‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.

com -‬‬

‫‪193‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪5.1‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺃﺻﻼً ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ‪،‬ﺑﻴﺮﺛﻴﻠﻮﺕ ‪ 1860 ،‬؛ ﻣﻨﺪﻳﻠﻴﻒ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ .(١٩٠٢، ١٨٧٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺯﺣﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺉﺔﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺯﻙ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﺪﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻭ ‪ isoprenoids phytane‬ﻭ ‪) pristane‬ﻣﻮﻟﺮ ‪ 1963 ،‬؛ ﺇﺑﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ‪ 1987 ،‬؛‬
‫ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻨﺠﺮ ‪ 1987،‬؛ ﺗﺸﻴﺒﺎ ‪ .(1990 ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﻱ)ﺳﺘﻮﺩﻳﻴﻪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ‪ .(1965 ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞﻟﻴﻨﻚ )‪(1957‬ﻭﺯﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﺮﻳﻨﺴﺒﻮﻥ )‪(1990‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ًﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﺩﻝﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻛﻮﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ، 1955‬ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚﻫﻮﻳﻞ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻔﻨﺔ‪.‬ﺩﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﺉﺠﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪..‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﻬﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎً ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ")ﻫﻮﻳﻞ ‪.(1955 ،‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻞﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻭﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻫﺆﻻء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪﺭ ﻓﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﺒﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ )ﺑﻴﻜﺮ ‪ .(1909 ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ، Mendele'ev‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺢ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻴﻒ ‪ ، (1902 ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎﺩﺃﻭﻩﺫ‪2‬‬ ‫‪2CaC‬ﺫ‪2‬ﺡ‪2‬ﺍ¼ﺝ‪2‬ﺡ‪2‬ﺫ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮﺩﻭﺕ ﻭﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ‪1969 ،‬؛ ﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ )ﺑﻮﺭﻓﻴﺮﻳﻒ ‪ (1974 ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺉﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻋﺎﺕﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻻﻧﺒﺜﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﻧﺞ )‪(1963‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺿﺖﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺉﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ >‪ ، ٪1‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ .٪15-‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺪﻟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻏﻄﺎء ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.5‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪194‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺉﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‬
‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻮﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻢﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻛﻮﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ )ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺒﻮﻑ ‪ 1995 ،‬؛ ﺟﻮﺗﻴﻚ ‪ 1995 ،‬؛ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻛﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 1995‬؛ﺑﻮﺷﻜﺎﺭﻳﻒ ‪ .(1995 ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻴﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻛﻮﻻ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﻝﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ )؛ ﺇﻛﻮﺭﺳﻜﻲ ‪ .(Petersil'ye ، 1962 1967 ،‬ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻠﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻔﻠﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺷﻮﺍﺉﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻔﻠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪85‬ﻩ‪ 90٪‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻥ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻔﻼﺕ ‪ Khibiny‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺑﻮﺭﻓﻴﺮﻳﻒ )‪ .(1974‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﺪﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺭﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﺎﻣﻼً ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ )< ‪ 5530‬ﻣﺘﺮﺍً( ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔﺗﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﺤﺖ ‪ 5000‬ﻣﺘﺮ )ﻧﺎﺯﻳﺒﻮﻑ ﻭﺇﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻭﻑ ‪ .(1995 ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺎﺭﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﻭﺻﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﻬﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲﺇﻳﻔﺎﻧﺰ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ )‪(1964‬ﻣﻦ ‪ Dyvika‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ Arendal‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‪.‬ﻫﻨﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﺪﻭﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺘﺤﻢ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺴﺖﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ )ﺭﻭﺑﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ‪ .(1986 ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺟﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻮﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺏﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ )‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻲ ‪ .(1992،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹﻩﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪-150‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﻘُﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺉﻞﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺂﻛﻠﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻦ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(5.1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﺪﻻﻧﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺟﺎﺗﻴﺒﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﺗﻴﺒﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﺴﺎﺱ )‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻨﺠﻮﻭﺩﻭﺭﻳﺘﺠﺮ ‪ .(1926 ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫‪195‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪5.1‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻮﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺇﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎءﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍً ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺮﺡﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﻃﺒﻌﻪ ﻣﻦﺳﻴﻠﻲ )‪ .(1992‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ، 1992‬ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪Ltd‬‬
‫‪.Elsevier Science‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻔﺪﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 17‬ﺣﻘﻼ ًﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮﻱ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(5.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻡ )ﺷﻨﻴﺐ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 1992‬؛ﺩﻳﻤﺘﺮﻳﻴﻔﺴﻜﻲ ‪ ، (1993 ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻭﺟﻴﻼ ﻧﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ )ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻐﻤﻴﻨﻎ ﻭﻛﻮﺍﻧﻬﻴﻨﻎ ‪،‬‬
‫‪.(1982‬‬

