u e ns t f j D]ND]N r j odod y , m `e
`e t d m t s Mbrmubt A1 cr`g tfj vjfbmoj spjjn sjes`r pr`vbnjs
b e s bnj
bnj t f j r j od
od y mo `s
`s j d e n m`e e j mtmt mb r mu
mu b t C: cr `g `g d e b e pu
pu t s b ae
ae d o t ` t f j Y M G . ^f
^f j A 1 m br
br mu
mu b t m`e e j mt
mt s
cu s j 8 9 b e t f j Y N M t ` mb r mu mu b t D4>8. M b r mu mu b t D4>8 t` mdvbty H81 `c tfj YMG.
spobmjs t` tfj ajejrdt`r cbjon tjrgbedo, cujo beljmt`rs, ^fj Y MG pr` pr`vbnj
vbnjss d ar`uen c`r t fj vjfb vjfbmo moj
j spjjn
spjjn
b ae
ae bt
b t b `e
`e m`b o d e n t f j u ps ps t rj
r j d g d e n n `w `w e s t rj
rjd g sjes`r sbaedo (mbrmubt A1) tfr`uaf mbrmubt K>. Mbrmubt
fjdtjn `xyaje sjes`rs. Mbrmubt D4>8 dos` m`eejmts t` K> m`eejmts t` mdvbty D> `c tfj YMG.
mdvbty M48 `c tfj YMG.
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD
BEC@XGD^B@E
^B@E
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD^B@E Mbrmubt K> spobmjs t` suppoy ar`uen c`r tfj sbaedos
Do`ea wbtf suppoybea v`otdaj t` tfj m`bo sbnj `c tfj cr`g tfj c`oo`wbea<
D]N r j od
od y , m b r mu
mu b t C2 2 d o s ` s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js v `o
`o t d a j t ` t f j • Fjdtjn `xyaje sjes`r
XZE p`sbtb`es, bt m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be • Jeabej m``odet tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D84. • Betdkj dbr tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
^fj cujo ojvjo sjes`r bs d vdrbdhoj rjsbst`r. Mbrmubt • ^fr`ttoj p`sbtb`e sjes`r
A>9 pr`vbnjs tfj cujo ojvjo beput t` mdvbty M83 `c tfj • Gdebc`on dhs`outj prjssurj sjes`r
Y`wjrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG). ^fj YMG hr`dn- • Jeabej m``odet tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
mdsts cujo ojvjo ndtd `e tfj MMN hus. ^fj gbmr`-pr`- • Sjfbmoj spjjn sjes`r
mjss`
mj ss`rr be t fj bestrugjet mo moustjr
ustjr rjmjbvj
rjmjbvjss t fj gjssdaj
`e tfj MMN hus, mdomuodtjs
mdomuodtjs cujo aduaj ejjnoj p`sbtb`
p`sbtb`e
e HD^^JXR ^JGYJXD^ZXJ ]JE]@X
d e n d nlu s t s t f j a d u a j . ^fj Y`wjrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG) njtjrgbejs
hdt tjry tjgpj
tjgpjrd
rd turj `e mb
mbrmub
rmubtt ^88
888.
8. M brm
brmubt
ubt ^88
888
8
SJFBMOJ
M b r mu b t ]YJJN
mu bt p]JE]@X
K 3 s u pp
p ob
ob js
js : v `o
c r `g `o t s
`g t f j Y ` w jr
jr t r d b e m`eejmts tfj YMG t` tfj hdttjry tjgpjrdturj sjes`r.
Mbrmubt ^888 m`eejmts t` mdvbty M4: `c tfj YMG. Mbr-
M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG) t` tfj vjfb
vjfbmomoj
j spj
spjjn
jn sjes`
sjes`r. r.
mubt K> pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj sjes`r den m`eejmts
^fj K3 mbrmubt m`eejmts t` mdvbty H=4 `c tfj YMG. t ` Y M G md v b t y D >
>..
\L 6 Q - = 9 CZ JO/ B AE B ^B @E ]R]^JG ] 6Q - =9 - =
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E
@YJXD^B@E (M`etbeujn)
MXDEK]FDC^ Y@]B^B@E ]JE]@X pjrdturj sjes`r nrdws up t` : v`ots cr`g tfj YMG.
^fj Y `wjrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj
G`nuoj (YMG) suppobjssuppobjs : ^fj sjes`
sjes`rr bs d vdrbd hoj rjsbst`r.
rjsbst`r. Ds Ds m````odet
odet tjgpj
tjgpjr- r-
v`ots t` tfj mrdeksfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r `e mbrmubt K8:. dturj mfdeajs, tfj rjsbstdemj be tfj sjes`r mfdeajs,
Mbrmubt K8: m`eejmts t` mdvbty D41 `c tfj YMG. md u s be
b e a d mf d e a j b e mu r r je
je t n r d w . ^f j K 8 mb r mu
mu bt
bt
^fj Y MG rjmrjmjbv
jbvjs
js t fj mrd eksfdct p` p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e sjes`
sjes`rr m`eejmts t` mdvbty D43 `c tfj YMG.
sbaedo `e mbrmubt K81. Mbrmubt K81 m`eejmts t` mdvbty ^fj YMG pr`vbnjs d ar`uen c`r tfj jeabej m``odet
D6 `c tfj YMG. tjgpjrdturj sjes`r sbaedo (mbrmubt K8) tfr`uaf mbrmubt
^f j Y M G p r`
r `v bn
bn js
js d a r `u
`u e n c `r
`r t f j mr d e k sf
sf d c t K>. Mbrmubt K > m`eejm
m`eejmts ts t` mdvbty D> `c tfj Y MG m`e-
p`sbtb`e sjes`r (mbrmubt K81) tfr`uaf mbrmubt K>. Mbr- ejmt`r.
mubt K> m`eejmts t` mdvbty D> `c tfj YMG.
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD
BEC@XGD^B@E
^B@E
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD^B@E Mbrmubt K> spobmjs t` suppoy ar`uen c`r tfj sbaedos
• Mbrmubt K8: spobmjs t` suppoy : v`ots t` tfj mdg- cr`g tfj c`oo`wbea<
• Hdttjry tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
sfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r, gdebc`on dhs`outj prjssurj sje-
• Mdgsfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r
s`r den tfr`ttoj p`sbtb`e sjes`r.
• Mrdeksfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r
Mbrmubt K> spobmjs t` suppoy ar`uen c`r tfj sbaedos
• Betdkj dbr tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
cr`g
cr` g tfj c` c`oo`
oo`wbea<
wbea<
• ^fr`ttoj p`sbtb`e sjes`r
• Z p s t r jd
jd g d e n n `w
`w e s t r jd
jd g f jd
jd t j n `x ya
y a je
je s je
je -
• Gdebc`on dhs`outj prjssurj sjes`r
s`rr
s`
• Z p st
st r j d g d e n n`
n`ww e s t r j d g f j d t j n ` xy
xy a je
je s je
je -
• Mdgsfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r
•
Gdebc`on
^fr`ttoj p`sbtb`e
dhs`outjsjes`r
prjssurj sjes`r
• Jeabej m``odet tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
JSDY@XD^BSJ ]R]^JG OJDK NJ^JM^B@E YZGY
• Sjfbmoj spjjn sjes`r
Sj f bm bmo j hu b otot c`
c`rr s d o j b e t f j ]t d t j ` c M d o b c`r
c`r e b d d r j
j q u b p p j n w b t f d e j v d p ` r d t b v j s y s t j g o j d k nj t j m t b ` e
MDG]FDC^ Y@]B^B@E ]JE]@X pugp.
^fj Y `wjrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj G`nuoj (YMG) suppobjssuppobjs : Qfje t fj baebtb`e sw btmf bs be tfj ]^ ]^DDX^ `r XZ E
v`ots t` tfj mdgsfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r (be nbstrbhut`r) p `s
`s b t b`
b`e , b t m`e e j mt mt s mb r mu
mu b t D4 cr `g `g cu s j 6 b e t f j
`e mbrmubt K8:. Mbrmubt K8: m`eejmts t` mdvbty D41 `c Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D84. Mbr-
tfj YMG. mu b t D84 p `w `w j r s mb r mumu b t C2 2 t f r ` u afaf Y N M cu sj sj 46.
^fj YMG rjmjbvjs tfj mdgsfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r sba- Mbrmubt C22 cjjns tfj ojdk njtjmtb`e pugp.
e d o `e mb r mu
mu b t K8 >.
>. M b r mu
mu b t K8 > m `e
`e e j mt
mt s t ` md v b t y @ e mb r mu mu bt
b t s L 23 d e n L 2:, t f j Y M G `p jr jr d t j s t f j
D46 `c tfj YMG. ojdk njtjmnjtjmtb`e
tb`e pugp. M brm brmubt
ubt L 23 m`eejm
m`eejmts ts t` mdvbty
^fj YMG pr`vbnjs d ar`uen c`r tfj mdgsfdct p`sb- M4> `c `c t fj Y MG. M brm brmubt
ubt L 2: m` m`eejm
eejmts ts t` Y MG mdvbty
tb`e sjes`
sjes`rr sbaedo (mb mbrmub
rmubtt K8>
K8>)) tfr `u
`uaf
af mb mbrmub
rmubtt K>. M49.
Mbrmubt K> m`eejmts t` mdvbty D> `c tfj YMG.
^FX@^^OJ Y@]B^B@E ]JE]@X
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD^B@E Cr `g
`g t f j Y ` w j r t r d b e M ` e t r `o
`o G `nu
`nu o j (Y (Y M G ), ), mb r -
• Mb
M b rm
r mu bt
bt K 8:
8: s po po bm
bmj s t ` s upup p oy
oy : v `o `o t s t ` t f j mubt K8: suppobjs : v`ots t` tfj tfr`ttoj p`sbtb`e sje-
mr d e k s f d ct p `s
`s b t b`
b`e s je
je s `r
`r, g d e b c `o
`o n d hs `o
`o u t j p r js
js - s`rr (^Y ]). M brm
s` brmubt
ubt K8: m`eejm
m`eejmts ts t` mdvbty D41 D41 `c tfj
surj sjes`r, den tfr`ttoj p`sbtb`e sjes`r. YMG.
Mbrmubt K> spobmjs t` suppoy ar`uen c`r tfj sbaedos M b r mu
mu bt
b t K 88
88 n j ob
o b vj
vjr s t f j ^Y ] s ba ba e d o t ` t f j Y M G .
cr`g
cr` g tfj c` c`oo`
oo`wbea<
wbea< Mbrmubt K88 m`eejmts t` mdvbty D8= `c tfj YMG.
• Z p s t r jd
jd g d e n n `w `w e s t r jd
jd g f jdjd t j n `x ya
y a je
je s je
je - ^f j Y M G p r `v `v bnj
bnj s d a r `u`u e n c `r
`r t f j t f r ` t t o j p `s
`s b -
s`rs tb`e sjes`
sjes`rr sbaedo (mbrm brmubt
ubt K88
K88)) tfr `ua `uaf f mbmbrmub
rmubtt K>.
• Mrdeksfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r Mbrmubt K> m`eejmts t` mdvbty D> `c tfj YMG.
• Betdkj dbr tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
• Z p s t r jd
jd g d e n n `w
`w e s t r jd
jd g f jd
jd t j n `x ya
y a je
je s je
je - • ^fr`ttoj p`sbtb`e sjes`r
s`rs • Gdebc`on dhs`outj prjssurj sjes`r
\L 6 Q - = 9 CZ JO/ B AE B ^B @E ]R]^JG ] 6Q - =9 - :
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E
@YJXD^B@E (M`etbeujn)
BNOJ DBX M@
M@E^X@
E^X@O
O (BDM) G @^
@^@X
@X • Sjfbmoj spjjn
^f j Y ` w j r t r d b e M ` e t r `o
`o G `nu
`nu o j (Y M G ) ` p jr jr d t j s •
t f j b noj
noj d b r m`e t r ` o g ` t `r`r t f r ` ua
ua f > m b r mu
mu b t s ; K =2, •
J
H detat bjer jy ttjjg
gpj
ppjjrrddttuurrjj
K>9,, K :2
K>9 :2,, d en K39
K39.. J dmf mb mbrmub
rmubtt m`
m`eejm
eejmts
ts t` sjpdrd tj • @bo prjssurj
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
e
d jOmt
mbt aj f
n t tJ
`gt fb tjt bYe`awNb
j r`t rnj
d b e(OMJ`N)
e t rw`of bG
`o m f`nu
`nub o oouj g
(Yb M
(Y e dG
t j)s dc`
e nr sjpdrdtj mbrmubts.
• ^fj YMG pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj ^MM s`oje`bn
tf j `vjrnrbvj @E/@CC benbmdt `r `r.. `e mbrmubt ^88. Mbrmubt ^88 m`eejmts t` mdvbty H44 `c
B c `v jr jr n r bv
bv j b s mu r r je je t o y j eded h o jn
jn , b t b s n b sd sd h o jn
jn tfj YMG.
w f j e t f j `p jr jr d t ` r nj pr pr j ss
ss js
js t f j `v jr jr nr b vjvj s w b t mfmf . • ^fj YMG suppobjs ar`uen c`r tfj `vjrnrbvj s`oj-
md v b t y M 4= 4= `c t f j Y M G d e n p r` r `v bn
bn js
js t f j `v jr jr n r bv
bv j vdrbdhoj c`rmj s`oje`bn. Mbrmubt ^:2 m`eejmts t` mdvbty
sbaedo. Mbrmubt \4 pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj swbtmf. H6 `c tfj YMG.
Be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, tfj baebtb`e swbtmf m`eejmts
mbrmubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mje- ]FBC^ BE^JXO@MK
tjr (YNM) wbtf mbrmubt D88. Mbrmubt D88 p`wjrs mbrmubt ^f j s f bc bc t b e t jr
jr o`
o `mk p rj
r j vj
vj et
et s t f j `p jr jr d t ` r c r `g
`g
C1 4 t f r ` u af af cu s j 4 8 b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m `mk . M b r mumu b t s f b ct
ct b e a t f j v jf
jf b mo
mo j ` u t `c Y DXDX K u e o jsjs s t f j hr d k j
C14 suppobjs
suppobjs p` p`wjrwjr c`r t fj `vjrnrbvj @E/@CC benbmd- p j nd o b s p r j s s j n. Q f j e t f j b a e b t b ` e s w b t m f b s b e t f j
t`r OJ N. ^fj Y MG tures tfj `v `vjrnrbvj
jrnrbvj @E/@CC benb- ] ^DX^ `r XZ E p`sbt b`e, mbrmubt D84 cjjns mbrmubt C61
mdt`r @E `r @CC hy pr`vbnbea ar`uen `e mbrmubt A36. t f r `u
`u a f c us
us j : b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e h o`o`mk . M b r mu
mu bt
b t C 61
61
M b r mu
mu b t A3 6 m `e
`e e j mt
mt s t ` m d v b t y M 3 ` c t f j Y M G . spobmjs t` p`wjr tfj sfbct betjro`mk.
Qf j e t f j hr d k j p j nd o b s e ` t nj pr pr j ss
ss jn,
jn, t f j s t `p
`p
^XDE]GB]]B@E M@E^X@O XJODR odgp swbtmf pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r betjro`mk hy m`eejmt-
^f j t r d e s g b s s b`b`e m`e t r `o `o r j od
od y p `w
`w j r s t f j `v jr jr - bea mbrmubt O:= t` ar`uen. Qfje ar`uenjn, tfj betjr-
nrbvj s`oje`bn, t`rquj m`evjrt`r moutmf s`oje`bn, den o`mk prjvjets sfbctbea tfj trdesgbssb`e `ut `c YDXK.
v d r bd
b d h o j c `r
`r mj
mj s `o `o je
je `b
`b n.
n. Do o t f r jj jj s `o
`o je
je `b
`b n s d r j Qf je je t f j h rdr d k j p j n d o b s p rj
rj s sj
sj n , t f j s t `p
`p o d gp
gp
g`onjn t`ajtfjr. swbtmf nbsm`eejmts mbrmubt O:= cr`g ar`uen.
