^-0/3/

MOT SO DAC DIEM TAM TRAO

CUA THANG DO TRI TUE CAM XUC
DANH CHO THANH THIEU NIEN
Nghien cijru nay di/gc tai trp bcri Quy Pfiat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Quoc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong 66 tai: Tri tue cam xOc va moi quan he cOa no vdi hanh vi xa hoi
cOa thanh thieu nien; Ma s6: VII .1-2013.12; do PGS.TS. Phan Thj Mai Hirong lam chO
nhiem.

PGS.TS. Phan Thi Mai Hirong

Trieng phdng Phong Tdm ly Itpc thuc nghiem, Vien Tdm ly hoc.

T O M TAT
Nghien cim xem xet thang do luang iri tue cam xiic ddnh cho thanh thieu nien
tic goc dp cdc dgc diem tdm trdc cua no. Nghien cmi tren 1.976 hpc sinh tir lap 7 den
lop 11. CO tuoi tir 12 den 17 (tuoi trung binh = 15,2; dp lech chuan = 1,42). trong do
42,4% Id nam, tai 6 tinh/thdnh pho cho thay, nhin chung, cdc item cua thang do ddm
bdo dp tin cdy, thang do co dp on dinh ben trong vd dp on dinh theo thdi gian. Thang
do dap img dicac tieu chuan cua mpt so kieu dgng dp hieu luc (be mdt. noi dung, cdu
true vd dp phdn biet). Nghien eicu cUng chi ra mpt so diem cdn ban de hoan thien
thang do trong cdc nghien cuu tiep theo.
Tu- khoa: Dgc diem tdm trdc cua thang do; Tri tue cam xiic, Tri lue cam .xiic
- xa hpi; Thanh thieu nien.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 16/9/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/9/2015.

Gioi thieu
Hien nay, tri tue cam xuc nhan dugc sy quan tam ciia cac nha nghien
curu ca tir goc dp ly thuyet lan kha nang ung dung cua no trong cupc song xa
hpi cho mpi ngucri 6 cac lura tuoi khac nhau. Cho den nay, co the ke ra ba dong
ly thuyit chinh v§ tri tue cam xiic: tri tue cam xuc dua tren nang lire vai cac dai
dien la Mayer, Salovey, Caruso; tri tue cam xiic dua tren net tinh each do
Petrides, Fumham lam dai dien va tri tue cam xiic hon hpp ma Bar-On la dai
dien. Voi mot Ijch su phat trien mai vai chuc nam, ban than each hieu ve tri tue
cam xuc, cku tnic cua tri tue cam xiic eGng chua nhan dupe su thong nhat cao
giiia cac hoe gia trong linh vue nay. Nhieu thang do luang tri tue earn xuc da

TAP CHITAM L?HOC, So' 10 (199), 10 - 2015 23^

dugc xay dyng nhim cung cd va hoan thien themcho cac ly thuyit vl tri tue
cam xuc. Cd thi neu ra mdt sd cdng cu kha phd bien hien nay. Bd la trie
nghiem Tri tue cam xiic ciia Mayer, Salovey, Caruso (MSCEIT) (Salovey P. &
Mayer J.D., 1990, 2000); trie nghiem Chi sd cam xiic cua Bar-On (Emotional
Quotient Inventory - EQl) (Bar-On, 1997); trie nghiem ty khai vl tri tue cam
xiic cua Schutte (Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence - SSREI) (Schutte,
1998), thang do tri tue cam xiie tinh each (Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
- TEIQue) (Petrides & Fumham, 2001)... Moi loai trie nghiem diu gdm trong
dd nhilu phien ban khae nhau: diing cho ngudi Idn, diing cho thanh thieu nien,
dung eho tre em hoae diing cho nhiing ddi tupng dac thii (lanh dao, giao
vien...). Cac thang do nay da cd nhiing dpng gdp nhat dinh trong viec do ludng,
danh gia, dua ra nhiing chi bao cho cae boat dpng hP trg.
Nhilu thang do trong sd dd khdng chi dupe su dyng tai chinh quPc, nai
san sinh ra chiing, ma cdn dugc thich nghi vdi nhilu ngon ngO khac nhau: Dan
Mach (Weerdt va cpng sy, 2012), Phap (Mikolajczak va cpng sy, 2007), Uc
(Benjamin va cpng su, 2003), Oman (Tagharid Bint Turlki Al Said va cpng sy,
2013)... Dilu nay cho thay, tri tue cam xiic la mdt thuat ngii da mang tinh qude
te va viec thich nghi thang do d ngdn ngU khac cdn gdp phan kiem chiing ly
thuyit tren binh dien lien van hda.
Tai Viet Nam, tri tue cam xiic ciing da dugc quan tam nghien cdu
(Nguyin Thi Hiin, 2009; Trin Thi Thu Mai, 2013; Dinh Diic Hgi, 2014;
Huynh Thi Minh Hang, 2010...). Trong cac nghien cim dd, cac tac gia cd sil
dung cac thang do ludng tri tue cam xiic cua nude ngoai va do la thang do danh
cho ngudi Idn, chua thay cac nghien cim danh cho thanh thieu nien. Thuc te
cho thay, nghien ciru thich nghi cac thang do trong ITnh vyc nay sang tieng
Viet thi cdn rit ban ehe. Viec xay dyng thang do lai cang khd khan hon. Vi the,
d ViSt Nam hien nay, dang thieu vang cac thang do tri tue cam xuc cho ngudi
Idn noi ehung, cho thanh thieu nien va tre em ndi rieng.
Nghien cim nay dugc thuc hien nham bude dau xay dyng mdt thang do
tri tue cam xiic cho thanh thieu nien Viet Nam. De thang do cd the dugc sir
dung rpng rai thi viec xem xet cac tieu chuan do ludng cua nd la rat can thiet.
Dd chinh la nhiing dac diim tam h-Sc cua nd.
Cac dac diem tam trSc ciia thang do
Cac thang do dugc xay dyng deu can dugc danh gia qua cac dac diem
tam trac de xac nhan nd cd du dieu kien de sil dung trong do ludng hay khdng.
Ndi den cac dac diem tam trie la ndi den cac thdng sP ky thuat cda trac dac
tam ly, bao gom dp tin cay, dp hieu lyc, dp nhay, dp khd, diim chuin... ciia
thang do. Ban than dp tin cay va dp hieu lyc lai bao gdm nhilu chi sd khac