‫ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻮﺍﺉﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄﺕﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻦﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔﻏﺎﺉﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺘﺒﺲ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻠﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.5‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪196‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

‫‪500‬ﻡ‬

‫‪10‬ﻛﻢ‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻮﺝ‬
‫‪L-stns ، marls،‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪5.2‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﺒﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪ ، Lytton Springs‬ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻭﻳﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺳﺪﺍﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻌﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ‪.‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻦﻛﻮﻟﻴﻨﺠﻮﻭﺩ ﻭﺭﻳﺘﺠﺮ )‪ ،(1926‬ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﻃﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻮﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺨﺎً ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻭﺗﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪،‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺨﻮﺭﺍﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.4‬‬

‫‪5.1.1‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﻋﻄﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺄﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺼﺎﺉﺪ ﺧﻄﺄ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﻓﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻱ ﻣﺪﻭﻱ ﻭﺃﺿﻮﺍء ﺳﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺉﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ )ﺫﻫﺐ ‪ .(1979 ،‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥﻭﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻠﺔ )ﺳﻮﺟﻴﺴﺎﻛﻲ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ‪.(1983 ،‬ﺑﻴﻒ )‪ ، (1956‬ﺳﻮﺑﻮﺗﻴﻦ )‪،(1966‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ )‪(1987‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺩﻟﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻬﺎﺟﺮ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﺻﺪﻭﻉ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬ﺑﻮﺭﻓﻴﺮﻳﻒ )‪(1974‬ﺍﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻳﻜﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﺭﺟﻮﺯﻳﻦ ﻛﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﺩﻋﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ )ﺫﻫﺐ ‪ 1984 ، 1979 ،‬؛ ﺫﻫﺐ ﻭﺳﻮﺗﺮ ‪ .(1982 ،‬ﺟﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻭﺏ‬
‫‪197‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻦﻋﺒﺎءﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﻮء ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺿﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔﻟﻠﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﺑﺠﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﻛﺎﻑ ٍﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺖﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻨﻊﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ )‪ .(1982‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎﻥﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﺻﺮﻑ ﺃﻱ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍً‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎً ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮ )‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ( ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻴﻮﺳﻴﻦ )ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً(‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻣﺘﺼﺪﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻼﺕﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺄﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱﻭﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔﻭﻃﺮﺩ ﻋﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥﺍﻟﻼﺃﺣﻴﺎﺉﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺝ‪12‬ﻭ ﺝ‪ .13‬ﺳﻲ‪ :12‬ﺝ‪13‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ ‪12C‬؛ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪)13‬ﻫﻮﻓﺲ ‪ .(1980 ،‬ﺳﻲ‪ :12‬ﺝ‪13‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻭﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻮ)ﺷﺮﻕ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ( ﻭﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﻱ )ﻣﺎﻛﺪﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪ ‪.(1983 ،‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ، Siljan‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﺭﺧﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ .mybp 360‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻄﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﺟﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪ Ordovician‬ﻭ ‪ Silurian‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(5.3‬ﺟﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺰﻙ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺤﻄﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺉﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 6957‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻴﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻦﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 85‬ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ )ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ‪ .(Vlierbloom 1986 ،‬ﻟﺴﻮء ﺍﻟﺤﻆ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪﺕﺍﻟﺒﺉﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻃﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘُﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻤﺴﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺨﻴﺒﺔ ﺃﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺉﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻳﺔ )ﺟﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭﻛﺎﺑﻼﻥ ‪.(1989 ، 1988 ،‬‬