Qfje t fj baebtb`e sw btmf bs be t fj ] ^DX^ `r XZ E
p `s
`s b t b`
b`e s , b t m`e e j mtmt s mb r mu
mu b t D4 c r `g
`g cu sj sj 6 b e t f j @Z^YZ^ ]FDC^ ]YJJN ]JE]@X
Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D84. Mbr- ^f j ` u t p u t s f d ct s pj
pj jn
jn s je
je s `r
`r a jeje j r d t j s d s b ae
ae d o
mu b t D 84 84 p `w`w j r s mb r mu
mu b t C2 2 t f r ` u af
af c u s j 4 6 b e t f j benbmdtbea tfj spjjn `c tfj trdesgbssb`e `utput sfdct.
Y N M . M b r mu mu b t C 22
22 p `w `w j r s t f j m`b o s bn
bn j `c t f j jo jm jm- Mbrmubts ^4= den ^4> m`eejmt tfj sjes`r t` tfj Y`w-
t r ` e bm
bm t r d e s g bs
bs s b`
b`e r j od od y . ^f j Y ` w j r t r d b e M ` e t r `o
`o jrtrd be M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG). M brm brmubt
ubt ^4= m`eejmm`eejmts ts
G`nuoj (YMG) pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj rjody `e mbr- t ` md v b t y H 8 : ` c t f j Y M G . M b r mu
mu b t ^4> m `e `e e j mt
mt s t `
mubt ^33
mubt 33.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt ^33 m`eej
m`eejmts
mts t` mdvbty H =9 `c `c tfj mdvbty H86.
YMG.
Q f j e t f j Y M G a r ` u e ns t f j r j o d y , t f j r j o d y m ` e - A@SJXE@X YXJ]]ZXJ ]JE]@X
tdmts m`eejmt mbrmubt C28 cr`g cusj 41 be tfj YNM t` ^fj a` a`vjre`
vjre`rr prjs
prjssurj
surj sjes`r suppobj
suppobjss tfj trd es-
mbrmubt
mbrm ubt ^89
89.. Mbrmubt ^89 p`wjrs tfj s`oj s`oje`bns.
e`bns. g b ss
ss b`
b`e p rj
r j ss
ss u rj
rj b e pu
pu t t ` t f j Y ` w jr
jr t r d b e M `e
`e t r `o
`o
vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj a`vje`r prjssurj sjes`r `e mbr- • Mrdeksfdct p`sbtb`e sjes`r
^fj a`vjre`r prjssurj sjes`r bs pdrt `c tfj trdes- • Jeabej m``odet tjgpjrdturj sjes`r
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD^B@E
Mbrmubt K3 dos` suppobjs : v`ots t` tfj vjfbmoj spjjn
sjes`r.
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
Hrdkjs (MDH) pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj rjody `e mbrmubt jejrabzjn, bt m`eejmts mbrmubt H>1 t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt
H443. Mbrmubt H443 m`eejmts t` mdvbty 1 `c tfj MDH. \>. ^fj ar`uen pdtf c`r tfj wdrebea odgp bs tfr`uaf
Qfje tfj DH] pugp g`t`r jejrabzjs, jejrabzjs, bt m` m`eejm
eejmts ts tfj nb`nj t` mbrmubt H>1, tfr`uaf tfj DH] gdbe rjody
mb r mu
mu b t D49 c r `g
`g Y NM c u s j : t ` mb r mu
mu b t H 68. M b r mu
mu b t t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \>.
H68 suppobjs hdttjry v`otdaj t` tfj pugp g`t`r. Mbr- ^fj nb`nj hjtwjje mb mbrmub
rmubtt H 89: den H >1 prjvjets
prjvjets
mubt \8 pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj pugp g`t`r. v `o
`o t d a j cr `g
`g c o `w
`w b e a t ` t f j M DH w f j e t f j DH
DH ] g d b e
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
D/M @YJ
@YJXD
XD^B@E„
^B@E„ GDEZD
G DEZDO
O D/M Mbrmubt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbrmubt
Qfje tfj D/M- M-fjd
fjd tjr m` m`etr
etr `o swbt mf bs g`vj g`vjn n t` d e C39
C3 9 t f r ` uaua f cu sj
sj 89 b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m
`mk . M b r mu
mu b t
D/M p` p`sbtb`e
sbtb`e `r t fj njcr`st p` p`sbtb`e,
sbtb`e, t fj H `ny M `etr`o C39 suppobjs p`wjr t` tfj D^M g`nuoj.
G`nuoj (HMG) r jm jmjbvj
jbvjss tf j D/ D/M sjojm
sjojmtt sbaed o `e mbr- Qfje t fj baebtb`e sw btmf bs be tfj ]^ ]^DDX^ `r XZ E
mubt M29. Dctjr rjmjbvbea tfj beput, tfj HMG sbaedos p `s
`s b t b`
b`e , b t m`e e j mt
mt s mb r mu
mu b t D 4 c r `g
`g Y N M c u s j 6 t `
t f j Y ` w jr
jr t r d b e M `e
`e t r `o
`o G `n`n u oj
oj (Y M G ) ` e t f j M M N mbrmubt
mbrmubt D84.D84. Mbr mubt D84 D84 p`wjrs mbrm mbrmubt
ubt C22 t fr`uaf
hus. cusj 46 be tfj YNM. Mbrmubt C22 p`wjrs tfj m`bo sbnj
^fj D/M o` o`w
w prjs
prjssurj
surj den fbaf prjs prjssurj
surj swbtmfjs `c t fj D/M m`m`gprjss`r
gprjss`r moutmf rjod y.
drj wbrjn be sjrbjs den m`eejmt t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt Mbrmubt D42 cr`g cusj 1 be tfj YNM m`eejmts t` tfj
\4. M b r mumu bt
b t M = c r `g
`g t f j Y M G m`e e jm jmt s t ` t f j o `w`w h o`
o`w j r p `w
`w j r g `n
`n u oj
o j d e n t ` t f j m`b o d e n m`e t d m t
prjssurj
prjs surj sw btmf. Mbrmubt M84 m`eej m`eejmtsmts t fj o` o`w
w prjs
prjs-- sbnjs `c tfj fbaf spjjn ho`wjr g`t`r rjody.
s u rj
r j s w b t mf
mf t ` t f j f b af af p rjr j ss
ss u rj
r j s w b t mf
mf . ^f j f b af
af
prjssurj
prjs surj sw btmf m`eejm m`eejmts ts mbrm
brmubt
ubt M84 t` ar`uen mbr- DZ^@GD^BM ^JGYJXD^ZXJ M@E^X@O (D^M)
mu b t \4
\4.. B c t f j D /M o `w `w p r js
js s u r j d e n f b a f p r jsjs s u rj
rj G@NZOJ
swbtmfjs d rj mo` o`sjn,
sjn, t fj Y MG sjesj sjesjss tfj D/M rjqujst M b r mu
mu b t C1 4 s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js hd t t j r y v `o
`o t d a j t ` t f j Du t ` -
sbaedo `e mbrmubt M=. gd tbm ^jgp jgpjrdturj
jrdturj M`etr`o (D^M) g`nuo g`nuoj j wfje tfj
Dctjr sjesbea tf j D/ D/M r jqujst sbae d o, tf j Y MG sup- b a e bt
bt b `e
`e s w b t mf
mf b s b e t f j X Z E p `s `s b t b`
b`e . M b r mu
mu b t C3 9
pobjs ar `uen c`r t fj m`bo sbn j `c D/ D/M m`m`gprjss`r
gprjss`r moutmf c r `g
`g c u s j 8 9 b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m`mk m`e e j mt mt s t ` t f j
rjody `e mbrmubt M4=. Mbrmubt C22 cr`g cusj 46 be tfj D^M g`nuoj. Mbrmubt C39 bs F@^ dt doo tbgjs. Mbrmubt
Y N M p `w`w j r s t f j m `b`b o s b nj ` c t f j r j od
od y . \> pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj D^M g`nuoj.
rjQ od yfje
od , t ftf
j jm`YeMG
t d mt sar`uens
`s j dtfj
mo `s e n D/ m`Me em`
m`gprjss`r
jgprjss`r mu b t moutmf
mt mb r mu
mt C8:
C8 :9 M b r mu
ejmts mt`
u b ttfj
J 8D^M
c r ` gg`nuoj.
t f j f j d no d g p nb g g jr
jr s w b t mf
m f m `e -
c r `g
`g c usus j 8 4 b e t f j Y N M t ` m br br mu
mu bt
b t M 8.8. M b r mu
mu bt
bt M 8 ^fj D^ D^M g`nuoj m`ggue m`ggue bmdtjs wbt f `tfjr vjfbm vjfbmojoj
suppobjss p`
suppobj p`wjr
wjr t` tf j md sj a r`uenjn D/M m` m`gprjss`r
gprjss`r g`nuojs den m`etr`oojrs `e tfj MMN hus. Mbrmubts N4
moutmf. den N8 c`r tfj MMN Hus m`eejmt t` tfj D^M g`nuoj.
^fj D/M m` m`gprjs
gprjss` s`rr momoutmf
utmf fd s d hubot- hubot-bebe nb`nb`nj.
nj.
^f j nb `nj`nj m`e t r ` os
os t f j b e nu mjmj n v `o`o t d a j t f d t r j su
su o t s DGHBJE^ ^JGYJXD
^JGYJXD^ZXJ
^ZXJ ]JE]@
]JE]@X
X
cr `g
`g t f j g d a e j t b m cb jo
jo n m`o od
od p s b e a w f j e t f j mo u t mf mf ^f j d g h bj bj e t t jg
jg pj
pj r d t u rj
r j s je
je s`
s `r b s d v d r bd bd h oj
oj
nbsjead
nbsj ead ajs. ^fj
^fj nb`nj pr`vbnjpr`vbnjss d murrjet pdtf t` pr`- r j sb
sb s t `r
`r. M b r mu
mu b t M 6 p r `v
`v bnj
bnj s t f j d g hb je je t t j g pj
pj r d -
tjmt `tfjr m`gp`ejets den systjgs. t u r j s jeje s `r
`r s b ae
ae d o t ` t f j D^D^M g `nu `nu o j.
j. M b r mu
mu b t N> 4
pr`vbnj
pr` vbnjss ar`uen c` c`rr tfj sjes`
sjes`r. r. M brm
brmubt
ubt N>4 m`eejm
m`eejmts ts
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD^B@E t` tfj D^M g`nuoj.
Mbrmubt D299 cr`g cusj = be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbrmubt
C8:9 tfr`uaf YNM cusj 84. BE- MD
MDX
X ^J
^JG
G YJXD
YJXD^ZXJ
^ZXJ ]JE]@
]JE]@X
X
^fj be-mdr
be-mdr tjgpj
tjgpjrdt
rdt urj sjes`r
sjes`r bs d vdrbd hoj rjsbs-
rjsbs-
\4. M b r mumu bt
b t M = c r `g
`g t f j Y M G m`e e jm jmt s t ` t f j o `w `w s w b t mf
mf b e t f j ho je
je n n`
n``
`r g `t
`t ` r.
r. ^f j D^M g `nu
`nu o j
prjssurj
prjs surj sw btmf. Mbrmubt M84 m`eej m`eejmtsmts t fj o` o`w
w prjs
prjs-- rjmjbvjs tfj sjes`r sbaedo cr`g tfj hojen n``r g`t`r
s u rj
r j s w b t mf
mf t ` t f j f b af
af p rj
r j ss
ss u rj
r j s w b t mf
mf . ^f j f b af
af `e mb mbrmub
rmubtt M=3
M=3.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt N>4 pr`vbnj
pr`vbnjss ar`uen c`r tfj
prjssurj
prjs surj sw btmf m`eejm
m`eejmts ts mbrm
brmubt
ubt M84 t` ar`uen mbr- g`nj n``r n``r p`
p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e sjes`
sjes`r.
r. M brm
brmubt
ubt N>4 m`eejm
m`eejmts
ts t`
mu b t \4
\4.. B c t f j D /M o `w
`w p r js
js s u r j d e n f b a f p r js
js s u rj
rj tf j D^D^M g`nuoj.
swbtmfjs d rj mo` o`sjn,
sjn, t fj Y MG sjesj
sjesjss tfj D/M rjqujst ^fj D^M g`nuoj `pjrdtjs tfj g`nj n``r g`t`r `e
sbaedo `e mbrmubt M=. mbrmubts M=: den M=>.
Dctjr sjesbea tf j D/ D/M r jqujst sbae d o, tf j Y MG sup-
pobjs ar `uen c`r t fj m`bo sbn j `c D/ D/M m` m`gprjss`r
gprjss`r moutmf HO@QJX G@^@X„ DZ^@GD^BM ^JGYJXD^ZXJ
rjody `e mbrmubt M4=. Mbrmubt C22 cr`g cusj 46 be tfj M@E^X@O
Y N M p `w `w j r s t f j m `b
`b o s b nj ` c t f j r j od
od y . Qf je
je t f j `p jr
jr d t `r
` r s jo
jo jm
jmt s h o`
o`w j r g `t
`t `r
`r F B A F
Qfje tf j Y MG ar`uens tfj D/M m` m`gprjss`r
gprjss`r moutmf spjjn `p
spjjn `pjrdtb`e,
jrdtb`e, tfj Dut`gdtbm ^jgp jgpjrdtur
jrdtur j M`etr`o
r j od
od y , t f j m`e t d m t s mo `s
`s j d e n m`e e j mt mt s mb r mu
mu b t C8 :9
:9 (D^M) g`nuoj ar`uens fbaf spjj spjjnn ho`wjr g`t`r r jody.
c r `g
`g c usus j 8 4 b e t f j Y N M t ` m br br mu
mu bt
b t M 8.
8. M b r mu
mu bt
bt M 8 C`r dey spjjn `tfjr tfde FBAF, tfj ho`wjr p`wjr
suppobjss p`
suppobj p`wjr
wjr t` tf j md sj a r`uenjn D/M m` m`gprjss`r
gprjss`r g`nuoj
g`nuo j suppobjs
suppobjs hd tt jry v`otdaj c` c`rr tfj ho`
ho`wjr
wjr g`t`
g`t`r.r.
moutmf.
^fj D/M m` m`gprjs
gprjss` s`rr momoutmf
utmf fd s d hubot- hubot-bebe nb`
nb`nj.
nj. HO@QJX G@^@X Y@QJX G@NZOJ
^f j nb `nj `nj m`e t r ` os
os t f j b e nu mjmj n v `o`o t d a j t f d t r j su
su o t s Qfje tfj `pjrdt`r sjojmts dey ho`wjr g`t`r spjjn
cr `g
`g t f j g d a e j t b m cb jojo n m`o od
od p s b e a w f j e t f j mo u t mf mf `t f j r t f d e F B A F , t f j h o` o`w j r g `t
`t `r
`r p `w `w j r g `n `n u oj
oj
nbsjead
nbsj ead ajs. ^fj^fj nb`nj pr`vbnjpr`vbnjss d murrjet pdtf t` pr`- s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js v `o
`o t d a j c`
c`rr t f j ho `w `w j r g `t
`t ` r.
r. M b r mu
mu b t D42
tjmt `tfjr m`gp`ejets den systjgs. c r ` g cu s j 1 b e t f j Y ` w j r Nb s t r b hu t b ` e M j e t j r (Y NM )
s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js hd t t j r y v `o
`o t d a j t ` t f j ho `w
`w j r g `t`t ` r p `w`w j r
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD^B@E g`nuoj.
Mbrmubt D299 cr`g cusj = be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbrmubt ^fj v`otdaj ojvjo cjn t` tfj ho`wjr g`t`r njpjens
C8:9 tfr`uaf YNM cusj 84. `e tfj ho`wjr spjjn sjojmtjn hy tfj `pjrdt`r. ]o`wjr
spjjn
spj jn sjo
sjojm
jmtb`es
tb`es pr`pr`vbnj
vbnj o`wjr v` v`otd
otd aj t` tfj g`t` g`t`r. r.
