HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

MINI PROJECT
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
submitted by

P.IBRAHIM
(21005A0401)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

JNTUA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ANANTHAPURAMU
ANDHRA PRADESH-INDIA
2021- 2022
 JNTU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ANANTHAPURAMU

ANDHRA PRADESH-INDIA
2021- 2022

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
a record of mini-project work done and
submitted by

P.IBRAHIM
(21005A0401)

for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapte Page
Description
r No. No.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What the oscillator
6-7
1.2 Need of oscillator
1.3 Feedback for oscillator 7-8
1.4 The condition’s for an oscillator 8
1.5 Need Hartley oscillator 8
2 PROJECT DETAILS
2.1 Hartley oscillator 9
2.2 Construction of Hartley oscillator 9
2.3 Working of Hartley oscillator 14-15
15
16
3 ADVANTAGES

4 APPLICATIONS 16

5 CONCLUSION 16

REFERENCE 16

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO. NO.

2.2.1 Block diagram of an oscillator 11

2.2.2 Feedback network 11

2.2.3 Hartley oscillator circuit diagram 12

2.2.4 Tank circuit for Hartley oscillator 13

2.2.5 Ac equivalent model for Hartley oscillator 13

2.2.6 The output waveform of the Hartley oscillator 14

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure in expressing deep sense of gratitude and veneration to our

guide DR K.RAMANAIDU professor in department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering We are greatly indebted to Dr.D.VISHNU VARDHAN
Head of Department for his valuable guidance. His advice, assistance and
patience are greatly appreciated .Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department for providing outstanding facilities for completion of project. We
also express our sincere thanks to principal of JNTUA College of engineering
Ananthapur Dr.P.SUJATHA, for her encouragement and for providing the
required computational facilities throughout the project. We would like to thank
all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Electronics and Communication
Engineering department for their excellent monitoring and their suggestions that
helped in successful completion of our socially relevant project. Above all, we
thank our parents and almighty, whose divine grace provided us the opportunity
to do Our project work according to our wish.+I8

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS THE OSCILLATOR?

The first practical oscillator was introduced in the 19th century, based on the
current through an arc light. An oscillator was built by ‘Elihu Thomson, in
1892 by placing an LC tuned circuit in parallel with an electric arc .

An oscillator is a circuit that produces a continuous, repeated alternating

Waveform without applied input signal, oscillator basically convert
unidirectional current flow from a DC source into an alternating waveform
which is the desired frequency and it is decided by its circuit components.
The oscillator is nothing but the amplifier circuit which is provided with
positive or regenerative feedback.
An oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device that works on the principle
of oscillations
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN OSCILLATOR

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1.3 NEED FOR AN OSCILLATOR

An oscillator is an essential component that produces a periodic

electronic signal. typically a sine wave oscillator covers DC signal
to periodic AC signal , the oscillator produces a stable signal for a
particular frequency with a fixed amplitude .

There are basically two types of oscillators i.e based on the

frequency generation and based on what type of circuit we used to
generate the signal the oscillator are stores energy between
inductor and capacitor like wise the circuit generate the continuous
sine waveform.

1.4FEEDBACK FOR OSCILLATOR

A feedback amplifier generally consists of two parts. They are the amplifier
and the feedback circuit. The feedback circuit usually consists of resistors.

The gain of the amplifier is represented as A. the gain of the amplifier is the
ratio of output voltage Vo to the input voltage Vi. the feedback network
extracts a voltage Vf = β Vo from the output Vo of the amplifier.

This voltage is added for positive feedback and subtracted for negative
feedback, from the signal voltage Vs. Now,

Vi=Vs−Vf=Vs−βVo

The quantity β = Vf/Vo is called as feedback ratio or feedback fraction.

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Let us consider the case of negative feedback. The output Vo must be equal
to the input voltage (Vs - βVo) multiplied by the gain A of the amplifier.

Let Af be the overall gain (gain with the feedback) of the amplifier. This is
defined as the ratio of output voltage Vo to the applied signal voltage V

The equation of gain of the feedback amplifier, with positive feedback is

given by

Af=A1−Aβ

These are the standard equations to calculate the gain of feedback

amplifiers.

1.5 CONDITIONS FOR AN OSCILLATOR

Conditions for Oscillation: (Barkhausen Criterion)

What are the conditions to be met to generate Oscillator wave forms?

The essential conditions for maintaining oscillations are

1. |Aβ| = 1, ie, the magnitude of loop gain must be unity.

2. The total phase shift around the closed loop is zero or 360 degrees.

The condition |Aβ| = 1 is the ideal condition.

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 But in practice, transistor characteristics and other circuit components
performance vary with time.

So the value |Aβ| will become greater or less than unity.

To avoid this problem, in all practical oscillator circuits, the value |Aβ|
should be set greater than unity so that the amplitude of oscillation will
continue to increase.

