SECTION—B | activiry 1 CTIVE — To identify a diode, an LED, : ig mixed collection of such items, « transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from “apPARATUS AND MATERIAL ‘Apparatus. Multimeter. Material. Above mixed collection of items, ORY For identification, 43 ntification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered. 1. A diode is a two terminal devi : 4 inal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light whi i Sie emit light while conducting. Hence, it does 2. _ meee aie fomittinay diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when for | biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. Hence, it glow. 3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C). 4, AnIC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See Fig. 11.09 (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)] 5. Aresistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage. 6. A capacitor is also a two termin: biased or reverse biased. When a cap: meter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero initially a capacitor draw acharge- ‘The components to be identified are shown in Fig. 11.09. al device. It does not conduct when either forward acitor is connected to a D.C. source, then multi- quickly. It is because that EDURE 1. Ifthe item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated circuit). EE stor 2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor. ; j 3. If the we has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor. " ‘ das ahead. ac To differentiate proceed 8M of multimeter for checking the continuity. Th probe | Put the selector on resi minal marked on the multimeter 08 common and P (or metal ends are inse! +ve).OO OB, Paper Electrolytic (b) Capacitors fl os (d) Transistor (0) Diodes. \wem See ii! 12345678 ’ (2) Integrated circuits Fig. 11.09. Some of the commonly available integrated circuits (ICS), Ifsuch that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On touching the two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes. 1. Ifpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed and there is no light emission, the item is a diode. 2-1f pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when re- versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED, 8. Ifpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a resistor. 4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in on. wi id cn ‘¢ way and also when reversed, OBSERVATIONS Name of device | No. of | Possible current Name of device Obs. flow 4. | Unidirectional Diode : emit no light | ‘Transistor 5. | Unidirectional LED ; it light Capacitor, Diode, 6, ea » Diode, . | Both directi fi LED or resistor tac ii pos i Initial high but Capacitor to zeroln ACTIVITY OBJECTIVE To observe refraction and lateral deviation (displacement) of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab. APPARATUS Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor.COMPREMENSIVE PRACTICAL PHvticg a ~ 226 DIAGRAM (Fig. 11.15) Fig. 11.15. Refraction through a glass slab. THEORY ‘When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel slong straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium, The ray (RS) out through face DC is called emergent ray. : From Fig. 11.15 (? The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray ie. i=e. (0) The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a distance d=tsecr sin (i _ >),~-”-—i“—“eesqO.]— ACTIVITIES 227 : net Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emer- gent ray. Join QR to represent refracted ray. At Draw normal at point Ron fue DC and measure angle. Tt comes tobe equal to angle Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d. Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral displace- ment. ‘S.No. | Angle of incident (i) (degree) a 30 2. 45 CONCLUSION 1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e). 2, The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab. ‘The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).tions. ACTIVITY 7 (b) OBJECTIVE To study the nature and size of the image formed by a . on axereen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the can oth APPARATUS : An optical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror with holder, a burning candle, a card-board screen. DIAGRAM Similar to Fig. 7.05 having a burning candle in place of object needle and card-board screen in place of image needle. THEORY From mirror formula, atte an Sen u = (infinite), oe when u=-2f, 2p" me meee v =~ (infinite) e u<(-f),v becomes positive, image becomes virtual. at distance 2f i.e., at the centre of curvature of the mirror. For candle distan i istance less than focal length, image becomes virtual and does not come onACTIVITIES 233 pROCEDURE Find rough focal 1 Mount the con ength of the concave mirror by usual method. n ave mi , . seal SO REE ee olden in first upright and keep it near one end of the Mount the card-board : seri Patecitee he es second upright and keep it at distance equal to rough Mount tl i i bench, he burning candle in third upright and keep it near other end of the optical : cannes pent so that the inverted image of erect flame of burning candle is formed on sereen. Move the screen to make the image sharp. The screen will be nearly at the focus of the concave mirror. The image will be real, inverted and much more diminished. _As the burning candle is moved towards the mirror, the sereen has to be moved away from it for getting a sharp flame image. The inverted image size increases. When the position of the candle approaches centre of curvature of the mirror, the screen also approaches the same position. The image size will be equal to the actual flame size, Now interchange the uprights. Bring candle upright nearer to mirror than the screen upright. Move the candle further nearer. The screen has t larged inverted real image on screen. As the candle reaches the focus of the mirror, the screen may not be able to get its imag which will be formed at infinity ie. beyond the length of the optical bench. 1 be moved away for getting an en CONCLUSION ‘This change in position, nature and si tions. ize of the image is according to theoretical predi ewer