24 TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 10 (199), 10-2015

nhau, phan anh ehat luong cua trac nghiem d cac mat khac nhau. Do pham vi
bao quat cua cac thdng sd tren la rat Idn nen chung dugc xem xet, tinh toan
trong nhieu nghien euu chil khdng phai mdt, hay vai nghien eihi. Trong khudn
khd bai viet nay, chi mdt sd dac diem tam trac dugc gidi thieu ma thoi.
Thang do tri tue cam xuc danh cho thanh thilu nien (ESI-VNY)
Thangdo nay dupe xay dyng vdi each hiiu fri tue cam xiic la kha nang
nhan dien, hieu, sii dyng va quan ly cam xiic eua con ngudi dl thuc hien tdt
cac nhiem vu/hoat dpng trong cupc sdng. Cach hiiu nay bit ngudn tit quan
diem cua Bar-On ve tri tue cam xiic. Theo ong, "Tri tue cdm xuc Id mpt logt
cdc ndng luc phi nhdn thitc, cdc ky ndng anh hieang tai khd ndng thanh cong
trong viec iengpho vai doi hoi vd dp luc cua moi trudng" (Bar-On, 1997). Quan
diem nay gan nang luc cam xiic vdi kit qua cua nd thi hien trong cupc sPng la
con ngudi cd the thich nghi tot vdi mdi trudng, vupt qua ap lyc va kho khan dl
hoan thanh dugc cac nhiem vy cua minh, xay dyng va duy tri cac mpi quan he,
tinh cam tdt dep vdi ngudi khac va vdi ban than minh...
Thang do tri tue cam xiic xa hdi cua thanh thieu nien (ESI-VNY) gdm
43 menh de, trong do cd 6 menh de do ludng tinh khuech dai trong cac cau tra
Idi va 37 menh de do ludng tri tue cam xiic xa hpi danh cho lira tuPi thanh
thieu nien. Thang do tinh khuech dai dupe sil dyng de lpc nhiing truimg hgp
danh gia qua cao ve ban than minh, nham dam bao dp hieu luc cua cac cau tra
Idi ca nhan. Tri tue cam xiic xa hpi trong thang do nay gom 6 mat. Do la: (1)
Kha nang the hien, sir dyng cam xuc trong quan he vdi nguiri khac; (2) Kha
nang kiem soat cam xiic tieu eye; (3) Kha nang sdng hanh phiic, lac quan; (4)
Kha nang the hien, sir dung cam xiic dpi vdi ban than; (5) Kha nang the hien va
sii dyng cam xiic trudc hoan canh khd khan va (6) Kha nang the hien cam xuc
phii hpp.
Phuong phap nghien cii'u
Qui trinh: D I tinh toan cac dac diem tam trac ciia thang do, cd 2
nghien cim dpc lap dugc thyc hien. Lan thd nhit, mpt thiet ke nghien ciru dinh
lugng dupe thyc hien dl thu thap dii lieu eho phan tich item, phan tich dp tin
cay Cronbach's Alpha va dp hieu lyc eua thang do. Lan thd hai, mpt nghien
ciru khac dugc thyc hien de danh gia dp tin cay test-retest eua thang do.
Khoang thdi gian giOa hai lan do la 7 ngay.
Bang hdi dugc phat cho hpc sinh va hp tryc tiep dien phieu trong
khoang thdi gian tit 30 din 40 phut trong lop hpc, dudi sy hudng dan cua dieu
tra vien.
Mdu nghien cieu: Lin thir nhit, miu nghien citu la 2.022 hpc sinh.
Trong sd dd, da loai 46 hpc sinh cd sy ddnh gia qua eao ve ban than. Dd la

