NERVE & MUSCLE Y Smooth & Cardiac Muscle (Structure, Function, Contraction & Stimulation) & Comparison with Skeletal muscle. SAIMAGUEL, PAD Associate Professor Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Shifa‘Tamecr e Millat University (SLecture Objectives = Define smooth & cardiac muscle & its different features with | comparison of skeletal muscle. = Explain physiological structure of cardiac & smooth muscle = Describe types of smooth muscle = Explain contraction cycle in smooth muscle & differentiate in different types of smooth muscle = Describe control of smooth muscle. = Explain electrical activity (action potential) in cardiac & smooth muscle and compare with action potential in nerve, & skeletal muscle. FALL, 2081Cardiac & Smooth Muscle Cardiac muscle striated, like skeletal Contain sarcomere. Produce impulses, contract spontaneously. Smooth muscles lack sarcomere, but contain actin and myosin Cardiac & smooth muscles are involuntary effectors regulated by autonomic motor neuron Apart from these differences bfw skeletal muscle & cardiac and smooth muscle there are also significant similarities. All types contract by means of sliding of thin over thick filament. (by action of myosin cross bridges). Excitation-contraction coupling in all types involve Ca?Myocardial cells — interconnected by gap junctions - composed of connexin proteins Cells are short, branched, and striated — interconnected by intercalated discs. © intercalated disc allows the cardiac muscle cells to contract in a wave- like pattern so that the heart can work as a pump. contains the troponin complex of three proteins (Troponin |, T & C) MartRMP =-80Mv = phase 0 = Initial rapid depolarization & overshoot opening Na+ channels. = phase 1 = Initial rapid repolarization — closure Na+ ‘channels & opening one type of K+ channel. © phasé 2 = Prolonged plateau — slower but protonged jing of voltage-gated Ga2+ channels. jase 3= Final repolarization. phase 4 = Resting membrane potential = Both — closure of Ca2+ channels & slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux through various types of K+ channels. absolute refractory period — phases 0 to 2 and about half of phase 3 — remains relatively refractory — until phase 4. Electrical Properties of the Heart +20 wSmooth Muscle Cells are fusiform, spindle shaped (tapered at both matte ends). ‘ten —— Have a single nucleus, and are considerably iksmcncas aller (2 to 10 um in diameter and 80 to 400 ym long) Unlike skeletal muscle cells, a single smooth muscle cell does not extend the full length of a muscle. Instead, groups of smooth muscle cells are typically arranged in sheets.Structure ‘Sarcolemma — has varied types of Ca2+ channels (gated by chemicals, voltage etc. = Mypfibrils and Sarcomere — Well-defned myofibris and ‘sarcomere are absent = Myofilaments and Contractile Proteins — are actin, myosin and tropomyosin — troponin absent — fllaments not arranged in order — myosin scattered in sarcoplasm— contain more number of cross bridges than in skeletal Bodies — dense bodies scattered in sarcoplasm + in intermediate network flaments — desmin — dense bodies are firmly attached with sarcolemma (Dense plaques) — dense bodies are not arranged in straight line — fibers twist like corkscrew so, Contraction causes a ‘twisting motion. Sarcotubular System — Transverse tubules absent — semolemms hes caveolae (flaskike invaginations) containing large number of Ca channels — Sarcoplasmic reticulum sparse — Outside of cell is important source of ca= Multiunit smooth muscle (iif = Arranged in units that receive stimulation to contract individually = Foundin w=lris and ciliary muscles of the eye Base of hair follicles (arrector pili musdes in skin) wLarger air passageways in respiratorysystem =Walls of vessels larger blood FALL, 2084 Types of Smooth Muscle © Single-unit smooth muscle = Also called visceral smooth muscle because itis foundin = walls of the hollow organs or viscera (for example, the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts and small blood So vessels). (seen am Stimulated to contract in unison as cells linked by gap junctions. = ions move freely from one cell to the other — functional syncytium: developed.cme? ee aye ioe se resent erat __, Sener rod Cross nian Cross tne inacheadon “B00 stator arias Siaesrrsten . Smooth Muscle = Contraction FALL, 2021Control of Smooth Muscle = Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system secretes transmitters — axon terminal have multiple varicosities (vesicles in it) — transmitter substances secreted through the wall of varicosities - Muscle’s response depends on neurotransmitter —Ach & norepinephrine = Eg, smooth musde of bronchioles contracts in response to ACh and relaxes in response to Morepinephrine ‘contractile activity is neurogenic — phasic, contraction — contraction initiated only in response ta stimulation by the nerves supplying the muscle — supply by involuntary autonomicnervous system. = Single Unit Smooth Muscle is Myogenic ® Single-urit smaath musde is self-excitable , so itdoes not require nervous stimulation for contraction. — 4 Single-unit smooth muscle may be ofthe phasic or tonic» Sant wma maceElectrical Activity of Smooth Muscle _ action Slow wave tentials of al potentials in —__ visceral smooth { unitary Fe. smooth ao) muscle can S*sevepetentat lead to ! aii : ‘ction potential 7 ow %_# sspontaneous = sansacnas generation = o. of action = i gs dp = : ms i o oF of os oO” 2 © seconResting membrane potential For tigger of contraction, calsium binds with ‘Source of eaicium muscle fibers Features of skeletal, cardiac and smooth Autonomic nervesComparison of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle SKELETAL MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE Striated; actin and myosin Striated; actin and myosin arranged in Not striated; more actin than myosin; actin arranged in sarcomeres. ‘sarcomeres, inserts into dense bodies and cell membrane Weldeveloped sarcoplasmic Moderately developed sarcoplasmic Poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, no reticulum and transverse tubules reticulum and transverse tubules transverse tubules Contains troponin in the thin Contains troponin in the thin filaments Contains calmodulin, a protein that, when fiaments, bound to Ca2>, activates the enzyme myosin light-chain kinase Ca2+released into cytoplasm from Ca2+ enters cytoplasm — from Ca2+ enters cytoplasm from extracellar ‘sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and perhaps fluid mitochondria Cannot contract without nerve Can contract without nerve stimulation; Maintains tone in absence of nerve stimulation; denervation resutts in action potentials originate in pacemaker stimulation; visceralsmoath muscle produces muscle atrophy cells ofheart pacemaker potentials; denervation results in hypersensitivity to Stimulation Muscle fibers. stimulated Gap junctions present as intercalated Gap junctions generally present independentty; discs FALL, 2021References _ Textbook of Medical Physiology by “Guyton & Hall’, 12" Edition. Essentials of Medical Physiology by “K Sembulingam & Prema Sembulingam’, 6 Edition, Human Physiology from Cells to Systems by “Lauralee Sherwood”, 9" Edition. Physiology of Behavior by “Neil R. Karlson”, 41" Edition. . Intemet searchTHANK YOU for your ATTENTION!