XJMBXMZOD^B@E N@@X G@^@X„ DZ^@GD^BM ^f j ho `w `w j r g `t `t ` r p `w`w j r g `nu
`nu o j c j jns
jns t f j ho `w `w j r
^JGYJXD^ZXJ M@E^X@O g`t`r `e mbrmubt M >8 >8.. M brmubt \> pr`vbnjs
pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r
Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, bt t f j ho ` w j r g ` t ` r d e n t f j ho ` w j r g ` t ` r p ` w j r g ` n-
m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrb- uoj.
hutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D88. Mbrmubt D88 p`w- Mbrmubtt M>= cr`g
Mbrmub cr`g tfj p` p`wjr
wjr g`nuo
g`nuoj j m`eejm
m`eejmts ts t` t fj
jrs mbrmubt C14 tfr`uaf cusj 48 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. D^M g`nuoj. ^fj D^M g`nuoj m` m`etr
etr `os cjjnhd mk `e
Mbrmubtt C14 cjjns
Mbrmub cjjns tfj rjm
rjmbrm
brmuodt
uodt b`
b`e
e n``
n``rr g`t`
g`t`r.
r. Mbr- mbrmubt M>=.
mubt C 14 dos` m`eejmts
m`eejmts t ` tfj Dut`gdt bm ^jgpjrdt urj
M`etr`o (D^M) g`nuoj. FBAF ]YJJN HO@QJX G@^@X XJODR
Mbrmubts
Mbrmub ts M=8 d en M== cr`g t fj D^
D^M g`nuo
g`nuojj m`e- M jMbrmubt
e t j r s u D42
p p o b jcr`g
s hd t tcusj
j r y v1` obe
t d atfj
j t `Y`wjr
t f j m `Nbstrbhutb`e
bo den m`e-
ejmt t` tfj rjmbrmuodtb`e n``r g`t`r. Mbrmubts M=8 den
M== pr`vbnj ar`uen c`r tfj g`t`r. tdmts sbnjs `c tfj fbaf spjjn ho`wjr g`t`r rjody. ^fj
D^M g`nuoj pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj m`bo sbnj `c tfj
G@NJ N@@X G@^@X„ DZ^@GD^BM rjody `e mbrmubt M>4.
^JGYJXD^ZXJ M@E^X@O Qf j e t f j D^M g `nu `nu o j a r ` u e ns t f j f b a f s pj pj jn
jn
Mbrmubt M>9 cr`g t fj Dut`gdt
Mbrmubt Dut`gdt bm ^jgpj^jgpjrdrd turj M`e- ho`wjr g`t`r rjody, tfj rjody m`etdmts mo`sj den m`e-
tr`o (D^M) g`nuo g`nuoj j supp
suppobj
objss : v`v`ots
ots t` tfj p`p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e ejmt mbrm
mbrmubt
ubt D42 t` mbrmubt M>8. Mbrmubt M>8 m`eejmts m`eejmts
s w b t mf
mf b e t f j g `nj
`nj n`
n``
`r g `t`t ` r.
r. ^f j D^M g `nu `nu o j t` tfj ho`wjr g`t`r den tfj D^M g`nuoj. Mbrmubt \>
rjmjbvjs tfj sjes`r sbaedo cr`g tfj g`nj n``r g`t`r pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj ho`wjr g`t`r.
`e mbrmubt
mbrmubt M=2
M=2.. M brm
brmubt
ubt N>4 pr`vbnj
pr`vbnjss ar`uen c`r t fj
g`nj n``r n``r p`
p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e sjes`
sjes`r.
r. M brm
brmubt
ubt N>4 m`eejm
m`eejmtsts t` ]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
tfj D^M g`nuoj.
^fj D^M g`nuoj `pjrdtjs tfj g`nj n``r g`t`r `e QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
mbrmubts M=1 den M=6.
tfbs^fj c`oo`wbea
sjmtb`e `c tfj benjx m`vjrs
wbrbea doo m`gp`ejets
nbdardgs. c`uen be
Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
HOJEN N@@
HOJEN N@@X
X G @^@
@^@X„
X„ DZ^@GD^
DZ^@GD^BM
BM y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
^JGYJXD^ZXJ M@E^X@O 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
Mbrmubtt M>9 cr`g t fj Dut`gdt
Mbrmub Dut`gdt bm ^jgpj
^jgpjrdrd turj M`e- t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
tr`o (D^M) g`nuo
g`nuojj supp
suppobj
objss : v`
v`ots
ots t` tfj p`p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E tfj mo`mk sprbea m`eejmt`r. Mbrmubt X>= cr`g mdvbty =
`c t f j DM G >-w d y m`e e j mt mt ` r m`e e j mtmt s t ` t f j s q u b h.
h.
BE^X@NZM^B@E Mbrmubt X>: cr`g mdvbty > `c tfj DMG >-wdy m`eejm-
^fbs vjfbmoj fds d nrbvjrs dbrhda den d pdssjeajrs t`r m`eejmts t` tfj squbh.
dbrhd a. ^fj Dbrhda M`etr`o G`nuoj (DMG) (DMG) `pjrdt`pjrdt js M b r mu
mu bt
b t s , X >8>8 d e n X >>>>, m`e e jm jm t t f j D M G t ` t f j
h` t f . ^ f j d b r hd a s y s t j g f d s t w ` s j e s ` r s , o ` m d t j n d t p d s s je
je a j r d b r hd a s q u b h (b a e bt
bt j r ).
). M b r mu
mu b t X >8
>8 cr `g
`g
t f j o j ct cr ` e t d e n r b a f t cr ` e t ` c t f j j e a b e j m ` g p d r t - mdvbty 4 `c tfj DMG >-wdy m`eejmt`r m`eejmts t` tfj
gjet. s q u b h.
h. M b r mumu b t X >>
>> c r ` g md v b t y 8 ` c t f j D M G > -w -w d y
Be tfj ]^ ]^D DX^ `r `r XZE p` p`sbtb`
sbtb`e,
e, tfj baebtb`
baebtb`e e swbtmf m`eejmt`r m`eejmts t` tfj squbh.
m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrb-
hutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D88. Mbrmubt D88 p`w- DBXHDA QDXEBEA ODGY
jrs mbrmubt C89 tfr`uaf cusj 88 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt C1: cr`g cusj 1 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk cjjns
Mbrmubt C89 m`eejmts t` tfj DMG. tfj dbrhda wdrebea odgp. Ar`uen mbrmubt \4 m`eejmts
Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, bt t` tfj wdrebea odgp tfr`uaf d trdesbst`r m`etr`oojn
m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 t` mbrmubt D84. Mbrmubt D84 p`wjrs h y t f j g bm b mr `p
`p r`
r `mj ss
ss `r
`r b e t f j b e st
st r u g je
je t mo us
us t jr
jr.
mbrmubt A: tfr`uaf cusj > be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbr- Qfje tf j gbmr`pr`mj
gbmr`pr`mjss`r ss`r rjmjbvjs
rjmjbvjs d sbaed o cr`g Dbr-
mu b t A: m`e e j mt mt s t ` t f j DM G . M b r mu mu b t \3 p r `v `v bnj
bnj s h d a M `e`e t r `o
`o G `n `n uo
u o j (DM G) G ) `e t f j M M N h us us , b t
ar`uen c`r tfj DMG. s w bt
bt mf
mf js
js t f j t r d es e s bs
bs t`
t `r t ` m`e ej
e j mt t f j o d g p t `
Mbrmubt D8:9 cr`g cusj 44 be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbr- ar`uen.
mubtt C1: tfr`uaf cusj 1 be tfj luemtb`
mub uemtb`e e ho`
ho`mmk. M brm
brmubt
ubt
C1: p`wjrs tfj dbrhda wdrebea odgp be tfj bestru-
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
gjet moustjr.
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E @SJXFJ
@SJX FJDN
DN M@E]
M@E]@O@OJ
J ODGY]
ODGY] . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8
M@ZX^J]R ODGY], MDXA@ ODGY, BAEB^B@E ZENJ
ZE NJXF
XF@@
@@NN ODGY
ODGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8
]QB^
]Q B^MF
MF KJR
KJR-B
-BE
E FDO@
FDO@ ODGY
ODGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ZEBSJX
ZEB SJX]DO
]DO ADXDA
ADXDAJ J N@@X @YJEJX
@YJEJX . . . . .. . . 8
NDR/
ND R/EB
EBAF
AF^^ GBXX
GBXX@X@X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 SB]@
SB]@XX SDEB
SDEB^R
^R GBXX
GBXX@X
@X]
] ..... ..... . . . . .. . . 8
AO@S
AO @SJJ H@V
H@V ODGY
ODGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
BOOZ
BOOZGB
GBED
ED^B
^B@E
@E ODGY
ODGY]] .................. . . 4 QBXB
QB XBEA
EA NBDAX
NBDAXDGDG BENJ
BENJVV ..... ..... ...... .. 8
BE^X
BE ^X@N
@NZMZM^B
^B@E
@E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ho`mk. Mbrmubt S8= cjjns tfj HMG. fdo` odgp den mdra` odgp.
Mbrmubt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e
BOOZGB ED
ED^B@E
^B@E ODGY] M j e t j r (Y N M ) p `w`w j r s mb r mumu b t G 4 t f r ` u a f cu sj
sj 43 b e
Qfje tfj fjdnodgps `r pdrkbea odgps drj @E, tfj t f j lu e m t b ` e ho ` m k . M b r m u b t G 4 p ` w j r s t f j r b a f t d e n
^f j H ` ny M ` e t r `o `o G `nu `nu o j (H M G ) r j mbmb jv
jv js
js t f j p d r k ojct m`urtjsy odgps, baebtb`e swbtmf kjy-be fdo` odgp,
o d g p b e p u t `e mb r mu mu b t O 29
29 d e n t f j b oooo u g be
be d t b ` e o d g p de n mdr a` odgp. Mbrmubt G4 d os` p`wjrs p`wjrs tfj ao` ao`vj vj h`x
h`x
betjesbty sbaedo `e mbrmubt mbrmubt 191 91.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt 19 191 1 cr`g t fj o d g p d e n u e nj r f ` ` n o d g p .
nbggjr swbtmf mbrmubtry be tfj fjdn odgp swbtmf pr`-
v bn
bn js
js t f j b oo oo ug
ug b ede d t b `e
`e o d g p b e t je
je s bt
bt y s ba
ba e d o t ` t f j N@@X M@ZX^J]R ODGY]
HMG. Qfje tfj HMG rjmjbvjs tfj m`urtjsy odgp sbaedo,
Dc t j r md o m uo uo d t b e a t f j r j q u js
js t j n b o ou
ou g b e d t b `e
`e o d g p b t h r `d
`d n md
m d s t s d g js
js sd
s d a j `e t f j M M N h u s. s. ^f j g j s -
b e t j s b t y , t f j H M G p ` w j r s t f j c` o o ` w b e a b o o u g b e d t b ` e s d a j s ba
ba e d o s t f j N r b vj
vjr s N ``
` `r G `n `n u oj
oj (N N G ) d e n
odgps `e mbrmubt J8< Y d s s je
je a jr
jr N `` ` `r G `n
`n u ojoj (Y N G ).
). B e r js js p`
p`e s j,
j, t f j
• F j d no d g p s w b t m f
N N G d e n Y N G p `w j r t f j m `u `u rt
r t js
j s y o d gp
gps b e t f j
• Co``r m`es`oj c r `e
`e t n`
n```r s `e mb r mu
mu b t G 4.
4. M b r mu
mu b t \4 a r `u
`u e ns t f j
•
Bestrugjet pdejo m`urtjsy odgps be tfj cr`et n``rs.
• Dsf rjmjbvjr Mbrmubt C64 cr`g tfj mbrmubt hrjdkjr be mdvbty 8 `c
• Ar d p f bm
bm Nb s po
po d y `r Sj f bm
bmo j B e c`r
c`r g d t b ` e M j e t jr
jr tfj luemtb`e ho`mk p`wjrs tfj NNG den YNG. Mbr-
(SBM) mubt D8:9 cr`g cusj 44 be tfj YNM cjjns mbrmubt C64
• Mbadr obaftjr
tfr`uaf tfj mbrmubt hrjdkjr.
• X d nb `
M j e t jr
jr (Y N M ) p `w
`w j r s mb r mu
mu b t G 4 t f r ` u af
af c u sj
sj 43 b e t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
t f j lu e mt
mt b `e
`e ho `m
`mk . M b r mu
mu b t G 4 cjcjjj ns t f j `v jrjr f j d n
m`es`oj odgps.
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E KJR-B
KJR -BE
E BAEB^
BAEB^B@
B@E E MFBGJ
MFBGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
D/M
D/M ]JOJ
]JOJM^M^ ]QB
]QB^M^MF F ................ ..... 4 OBC^AD^J M@ZX^J]R ODGY NB]DHOJ
DLDX
DL DX MFB
MFBGJ
GJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 ]QB^
]Q B^MF
MF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
DGHBJE
DGH BJE^^ ^JGYJX
^JGYJXD D^ZX
^ZXJ J ]JE]@X
]JE]@X . . . . . ..... 4 O@Q CZJO QDXEBEA ODGY DEE@ZEMJGJE^
DZ^@
DZ^ @ FJDNO
FJDNODG
DGY]Y] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 8 MFBG
MF BGJJ . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 8
M@ZX^
M@Z X^J]R
J]R ODG
ODGY Y ]QB^M
]QB^MF F ..... ...... . .... . 4 O@Q @BO
@BO YXJ]]Z
YXJ]]ZXJ XJ QDXEB
QDXEBEA EA MFBGJ
MFBGJ . . . . . . . 8
JEABEJ ^JGYJXD
^JGYJXD^ZXJ^ZXJ MXB^BMDO
MXB^BMDO MFBGJ MFBGJ ..... 8 YDX
DXKK ODGY
ODGY ]QB^
]QB^MF MF ]JE]
]JE]J J ............... 8
BAEB
BA EB^B
^B@E
@E ]QB^
]QB^MF
MF ]JE]
]JE]J J ............ ..... 8 ]JD
]J D^ HJO^
HJO^ ]QB^
]QB^MF MF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
BE]^XZ
BE] ^XZGJE
GJE^^ YDEJO
YDEJO NBGGBNBGGBEA EA . . . . . . . . . ..... 8 ]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
BE^X
BE ^X@N
@NZM
ZM^B
^B@E
@E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 4 QBXB
QB XBEA
EA NBDAX
NBDAXDG DG BENJ
BENJV V ..... ..... ...... .. 8
• F b a f H j d g B e nb m d t ` r
DGHBJE^ ^JGYJXD
^JGYJXD^ZXJ
^ZXJ ]JE]@
]JE]@X
X
• Boougbedtjn Jetry
^f j d g hb je
je t d b r t j g pj
pj r d t u r j s j e s `r
`r b s d v d r b d ho j
• B e s t r u g j e t Y d e j o Nb g g b e a
rjsbst`r
rjsbs t`r.. Ds d ghbjet (`utsbnj) tjgpjrd tjgpjrd turj vdrbjs, tfj
• Betjrgbttjet Qbpjr M`etr`o rjsbstdemj be tfj sjes`r mfdeajs. Mbrmubt M6 cr`g tfj
• O b c t a d t j M ` u r t j s y O d g p Nb s d ho j
H `ny M ` e t r `o
`o G `nu
`nu o j (H
(H M G ) s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js p `w
`w j r t ` t f j
• Gjmfdebmdo Bestrugjet Moustjr sjes`r. Mbrmubt N>4 pr`vbnjs tfj sjes`r sbaedo t` tfj
• Xjdr Qben`w Njc`aajr M`etr`o
HMG.
• Xjg`tj Xdnb` M`etr`o
• ]j d t H j o t X j g b e nj r
M@ZX^J]R ODGY ]QB^MF
• ]pjjn ]jesbtbvj Betjrgbttjet Qbpj M`etr`o
Qf j e t f j m `u
`u r t j sy
sy o d g p s w b t mf
mf b e s bnj
bnj t f j f j d n-
• Sjfbmoj ^fjct ]jmurbty ]ystjg
odgp swbtmf mo`sjs, bt m`gpojtjs d pdtf t` ar`uen c`r
mb r mu
mu b t G 44
44 c r `g
`g t f j H ` ny M ` e t r `o `o G `nu`nu o j (H M G ).
).