TAPCHITAMLiHOCSd 10(199), 10-2015 25

nhiing em cd chi sd phdng dai > 22 diim. Diem nay dupe tinh theo cdng thitc:
= Mean + 2SD, trong dd. Mean = diim trung binh ciia thang do phdng dai va
SD = dp lech chuin ciia thang do phdng dai (hung nghien eiiu nay Mean = 15,1
va SD = 3,5). SP miu bi loai khPi phSn tich chiem 2,2% tdng miu. Nhu vay,
tdng sd miu dugc dua vao phan tich la 1.976 hpc sinh tir Idp 7 din Idp 11 co
tudi trung binh = 15,2 va dp leeh chuin = 1,42, trong dd cd 42,4% la nam. Miu
chpn tai 6 tinh (Ha Npi, thanh pho HP Chi Minh, Hul, Ninh Binh, Ben Tre va
Quang Tri). Tai moi tinh chpn 1 trudng THCS va 1 trudng THPT vdi tieu chi
dd la nhiing trudng thudc dien binh thudng trong tinh ve dau vao cua hpc sinh,
vl dae diem dia ly va dan cu.
Lin thd hai, miu chpn la 2 Idp dugc liy ngiu nhien tit miu lan 1, trong
do 1 Idp d trudng THCS (Idp 8) va 1 idp d trudng THPT (Idp 10). Sd lugng la
91 ngudi vdi ty le 45,1% la nam, tudi trung binh la 15,04 vdi dp lech chuin la
1,02.
Cong cu nghien ciru: Vdi myc dich xem xet cac dac diem tam trac cua
thang do, thi cdng cu nghien cim chinh la bang hdi, bao gdm trong dd thang do
ESI-VNY (thang do ludng tri tue cam xiic danh cho thanh thieu nien) gdm 37
menh de dugc xay dyng bdi nhdm cac nha nghien ciiu Vien Tam ly hgc. Cau
Ua Idi ciia thang do cP 5 miic tang dan, tit 1 (Hau nhu khPng giPng tdi) den 5
(Hau nhu gidng tdi). Trong thang do cd 13 can hdi cd y nghia nghich dao, can
ddi diem, chiem ty le 35,1% sd item cua thang do chinh. Ben canh dd, cdn cd
thang do phdng dai H gdm 6 menh dl, la thang do diing de lpc nhiing mau
danh gia qua cao ve ban than minh. Thang do nay cung cP 5 mdc tra Idi nhu d
tren, diem cang cao cang the hien sy danh gia qua cao ve ban than. Va cuoi
cung la nhiing thdng tin ca nhan nhu tudi, gidi tinh, Idp hpc, dia ban, nghe
nghiep va hgc van cua cha me.
Phdn tich so li^u: Cac dd lieu dugc sir dyng de xem xet cac dac diem
tam trac ciia thang do trong bai viet nay la nhiing sP lieu thP, chua chuan hda.
Nghien ciiu sir dung mdt sd phep tinh toan va phan tich sau day:
- Diem tri tue cam xuc tdng hpp dugc tinh toan dua vao cac diem trung
binh cia timg thanh phan theo edng thitc:
EQ = (EQl/nl + EQ2/n2 •+ EQ3/n3 + EQ4/n4 + EQ5/n5 + EQ6/n6) x 6
Trong do: EQl, EQ2, EQ3, EQ4, EQ5 va EQ6 la cac diim thanh phin
(dugc tinh bang tdng sd diim ciia cac item cd trong thang do), con nl, n2, n3,
n4, n5 va n6 la sd item tucmg img cd mat frong cae thanh phin tren.
- Chi s(i ve dp tin cay ciia tirng item dupe tinh bing tuong quan cua
timg item vdi tdng diem cua thang do. He sd tuong quan dugc eoi la chip nhan

