EXPERIMENT 7 AIM To find the refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror. APPARATUS A convex lens, a plane mirror, clean transparent liquid in a beaker, an optical needle, (a thick knitting needle passed through a rubber cork), an iron stand with base and clamp arrangement, plumb line, plane glass slab, a spherometer, half metre scale ete.ee COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS—xi THEORY If /, and f; be the focal length of glass convex lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of their combination then, 14,1 Seem Fon hi oo feet Liquid lens formed is a planoeconcave lens with R, = R (radius of curvature of convex lens surface), Ry = ©. From lens maker's formula We have, Putting value of f,, n can be calculated. DIAGRAM wea 4 Stand Glass convex lens. Y lens Plane mirror Fig. Focal length of glass convex lens and liquid lens combination.OBSERVATIONS 1. Rough focal length of convex lens 2. ‘Table for distance of needle tip from lens and mirror Distance of needle tip Arrangement From lens surface | From plane mirror] x,(em) x, (em) @ ue a @0) @ Without liquid tas sy 4.4 A lag With liquid pete aie Radius of curvature po-6 2 em: ‘CALCULATIONS ple eet) a h Fh 1 R. mene h, PRECAUTIONS 1. The liquid taken should be transparent. 2. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer is not thick. 3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip. 4 SOURCES OF ERROR CM 1, Liquid may not be quite transparent. att 0 2. The parallax may not be fully removed. 3OOALLENGTH OF SPHERICAL LENSES 159 (I a 3. The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only real, inverted image of itis formed. 4, Index correetion for u and v should be applied SOURCES OF ERROR 2 1. The uprights may not be the vertical. 2, Parallax removal may not be perfect. EXPERIMENT 4 AIM To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens. APPARATUS ‘An optical bench with four upright (two Gxed uprights in middle, two outer uprights with lateral movement), a convex lens (less focal length), a concave lens (more focal length), ‘wo lens holders, two optical needles (one thin, one thick), a knitting needle and a half metre scale AShort Description about the Arrangement [As a concave lens always forms a virtual image, its foal length can not be found directly as for a convex lens. For this purpose, indirect method is used, as described below. ‘An object needle O is placed on one side ofa convex lens L, and its real inverted image I is located (by image needle) on the other side as shown in ray diagram. ‘The eoneave lens Ly is placed between convex lens L, and image needle I The concave Jens diverges the rays and the image is now formed at I’as shown in ray diagram. For concave len, lis the virtual object and I'is the real image. Hence, Oj! =u and Oy’ =v Focal length ean be calculated, using lens formula ne r ORY From lens formula, where, f= focal length of concave lens L, we have, istance of I from optical centre of lens L., v= distance of I from optical eentre of lens L. (Note. Accorting to sign convention, and v have positive values (being measured in direction of incident light). Since o> u, uv is negative. Hence /comes negative.)154 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICg_, cH Fig. Focal length of a concave lens.OBSERVATIONS Loe Rough focal length of convex lens “Actual length of the knitting needle we Observed distance between the coneave lens and image wed Needle when knitting needle is placed between them it coal Index correction for w as well as v x= ‘ \ Table for u, v and f . gee | 52 196.5 oh f42e0 Z he 2 |24 | se joer seo a9 Wee he 3 Jot. | se] 98. | 23.6 | 840 | ae BS, aay 4)- CALCULATIONS Cae 1. Find difference of positions of L, and I and write it as observed u in column 3a. 2 Find difference of positions of L, and I’ and write it as observed v in column 3b. 3. Apply index correction and write corrected values of u and v in columns 4a and 4. be uw obs-2 4, Caleulate f= 77—;, and write in column 5. “A 5. Take mean of different values of fas recorded in column 5. Mean f= A+B +f RESULT ‘The focal length of the given concave lens =~... em.156 (COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHY Sicg_, nn eae eee canna | PRECAUTIONS, 1. Focal length ofthe convex lens should be less than the focal length of concave long yy that the combination is convex. 2.'The lenses must be clean. 3. Other precautions are same as given in Experiment 3 — VIVA VOCE ——— Q1. Define a spher ‘Ans. Read Art, 801 (a). Q.2 Describe different types of lenses. ‘Ans. Rend Art. 8.01 (b) Q.3. Describe different types of convex lenses. Ans, Read Art. 8.01 (0) Q.4. Describe different types of concave lenses. Read Art, 8.01 (d). 5, Define different terms associated with spherical lenses. 6. Read Art. 8.02 (1-7) Q.6. Mention three special rays. ‘Ans. Read Art. 8.03. Q.7. Define sign convention. Ans. Read Art. 8.04 (a). Q.8. Give rules of sign convention. Ans. Read Art. 8.04 (b) Q.9. Give facts obtained from sign convention. Ans. Read Art. 8.04 (c), Q-10. Define and give lens formula. is. Read Art. 8.05. Read Art. 8.06 tions in front of a convex lens. ‘Ans. Read Art. 807. Q. 13. Define power of a lens. Give its unit and sign. ‘Ans. Read Art. 8.08, Ans. Read Art 8.09. Q. 15. Define chromatic aberration. ‘Ans. Read Art. 8.10 (a) 11. Describe various assumptions made in derivation of lens formula, 12, Give position, nature and size of image when object is put in different posi- Q. 14, Define a lens combination. Give expression for its focal length and power.