^f j H M G j e jr
jr a b zj
zj s t f j m`u r t j sy
sy o d g p r j o d y b e t f j b c ` e j ` c t f j n` ` r s , t f j f ` ` n, ` r o b c t a d t j ` p j e s . ^ f j
luemtb`e ho`mk t` p`wjr tfj m`urtjsy odgps. Xjcjr t` H M G d o s ` s ba ba e d o s t f j SB M `v jrjr t f j M M N h u s. s. ^f j
sjmt b`e 6Q
6Q-->>. SBM tfje nbspodys wfbmf m`gp`ejet bs dldr.
YDXK
YDXK ODGY ]QB^MF ]J
]JE]J
E]J O@Q @BO YXJ]]ZXJ QDXEBEA MFBGJ
Qf je je t f j `p jrjr d t ` r p ut
ut s t f j f jd jd n o d g p s w b t mf
mf b e Qfje `b `boo prj
prjssurj
ssurj nr`ps hjo`w hjo`w d mdobhrdtjn ojv ojvjo,
jo,
tfj pdrk odgp p`sbtb`e, tfj pdrk odgp swbtmf mo`sjs t f j H ` ny M ` e t r `o `o G `nu
`nu o j (H (H M G ) s `u
`u e ns d e d u nb hoj
hoj
d e n mb r mu mu b t O 29
29 p `w `w j r s t f j p d r k be
be a o d g p s . M b r mu
mu b t mf b g j t ` d o j r t t f j `p jr jr d t `r . ^f
^f j H M G r j mj
mj bv
bv js
js t f j
O29 dos` pr`vbnjs de beput t` tfj H`ny M`etr`o G`n- o ` w ` b o p r j s s u r j s b a e d o ` e t f j M M N hu s .
u o j (H(H M G ).). ^f j H M G g `e `e b t `r
`r s t f j O 29 29 m b rm
rmu b t d e n
mb r mu
mu btb t 191 c r `g`g t f j n b gg gg jr jr s w b t mf
mf t ` n jt jt j rg
r g be
be j JEABEJ ^JGYJXD^ZXJ MXB^BMDO MFBGJ
b e s t r u g je
je t p d e j o o d g p b e t j e sb
sb t y Qf j e j e a be
be j t j g pj
pj r d t u r j j xm
xmj jns
jns d p r j- j-nj t jr
jr -
gbejn tjgpjrdturj, tfj H`ny M`etr`o G`nuoj (HMG)
BE]^XZGJE^ YDEJO NBGGBEA s `u
`u e n s d e d u n b ho
ho j mf b gj
gj . ^f j Y ` w jr jr t r d b e M `e
`e t r `o
`o
@ e mb rm r mu bt
bt 191 c r` r `g t f j n bg bg g jrjr s w bt
bt mf
mf b e t f j G `nu
`nu o j (Y M G ) hr ` d nmd
nmd s t s j e ab
ab e j m``o d e t t j g pj
pj r d -
f jd
jd n o d g p s w b t mf mf , t f j H ` n y M `e `e t r `o
`o G `n
`n u oj
oj (H M G ) turj t` tfj HMG `e tfj MMN hus.
n jt
jt j rg
r g b ej
e js s jo jo jm
jmt j n b e t je
je s bt
bt y c `r
`r t f j b e st st r u g je
je t
p d e j o o d g p s.
s. ^f
^f j H M G d o s ` t r d e s g b t s d s b aeae d o r j pr
pr j - O@Q CZJO QDXEBEA ODGY DEE@ZEMJGJE^
s je
je t b e a r j q u b r jn
jn o d g p b e t j e s bt
bt y `v jrjr t f j M M N hu s . MFBGJ
Dc t jr
jr r jm jmj b vb
vb ea
e a t f j s baba e d o c r`
r `g t f j M M N h us us , d o o ^ f j H ` ny M ` e t r ` o G ` nu o j (H M G ) s ` u e ns d e d u nb -
`tfjr nbspody g`nuojs upndtj tfjbr hrbaftejss ojvjo. h oj
o j mf b gj
gj w f j e t f j o `w`w c u jojo w d r e b e a o d g p b o ou
o u g b-
b-
edtjs.
BAEB^B@E ]QB^MF ]JE]J
@ e mb r mu
mu b t S8=, t f j H ` ny M ` e t r `o `o G `nu
`nu o j (H M G )
s je
je s js
js w f j e t f j b ae
ae b t b`
b`e s w b t mf
mf b s b e t f j DM
DM M J ] - ]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
]@ X R ` r X Z E p ` s b t b ` e . ^ f j H M G s j e s j s w f j e t f j
baebtb`e
baebtb` e swbtmf bs be tfj ]^ ]^D
DX^ `r `r XZE p` p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e `e QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
mbrmubt C 2222.. ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
DLDX MFBGJ y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
@ e g `nj
`nj os
os j q u bp
bp pj
pj n w b t f d Sj f bm bmo j B e c`r
c`r g d t b ` e 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
M je
je t jr
jr (SB M ),
), t f j H ` ny
ny M `e `e t r `o
`o G `n`n uo
u o j (H M G ) t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
s`uens de dunbhoj mfbgj wfje tfj vjfbmoj bs g`vbea
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
AXDYFBM
]j v jr NB]YODR
jr d o cu pG@NZOJ
sj s s u p po
sj o y p `w
`w j r t ` t f j A r d p f b m Nb s popo d y
D 1 d e n C3 9 d r j F @ ^ d t d o o t b g j s . M b r m u b t C3 9 cj j ns
t f j SB M .
G `nu
`nu o j (AN
(AN G ). ). Qf j e t f j b a e bt bt b `e
`e s w b t mf
mf b s b e t f j Mbrmubt D3 cr`g cusj 4= be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbrmubt
X Z E p `s `s b t b`
b`e b t m`e e j mtmt s mb r mu
mu b t D4 c r `g `g c u s j 6 b e =33 tfr`uaf cusj 41 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt =33
tfj YNM t` mbrmubt D88. Mbrmubt D88 cjjns mbrmubt C6= m`e e jm
jmt s t ` t f j f jd jd n o d g p s w b t mfmf . Qf je je t f j f jd
jd n -
tfr`uaf cusj 3 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt C6= sup- odgp swbtmf bs be tfj YDXK `r O@Q p`sbtb`e, bt m`e-
p o b j s v ` o t d a j t ` t f j ANG . ejmts mbrmubt =33 t` mbrmubt O29. Mbrmubt O29 m`eejmts
Mbrmubt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbrmubt t` tfj SBM. Mbrmubt J8 cr`g tfj H`ny M`etr`o G`nuoj
C3 9 t f r ` u af af cu sj sj 89 b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m`mk . M b r mu
mu b t s (H M G ) p `w`w j r s t f j b oo
oo u g be
be d t b ` e o d g p s b e t f j SB M .
D 1 d e n C3 9 d r j F @ ^ d t d o o t b g j s . M b r m u b t C3 9 c j j ns Mbrmubts \4 den \8 pr`vbnj ar`uen c`r tfj SBM.
t f j AN G . M b r m ub ub t s \4 d e n \8 pr pr `v
`v b nj
nj a r ` u e n c `r
`r t f j
ANG. ^XDE]CJX MD]J XDEAJ NB]YODR
Qfje tfj trdescjr mdsj bs be jbtfjr >QN O`w, Ydrt
^XDE]CJX MD]J XDEAJ NB]YODR ^bgj >QN, `r Cuoo ^bgj bt m`eejmts mbrmubt A86 cr`g
Qfje tfj trdescjr mdsj bs be jbtfjr >QN O`w, Ydrt t f j Sj f bm
bmo j B e c `r
`r g d t b ` e M j e t jr
jr (SB M ) t ` a r `u
`u e n `e
^bgj >QN, `r Cuoo ^bgj bt m`eejmts mbrmubt A86 cr`g mbrmubtt \4
mbrmub \4.. Be rjsp
rjsp`esj
`esj,, tfj SBM boo boougbedt
ugbedt js t fj >QN
>QN
tfj Ardpfbm Nbspody G`nuoj (ANG) t` ar`uen `e mbr- nbspody.
mubt \4. Be rjsp`esj, tfj ANG boougbedtjs tfj >QN Qf j e t f j t r d e s cjr
cjr md s j s w b t mfmf b s b e >QN O `w
`w , b t
nbspody. m`eejmts mbrmubt A86 cr`g tfj SBM t` ar`uen `e mbr-
Qf j e t f j t r d e s c jr
jr md s j s w b t mf
mf b s b e >QN O `w
`w , b t mubt \4. Be dnnbtb`e t` boougbedtbea tfj >QN nbspody,
m`eejmts mbrmubt A86 cr`g tfj ANG t` ar`uen `e mbr- t f j SB M d o s ` b o o ug
ug b e d t j s t f j O @ Q nbs
nbs po
po d y.
y.
Qf je je t f j t r d e sc
s c jr
jr md s j s w bt
bt mf
mf b s b e Y d r t ^b gj gj \4. ^fj SBM nbspodys tfj O`w M``odet Ojvjo wdrebea
>QN p`
>QN p`sbtb`e,
sbtb`e, bt m`m`eejmts
eejmts mbrmmbrmubt
ubt ^49 491
1 cr`g tf j SBM wfje tfj swbtmf mo`sjs.
t ` a r ` u e n ` e mb r mu
mu b t \4
\4.. B e d nnb t b `e
`e t ` b oo
oo u g be
be d t b e a
tfj >QN nbspody, tfj SBM dos` boougbedtjs tfj YDX^ N@@X DLDX DEN OBC^AD^J DLDX NB]YODR]
^BGJ nbspody. J d m f n` ` r d e n t f j o b ct a d t j f d v j d e d ld r s w b t m f t f d t
m`e e j mt
mt s t ` t f j H ` ny M ` e t r `o `o G `nu
`nu o j (H M G ).). ^f j
`Q
s b tfje
p `s b`e , t fj
b` b t tr
m`deescjr
mt s mdsj
e j mt sw
mb r mu
mu b t btmf
^49bs3 be `Cuoo
cr `g
g tf ^jbgj
^bgj SB>QN
>Q
M tN` H M G s j e s js js w f j e t f j o b c t a d t j ` r d n`
n`` `r ` p je
je s , d e n
ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4. Be dnnbtb`e t` boougbedtbea tfj sjens tfj d sbaedo t` tfj SBM `e tfj MMN hus. Be
>QN n bs b s po
po d y,
y, t f j SB M d o s ` b o ou ou g be
be d t j s t f j C Z O O rjsp`esj
rjsp `esj,, t fj SBM nbsp nbspodys
odys wfbmf n`` n``rr bs `pje.
`pje. ^fj
^BGJ nbspody. SB M m ` g g u e b m d t j s w b t f t f j H M G ` v j r t f j M M N hu s
` e m b r m u b t s N4 d e n N8 .
ODGY @Z^DAJ
Mbrmubt A>3 m`eejmts cr`g tfj Odgp @utdaj G`n-
uoj (O@G) t` t fj Sjfbm jfbmojoj B ec`
ec`rgd
rgd tb`e Mjetjr (SBM) SBM)..
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
M b r m u b t A> 3 s u p p o b j s t f j r j d r o d g p ` u t s b a e d o t ` t f j
SBM.
QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
O@Q QD]FJX COZBN QDXEBEA tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
Qf j e t f j o `w
`w w d s f jr
jr c o ub
ub n s w b t mf
mf mo `s
`s js
j s , b t m` e - y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
ejmts
ejmts mb
mbrmub
rmubtt A 82 cr`g tf j SBM t` ar`uen `e mb mbrmub
rmubtt 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
\4
\4.
. ^fj
wfje^fj
tfjSBM nbspodys
swbtmf tfj O `w Qdsfjr
mo`sjs. Qdsfjr Coubn w dr ebea
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
AJEJXDO BEC@XGD^B@E M b r mu
mu b t V:
V:44 d e n V:
V:88 c jj
jj n t f j s p jdjd k j r.
r. M b r mu
mu b t V:
V:6 6
cr`g tfj spjdkjr lugpjr fdrejss m`eejmts t` mbrmubt
BE^X@NZM^B@E V:1
V: 1. M b r mu
mu b t V:
V:1
1 b s t f j r j t u r e cr ` g t f j s p j d k jrjr t `
^ f j r j d r j t w ` d u nb ` s y s t j g s ` cc j r j n ` e t f b s v j f b - t f j r d nb `.
`.
mo j.
j. ^f j s t d e nd r n s y s t jg
jg u s js js c`
c`uu r s pjpj d k jr
jr s d e n d Mbrmubt V:8 cjjns tfj rbaft rjdr n``r spjdkjr. Mbr-
s td
t d e nd
n d r n d e t je
je ed
e d . ^f j `p t b` b `e d o s ysy s tj
t j g f d s s bxbx mMub brtmu
muV:
V:6
b t s6 V:
bs 8
V:8t f jd ernj t V:
u r e6 crm`
V:6 `e
`ggt b tefujj stpj
pfjrd`kua
ujr
jarf t `t ftjf jlurg
d nb
pj`.
pj `r.
s pj
pj d k jr
jr s , d p `w
`w j r d g p ob
ob cb
cb jr
jr , s t d e n d r n d e t j e e d d e n
rjg`tj `pjrdtbea swbtmfjs `e tfj stjjrbea wfjjo. f d r e j s s t ` t f j r b a f t r j d r n` n`` `r s pjpj d k jr
jr .
H`tf systjgs drj p`wjrjn hy mbrmubt V48 cr`g cusj
4 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs Y@QJX DGYOBCBJX DEN ]YJDKJX]
be tfj DMMJ]]@XR `r XZE p`sbtb`e, bt m`eejmts mbr- ^fj p` p`wjr
wjr dgpobcbj
dgpobcbjrr bs usjn `e `ptb`ed`ptb`ed o prjgb
prjgbug ug
mubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mjetjr systjgs `eoy. ^fj dgpobcbjr bs m`eejmtjn hjtwjje tfj
(YNM) t` mbrmubt D=4. Mbrmubt D=4 p`wjrs mbrmubt V48 r d nb ` d e n t f j s p j d k j r s .
tfr`uaf luemtb`e ho`mk cusj 4. Mbrmubtt D8:
Mbrmub 8:9 9 cr`g cusj 44 be tfj Y `wjr N bstrbhu-
Mbrmubt \: pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r h`tf rdnb`s. tb`e Mjetjr (YNM) p`wjrs mbrmubt C1: tfr`uaf cusj 1
H`tf rdnb`s m`eejmt t` tfj MMN hus `e mbrmubts N4 b e t f j lu e mtmt b `e
`e h o`
o`mk . M b r mu
mu bt
b t C 1:
1: c jj
jj ns
ns t f j r d n b `
den N8. dg pob
pobcbj
cbjr.
r. Mbrmubt \: pr`vbnjspr`vbnjs ar`uen c` c`rr tfj dg pob
pob--
cbjr.
cbj r. Mbrmubt
Mbrmubt V3 V39 9 cr`g t fj rd nb` suppobj
suppobjss p`wjr t` t fj
dgpobcbjr.
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E Cr`g tfj rdnb`, mbrmubts V:> den V:3 c`r tfj rbaft
cr`et spjdkjr den tfj spjdkjr be tfj rbaft sbnj `c tfj
XDNB@ GJG@XR b e s t r u g je
je t p d e j o, o, m`e e j mt
mt t ` t f j p `w `w j r d g p o bcb bcbj
j r.
r.