But such an increase in amplitude is limited by the onset of the non linearity
of operation in the active devices associated with the amplifier as shown in
the Block diagram of oscillator.

Fig:oscillator_Block_Diagram

In this circuit, |Aβ| is larger than unity for positive feedback. For all
practical oscillators, this onset of non-linearity is mandatory.

1.6 Need for Hartley oscillator

A Hartley Oscillator (or RF oscillator) is a type of harmonic oscillator. The oscillation

frequency for a Hartley Oscillator is determined by an LC oscillator (i.e. a circuit
consisting of capacitors and inductors). Hartley oscillators are typically tuned to produce
waves in the radiofrequency band (which is why they are also known as RF oscillators).

The distinguishing feature of a Hartley oscillator is that the tuning circuit consists of a single
capacitor in parallel with two inductors in series (or a single tapped inductor), and the

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feedback signal needed for oscillation is taken from the center connection of the two
inductors.

PROJECT DETAILS

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

TANK CIRCUIT OR FEEDBACK NETWORK OF AN OSCILLATOR

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 Definition
: Hartley oscillator is a type of LC oscillator that generates undamped sinusoidal
oscillations whose tank circuit consists of 2 inductors and a capacitor. In the tank circuit,
the two inductive coils are serially connected together forming a parallel combination
with the capacitor.

Content: Hartley Oscillator

 Working Principle

 Frequency of Oscillations

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Applications

Definition: Hartley oscillator is a type of LC oscillator that generates undamped

sinusoidal oscillations whose tank circuit consists of 2 inductors and a capacitor. In the
tank circuit, the two inductive coils are serially connected together forming a parallel
combination with the capacitor.

Content: Hartley Oscillator

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 Working Principle

Frequency of Oscillations

Advantages

Disadvantages

Applications

The required biasing o the circuit is provided by resistors R1, R2 and RE. While CC1 and
CC2 are the coupling capacitors.

An RFC is present in the circuit, which is used to abbreviate radio frequency choke coil.
In high-frequency applications, the reactance of RFC becomes very large. Thus can be
considered as open-circuited.

While RFC exhibits almost zero reactance in DC condition, hence do not cause any issue for
DC capacitors.

Also, a phase shift of 180⁰ is provided by the transistor amplifier present in the circuit. The
oscillating frequency relies on the components of tank circuit L1, L2 and C.

So when dc supply voltage Vcc is provided to the circuit, then with the increase in the
collector current of the transistor, the capacitor in the tank circuit starts charging. We are
already aware of the fact that capacitor stores charge in the form of the electric field.

So, the capacitor continues its charging until it gets fully charged. But once it gets fully
charged then the capacitor begins to discharge through inductor L1 and L2.

FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATIONS

The frequency of oscillations of the sinusoidal signal generated by the tank circuit is
given as

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But in Hartley oscillator, we consider 2 inductors in the tank circuit thus equivalent
inductance will be given as

Leq = L1 + L2

The mutual inductance between the coils must also be taken into consideration while
calculating the equivalent inductance, so

Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M

Thus the oscillating frequency is given as

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OUTPUT RESPONSE OF HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

Advantages of Hartley Oscillator

 It provides sinusoidal oscillations of constant amplitude.

 The oscillating frequency can be changed by the use of a variable capacitor.

 The circuit is not complex.

 Practically a single tapped coil can also be used in place of 2 inductors in the
circuit.

Disadvantages of Hartley Oscillator

 Due to the presence of harmonics, sometimes distorted sinusoidal oscillations are

generated.

 It does not find use in low-frequency applications.

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 Applications of Hartley Oscillator

 Hartley oscillators widely used in the generation of sinusoidal waveforms of a

certain frequency. Thus these are suitable for radio-frequency applications, thus

 find their use in radio receivers.

CONCLUSION

Then to summarise, the Hartley Oscillator consists of a parallel LC resonator tank circuit
whose feedback is achieved by way of an inductive divider. Like most oscillator circuits, the
Hartley oscillator exists in several forms, with the most common form being the transistor
circuit above.

This Hartley Oscillator configuration has a tuned tank circuit with its resonant coil tapped to
feed a fraction of the output signal back to the emitter of the transistor. Since the output of the
transistors emitter is always “in-phase” with the output at the collector, this feedback signal is
positive. The oscillating frequency which is a sine-wave voltage is determined by the
resonance frequency of the tank circuit.

REFERENCE

Behzad Razavi, “Fundamentals of Micro Electronics”, Wiley, 2010.

Donald A Neamen, “Electronic Circuits – Analysis and Design,” 3rdEdition, McGraw

Hill (India), 2019.

Millman and Taub, Pulse, “Digital and Switching Waveforms”, 3rd Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.

Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory”, 9th
Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006.

K.Lal Kishore, “Electronicircuit Analysis”, 2ndEdition, B S Publications, 2008.

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