26 TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 10 (199), 10 - 2015

dupe khi no khong duoi 0,3. Nhieu nghien cuu da lay tieu ehuan cua Cohen
(1988) ve dp manh (effect size) de lam ca sa giai thich dp Ion cua he so tucmg
quan. Theo Cohen, he so tuang quan = 0,3 duac eoi la trung binh va la tieu
chuan de chap nhan trong nhung lira chpn co su dung he so tuong quan.
- Dp tin cay cua thang do duac tinh bang 2 ehi so: dp on dinh ben trong
dupe tinh bang he s6 Cronbach's Alpha va dp tin eay test-retest duac tinh bang
he so tuang quan gitta hai lan do ciia diem tong hgp ESI-VNY. Dp tin eay
duac eoi la 6n khi no > - 0,7.
- Do hieu lire cau tnic dupe tinh bang he so tuang quan nhj bien giira
eac mat cua EQ vai nhau (r) va vai diim tdng cua thang do. He s6 tuang quan
phai CO y nghia ve mat thong ke vai miie y nghia duac dua ra la 0,05.
- Dp hieu lire be mat dupe danh gia qua viee xem xet su hieu cua mau
ve cae item khi danh gia dae diem edn do ma thang do dupe xay dung de do
luong.
- Dp hieu lyc npi dung dupe danh gia bed nhom ehuyen gia qua xem
xet npi dung cua timg item co phu hpp vai each hieu ve tri tue cam xiic xa hpi
da dua ra hay khong.
- Dp hieu lire phan biet eiia item dupe tinh bang gia tri t trong t-test khi
so sanh diem dat duac ciia tung item giiia hai nhom, la nhom 27% nhiing
nguai diem cao va nhom 27% nhung nguoi diem thap cua thang do ESI-VNY
(theo dS xuat eua Truman Kelly ve mau 27% tir nam 1939 va dupe nhieu tac
gia sii dung cho den nay bai tinh iru viet cua no trong viee tinh toan dp phan
biet trong tuong quan vai dp kho ciia eae item, dan theo http://www.rasch). Gia
tri t can vugt nguang 6 mue y nghia 0,05.
Ket qua nghien ciru
Cac dac diim tam trac duac danh gia trong bai viet nay gom dp tin eay
(chi s6 tin cay cua cac mSnh de - sau day gpi la item, he so tin cay Cronbach's
Alpha va dp tin cay do lai, gpi la test-retest cua thang do) va dp hieu lire (dp
hieu lue hk. mat, do hieu lire cau tnie va do hieu lire phan biet).
Dp tin cay
Chi so tin cgy cua item
Chi s6 tin cay ciia item la mot dae diem tam trSe dl danh gia vai tro ciia
timg item trong toan bp thang do. Noi khac di, danh gia nay cho biet tirng item
thirc sir co m6i tuong quan manh vai thang do ma no do luang hay khong.
Chi s6 tin cay ciia cac item thang do kha nang the hien va sir dung earn
xiie trong quan he vai nguai khac duac hien thi a bang 1.

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, SO'10 (199), 10-20L5 27

 Bang 1: Chi sS tin cgy vd chi so phdn biet ciia cdc item trong tieu thang do
khd ndng the hien vd sie dung cdm xiic trong quan he vai ngudi khdc
Chi so tin c^y Chi so phan biSt
Cac item ciia item ciia item(t)
1. Noi chuyen vcri ban khi ban co chuyen buon 0,36«» 14,97**
2. The hien sir dong cam vcfi ngudi Itliac 0,38** 16,50**
3. Hay noi loi cam on l(hi nhan sir giup do 0,37** 15,6**
4. Luon cam on moi nguoi 0,35** 14,41 • •
5. Ths hien su biet an 0,43** 18,65"
6. Noi loi an ui khi ban buon 0,45** 19,72**
7. Thi hien su quan tam 0,44** 19,27**
8. Thg hien su quy men voi ban be 0,49** 22,26**
9. Thuong chia se vai ban be 0,41** 17,94**
10. Ton trpng vai ban be 0,43** 19,86**
Ket qua cho thay tat ca eac item ciia tieu thang do nay eo he so tuong
quan voi thang do dao dpng tir 0,36 den 0,49. Nhu the, tat ca chiing deu > 0,3.
Theo tieu ehuan Cohen (1988) thi tat ea eae item nay deu dii dieu kien va duac
eoi la dii dp tin c^y.
Bdng 2: Chi so tin cgy vd chi so phdn biet cita cdc item trong tieu thang do
khd ndng kiem sodt cdm xuc tieu c{tc
Chi so tin cay Chi so phan biet
Cac item
ciia item ciia item
1. De dang chi trich nguai khac 0,30" 11,965**
2. Hay phe phan nguai khac 0,38" 16,207"
3. Denoi cau 0,32" 13,038**
4. Hay phan nan vS moi thir 0,45" 19,848**
5. Hay a trang thai buc boi 0,42" 19,216"
6. Noi nang thieu kiem soat khi buc boi 0,33" 14,374**
7. Hay lam ban be hieu lam 0,31" 12,732"
8. Khong kiem soat duac tinh khi 0,32" 13,395**
9. NghT sao noi vay 0,22" 9,129**
28 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (199), 10-2015
 Trong bang 2 hiin thj chi so do tin eay va dp phan biet eua eac item tieu
thang do kha nang kilm scat cam xiic tieu cue.
Bang 3: Chi s6 tin cgy vd chi so phdn biet cua ihang do khd ndng cdm xiic
ddi vai ban thdn (yeu quy ban thdn)
Chi so tin cay Chi so phSn biet
Cac item
cua item (r) cua item (t)
1. La ngirai ban tot 0,47" 21,57**
2. La ngucri con ngoan 0,42" 18,90**
3. Tuoi cuoi vm ban be, nguoi than 0,46" 18,74**
4. Thich nhijng diem tot cua ban than 0,36" 15,96**
5. Diroc ban be yeu quy 0,41" 17,01**
So lieu cho thay cac item co he so tuang quan vai toan bp thang do
trong khoang tir 0,22 den 0,45 vai p < 0,01. So voi tieu chuan cua Cohen
(1988) thi chi menh de thu 9 "NghT sao noi vay" khong dat tieu chuan ve ehi so
tin cay cua item, con cac menh de khae deu vuot nguong 0,3.
Bdng 4: Chi so tin cgy vd chi so phdn biet cua thang do
khd nang song hgnh phuc, Igc quan
Chi so tin cay Chi so phan biet
Cac item
ciia item (r) ciia item (t)
1. Tin moi chuyen se 6n 0,42" 18,92**
2. Tin moi dieu t6t dep 0,39" 17,18**
3. Co nhirng suy nghT tot dep ve moi thu 0,52" 23,57**
4. Thay cuoc s6ng that tuoi dep 0,52" 24,26**
5. Khi khong dat kSt qua, tir nhO phai co len 0,46" 20,23**
6. Hao himg vai cong vi?c cua minh 0,38" 15.94**
Vdi thang do khd ndng cdm xuc doi vai bdn than (yeu quy bdn than) dO
lieu is bang 3 cho thSy chi s6 tin cay cua cac mSnh de co do Ion tir 0,36 dSn
0 47 voi p < 0,01. TJt ca cac he s6 nay deu noi len do tin cay cua cac item
trong tiSu thang do dugc dam bao theo tieu chuan ciia Cohen (1988).
TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, S6 10 (199), 10 - 2015 29
 S6 lieu hiSn thi a bang 4 chi ra rang tat ca cac item cua ti6u thang do
nay Shu co he s6 titong quan voi thang do Ion han 0,3, la gioi han dugc chSp
nhan vi do tin cay cua item theo tieu chudn cua Cohen (1988). Cac he so tuong
quan nay a trong khoang tit 0,38 den 0,52.