@ e t f j s t d e n d r n d e n `p t b`
b`e d o r d n b `s
`s , mb rm
r mu bt
b t C 39
39 M b r m u b t V: > b s t f j c j j n cr ` g t f j r d nb ` t ` t f j d g p o b -
cr ` g cu s j 8 9 b e t f j lu e m t b ` e ho ` m k p ` w j r s t f j r d nb ` cbjr. Mbrmubt V68 bs tfj cjjn cr`g tfj dgpobcbjr t` tfj
gjg`ry
gjg` ry.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be tfj Y `wjr N bstrb- r b a f t b e s t r u g j e t p d e j o s p j d k j r d e n r b a f t cr ` e t n` ` r
hutb`e M jetjr (Y NM) p` p`wjrs
wjrs luem
luemtb`e
tb`e ho`mk
ho`mk cusj 89 spjdkjr. Mbrmubt V69 bs tfj rjture cr`g tfj spjdkjrs
den mbrmubt C39. t ` t f j d g p ob ob c bj
bj r d e n mb r mu
mu b t V:
V:3 3 bs tfj rjture cr`g
tfj dgpobcbjr t` tfj rdnb`. Mbrmubts V69 den V68 cr`g
XDNB@ BOOZGBED^B@E tfj dgpobcbjr m`eejmt t` mbrmubts V:3 den V:> dt tfj
Qfje tfj pdrkbea odgps `r tfj fjdnodgps drj @E, lugpjr fdrejss c`r tfj rbaft cr`et n``r spjdkjr.
mb r mu
mu b t s J 8 d e n O 29
29 d r j u s j n t ` p `w
`w j r t f j r d nb ` b oo
oo u - C` r t f j o j ct c r ` e t n` ` r s p j d k j r d e n t f j s p j d k j r b e
gbedtb`e odgps. Mbrmubt J8 bs usjn c`r tfj nbggdhoj t f j o jcjc t s b nj
nj `c t f j b e s t r u g je je t p d e j o,
o, mb r mu
mu b t s V: =
odgps. Mbrmubt O29 bs tfj pdrkbea odgps cjjn. d e n V: : cr ` g t f j r d nb ` m ` e e j m t t ` t f j p ` w j r d g p o b -
c bj
bj r.
r. M b r mu
mu bt
b t V := := b s t f j c jj
jj n c r `g
`g t f j r d n b ` t ` t f j
]YJDKJX]„ ]^DENDXN XDNB@ dgpobcbjr. Mbrmubt V61 bs tfj cjjn cr`g tfj dgpobcbjr
^fj stdendrn rdnb` usjs c`ur spjdkjrs. Mbrmubt V:= t ` t f j o jc
jc t b e st st r u g je
je t p d e jo
jo s pj
pjd k j r d e n o jc
jc t c r `e
`e t
cjjns tfj spjdkjr be tfj ojct cr`et n``r. Mbrmubt V:: bs n``r spjdkjr. Mbrmubt V6: bs tfj rjture cr`g spjdkjrs
t f j r j t u r e cr ` g t f j s p j d k j r t ` t f j r d nb ` . t ` t f j d g p ob ob c bj
bj r d e n mb r mu
mu b t V:
V:: : bs tfj rjture cr`g
Mbrmubt V:> cjjns tfj rbaft cr`et n``r spjdkjr. Mbr- tfj dgpobcbjr t` tfj rdnb`. Mbrmubts V61 den V6: cr`g
mu b t V:
V:3 3 b s t f j r j t u r e c r `g
`g t f j s pj
pj d k jr
jr t ` t f j r d nb `.
`. tfj dgpobcbjr m`eejmt t` mbrmubts V:: den V:= dt tfj
Cr`g tfj rdnb`, mbrmubt V:4 m`eejmts t` mbrmubt V:8 lugpjr fdrejss c`r tfj ojct cr`et n``r spjdkjr.
dt tfj lugpjr fdrejss c`r tfj ojct rjdr n``r spjdkjr.
Mbrmubt V:4, tfj cjjn c`r tfj ojct rjdr n``r spjdkjr t f j d e t je
je ed
e d g `t`t `r
`r t ` jb tf t f jr
jr r d bs
b s j `r o `w jrjr t f j
de n mb mbrmub
rmubtt V:
V:1,1, tfj rjture c` c`rr tfj spj
spjdkjr,
dkjr, m`eejm
m`eejmtt detjeed.
cr`g tfj rdnb` t` tfj p`wjr dgpobcbjr. Dt tfj lugpjr Mbrmubt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e
f d r e j s s c`
c`rr t f j o jct
jct r j d r n`
n```r s pj
pj d k jr
jr , m b rm
rmu b t V2
V2=
= M j e t jr
jr (Y N M ) cj jns
jns t f j r j od
od y s w b t mf
mf t f r ` ua
ua f c u s j 4=
4=
cr`g tfj dgpobcbjr m`eejmts t` mbrmubt V:8 den mbrmubt be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk.
V24 m`eejmts
V24 m`eejmts t` mb mbrmub
rmubtt V:
V:6. 6. M brm
brmubts
ubts V2 V2= = den V: V:8 8 Qf jeje t f j r d n b ` b s @ C C, C, t f j s w b t mf
mf b e t f j p `w `w j r
cjj
cjj n t f j s pj
pj d k jr
jr . ^f
^f j s p jdjd k j r r j t u r e b s `e mb r mu mu b t d e t j e e d r j od
od y b s b e t f j N @ QE QE p `s `s b t b`
b`e . B e N@ QE QE
V:6 den mbrmubt V24. p`sbtb`e, tfj rjody swbtmf p`wjrs mbrmubt V4>. Mbrmubt
M br
b r mu
mu bt
bt V :8, t f j c jj jjn c `r `r t f j r ba b a ft
f t r jd
jd r n ````r V4> s u pp pp ob
ob js
js v `o`o t d a j t ` p `w `w j r d e t j e e d g `t `t `r
`r t `
spjdkjr den mbrmubt V:6, tfj rjture c`r tfj spjdkjr, o `w
`w j r t f j d e t je je e d . ^f j a r` r `u e n p d t f b s c r` r `g t f j
m`eejmt cr`g tfj rdnb` t` tfj p`wjr dgpobcbjr. Dt tfj g`t`r t` tfj rjody `e mbrmubt V43, tfr`uaf tfj swbtmf
lu g pj
pj r f d r e j s s c`
c`rr t f j r b a f t r j d r n`
n`` `r s pjpj d k jr
jr, mb r - be tfj rjody t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
mubtt V2
mub V2> > cr`g tfj dgpobcbj
dgpobcbjrr m`eej`eejmmts t` mbrm brmubt
ubt V:V:8 8 Mbrmubt \4 dos` pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj m`bo sbnj `c
den mbrmubt V28 m`eejmts t` mbrmubt V:6. Mbrmubts V2> t f j p `w
`w j r d e t j e e d r j od od y . Qf
Qf j e t f j r d nb ` b s t u r e j n
den V:8 cjjn tfj spjdkjr. ^fj spjdkjr rjture bs `e @E, mbrmubt V39 cr`g tfj rdnb` suppobjs p`wjr t` tfj
mbrmubts V:6 den V28. m`b o s b n j `c
` c d e t j e e d r jojo d y d e n t f j r j o d y s w b t mf
mf js
js t `
tfj ZY p`sbtb`e. Be tfj ZY p`sbtb`e, tfj swbtmf p`w-
XDNB@ XJG@^J ]QB^MFJ] jrs mbrmubt V43. Mbrmubt V43 suppobjs v`otdaj t` p`wjr
Y r j g bu
bu g r d n b `s
`s f d v j r jg
jg `t `t j v `o
`o ug
ug j, j, s jj
jj k,
k, d e n tfj detjeed g`t`r t` rdbsj tfj detjeed. ^fj ar`uen
p r js
js jt
jt s w b t mf
mf j s `e t f j s t j jr
jr b e a w f j j o.
o. ^f j r j g `t
`t j p d t f b s cr ` g t f j g `t `t ` r t ` t f j r j od
od y `e mb r mu mu b t V4
V411,
swbtmfjs m`eejmt t` tfj H`ny M`etr`o G`nuoj (HMG) tfr`uaf tfj swbtmf be tfj rjody t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt
`e mbrmubt 192 den ar`uen `e mbrmubt \8. Jdmf swbtmf \4.
bs wbrjn be pdrdoojo. D rjsbst`r be sjrbjs hjtwjje jdmf
s w b t mf
mf d e n a r `u
`u e n mb r mu
mu b t \8 njt
njt j r g be
be j s t f j s b ae
ae d o
sjesjn hy tfj HMG `e mbrmubt 192.
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
Dc t jr
jr s je
je s be
be a d r jq
jq u js
js t c r `g
`g t f j r d n b ` r j g `t `t j
swbtmfjs, tfj HMG sbaedos tfj rdnb` `vjr tfj MMN QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
hus t` gdkj tfj rjqujstjn sjojmtb`e. ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
Y@QJX DE^JEED„ JVY@X^ @EOR y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
^fj p`wjr d etjeed bs `eoy usjn `e vjfbm vjfbmojs ojs hubot 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
c`r jxp`rt gdrkjts. t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
^f j p ` w jrjr d e t j e e d r j oodd y s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js v `o
`o t d a j t ` t f j
p `w
`w j r d e t j e e d g `t
`t ` r.
r. ^f j r j odod y s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js v `o`o t d a j t `
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E Betjredo t` tfj luemtb`e ho`mk, mbrmubt M4: spobmjs t`
cjjn
cjjn mb
mbrmub
rmubtt M43 tfr`uaf cusj 49.
49. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt M43 cjjns
cjjns
@SJXFJDN M@E]@OJ
Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, bt
M j e t j r (Y N M ) p `w
t f j lu e mt
mt b `e
`w j r s mb r mu
`e ho `m
`mk . M b r mu
mu b t G 4 t f r ` u a f cu sj
mu b t G 4 cj jns
jns t f j `v jr
sj 43 b e
jr f j d n
m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrb- m`es`oj odgps.
hutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D88. Mbrmubt D88 p`w- Jdmf `vjrfjdn m`es`oj odgp fds d swbtmf tfdt m`e-
jrs mbrmubt C6= tfr`uaf cusj 3 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. e j mt
mt s t f j o d g p s t ` a r ` u e n ` e mb r mu
mu b t \4
\4.. ^f j o d g p s
Mbrmubtt C6= suppobjs
Mbrmub suppobjs p`wjr t` tfj `vjrfj vjrfjdndn m`es`
`es`oj.oj. d r j d o s ` a r `u
`u e n jn
jn w f j e t f j H ` n y M `e `e t r `o
`o G `n`n u oj
oj
^f j H ` ny M ` e t r `o `o G `nu
`nu o j (H M G ) hr ` d nmd
nmd s t s t f j (HMG) jejrabzjs tfj m`urtjsy odgp rjody t` m`eejmt
pdrk odgp sbaedo den bestrugjet pdejo boougbedtb`e mbrmubt G8 t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
o d g p b e t j e s b t y s b a e d o `e t f j M M N hu s . ^f^f j ` v jr
jr f j d n
m`e s `o
`o j r j mj
mj bv
bv js
js t f j s b ae
ae d o s `v jr
jr t f j M M N hu s d e n
mdomuodtjs nbspody boougbedtb`e betjesbty.
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
^fj `vjrfjdn m`es`oj rjmjbvjs tfj cujo pjrmjetdaj
den nbstdemj bec`rgdtb`e `e tfj MMN hus cr`g tfj
QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
Y`wjrtrdbe M`etr`o G`nuoj (YMG). ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
^fj `vjrfjdn m` m`es`oj
es`oj m`etd
m`etd bes d Z ]/Gjtrbm sw btmf. tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
^f j s w b t mfmf s jo jo jm
jmt s w f b mf
mf u e b t s t ` s f ` w `e t f j nb s - y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
pody. ^fj
^fj `vjrfjdn m` m`es`oj
es`oj hr`dnmd sts tf j Z ]/Gjtrbm 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
sjojmtb`e `e tfj MMN hus. t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
\L 6 Q - : 9 CX @E ^ OB AF ^B E A 6Q - :9 - 4
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
6Q - :9 - 8 6 Q - : 9 CX @E ^ OB AF ^B E A \L
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E
@YJXD^B@E (M`etbeujn)
Qfje tfj c`a odgp rjody jejrabzjs, bt m`eejmts mbr- t f j NX O g `nu `nu o j p `w
`w j r s t f j f b a f hj d g s `e mb r mu mu b t
mubt C38 cr`g cusj 42 be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mje- O=. Qfje tfj fjdnodgps drj @E, tfj nbggjr swbtmf
tjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt O=2. Mbrmubt O=2 p`wjrs tfj c`a be t fj guotb-cuem
guotb-cuemtb`e tb`e swbt mf p`wjrs
p`wjrs tfj o` o`ww hjdgs `e
o d g p s d e n t f j c` a o d g p s w b t m f O J N. M b r m u b t \4 p r ` - mbrmubt O>.
v b nj s a r ` u e n c` r t f j o d g p s d e n t f j O J N. M b r mu
mu b t O = c j jns
jns t f j f b a f hj
hjdd g s `c t f j f j d no d g p s .
Qf je je t f j `p jrjr d t `r
` r c od
od s f js
js t f j f jd jd n o d g ps
ps w b t f t f j
NDR^BGJ XZEEBEA ODGY] G@NZOJ s t d o k ` c t f j g u o t b - cu e m t b ` e s w b t m f , t f j NX O g ` nu o j
M d e d n b d e v jfjf b mo
mo js
js d r j j q ub
ub pp
pp jn
jn w b t f d N d y t b g j sjesjs v`otdaj `e mbrmubt O=. Qfje bt sjesjs v`otdaj
X ue
u e e be
be a O d g ps ps (N X O ) g `n `n uo
u o j.
j. B c t f j f jdjd n od
od g p `e mbrmubt O=, tfj NXO g`nuoj sbaedos tfj H`ny M`e-
swbtmf bs be tfj @CC p`sbtb`e, tfj NXO g`nuoj `pjr- tr`o G`nuoj (H (H MG) `e mbrmubt mbrmubt A => =>.. Be rjsp
rjsp``esj, t fj
d t j s t f j f b a f hj d g s ` c t f j f j d no d g p s d t : 9 p j r m j e t HMG tures `e tfj fbaf hjdg benbmdt`r odgp be tfj
b e t j e sb
sb t y w f j e t f j b a e b t b `e
`e b s b e t f j X Z E p `s `s b t b`
b `e bestrugjet mo moustjr
ustjr..
den tfj pdrk hrdkj bs `cc. Mbrmubt D3 cr`g cusj 4= be
Y ` w jrjr N b s t rb
r b hu
hu t b `e
`e M j ete t j r (Y N M ) p `w
`w j r s t f j N X O
g`nuoj. Mbrmubt A2 pr`vbnjs tfj pdrk hrdkj sbaedo t`
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
t f j NX O g `nu `nu o j.
j.
Be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, tfj baebtb`e swbtmf m`eejmts
QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
mbrmub
mb rmubtt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y NM t` mbrmubt mbrmubt D88.
D88. Mbr- ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
mubt D88 suppobjs p`wjr t` mbrmubt C6= tfr`uaf cusj 3 tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt C6= spobmjs t` tfj NXO y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
g`nuoj. 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
M b r mu
mu b t O = p ` w jr jr s t f j f b a f hj d g s ` c t f j o j ct d e n t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
rbaft fjdnodgps. Qfje tfj fjdnodgp swbtmf bs @CC,
\L 6 Q - : 4 X JDX OB AF ^B E A 6Q - :4 - 4
t r d b o j r t ` w,
w, mb r mu
mu b t O 29
29 m `e
`e e j mt
mt s t ` t f j t r d b o j r t ` w gdrkjr
mbrmubt O29 odgps, m`eejmts
m`etbeujs t` t`
tfjtfj O@G.podtj
obmjesj Cr`godgps.
tfj O@G, Mbr-
fdrejss.
• M f j m k cu s j 4 = b e Y NM .
mu bt
bt s O 84
84 d e n O 8888 c r` r `g t f j O @G @ G p `w j r t f j t d b o
• Mfjmk cusj 41 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk.
o d g p s d e n s b nj g d r k j r o d g p s .
Mbrmubt O:9 cr`g tfj st`p odgp swbtmf m`eejmts t`
]^@Y ODGY] DEN MFG]O ODGY] t f j O @G@ G . C r `g`g t f j O @G @ G , mb rm r mu bt
bt s O 1=
1= d e n O 1> 1>
M b r mu
mu b t D8:9 cr `g `g cu sj sj 44 b e t f j Y ` w j r Nb s t r b hu hu - p `w
`w j r t f j s t `p
`p o d g ps
ps d e n mb rm r mu bt
b t O 6161 p `w
`w j r s t f j
t b `e
`e M j et e t j r (Y N M ) s u pp
pp ob
ob js
js v `o
`o t d a j t ` mb r mu
mu bt
b t O 43
43 M j e t j r F b a f G ` u e t jn
jn ]t ` p O d g p s (M F G ]O ). ).
tfr`uaf cusj 2 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt O43 m`e- Mbrmubt \4 ar`uens tfj O@G.
ejmts t` tfj st`p odgp swbtmf.
