CHAPTER SEQUENCES AND SERIES 1 Definition An infinite sequence of complex numbers is a coupler ‘valued function f whose domain of definition is the set J of all positive integers. ‘Thas, the function f(a) defined for every positive integer n= 1,2,3, +++ is ase. quence. Writing z_ = f(r), the sequence f(n) is denoted by Lzn) = 124, 24520, |. For example, if f is a function defined for each integer n by {(@) =5, the sequence /(2) is denoted by In} ={1,2,3, +++, ny +++]. If g isa function defined by gn) = i", then g(r) is the sequence Li" = li, —1, ~i, ++ { The values o terms of a sequence [2_) = 12, 255 *°*5Zqye22} ue ‘The range R of a sequence [zm] is the set of the distinct values of l2q- ‘A sequence 2_} is bounded if and only if its range is bounded. i= »!«3 ¥ ‘The range R of a sequence {z,} is finite if it contains only a finite number of distinct value therwise, it is infinite, A sequence whose range is finite is always bounded, whereas ifthe range infinite, the sequence may or may not be bounded, oo A sequence fzq| is called a fundamental sequence, or a Cauchy sequence, it corresponding to any arbitrary positive num ere exists a positive aunbe! eee 'Y positive number = th ts a po: 4 Vén-zm1<@ for all n> N and m>N. The sequence [el =f ee 2 limit Lif foreach 2 > Or agenctng 2 2m 27 Lis convergent and conver aise Li is a positive imeeger N such that [~E1< The convergence ofa sequence leql Ly of tim ta =k, ‘ a nl to a limit Lis denoted by tx it L is said to diverse. eve (written tzql > oD if ft 9 (writen {79 re positive number Mt ie is a positive F ‘or example, thes, fever N such that | z4| > M for all #7 1am, 1 gy 8S, Seauences Int = {1,2°5, he tea JL Bi oo Voth diverge to fate peel ant Sequence is said to oscilions nett ee For exampl Mate if it neither converges not il ey the sequences {(—1)m 4 » "is an infinite sequence and if se}, ‘hen the sequence js, - Is..5, Tis called a iit ot Su 162Sequences ond Series 163 ‘ ye ce ce eaten ah ae sae teem sen the Ath partial sum ofthe iit sein i series {Sql is sai ite series Sp] is said to be sunmable of convergent ifthe sequence Laure 18, if e seauence [Sql converges to, then $ pach , then Sis called the sum of the ca ad te tves said tw comerge tw 5. I he cate, we mite = Usually no distinction is made between an 4 and its sum. That is, )” 2y is used to represent both the ative series Su nd its sum S, if S exists. The infinite series J” 2, com iii series (Sal 2 ot 1 S, diverges, diverges 10 infinity, of oscillates as the sequence 1Su} vee 1. seve pani sume ae Sy = J'7 Zo converges to S divers, verges tie fiity, ot oscillates. 1 then its range is bounded. PROBLEM 7.1. (a) Show that if a sequence converses diverge 10 infinity, oF WDeiermine whether the following sequences converse, oscillate, Justify the answers. KDA, GD Lzqh, where te = = 2i_ it mis oa, (Bat te rage of cach othe roe somes avn ix pat (2 Which of de ranges in part (e) are bounded? Sve n sequence [zal converges 0 & imi Lx TREN za) Suppose that a sequence [zql Convers L. Toe, all Bert aaa at vem of fag Tie within a distance & of Ly Ties ent, ence, he we absolute les of the tems of [zn] which ate 60% nee Des eee te every term of the seauence es ins ee en =max (l,,4,), about the origin as center, ‘ence, fql, is bounded. First, note that on (L-1, de a circle ‘Therefore, the 180 this sequence docs Timit L. Then, for (0 G) The given sequence oscillates. tet converges ‘te ahow tnis, suppose that it COnVETECS 09°11, a ete cern auch that 2a 1 Che =}, Then for arbitrarily large, there are Wali teat oo Vioralln> N" Hence, [1 E1<4 and [-1~ 21 $4 for [1+ ELS uc aycawensh oll er a, vy does vat ecaverst. Seetds Ha a ee id. Then, 2 posi WES tere, Thus, he seauenes IC © sequence does not diverge to infinits aa She Sea See to Ne Mest aces Tee Tee tral masons | {Ths the sequence [De oles is taquence’ converges 0 2er0~ 1 6 16 78 ee er enum wanes eae i des nae jenel=1 be easily small positive tem of the given‘| Complex Variables 168 sequence ip (2/1) it mis even, and (2/n+ DIG iE old. Ths, tq y ree 7 1 w2ediae fot ve 124-0] aoe eae! 2 cota g -aisdnt! tornota, which shows that |2q~ 01 <€ for all n>. Therefore, the sequence Leg} coy verges to 2er0, “iio This sequence converges to unity. If € is an arbitrarily smal psig umber and N is any positive integer greater than 1/8, then, for alln> N- Since 1/2178 is always less than € when € is positive, | zy ~ 1] <1/K1/0 cg