‫‪5.1.2‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﺸﺮﻩﺗﻮﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﻭﺑﺶ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺸﺮﻩﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺮﻭﺑﺶ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ًﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﺸﺮﻩﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﺮﻭﺑﺶ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ‬
 ‫‪.5‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪198‬‬

‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻥ‬

‫ﻏﺮﺍﻓﺒﺮﻍ‪1 -‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻴﻨﺒﺮﻍ‪1 -‬‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﺠﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻤﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫ﺑﺤﻴﺮﺓﺳﻴﻠﺠﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻭﻓﻴﺸﻲ‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻧﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻛﻴﻦﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪5.3‬ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺰﻙ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ، Siljan‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1986‬ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺒﺖﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﺘﻴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ< ‪-500‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻝ ‪C.‬ﺟﻮﻟﺪ )‪،(1991‬‬
‫ﺭﺑﻤﺎﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(5.1‬‬ ‫ﺝﺫﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﺫ ﺡ ﺫ ﺃﻭﻩ ‪4CH /‬ﺫ ﺝ‪2‬ﺡ‪6‬ﺫ ﺝ‪3‬ﺡ‪8‬ﺫﺝ‪4‬ﺡ‪8‬ﺫﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪O‬‬

‫)‪(5.2‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‪2‬ﺫ ‪HOH‬ﺫ‪4Fe / CH‬ﺫﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ‪O‬‬

‫)‪(5.3‬‬ ‫ﺡ‪2‬‬ ‫ﺝﺫ ‪ HOH‬ﺫ‪4Fe / CH‬ﺫﻛﻮ‪2‬ﺫ‬

‫)‪(5.4‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‪2‬ﺫ ﺡ‪4/ CH2‬ﺫ ﺡ‪2‬ﺍ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺑﻨﺴﻮﻥ)‪(1963‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺰﺍﺗﻤﺎﺭﻱ)‪(1989 ، 1986‬ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎﻓﻴﺸﺮﻩﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻭﺑﺶ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺪﺳﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺛﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻴﻮﻟﻴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲﻟﻮ ﺑﻼﻥ )‪.(1991‬‬
‫‪199‬‬ ‫‪5.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

‫‪5.1.3‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮء ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺠﺰﺓ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺿﺉﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ "ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ" ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪﺍﻵﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺃﺣﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻦ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺴﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺑﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ( ﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫)؛ ﻫﺎﻧﺖ ‪ .(Flory et al.، 19831996 ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻓﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻮﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪5.2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

‫ﻗﺪُﺭِّﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺯﻥ ‪2010 2.65‬ﺯ )ﻫﺎﻧﺖ ‪ .(1977 ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪82‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪3‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪18‬ﻛﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ‪ .(Schidlowski 1974 ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎء ﻭﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪6‬ﻛﻮ‪2‬ﺫ‪12‬ﺡ‪2‬ﺍ¼ﺝ‪6‬ﺡ‪12‬ﺍ‪6‬ﺫ‪6‬ﺡ‪2‬ﺍ ﺫ‪6‬ﺍ‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕﻭﺗﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .(5.4‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ ﻭﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ "ﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ" ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺍﺷﺘﻖُ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )ﺑﺮﻭﺱ ﻭﺷﻤﻴﺪﺕ ‪ (1994 ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ )‬
‫ﻓﻮﻟﻜﻤﺎﻥ ‪.(1988،‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎءﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ‬