Qf je je t f j `p jr jr d t ` r p rj
r js sj
s j s t f j h r d k j p j nd
nd o , t f j
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
st`p odgp swbtmf mo mo`s
`sjs
js d en m` m`eejm
eejmts
ts mb
mbrmub
rmubtt O43 t`
mbrmubt O:9. Mbrmubt O:9 m`eejmts t` mbrmubts O1=, O1>
QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
d e n O 61 61. M b r mu
mu b t O 1=
1= d e n O 1>
1> c j jn
jn t f j s t `p
`p o d g p s.
s.
^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
M b r mu
mu b t O 61
61 p `w`w j r s t f j M j e t jr
jr F b a f G `u
`u e t j n ] t ` p
O d g p s (M F G ]O ). M b r m u bt bt \4 p r `v
`v b nj
nj s d a r `u
`u e n c `r
`r tfbs sjmtb`e
y`u drj `c tfj
o``kbea c`rwbrbea
bs e`t nbdardgs. Bc rjcjr
c`uen fjrj, tfj m`gp`ejet
t` sjmtb`e
t f j s t `p
` p o d g p s d e n M F G ] O o d g ps
ps .
6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
Bc tfj vjfbmoj bs jqubppjn wbtf d odgp `utdaj g`n-
t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
u o j,
j, mb r mu
mu b t O :9
:9 m`e e j mt
mt s t ` t f j g `nu
`nu o j.
j. ^f j o d g p
`utdaj g`nuoj p`wjrs mbrmubt O1=, O1> den O61.
\L 6 Q - : 8 ^Z X E ]B AE DO] 6Q - :8 - 4
\L 6 Q - : = Q B YJX ] 6Q - := - 4
6Q-:= QBYJX]
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E Qfje tfj `pjrdt`r sjojmts tfj @E p`sbtb`e, p`wjr
b s s u pp
pp ob
ob jn
jn t f r ` ua
ua f t f j s w b t mf
mf t ` mb r mu
mu b t S4=. ^f j
BE^JXGB^^JE^ QBYJX @YJXD^B@E S4= mb r mu mu bt
b t m`e e jmjmt s c r `g
`g t f j s w b t mf mf t ` t f j r jd jd r
Be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, tfj baebtb`e swbtmf m`eejmts wbpjr m`etr`o g`nuoj.
mbrmub
mb rmubtt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj Y NM t` mbrmubt mbrmubt D=4.D=4. Mbr- ^f j g `n `n u ojoj p r`
r`mj ssss js
js t f b s s ba ba e d o d e n s u pp pp obob js
js
mu btb t D=4 p `w`w j r s mb r mumu b t C 63
63 t f r `u
`u a f t f j mb r mu mu bt
bt p `w j r t ` t f j w b pj pj r g `t `t `r
`r. A r `u` u e n c `r `r t f j w b pj pj r
hrjdkjr be mdvbty 4 `c tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt C63 g`t`r bs suppobjn `e mbrmubt \4.
suppobjs p`wjr t` tfj betjrgbttjet wbpjr swbtmf. Qfje t fj sw btmf bs podm podmjn
jn be tfj NJ OD ODR R p`sbtb`
p`sbtb`e, e,
Qfje tfj `pjrdt`r sjojmts O@Q spjjn wbpjr `pjr- p`wjr bs suppobjn cr`g tfj swbtmf t` tfj g`t`r m`e-
dt b`
b`e,e, tfj swbtmf m`eej`eejmmts mb mbrmub
rmubtt C63 t` mb mbrmub
rmubtt S=
S=.. tr`o `e mbrmubt S8>. ^fj g`nuoj pr`mjssjs tfbs sbaedo
Mbrmubt S= p`wjrs tfj wbpjr g`t`r o`w spjjn hrusf. d e n m`e e j mt mt s t f j g `t `t ` r t ` v ` ot
ot d a j . ^f j d g ` u e t `c
Qfje t fj `pjrd
`pjrd t`r sjojmts
sjojmts FBA F spj spjjn jn w bpj
bpjrr `pj
pjr-r- NJ OD ODR R bs m` m`etr`ooj
etr`oojn n hy t fj p`sbtb`e
p`sbtb`e `c tfj rjdr wbpjr
dt b`
b`e,e, tfj swbtmf m`eej`eejmmts mb mbrmub
rmubtt C63 t` mb mbrmub
rmubtt S>
S>.. swbtmf.
Mbrmubt S> p`wjrs tfj wbpjr g`t`r spjjn hrusf. Qf jeje t f j QD] F s w b t mf mf b s d m t bv bv d t j n,
n, p `w
`w j r b s
Qfje tfj `pjrdt`r sjojmts betjrgbttjet wbpjr `pjr- pdssjn tfr`uaf tfj swbtmf t` mbrmubt S89. ^fbs mbrmubt
d t b `e
`e t f j w b pj
pj r s w b t mf
mf s jeje n s d s ba
ba e d o s t ` t f j H ` n y b s n` u ho j m r b g p j n d t t f j s w b t m f . @ e j hr d e m f ` c t f j
mbrmubt m`eejmts t` tfj rjdr wbpjr m`etr`o g`nuoj. ^fj
M
nj`e`tejr
jtrrg
`ob eG
`o js `n
js `nt fujoj
oj d g
(H`MuG e t) ``ce njmbod
odr mu
myu bstjo
joSjm:t4j.n ^
jm `f
e j mbHr mu mMuGbt `t f jr
jr h rd r d e mf
mf m`e e jm jmt s t ` t f j r jd jd r w d s f jr jr p u g p
S:9 cr`g tfj swbtmf. g`t`r.
Dc t j r nj t jr
jr g b e bebe a t f j d g ` u e t `c nj od od y s jo
jo jm
jmt j n, De dnnbtb`edo beput t` tfj rjdr wbpjr m`etr`o g`n-
t f j H M G p jr jr b`
b `n bm
b md o o y je jr jr a bz
bz js
js t f j b e t jr jr g bt bt t j e t uoj bs supp suppobj objnn `e mbrmubt
mbrmubt A 16 16.. ^fbs mbrm brmubt
ubt bs m` m`e-e-
wbpjr rjody `e mbrmubt S46. Mbrmubt C63 cr`g tfj mbr- e jm
jmt jn
jn t ` t f j o bc bc t ad
ad t j d e n o bcbc t ao
ao d ss
s s d ldl d r s w bt
b t mf
mf js
js .
mu b t hr jd jd k j r b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m `mk p `w `w j r s t f j r j od od y M b r m u b t A1 6 s b a e d o s t f j m ` e t r ` o w f j e t f j o b ct a d t j ` r
m`bo den m`etdmts. Mbrmubt C63 bs F@^ wfje tfj baeb- obctaodss `pjes.
t b `e
`e s w b t mf
mf b s b e t f j DM DM M J ] ]@ X R `r `r X Z E p `s `s b t b`
b `e . Qfje tfj obctadtj bs dldr tfj wbpjr m`etr`o g`nuoj
Qf je je t f j b e t jr jr g btbt t j e t w b pj
pj r r jo jo d y j ej ej ra
r a bz
b z js
js b t wboo e`t doo`w tfj rjdr wbpjr `r wdsfjr t` `pjrdtj.
p`wjrs
p` wjrs mb mbrmub
rmubtt S3 S3.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt S3 m`eej m`eejmmts t` mb mbrmub
rmubtt S=
FJOYCZO BEC@XGD
BEC@XGD^B@E
^B@E
t f r `u
`u a f t f j b e t jr jr g bt
bt t j e t w b pjpj r s w b t mf mf . M b r mumu btb t S=
p`wjrs
p` wjrs tfj wbpjr g`t`r o`w o`w spjspjjn jn hrusf. Mbrmub Mbrmubtt \8 • M f j m k cu s j s 6 d e n 4 4 b e t f j Y NM
• Mfjmk cusjs = den 6 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk
pr`vbnj
pr` vbnjss ar`uen c`r tfj hrusf. Qfje Qfje e`t jej jejrabzj
rabzjn, n,
• M f j m k t f j ` p j r d t b ` e ` c t f j o b ct a d t j d ld r s w b t m f
tfj rjody m`eejmts mbrmubt C63 t` mbrmubt S33. Mbrmubt
S3 3 m ` e e j m t s t ` t f j p d r k s w b t m f b e t f j b e t j r g b t t j e t O@Q QD]FJX COZBN OJSJO ]JE]@X
wbpjr g`t`r den tfj HMG.
Qf je je t f j s w b t mf
mf b e t f j o `w `w w d s f j r c ou ou bn
b n s je
je s `r
`r
XJDX QBYJX/QD]FJX mo`sjs, bt m`eejmts mbrmubt A82 cr`g tfj Sjfbmoj Bec`r-
^f j r j d r w b pj
pj r d e n w d s f j r s y s t jg
jg u s js
js d s w b t mf
mf g d t b ` e M j e t jr
jr (SB M ) t ` a r `u `u e n `e mb r mu mu b t \8 \8.. ^f j
dssjghoy o`mdtjn be tfj rbaft swbtmf p`n. SB M nb s p o d y s t f j o ` w w d s f j r c o u b n g j s s d a j .
Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs be tfj DMMJ]]@XR `r
XZE p`p`sbtb`
sbtb`e,
e, bt m` m`eejm
eejmts
ts mbmbrmub
rmubtt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be ]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e Mjetjr (YNM) t` mbrmubt D=4.
Mbrmubt D=4 p`wjrs mbrmubt S8= tfr`uaf cusj = be tfj QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
luemtb`e ho`
luemtb`e ho`mmk. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt S8
S8= = supp
suppobj
objss p`
p`wjr
wjr c` c`rr tfj ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
rjdr wbpjr/wd sf swbtmf. tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
Mbrmubt D8:9 cr`g cusj 44 be tfj YNM p`wjrs mbr- y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
mubtt C19 tfr`uaf cusj 6 be tfj luemtb`
mub uemtb`e e ho`
ho`mmk. M brm
brmubt
ubt 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
C 19
19 p `w
`w j r s t f j r jd
jd r w b pj
pj r g `t
`t `r
` r d e n t f j m`e t r `o
`o
g`nuoj o`mdtjn betjredo t` tfj g`t`r dssjghoy. t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
AJEJXDO BEC@XGD^B@E M br
b r mu
mu bt
bt 2> b s c jnjn p `w j r t f r `u `u afa f t f j e `r `r g d oo
oo y
M O @ ]J N s b nj ` c t f j s t ` p o d g p r j o d y hy m b r m u b t C1 9 .
BE^X@NZM^B@E M b r m u b t C1 9 b s F @ ^ d t d o o t b g j s d e n p r ` t j m t j n hy d
^w ` t r d b o jr
jr t ` w p d mkmk d a j s d r j d v d b o d hoj
hoj ; d c d m t `r
`r y mb rm
r mu bt
bt h rjr j d k jr
jr o `m
`md t j n b e t f j r ba
b a ft
f t r jd
jd r q u d r t jr
jr
b e st
st d o o jn
jn p d mkmk d a j d e n d p d mkmk d a j w b t f d c t j r-
r-g d r k jt
jt pdejo.
pr`vbsb`es. ^fbs sjmtb`e pr`vbnjs sjpdrdtj wbrbea nbd-
OJC^ ^ZXE XJODR
a r d g s c` c`rr j d mf
mf .
Y`wjr c`r tfj m`bo sbnj `c tfj ojct ture rjody bs sup-
pobjn hy mbrm mbrmubtubt O34
O34.. ^fbs
^fbs mbrm
mbrmubt
ubt m`
m`eejmts
eejmts t` t fj ojct
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E sbnj ture sbaedo odgps. Ar`uen c`r tfj m`bo sbnj `c tfj
rjody bs suppobjn `e mbrmubt \4.
^XDBOJX ^@Q„ CDM^@XR BE]^DOOJN Q f j e t f j ` p j r d t ` r t u r e s t f j o j ct t u r e s b a e d o @ E,
^f j c d mt mt `r
`r y b e st
st d o o jn
jn t r d b o jr
jr t `w`w s y stst j g b e t f b s p`wjr co`ws tfr`uaf tfj m`bo be tfj rjody t` ar`uen
vjfbmoj usjs tfrjj rjodys den d mbrmubt hrjdkjr do`ea mdusbea tfj m`etdmts be tfj rjody t` swbtmf cr`g tfj
wbtf tfj trdbojr t`w wbrbea m`eejmt`r. e`rgdooy M O@]J N p` p`sbtb`
sbtb`e
e t` m`eejm
m`eejmtt mbrm brmubts
ubts 2> den
M b r mu
mu b t D8:9 cr `g `g cu sj sj 44 b e t f j Y ` w j r Nb s t r b hu hu - O34.
tb`e Mjetjr (YNM) p`wjrs mbrmubt C19 tfr`uaf cusj 6 M b r mumu bt
b t 2> b s t f j c jj jjn c `r
`r t f j m`e t d m t s bn
b n j `c t f j
b e t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m
`mk . M b r mu mu b t C1 9 s u p po po b js
js hd t t j r y r jo
jo d y.
y. M b r mu mu bt
b t O 34
34 m`e e jm jmt s c r `g
`g t f j r jojo d y t ` t f j
v `o
`o t d a j c `r
` r t f j t r d b o jr
jr t `w`w mb r mu mu b t h r jd
jd k j r d e n t f j tr d bojr t`w m`eejmt`r.
m`eejmt`r.
m`e t d m t s b njnj ` c t f j s t ` p o d g p r j od od y M brb r mu
mu bt
bt 2> b s c jn jn p `w j r t f r `u`u af
a f t f j e `r `r g d oo
oo y
^f j t r d bo b o jr
jr t `w
`w mb rm rmu bt
bt h rjr jd k jr
jr b s t d p jn jn t ` t f j M O @ ]J N s b nj ` c t f j s t ` p o d g p r j o d y hy m b r m u b t C1 9 .
t r d b o jr
jr t `w
`w f d r e jsjs s o `m` md t j n b e t f j o j ctct r jd
jd r q u d r t j r M b r m u b t C1 9 b s F @ ^ d t d o o t b g j s d e n p r ` t j m t j n hy d
pdejo. mb rm
r mu btbt h rjr j d k jr
jr o `m
`md t j n b e t f j r ba
b a ft
f t r jd
jd r q u d r t jr
jr
pdejo.
]^@Y ODGY XJODR
Y ` w jr
jr c `r
`r t f j m`b o s b n j `c
` c t f j s t `p
`p o d g p r j od
od y b s FJOYCZO BEC@XGD
BEC@XGD^B@E
^B@E
suppobj
supp objn
n hy mb mbrmub
rmubtt O:9
O:9.. ^fbs mb mbrmub
rmubtt m`eej
`eejmmts t` tfj • M f j m k c u s j 4 4 b e t f j Y NM
s t `p
`p o d g p s . A r `u
`u e n c`
c`rr t f j m`b o s b nj b s s u pp
pp ob
ob jn
jn `e • Mfjmk cusj 6 be tfj luemtb`e ho`mk
\L 6 Q - 3 9 Y@Q JX Q B E N @Q ] 6Q - 39 - 4
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
6Q - 39 - 8 6 Q - 3 9 Y@Q JX Q B E N @Q ] \L
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E
@YJXD^B@E (M`etbeujn)
C`r wben`w ZY `pjrdtb`e tfj mbrmubts drj rjvjrsjn. poy p`wjr t` tfj rbaft rjdr wben`w swbtmf `e mbrmubts
^f j NNG p `w
`w j r s mb r mu
mu b t T 41
41 d e n a r `u
`u e ns mb r mu
mu b t T46 den T86. Dos`, tfj YNG n`js e`t boougbedtj tfj
T81. O J N b e t f j s w b t mf
mf .
