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Works Cited

Ayer, Alfred Jules. Language, Truth and Logic. New York City, Dover Publications, 2014.

Language, Truth, and Logic by Alfred Jules Ayer is an argument for the rejection

of metaphysics and the embracement of empiricism. I used this source to provide

a potential counter-argument to my claim, which I attempted to refute.

Graff, Delia. "Descriptions as Predicates." Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for

Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, vol. 102, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–42,

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4321100. Accessed 22 Apr. 2022.

This is an article by Delia Graff that was published into an academic journal.

Graff details predicational philosophy and the relationship between predicates and

descriptions.

Kant, Immanuel, and Marcus Weigelt. Critique of Pure Reason. London, Penguin, 2007.

The Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant is an explorative ontology that

attempts to define the limits of knowledge and the scope of metaphysics. For this

paper, I briefly mention Kant's concept of synthetic a priori knowledge in order to

connect it to existentialism.

Levin, Noah, ed. "Introduction to Philosophy and the Ship of Theseus." In ANCIENT

PHILOSOPHY READER, AN OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE. NGE Far Press,

2019.

https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Philosophy/Book%3A_Ancient_Philosophy_R

eader_(Levin)/01%3A_The_Start_of_Western_Philosophy_and_the_Pre-Socratics/1.01%

3A_Introduction_to_Philosophy_and_the_Ship_of_Theseus
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This is a comprehensive overview of the legendary metaphysical problem of the

Ship of Theseus. This article explains the problem and also includes

contemporary comparisons and applications of the problem. It also breaks down

the problem into the fundamental elements and axioms necessary to draw a

conclusion. This source is important because it shows the practical applications of

deriving identity in our contemporary lives.

Neale, Stephen. Descriptions. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1990.

Descriptions by Stephen Neale is a defense and extension of Bertrand Russell's

Theory of Descriptions. In my paper, I reference Neale's plurality extension in

order to help alleviate the confusion that sometimes arises in plural description

statements.

Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy. 60th ed., New York City, Simon and

Schuster, 2005.

This is Bertrand Russell's comprehensive overview of the complete history of

western philosophy. Russell explains the concepts proposed by philosophers from

Aristotle to Marx and everyone in between. In the final chapter, Russell addresses

the contemporary state of logical philosophy and how his ideas relate to those

proposed before. This source is important because it positions the history of

philosophy under the lens of a logicist and also outlines the beginning of the

linguistic turn.

Searle, John R. "Minds, Brains, and Programs." Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3,

1980, pp. 417–424., doi:10.1017/S0140525X00005756.

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The article "Minds, Brains, and Programs" by UC Berkley philosopher John

Searle introduces an argument against computers having the capacity for

consciousness using a now-famous thought experiment he devised called the

"Chinese Room." I used this evidence to contrast human reason from computers.

Snapper, Ernst. "THE RUSSELL PARADOX." Pi Mu Epsilon Journal, vol. 8, no. 5, Temporary

Publisher, 1986, pp. 281–91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24338001.

This is a Dartmouth college lecture given by Ernst Snapper. It begins with an

outline of the history of logical philosophy, focusing on the year 1901 and the

work of Bertrand Russell. It then gives a comprehensive explanation of Russell's

Paradox, covering its terminology, setup, and proof of paradoxical nature. It then

offers some suggestions for potential resolutions of the paradox by introducing

new axioms formulated by the mathematician Zeremlo. This source is important

because it outlines the stipulations of logical philosophy and the starting

assumptions that we make in order to approach paradoxes.

Warburton, Nigel. A Little History of Philosophy. New Haven, Yale UP, 2011.

A Little History of Philosophy by Nigel Warburton is an easily accessible

beginner's introduction to a multitude of complex philosophical topics and

problems. For this paper, I referenced the chapters on Immanuel Kant and

Bertrand Russell.

Wasserman, Ryan, "Material Constitution", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021

Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =

<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/material-constitution/>.
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This is the entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosphy on material

constitution. It outlines the stipulations of material constitution and the

implications of material constitution. It consequently focuses on specific

metaphysical puzzles to derive the logical conditions of materials and identity.

The mentioned puzzles include the Debtor's Paradox, The Puzzle of Dion and

Theon, the Ship of Theseus, and The Puzzle of the Statue and the Clay. This

source is important because it gives much insight into how to logically deduce the

identity of an entity.

Weiner, Joan. "Frege and the Linguistic Turn." Philosophical Topics, vol. 25, no. 2, University of

Arkansas Press, 1997, pp. 265–88, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43154271.

This is a university paper on the Frege and the linguistic turn written by Joan

Weiner. It outlines the beginnings of the linguistic turn and analytic philosophy,

the contributions of Frege and other analytic philosophers, and its implications on

philosophical thought in the 20th century and beyond. This source is important

because it gives an explanation of how our language conveys meaning through

the underlying logic, as well as introduces one school of thought on how we can

analyze our language and logistical problems.

Zalta, Edward N. "Descriptions." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University,

2021, plato.stanford.edu/entries/descriptions/#Aca. Accessed 21 Apr. 2022.

This is a comprehensive entry into the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on

Descriptions. It details Bertrand Russell's Theory of Descriptions, including its

derivation, applications, and opposition.