Bdng 5: Chi sS tin cdy vd chi so phdn biet ciia thang do EQ5 -
Khd ndng the Men vd sie dung cdm xuc truac hodn canh kho khdn

Cac item Chi so tin cay Chi so phSn biet

ciia item (r) cua item (t)
1. Khi cam thiy mit tinh than, khong biSt nen lam gi 0,34" 14,43**
2. Liic hon don trong long, thi buong xuoi tat ca 0,34" 14,91**
3. Khi buon chan, thuang suy nghT lung tung 0,29" 11,54**
4. Tmac mgt van de kho, tliuo'ng mat binh tinh 0,33" 14,13**

Trong bang 5 va bang 6, he so tuang quan cua tirng item voi 2 thang do
tuang ung la thang do kha nang the hien va su dung cam xiic truac hoan canh
kho khan va thang do kha nang the hien cam xiic phu hop. Du lieu cho thay
trong so cae menh de ciia 2 thang do nay chi co 1 menh de co he so = 0,29,
thap han m6t chiit so vai tieu ehuan 0,3. Do la menh de: "Khi buon chan, toi
thuang suy nghT lung tung".

Bdng 6: Chi so tin cdy vd chi so phdn biet cua thang do EQ6 -
Khd ndng the hien cdm xuc phu hap

Chi so tin cay Chi so phan biet

Cac item
ciia item (r) cua item (t)
1. Biet the hien cam xuc phu hop xung quanh 0,53" 23,88**
2. The hien tinh cam thich hgp 0,52" 24,08**
3. Co the diln ta bang Im cam xuc cua minh 0,39" 16,35**

Nhu vay, ket qua phan tich item cho thay hau het cac item deu co chi so
tin cay chap nhan dugc. Chi mpt item co chi s6 nay thap hon mpt chiit so vai
tieu chuin 0,3 do Cohen di xudt.
Dp tin cdy Cronbach 's Alpha
Dp tin cay Cronbach's Alpha danh gia su on dinh ben trong cua thang
do, no phan anh sir on dinh cua cac cau hra lai qua cac tinh hudng khac nhau

30 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, S6' 10 (199), 10 - 2015

(the hien qua cac menh ik khac nhau). Mpt thang do dugc eoi la co dp tin cay
khi giiia cac menh de ciia thang do co moi tuang quan manh vai nhau, bai cac
menh de nay deu phan anh cimg npi dung. Cronbach da dua ra cong thiic de
tinh toan dac diem nay va he so Cronbach's Alpha dugc sir dung nhu mpt tieu
chi CO ban dg danh gia do tin cay ciia thang do.
Ket qua phan tich d6 tin cay cua thang do hi6n thi a bang 7 cho thay ESI-
VNY ve tong the, co dp tin cay cao voi he so tin cay Cronbach's Alpha = 0,86.
Ket qua nay cho thay ESI-VNY dap ung tieu chuin ve do luong, tir phuong
dien dp tin cay, khi no co sir on dinh ben trong qua cac tinh hudng khac nhau.
Dp tin cay nay cOng dugc xac nhan a cic tiiu thang do thanh phin. Sau
thanh phan cila ESI-VNY co dp tin cay Cronbach's Alpha dao dong tit 0,56
dSn 0,83.