B c t f j w b e n`w
n`w b s ` pj pj r d t j n c r ` g NX B SJ X ‒] ‒] s w b t mf
mf
XBAF^ XJDX QBEN@Q c`rr w b e n`w
c` n`w N@ QE QE `p jr jr d t b ` e , t f j NNG s b ae ae d o s t f j
Mbrmubts T46 den T86 m`eejmt tfj Ydssjeajr‒s N``r Y NG ` v j r t f j M M N H u s . B e r j s p ` e s j , t f j Y NG p ` w -
G `n
`n uo
u o j (Y N G ) t ` t f j r ba b a ft
f t r jd
jd r w b en
e n `w
`w s w btb t mf
mf . jrs mbrmubt T86 den ar`uens mbrmubt T46. Cr`g mbrmubt
Qfje tfj `pjrdt`r fds e`t sjojmtjn tfj wben`w o`mk- T 86
86, mu r r jeje t p d s s js
js t f r ` uaua f t f j mo `s `s jn
j n m `e t d m t s b e
`ut cjdturj, tfj YNG m`eejmts mbrmubts T46 den T86 t f j r b a f t r j d r w b e n`w
n`w s w b t mf mf t ` m b r mu
mu b t T 88
88. M b r mu
mu b t
t ` hd t t j r y v `o
`o t d a j . T88
T8 8 p`wjrs
p`wjrs tfj wben`w g`t` g`t`r. r. ^fj
^fj ar`uen pdtf c` c`rr
B c t f j w b e n`
n`w b s ` pjpj rd
rd t j n c r `g
`g r b af
af t r jd
jd r s w b t mf
mf tfj g`t`r bs `e mbrmubt T48 cr`g tfj g`t`r, tfr`uaf
c`r wben`w N@QE `pjrdtb`e, tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbr- tfj mo`sjn m`etdmts be tfj rbaft rjdr wben`w swbtmf t`
mubt T48 cr`g tfj p`wjr wben`w g`t`r t` ar`uen `e tfj YNG `e mbrmubt T46.
mbrmubt \4. ^fj rbaft rjdr wben`w swbtmf m`eejmts mbr- C`r wben`w ZY `pjrdtb`e tfj mbrmubts drj rjvjrsjn.
mubt T86 t` mbrmubt T88. Mbrmubt T88 p`wjrs tfj wbe- Dc t jr
jr t f j N N G s ba ba e d os
o s t f j Y N G `e t f j M M N H u s ,
n`w g`t`r. Mbrmubts T48 den \4 pr`vbnj ar`uen. t f j Y N G p `w `w j r s mb r mumu bt
b t T 46 46 d e n a r `u `u e n s mb rm
r mu bt
bt
C`r wben`w ZY `pjrdtb`e tfj mbrmubts drj rjvjrsjn. T86.
^f j r ba b a ft
f t r jd
jd r w b e n`
n`w s w bt bt mf
mf m`e e jmjmt s T 8888 t `
ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4. Mbrmubt T46 cr`g tfj YNG p`w-
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
j
r braf
asf tm b rrmu
mjd
judbrt w
Tb48
4e8n `w
`tw
f r `s ua
u
wabft mf
mft .f jM bmromu
m`s
`usbt
bjn
jtn Tm48
4`8e t dpm`w
`tw
s jbres tt f
f jj
wben`w g`t`r. Mbrmubts T88 den \4 pr`vbnj ar`uen. QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
^f j r b a f t r jd jd r w b e n `w `w s w b t mf mf m`e t d b e s d O b af af t ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
J g b t t bebe a N b `n `n j (O J N ). ). ^f j Y N G b oo oo ug
ug be be d t j s t f j tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
OJN `e mbrmubt J89. y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
B c t f j `p jr jr d t ` r f d s s jo jo jm
jmt j n t f j w b e n`w n`w o `m `mk -`
-`u t 6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
cj d t u r j , t f j Nr b v j r ‒s N` ` r G ` nu o j s b a e d o s t f j Y NG t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
` e t f j M M N hu s . B e r j s p ` e s j , t f j Y NG w b o o e ` t s u p -
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E mbrmubt Y=3. ^fj NNG dos` m`eejmts mbrmubt Y=> cr`g
t f j g `t `t ` r t ` a r ` u e n.
n.
BE^X@NZM^B@E Qf je je t f j N N G r jm jmj bv
bv js
js t f j Z E O @ M K s ba ba e d o , b t
^fj Nrbvjrs N``r G`nuoj (NNG) p`wjrs tfj nrbv- p`wjrs mbrmubt Y=> den ar`uens mbrmubt Y=3.
j r s n`
n`` `r o `m `mk g `t `t ` r.
r. ^f j Y d s s je je a jr
jr s N` `r
`r G `nu`nu o j Dct j r r j mjmj bv
bv be
be a d O @ M K s b ae ae d o , t f j Y N G s u pppp obob js
js
(YNG) p`wjrs tfj pdssjeajr, h`tf rjdr n``ro`mk den hd t t j r y v `o`o t d a j t ` t f j r b a f t cr `e
`e t n` n```r o `m
`mk g `t `t ` r,r,
t f j o bc
bc t a d t j o `m
`mk g `t `t `r
`r s . ^f
^f j N N G d e n Y N G j d mf mf rjdr n``r o`mk g`t`rs den obctadtj o`mk g`t`rs `e mbr-
m`etdbe d n``r o`mk swbtmf. Qfje `ej `c tfj swbtmfjs mubt Y8. ^fj YNG dos` m`eejmts mbrmubt Y=> cr`g tfj
bs dmtbvdtjn, d sbaedo bs sjet `e tfj MMN Hus t` tfj g`t`r t` ar`uen.
`t f jr
jr n `` ``r g `n `n uo
u o j (Y N G `r N N G n jp jp je
je n be
b e a `e Qf je je t f j N N G r jm jmj bv
bv js
js t f j Z E O @ M K s ba ba e d o , b t
w f b mf
mf s w b t mfmf d m t b vd
vd t j n) t ` j bt
bt f j r O @ M K `r Z EO @ M K p`wjrs mbrmubt Y=> den ar`uens mbrmubt Y8.
tfj o`o`mk
mk g`t`rs.
g`t`rs. ^fj ^fj Xjg`tj Kjyojss Kjyojss J etry trd esgbt-
t j r m d e d o s ` O @M @ M K `r Z E O @ M K t f j n ` `r `r o `m
`mk d e n XJG@^J KJROJ]] JE^XR
obctadtj o`mk g`t`rs. ^fj YNG m`etdbes tfj rdnb` crj- ^f j X jg jg `t
`t j K jyjy oj
o j s s J e t r y (X K J ) t r d e sg s g bt
bt t jr
jr
q u j e my
my r j mj mj bv
bv jr
jr t f d t r j mjmj bv
bv js
js t f j X KJ t r d e s g b t t j r s je
je n s t f r jj
jj u e bq
bq u j s bab a e d o s t ` t f j r d n b ` c r jq
jq u je
je mymy
sbaedos. r j mj
mj bv
bv jr
jr b e Y d s s je
je a jr
jr s N` `r `r G `nu
`nu o j (Y NG )< )< O @ M K,
\L 6 Q - 3 8 Y@Q JX G B X X @X] 6Q - 38 - 4
\L 6 Q - 3 = Y@Q JX ]JD^ 6Q - 3= - 4
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E Ar`uen bs pr`vbnjn `e mbrmubt Y41 mbrmubt hdmk t` tfj
swbtmf. D hus hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbr-
BE^X@NZM^B@E mubt Y41 t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
H`tf cr`et p`wjr sjdts `e tfbs vjfbmoj fdvj sjpd- C`r F@XB \@E^ \@E^D DO XJDXQDXN cuemtb`e tfj mbr-
rdtj g`t`rs c`r dnlustbea oughdr, cr`et, rjdr, f`rbz`e- mubts drj rjvjrsjn. Y41 bs tfj cjjn, den Y4: bs tfj
tdo den vjrtbmdo p`sbtb`e. Dos`, tfj vjfbmoj gdy fdvj ar`uen.
Qfje tfj `p `pjrdt`r
jrdt`r sjo sjojm
jmts
ts tfj XJDX SJX^BMDOSJX^BMDO
`ptb`edo fjdtjn sjdts. Z Y cu e mt mt b `e
`e , t f j s w b t mf
mf p d s s js
js p `w
`w j r c r `g
`g mb r mumu b t
] `g
` g j g `n`n jo
jo s w b t f X jgjg `t`t j K j yoyo js
js s J e t r y (X K J )
fdvj d gjg`ry cjdturj tfdt doo`ws tfj XKJ trdes- C=: t` mbrmubt Y44. Mbrmubt Y44 m`eejmts t` tfj g`t`r.
g b t t j r t ` g ` v j t f j nr b v j r s s j d t d e n ` u t s b nj g b r r ` r s Ar`uen bs pr`vbnjn `e mbrmubt Y4= hdmk t` tfj swbtmf.
t` sdvjn p`sbtb`es. ^fj gjg`ry cjdturj dos` mde sjt D hus hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbrmubt Y4=
t f j r d nb ` p u s f hu t t ` e s t ` p r js
js jt
jt s t d t b ` e s.
s. t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
C`r XJDX SJX^BMDO N@QE cuemtb`e tfj mbrmubts
Y@QJX ]JD^] d r j r j vj
vj r sj
sj n. Y 4 = b s t f j c jj
jj n, d e n Y 4 4 bs
bs t f j a r ` u e n.
H ` t f p `w
`w j r s j d t s y s t jg
jg d r j p r ` t jm
jmt j n hy d 89 d g p Qfje tfj `p `pjrdt`r
jrdt`r sjo
sjojmjmts
ts tfj CX@E^ SJX^ SJX^BMDO BMDO
mb r mu
mu b t hr jd
jd k j r o `m
`md t j n b e md v b t y = `c t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e Z Y cu e mt mt b `e
`e , t f j s w b t mf
mf p d s s js
js p `w
`w j r c r `g
`g mb r mumu b t
ho`mk. Mbrmubt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e C=: t` mbrmubt Y42. Mbrmubt Y42 m`eejmts t` tfj g`t`r.
Mjetjr (YNM) p`wjrs mbrmubt C=: tfr`uaf tfj mbrmubt Ar`uen bs pr`vbnjn `e mbrmubt Y84 hdmk t` tfj swbtmf.
hrjdkjr. D hus hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbrmubt Y84
B e h `t`t f p `w
`w j r s jdjd t s , mb r mu
mu bt
b t C =:
=: c jjjj ns
ns t f j s jd jd t t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
p `s
`s bt
bt b `e
`e s w b t mf
mf d e n o ug ug h d r d n lu
lu s t gj
g j et
e t s w b t mf
mf . D C`r CX@E^ SJX^ SJX^BMDOBMDO N@Q N@QE E cuem
cuemtb`e
tb`e tfj mb mbr-
r-
HZ] hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmfjs cjjns doo tfj m`e- mubts drj rjvjrsjn. Y84 bs tfj cjjn, den Y42 bs tfj
td mts. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt \4 pr`v
pr`vbnjs
bnjs ar`uen c`r jdmf p`wjr sjdt . ar`uen.
Q f j e t f j ` p j r d t ` r s j o j m t s t f j X J M O B EJ Z Y c u e m -
OZGHDX DNLZ]^GJE^ tb`e, tfj swbtmf pdssjs p`wjr cr`g mbrmubt C=: t` tfj
Oughdr p`sbtb`e bs dnlustdhoj `e h`tf p`wjr sjdts. Y >=
> = mb rm
r mu bt
bt . M br
b r mu
mu bt
bt Y > = m`e e jm jmt s t ` t f j g `t `t `r
`r .
M b r mu
mu b t C =: cjj
cjj ns t f j o j c t d e n r b a f t o u g hd r d nlu st
st - Ar`uen bs pr`vbnjn `e mbrmubt Y>4 hdmk t` tfj swbtmf.
g je
je t s w b t mf
mf . B n je
je t b md
md o mb r mu
mu bt
b t s c r `g
`g jd m f s w b t mf
mf D hus hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbrmubt Y>4
p ` w j r ` r a r ` u e n t f j o u g hd r g ` t ` r t ` d nlu s t o u g hd r t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
p`sbtb`e. C `r
`r X J M O B E J N @ QE QE c ue ue mt
mt b `e
`e t f j mb r mu
mu bt
bt s d r j
@e jbtfjr p` p`wjr
wjr sjdt, nurbea OZ GHDX C@XQD C@XQDXN r j v j r s j n. Y > 4 b s t f j cj j n, d e n Y > = b s t f j a r ` u e n.
dnlustgjets, tfj oughdr swbtmf m`eejmts mbrmubt C=:
t` mbrmubt
mbrmubt Y 493 93.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt Y 49
4933 cjjns
cjjns tfj oughdr g`t` g`t`r. r. YD]]JEAJX‒] ]JD
]JD^
^
^fj ar`uen pdtf bs suppobjn `e mbrmubt Y491 cr`g tfj Qfje t fj `pjrdt `r sjojmts
sjojmts tf j F@X B\@E^
B\@E^D DO C @X-
g`t`rr tfr`uaf tfj mo
g`t` mo`s
`sjn
jn m`etd
m`etd mts be swbtmf t` mbrmubt mbrmubt QDXN cuemtb`e, tf j sw btmf pd ssjs p`wjr cr`g mbrmubt
\4. C=: t` mbrmubt Y4>. Mbrmubt Y4> m`eejmts t` tfj g`t`r.
C` r O Z G H DX DC^ d nlu st st g j e t s , t f j mb r mu
mu b t s d r j Ar`uen bs pr`vbnjn `e mbrmubt Y43 mbrmubt hdmk t` tfj
r j vj
vj r sj
sj n. Y o 91
91 p ` w jr
jr s t f j g `t
`t ` r d e n mb r mumu b t Y 4 93
93 swbtmf. D hus hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbr-
pr`vbnjs ar`uen. mubt Y43 t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4.
C`r F@XB \@E^ \@E^D DO XJDXQDXN cuemtb`e tf j mbr-
NXBSJX‒] ]JD^ mubts drj rjvjrsjn. Y43 bs tfj cjjn, den Y4> bs tfj
Qfje t fj `pjrdt `r sjojmts
sjojmts tfj F@XB \@E^
\@E^D DO C @X- ar`uen.
QDXN cuemtb`e, tf j sw btmf pd ssjs p`wjr cr`g mbrmubt Qfje tfj `p `pjrdt`r
jrdt`r sjo sjojm
jmts
ts tfj XJDX SJX^BMDO
SJX^BMDO
C=: t` mbrmubt Y4:. Mbrmubt Y4: m`eejmts t` tfj g`t`r. Z Y cu e mt
mt b `e
`e , t f j s w b t mf
mf p d s s js
js p `w
`w j r c r `g
`g mb r mu
mu b t
6Q - 3= - 8 6 Q - 3 = Y@Q JX ]JD^ \L
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E
@YJXD^B@E (M`etbeujn)
d r jC`r vXJDX
r j vj sj n. SJX^BMDO
j r sj Y 4 8 b s t f j cN@QE
jj n, d e ncuemtb`e
jj Y 4 9 b s ttfj
f j ambrmubts
r `u
`u e n. t ` •t f Yj4s4j2d ,t Yg4`8t 4
` r-s <]j d t c r ` e t u p d e n n` w e
Qfje tfj `p `pjrdt`r
jrdt`r sjo sjojm
jmts
ts tfj CX@E^ SJX^ SJX^BMDO BMDO • Y444, Y44= - Xjdr up den n`we
Z Y c u e mt mt b `e
`e , t f j s w b t mf
mf p d s s jsjs p `w
`w j r c r `g
`g mb r mu
mu b t • Y 4 4 : , Y 4 4 1 - ]j d t c` r w d r n d e n r j d r w d r n
C=: t` mbrmubt Y46. Mbrmubt Y46 m`eejmts t` tfj g`t`r. • Y>4, Y>= - Xjmobejr c`rwdrn den rjdrwdrn
D hus hdr betjredo t` tfj swbtmf m`eejmts mbrmubt Y>8 Y>1 pr`vbnjs tfj beput cr`g tfj rjmobej g`t`r sjes`r.
t` ar`uen `e mbrmubt \4. Mbrmubt Y49= sjens tfj oughdr g`t`r sjes`r beput.
C `r
`r X J M O B E J N @ QE QE c u em e mt b `e
`e t f j mb r mu
mu bt
bt s d r j Mbrmubt Y81 pr`vbnjs tfj beput cr`g tfj rjdr rbsjr
r j v j r s j n. Y > 8 b s t f j c j j n, d e n Y > > b s t f j a r ` u e n. g `t`t ` r s j e s `r
`r t ` t f j G ]G . M b r mu mu b t Y 8 3 p r `v
`v b nj
nj s t f j
beput cr`g tfj cr`et rbsjr g`t`r sjes`r. Mbrmubt Y82
GJG@XR ]JD^] c r `g
`g t f j G ]G p `w `w j r s t f j r b s jr
jr g `t`t ` r s je
je s `r
`r s . ^f j
Mbrmubt D1 cr`g cusj 4: be tfj Y`wjr Nbstrbhutb`e G]G pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj rbsjr g`t`r sjes`rs `e
Mjetjr (YNM) p`wjrs mbrmubt C=: tfr`uaf tfj mbrmubt mbrmubt Y86.
hrjdkjr be mdvbty = `c tfj luemtb`e ho`mk. Mbrmubt C=:
GJG@XR ]QB^MF
p`wjrs tfj Gjg`ry ]jdt G`nuoj (G]G). Mbrmubt \4
pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj G]G. ^f j g j g `r `r y s w b t mf
mf b s u s jn
jn c`c`rr p r `a
`a r d g g b e a t f j
Qfje tfj `pjrdt`r g`vjs tfj p`wjr sjdt swbtmf `r nj sb
sb r jn
jn s jd
jd t p `s
`s b t b`
b`e s b e t ` t f j G ]G g j g` g`r y.
y. ^f j
t f j o u g hd r d nlu st st g j e t s w b t mf
mf , m `e
`e t d mt s b e t f j s w b t mf
mf gjg`ry swbtmf dos` pr`ardgs p`wjr gbrr`r p`sbtb`e
MO@]J m`eejmtbea tfj swbtmf t` tfj G]G. ^fj G]G bet` tfj Nrbvjrs N``r G`nuoj (NNG) den tfj Ydssje-
r jm
jmj bvbv js
js t f b s b e pu pu t d e n `p jr jr d t j s t f j p r` r `p jr
jr s jd jd t a j r s N` ` r G ` nu o j (Y NG ), d e n p r j s j t s r d nb ` s t d t b ` e
g`t`r. sjojmtb`es.
^f j nr b v j rs rs g j g `r`r y s jd
jd t s y s t jg
jg md e hj d mt b v d t j n Mbrmubt Y88 cr`g NNG suppobjs p`wjr t` tfj tfrjj
hy jbtfjr `ej `c tfj gjg`ry swbtmfjs `e tfj ojct n``r sjts `c swbtmfjs be tfj gjg`ry swbtmf; sjt, gjg`ry
p d e j o ` r t f r ` u a f t f j X j g `t `t j Kj y oj oj ss
ss J e t r y (X KJ ) 4, d e n g j g `r `r y 8. ^f j t f r j j s w b t mfmf s jtjt s d r j w b r j n b e
t r d e s g bt
bt t j r.
r. B c `e j `c t f j g jg jg `r`r y s w b t mf
mf js
j s `e t f j p d r d o o jo
jo d e n j d mf
mf m`e t d b e s d s jp jp d r d t j r j s b st
st ` r.
r. ^f j
n ``
``r p d ej e j o b s p u sf s f jn
jn , t f j N r bv b v jr
jr s N ````r G `n `n uo
uo j v`otdaj ojvjo prjsjet `e mbrmubt Y88 njpjens `e wfbmf
(N N G)G ) s ba b a ed
e d o s t f j G ] G `e t f j M M N h us us . B c t f j g jg
jg `r `r y s w b t mf
mf b s d m t bv
bv d t j n.
n. M b r mu mu bt
b t \4 c r `g `g t f j
g j g ` r y cu e m t b ` e b s d m t b v d t j n hy t f j X KJ t r d e s g b t - NNG pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj swbtmfjs.
t j r,
r, t f j Y d s s je je a jr
jr N` `r `r G `nu `nu o j (Y(Y N G ) s ba ba e d o s t f j D c t j r d g j g ` r y s w b t m f d m t b v d t j s , t f j NNG hr ` d n-
G]G `e tfj MMN hus. m d s t s t f j d p p r ` p r b d t j s b a e d o ` e M M N hu s . ^ f j G ]G
^fj c`oo`wbea
c`oo`wbea bs d obst `c t fj mbrm mbrmubts
ubts tfd t m`
m`eejm
eejmtt dnlusts sjdt p`sbtb`e be rjsp`esj t` tfj sbaedo.
c r `g
`g t f j p `w
`w j r s j d t s w b t mf
mf t ` t f j G ] G d e n t f jb
jb r M b r m u b t G 4 c r ` g t f j NNG p ` w j r s t f j a r j j e O b a f t
cuemtb`es< Jgbttbea Nb`njs (OJN) be tfj sjt swbtmf. Mbrmubt A>2
• Y>9 - Xjmobejr up
p`wjrs tfj rjn OJN be tfj sjt swbtmf. Mbrmubt \4 pr`-
•
v b nj
nj s a r ` ueue n c `r
`r t f j O J Ns .
•
Y>6
Y 4 2 -- Xjmobejr
Cr ` e t u p n`we
• Y 8 4 - Cr ` e t n` w e
FJD^JN ]JD^]
• Y44 - Xjdr up
]j pd
pd r d t j m`e t r ` o g ` nuo
nuo js
js `p jr
jr d t j t f j nr b vj vj r d e n
• Y 4 = - X j d r n` w e
pdssjeajr fjdtjn sjdts. Mbrmubt C=: cr`g tfj mbrmubt
• Y 4 : - ]j d t c ` r w d r n
hr jd
jd k j r b e md v b t y = `c t f j lu e mt mt b `e
`e ho `m `mk s u pp pp ob
ob js
js
• Y 4 1 - ] jd
jd t r jd
jd r w d r n p `w
`w j r t ` h`h`tt f f j d t j n s jd
jd t m`e t r ` o g ` nu oj oj s.
s. M b r mu
mu b t
• Y 4 9 > ” o u g hd r r j d r w d r n
D1 c r `g
`g c us us j 4: b e t f j Y ` w jr jr N b st s t r b hu
hu t b`
b `e M j etet j r
(YNM) p`wjrs mbrmubt C=: tfr`uaf tfj mbrmubt hrjdkjr.
\L 6 Q - 3 = Y@Q JX ]JD^ 6Q - 3= - =
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E
@YJXD^B@E (M`etbeujn)
Qfje tfj baebtb`e swbtmf bs be tfj XZE p`sbtb`e, bt fjdtjr arbns be tfj sjdt. Cr`g jbtfjr m`etr`o g`nuoj,
m`eejmts mbrmubt D4 cr`g cusj 6 be tfj YNM t` mbrmubt mbrmubt Y61 p`wjrs tfj arbn be tfj nrbvjrs sjdt musf-
D88. Mbrmubt D88 p`wjrs mbrmubt C14 tfr`uaf cusj 48 b `e
`e M u r r j e t co `w
`w s `u t `c t f j s jdjd t mu s f b `e`e `e mb r mu
mu b t
be tfj lu
luemtb`
emtb`e
e ho`
ho`mk
mk.. Mbrmub
Mbrmubtt C14 spobmj
spobmjss t` supp
suppoy
oy Y 6 6 t ` t f j a r b n `e t f j s j d t hd m k.
k. M b r m ub
ub t \4 cr
cr `g
`g t f j
p
sw`wb tjr
jmf
mrf js
jst ` d et nf jp r`
rn`rb
rvbbn
bvnjr
jjs
jrs dd e e n b eppu
pdust sj
sjt e` aj
atjfr j ffjd
jjd
jddttjn
jjnn ss jdj
jdd tt
jd arbn
J d mbef tfj jdsjdt
f jd t j n hdmk
jd t suppobjs
s jd m`e t r `o
`o g ar`uen.
`n u oj
`n oj g `e
`e b t `r
`r s s jdjd t
m`etr`o
m` etr`o g `nuo `nuojs. js. Mbrmubt \4 pr`vbnj pr`vbnjss ar` ar`uenuen c` c`rr tfj t jg
jg pj
pj r d t u rj
r j t f r `u
`u af
af d t f jr jr g bs
bs t `r
`r b e jd mfm f s jd jd t .
m`etr`o g`nuojs den h`tf fjdtjn sjdt swbtmfjs. Qf je je s jd jd t t j gpg p jr
jr d t u r j r jd
jd m fj
f j s t f j t j gp
gp jrjr d t u r j
H ` t f f jd jd t j n s jd jd t s w b t mf mf js
js f d v j t f r jj jj p `s `s bt
bt b `e
`e s ; s jo
jo jm
jmt j n h y t f j `p jr jr d t ` r t f r `u
`u a f t f j f jd
jd t j n s jd jd t
@ CC, O @ Q ` r F B AF . M b r m u b t Y 1 s j e ns t f j nr b v j r s ‒s swbtmf, tfj m`etr`o g`nuoj st`ps suppoybea v`otdaj t`
f j d t j n s j d t s w b t m f s b a e d o t ` t f j nr b v j r s f j d t j n s j d t tfj fjdt jn sjdt arbns. ^` gdbetd be sjojm sjojmtjn sjdt tjg-
m`e t r `o`o g `n `n u oj oj . M b r mu mu bt
b t Y 6 s je je n s t f j p d s sj sj ea
e a jr
jr pjrdturj, tfj m`etr`o g`nuoj mymojs tfj arbn @E den
f jd
jd t j n s jd jd t s w b t mf mf s ba ba e d o t ` t f j p d s sj sj ea
ea jr
jr f jd jd t j n @CC.
s jd
jd t m`e t r `o `o g `n `n u oj oj . B e t f j O @ Q d e n F B A F p `s `s b-
b-
tb`es, tfj nrbvjrs fjdtjn sjdt swbtmf m`eejmts hdttjry
v `o
`o t d a j `e mb r mu mu b t C1 4 t ` mb r mu mu b t Y 1 (nr b vj vj r ‒s
‒s ) ` r Y 6
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
(p d s s je
je a jr
jr ).
). ^f j O @ Q d e n F B A F p `s `s b t b`
b`e nj t je je t j s
fdvj d rjsbst`r be sjrbjs hjtwjje tfj njtjetj den mbr-
QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
mu bt
b t Y 1 `r Y 6 . B e t j r e d o t ` t f j s w b t mf mf , v `o`o t d a j c r `g`g ^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
cjjns tfj p`
cjjns p`wjr
wjr suer``
suer``cc m`etr`o
m`etr`o g`nuoj de n swbtmf. v`otdaj bs sfut `cc t` tfj g`t`r.
Mbrmubt \4 pr`vbnjs ar`uen c`r tfj suer``c systjg.
Qfje t fj `pjrd `pjrd t`r sjojmts
sjojmts tfj @YJ E cuem cuemtb`e,
tb`e, v`ot-
v`ot-
]MFJGD^BM] DEN NBDAXDG]
daj bs pr`vbnjn `e mbrmubt C63 tfr`uaf tfj mo`sjn m`e-
t d mt
m t s b e t f j s w bt bt mf
mf t ` mb rm r mu bt
bt T >4 >4. M brb r mu
mu bt
bt T >4 >4
QBXBEA NBDAXDG BENJV
m`eejmts hjtwjje tfj swbtmf den tfj m`etr`o g`nuoj.
^fj c`oo`wbea benjx m`vjrs doo m`gp`ejets c`uen be
^f j m`e t r ` o g ` nuo nuo j t f j e d m t b vdvd t j s t f j g `t `t ` r d e n
tfbs sjmtb`e `c tfj wbrbea nbdardgs. Bc tfj m`gp`ejet
g`vjs
g`v js tfj suer``
suer``cc t` tfj njsb njsbrjn
rjn p`p`sbtb`
sbtb`e.
e. D p`sbtb`
p`sbtb`e e
y`u drj o``kbea c`r bs e`t c`uen fjrj, rjcjr t` sjmtb`e
s je
je s `r`r b s u s jn
jn t ` p rj r j vj
vj et
e t t f j s u erer ``
``c c r `g
`g h jb jb e a
6Q-98 c`r d m`gpojtj obst `c doo m`gp`ejets sf`we be
g ` v j n t ` c d r b e d e y ` e j nb r j m t b ` e . Q f j e t f j s j e s ` r
t f j w b r b e a nb d a r d g s .
nj t j m t s t f j r ` ` c b s d t t f j j e n ` c b t s t r d v j o b t s j e ns d
sbaedo t` tfj m`etr`o g`nuoj den v`otdaj bs sfut `cc t`
tfj g`t`g`t`r. r.
BENJV
pdaj pdaj
NJ]MXBY^B@E DEN @YJXD^B@E Mbrmubt A1 suppobjs tfj vjfbmoj spjjn sjes`r t` tfj
]Y]MG.
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^fj spj
spjjn
jn pr`
pr`p`
p`rtb`ebea
rtb`ebea st jj
jjrbea
rbea systjg dut `gdtb- ]YJJN YX@Y@X^B@EDO ]^JJXBEA ]@OJE@BN
mdooy d nlus
nlusts
ts stjjrb
stjjrbea
ea jcc
jcc`rt
`rt hdsjn `e vjfb
vjfbmo
moj
j spjjn.
spjjn. ^f j s pj
pj jn
jn p r `p
`p `r
`r t b `e
`e d o s t j jr
jr b e a m`e t r ` o g `nu
`nu o j
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^fbs sjmtb`e bnjetbcbjs doo spobmjs be tfj wbrbea nbd-
ardgs. Bt dos` sf`ws tfj spobmjs be tfjbr jetbrjty. Doo
mb r mu
mu bt
b t s t f d t d r j p d r t `c t f j s p ob
ob mj
mj s d r j s f `w
`w e , d e n
t f j s y s t jg
jg s t f j y d c cj mtmt d r j r j cj
cj r je
je mj
mj n. C` r v b jw
jw b e a
tfj o`mdtb`e `c jdmf spobmj be tfj vjfbmoj, rjcjr t` ]jm-
t b`e 6Q6Q--2:.
\L 6 Q - 6 9 M@E E JM^@X YB E - @Z ^] 6Q - 69 - 4
BE^X@NZM^B@E
^fj pdajs rjcjrjemjn be tfbs sjmtb`e sf`w tfj m`e-
ejmt`r, tfj mbrmubts be tfj m`eejmt`r, den tfj pbe tfdt
mbrmub
mbrmubtt `m
`mmmupbj
upbjs.
s. Benbvbnudo m`
m`eejm
eejmt`r
t`r eughjrs dr j
rjcjrjem
rjcjrjemjn
jn `e nbdard g pdajs t fr`uaf`
fr`uaf`utut A r`up 6Q.
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\L 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] 6Q - 2: - 4
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
6Q - 2: - 8 6 Q - 2 : ] YOB MJ O@MD^B @E ] \L
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
\L 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] 6Q - 2: - =
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
s
j
m
b
o
p
]
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4
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a
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\L 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] 6Q - 2: - :
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
j
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>
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6Q - 2: - 3 6 Q - 2 : ] YOB MJ O@MD^B @E ] \L
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
j
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\L 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] 6Q - 2: - 1
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
s
j
m
b
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p
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Y
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>
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6Q - 2: - 6 6 Q - 2 : ] YOB MJ O@MD^B @E ] \L
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
\L 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] 6Q - 2: - 2
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
s
j
m
b
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p
]
a
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6Q - 2: - 49 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] \L
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
s
j
m
b
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p
]
a
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6
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\L 6 Q - 2 : ] YOB MJ O@MD^B @E ] 6Q - 2: - 44
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
6Q - 2: - 48 6 Q - 2 : ]Y OB MJ O@MD^B @E ] \L
]MFJGD
]MFJGD^BM]
^BM] DEN NBDAX
NBDAXDG]
DG] (M`et
(M`etbeujn)
beujn)
s
j
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]
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4
4
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