Bdng 7: Dp tin cgy cua thang do vd cdc tieu thang do

Cac thang do Cronbach's Alpha Test-retest (r)

EQ tong hpp 0,86 0,83
EQl: Kha nang cam xuc trong quan he vcri nguiri 0,83 0,80
khac
EQ2: Kha niing kiem soat cam xiic tieu cue 0,80 0,67
EQ3: Kha nang song hanh phiic, lac quan 0,64 0,65
EQ4: Kha nang cam xuc doi vai ban than 0,71 0,72
EQ5: Kha nang the hien va sir dung cam xuc truac 0,56 0,76
hoan canh kho khan
EQ6: Kha nang the hien cam xiic phu hgp 0,58 0,63

Cac he s6 tin cay nay the hien su on dinh ben trong giiia cac item ciia
thang do, m6i lien he chat ehe giiia cac item ciia thang do - mpt trong nhiJng
tieu chuan co ban ciia thang do lutmg.
Dii lieu cOng cho thiy, trong s6 cac tieu thang do thanh phan, thang do
EQ5 (kha nang the hien va su dung cam xuc truac hoan canh kho khan) va EQ6
(kha nang the hien cam xiic phii hgp) co dp tin cay Cronbach's Alpha thip
nhit, chi dat 0,56 va 0,58 tuang irng. Bay ciing la hai tiSu thang do co so lugng
item thip nhit (m6i tidu thang do co 4 va 3 item tuang iing). Mat khac, chiing
la hai tidu thang do chit khong phai la mpt thang do dpc lap nen day la chi s6
CO the chip nhan.
Dp tin cdy test-retest

TAP CHITAM Lf HOC, So 10 (199), 10 - 2015 31

 Do tin cay test-retest xem xet su 6n dinh theo thoi gian cua thang do.
Mgt thang do dugc eoi la tin cay khi diim so cua thang do dugc 6n djnh qua
cac lin do khac nhau. Du lieu a bang 7 cho thay, thang do co he so tin cay test-
retest = 0,83, the hien sit 6n dinh ro net theo thai gian cua thang do.
Sau thanh phan ciia thang do c6 dp tin cay test-retest trong khoang tit
0,63 den 0,78, la nhiing chi so cho thiy sir 6n djnh theo thai gian cua thang do.
Mpt diem cin ghi nhan o cac tieu thang do thanh phan ciia ESI-VNY la
trong do co 1 tieu thang do (EQl: Nang lire cam xiic trong quan he vai nguoi
khae) co do tin cay cao a ca hai dang. KSt qua nay ggi y rang no co the dupe
xem xet de nghien cim tiep theo vai mue dieh chuyen thanh thang do dpc lap.
Dp hieu hec ciia thang do
Bo hieu luc be mat
Dp hieu iirc be mat (face validity) de cap den mite dp ma thang do dugc
xay dung de do eai no can do, xet tren binh dien be ngoai ciia no mpt each chii
quan. Mpt thang do dugc cho la co dp hieu lyc be mat tpt khi no "co ve nhu" se
do lutmg cai no phai do. Loai dp hieu lire nay khong dugc tinh toan ve mat
dinh lugng. Nd thuang dugc xem xet mprcach dinh tinh khi nguoi tra liri
khong CO thac mac gi ve thang do trong qua trinh tra lai, hp eo the hieu dugc
nhihig npi dung ma thang do tie cap den va tra Itri khi doi chieu vol dac diem
ciia ban than ve ITnh virc kha nang cam xiic ciia minh. Phan hoi eiia cac nghiem
the trong qua trinh hoi thu da xac nhan rang thang do co dp hieu liic be mat tot.
Dp hieu luc be mat tuy khong thuc su phan anh dp hieu lue cua thang do
nhung no van c^n thiet de xac nhan su hieu cua nguai tra lai ve thang do dugc
xay dung.
Do hieu luc noi dung
Do hieu lire npi dung ban den ngi^ung ciia timg item, xem no co thitc
sir phan anh dung djnh nghia ciia khai niem hay khong. Xem xet ngi dung cOa
tirng item doi ehi6u vdi each hiSu ve tri tue cam xuc da noi a tren, kSt qua cho
thay, npi dung cua item co lien quan va phan anh dugc khai niem tri tue cam
xiic. Vi du, cac item nhu: "Toi c6 the diln ta dugc bang loi nhirng cam xiic ciia
minh", "Khi cam thay mat tinh thin, toi khong bill nen phai lam gi", "Toi tin
mgi dieu roi sS t6t dep", "Toi thich nhirng diim tSt cila ban than minh", "Toi
hay 6 ttong trang thai buc bpi", "Toi luon thi hien su biit an vai nhiing nguai
da giiip da minh"... deu phan anh kha nang vl cam xiic ma tre sir dung, thi
hien, dieu chinh, hay quan ly dl giai quyit tit cac nhiem vu ciia minh trong
cupc song thuong ngay.
Xem xet ngi dung phan anh cua timg item ciia thang do da phat hien ra
trong so cac item cua thang do, co 1 item ma ngi dung ciia no duong nhu di

32 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 10 (199), 10 - 2015

Chech hudng so vdi djnh nghia ciia tri tue cam xuc. Dd la item: "Toi nghi sao
noi vgy md khong quan tdm den hodn cdnh xung quanh". Diu tien, item dugc
dua vao thang do dl ndi den trudng hgp su thi hien cam xuc qua ngdn ngtr sao
cho phii hgp vdi hoan canh. Thudng thi nhiing dira tre nghT sao ndi vay hay
khdng de y den hoan eanh xung quanh khi phat ngdn. Tuy nhien, vl mat ngit
nghta, "Nghi sao ndi v|y" con phan anh su bpc ttue, thing thin - dilu nay cd
lech so vdi each hiiu vl tti tue cam xiic. Mac dii phSn tich dp tin cay ciia item
nay khdng cho thiy vin dl gi, no cd tuang quan tdt vol thang do cung nhu vdi
cac item khac trong thang do, nhung day la diim cin can nhic khi quyit djnh
lua chpn nd vao thang do.
Bd hieu luc cau tnic (Structural validity!
Dp hieu luc cau trde de cap din ciu hnic eiia thang do, phan anh cac
mien do cua khai niem ma ltd dugc xay dung. Do hieu lite nay cd thi dugc
xem xet tren hai binh dien: ciiu tnic nhan td ciia thang do va mdi quan he giOa
cac mien do. Cau true nhan td ciia thang do nay se dugc ban din trong mdt bai
khac. O day chi de cap den mdi quan he giiia cac miin do cua thang do vdi
khai niem ma nd do ludng. Khi cac miin do (cae mat) diu cd tuang quan vdi
khai niern (d day la tri tue cam xiic - xa hdi) thi chiing ciing cd tuong quan vdi
nhau. Mdi tuang quan giita cac mat vdi nhau la mpt chi bao khing djnh dp
hieu luc can tnic.

Bdng 8: He so tuang quan gida cdc tieu thang do

vd thang do tong the ciia ESI- VNY

EQ t6ng EQl EQ2 EQ3 EQ4 EQS

EQl: Nang lire cam xuc
0,65**
trong quan he vai n^uoi
khac
EQ2: Nang luc kiem soat
0,55** 0,13**
cam xuc tieu cue
EQ3: Nang luc song hgnh
0,66** 0,55*» 0,16**
phuc, lac quan
EQ4: Nang luc cam xuc 0,49** 0,22** 0,46"
0,71**
doi vai ban than
EQ5: Nang luc the hien 0,36** 0,07**
0,48»* -0,02 0,19**
va sir dung cam xiic truac
hoan canh kho klian
EQ6: Nang luc the hien 0,42»» 0,12** 0,37** 0,38**
0,65»» 0,08**
cam xuc phii hap

Ghi chii: ** Hesd Itrang quan coy nghia thong ki a miic 0,01.

TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 10 (199), 10 - 2015 33

 Kit qua phan tich mdi tuong quan giiJa cac mat eua ESI-VNY dugc
hiin thj d ma tran tuong quan giira thang do va cac tieu thang do.
BU lieu d bang 8 chi ra rang, cac tieu thang do deu cd tuong quan
tucmg ddi manh vdi loan bd thang do. Cac he sd tucmg quan dd 6 frong khoang
tir 0,48 din 0,71, cd y nghia ve mat thdng ke vdi p < 0,01.
Kit qua eung cho thay, nhin chung, giiia cac mat ciia ESI-VNY cd mdi
-tuong quan cd y nghia ve mat thdng ke (vdi p < 0,01), ngoai trir mdi tuong
quan ciia EQ5: Nang lire thi hien va sit dung cam xiic trudc hoan canh kho
khan vdi EQl: Nang luc cam xiic trong quan he vdi nguoi khac = -(1,02 (p > 0,05).
Xet vl dp manh cua cac mdi tuong quan ed y nghta vl mat thdng ke, chiing
dao dgng ttr 0,07 den 0,55, tuc la trong sd dd cung nhirng mdi tucmg quan rit
ylu va cung cd nhiing mdi tuong quan tuang dpi manh, the hien su khdng
ddng deu giita cac mat nay tir gde dp dp hieu luc cau tnic eiia thang do.
Tren thuc te, nhung kha nang trong ITnh virc nhan biet, the hien, sir
dung va quan ly cam xiic la nhimg mat tuy diu lien quan den cam xuc nhung
kha da dien va khac nhau. Mdi mat ddi hdi nhiing kha nang rieng, ma nd cd the
lien quan den mat nay ma khdng hoac it lien quan den mat khac. Vi du: Nang
lite cam xiic ddi vdi ban than cd mdi lien quan vdi Nang luc sdng hanh phiic,
lac quan va vdi Nang lire cam xiic trong quan he vdi ngudi khac (dp Idn ciia he
sd tuong quan giiia 3 mat nay cung Idn nhat trong sd cac he sd tuong quan
dupe xem xet). Trong khi do, Nang lire kiem soat cam xuc tieu cue cd tuang
quan vdi Nang luc the Men va sil dung cam xiic trudc ho3n canh khd khSn
nhung lai it tuong quan vdi cac mat khac. He sd tuang quan gitia chiing cting
the hien dieu nay.
Nhu vay, cd the thay dugc do hieu luc can tnic cua thang do nay khi nd
dugc xay dung de do nhung mat khac nhau cua nang luc trong Itnh vue tri tu?
cam xiic.
Bd hieu luc phan biet
Dp hieu luc phan biet la chi sd cho biet lieu thang do cd kha nang phan
biet cac nhdm khach thi dua tren kit qua diim so dat dugc cua toan bp thang
do hay khdng. Cu the ban, lieu cd khac biet giiia nhiing ngudi dat diim cao vdi
nhiing nguai diim thip ciia thang do d tilng item hay khdng.
Ket qua ve chi sd phan biet eia item hiin thj d eac bang tir bang 1 din
bang 6 cho thay rang khi so sanh diim ciia 27% nhiing ngudi dat diim cao eua
thang do vdi 27% nhiing ngudi diim thip tren thang do nay d timg menh dl cu
the thi thay cd su khac biet cd y nghta vl mat thong ke vdi p < 0,01. Sir khae biet
nay quan sat thiy d tit ca cac item cua thang do vdi gia trj t tir kilm dinh t-test d

34 TAP CHf TAM Vi HOC, Sd 10 (199), 10 - 2015

trong khoang tit 9,1 din 24,26. Kit qua nay da ehimg minh ring thang do ed do
hieu luc phSn biet tdt.
Ket lu^n va hirdng nghien ciiu tiep theo
Nhu vay, gua xem xet mgt sd dac diim tam trac cila thang do, kit qua
cho thay: Thil nhat, thang do cd do tin cay tuang ddi cao d ca 2 khia canh: su
dn djnh theo tinh hudng va theo thdi gian. Thii hai, phin Idn eac item cila
thang do cd chi sd tin cay dam bao. Thir ba, thang do cd do hieu luc bl mat va
dp hieu luc ndi dung tdt. Thii tu, phan Idn cac mat cua thang do cd mdi titong
quan cd y nghia vl mat thdng ke vdi nhau va vdi toan bd thang do, thi hien dp
hieu lire eau triic. Thir nam, cac item ciia thang do cd dp hieu luc phan biet tdt
giiia nhdm diim cao va nhdm diem thip.
Ben canh dd, qua phan tich mpt so dac diim tam trie cua thang do,
nghien ciiu da chi ra mdt menh de cd van dl vl ngO nghta, ciing nhu chi ra mdt
sd mat ciia thang do cd thi lam giam dp hieu lire ciu tnic cua nd. Day la nhiing
diem can dugc chii y trong cae nghien cuu tilp theo dl hoan thien thang do.
Mat khac, can xem xet them mdt each ddng bd nhiing dac diim tam trSc khac
mi nghien ciiu nay chua de cap din (cau tnic ylu td ciia thang do, dp hieu luc
ddng thdi, dp hieu luc tieu chuan, do hieu luc khai niem, dp hieu luc du bao,
nhung khia canh khac ciia do hieu lire phan biet, diim chuin...). Mgt diim han
ehe niia ma nghien ciiu nay gap phai la sd lugng cac menh de d mdi mat cua
thang do. DO lieu a cac bang tren cho thiy sau mat ciia thang do cd sd lugng
khdng deu nhau, cd mat chi cd 4 item {Ndng luc the hien vd sii dung cdm xuc
truoc hodn cdnh kho khdn), th^m chi 3 item {Ndng luc the hien cdm xuc phii
hap). Mac dii trong tinh toan diem tdng hgp da tinh den su can bang cila cac
mat thdng qua diim trung binh cua timg mat, nhung sir chenh lech Idn giiia cac
mat cung la dieu dang quan tam de bd sung, hoan thien trong nhung nghien
ciru tiep theo.

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36 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (199), 10 - 2015