forall n>, whieh shows that the given sequence converges to unity To prove that 1/2172 is less than if & is positive, suppose that 22, and letip~ 1/€. Then, p is a positive number, and therefore, 2° > 1. Thus, V2 ar cS e. Ire <1, then 1/6 > 1. Again, writing p = ye p> lots p> 0 (for p> 1), of plot, 2> log, p> 0, oF los,” > lon 9°. Tas, 2P>p>0 on V2P< lip; that is, 1/29 E, which shows that, if E>, then 1/209 <8, (Ci-ln part (t) (Dy the range is the set contsining the two elements -1 al +1. In part ©) Gi), the range is the set containing all the numbers *G/n), whee =1,2,3, +00. In part (0) (ii, the range is the set consisting of all the nar bers 2" —'/2", where n= 1, 2,3, +s that is, the numbers 4,2, 7, (@) All theee ranges in part () are bounded because each of them Is com tained in a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin of the zplane. ee of ales PROBLEM 7.2 Show that « monotonic nondectea converges if its ranges bode. : Solution: Let R be the range of the sequence Ixql, Since R is bounded, itis 2 least upper bound x. (CF., Appendix A.) Hence, xq Hence, x= € N. Since xq M, That iy bn} comers 2! PROBLEM/7.3 Prove that a necessary and sufficient condition for a seqvet*? zal to converge is that it be a Cauchy sequence, Selotion: "Fist the ecessity of the condition is proved. If Iq] comers 4 imit €, then, given any arbitrarily small positive number €, there is a0 i! WW such that a ley Ts, ElW and all m>* 20-2) — em — OS 2g 2] |zg 1 cde gene for all n> N aad all m> N, Next, to prove the sufficiency of the condition, assume that {24} is # O87 srauenee Then, for any arbitarily smal positive umber & there 15 # fn~%al CE for all n>N and all m>N. It must be sH™ |Sequences and Series 165 tre ig a number © such that given any e°> 0, there is an index NY” for which pe Lice” for all m> N". fue cange R of the Sequence is finite, there is an integer N such that for go Nand m>N, 2q = tm For suppose that, for arbitarly large N, there are vgs and Zm fOr 1, m>N such that Z % Zy. Since the range is finite, the total ot differences 2 ~ 2 of the elements ofthe range can be calculated and te the smallest nonzero modulus. Then, for any arbitrarily large N, there ‘ate values of , m>N such that |Z, —- Z| 25. This contradicts the hypothe - Sis that Izql is @ Cauchy sequence. Hence, there is an integer N such that fe ota for all mand m greater than N. The common value of 2 and tq is Lee Len 11 =<, for all n> N. Therefore, lzql converges to Next, suppose that 2 is infinite. The terms of the sequence cannot all be idemizal afer any point in the sequence and, hence, a different argument demon- nes that the sequence converges. First, note that, although the range is in- finite, itis bounded. For if € ~ 1, then an integer N exists such that |2q~ 2m] <1 for alln,m>N. In particular, |Z - 2v+1| <1 for alln>N, Hence, lanl =L2n~ aver + ewer |S leq ayer | + fame <1 + [2nsr | forall > N, Wie maxtl a Leslee s Layer Dy then [2g] N, Hence, [2q| 0, there are infinitely many values of m such that | zm —4| <3, If €>0 and since tzql is a Cauchy se- quence, an N exists such that | 2q—2m| <4 for all n,m>N. Since & isa Tit point of the range R of Izql, an mo>N canbe found such that 2q,-41<4e, ‘Then, forall n>, Ven 4] = [eq ~ 2m) + mg = O11 Fn = mg + 12mg — 41S EE +E =e: that is, Ley! converges to £. iPROBLEM 7.4 Show that the range of a convergent sequence is bounded, Sslationt See Prob. 7.3. PROBLEH 7.5 If the sequence {zq} converges wo 4, show that £-is unique; ‘Sis, show that there is no number £ distinct from £ to which {zq) converges. Suppose that 12, —+£ and [2ql—+t, where Uét. It fo 0, an integer NW exists such that | 2q—&| <4 5 for all n>, and ar exists such that |zq—4°/<4€ for all n>N’. Thus, if M= Ba WN, VEE fb ag) + eq U9 Lan EL + Len 21 Shee + hee = B Restore, the assumptions that ¢ and © are distinct leads w the contraictioe wiggle’ Neses, =, and the limits of sequences, whenever they exist, ac a , swtce a » and if {zgl= 2%, 2h, -++, Rae -2 ate tO se * then the following notations will be used: oF lens wlan ea ath lag aybe az, Bie166 Complex Variables provided 2,40, m= L.2-++, PROBLEM 7. If lzq] > and 12n} 4 show that (tae rio tet, — ( tenzal— Ue, (0 tan exh —+ W/E, provided 24 £0, 2 = 1,2, @ bal 4. Solution: (a) For all m, obo t= Men 0) -@n- LIES Len 21 + Len - Since 12,} and 123} converge to 4 and ©, for arbitrary £ > 0 there exist positive integers N, and N, such that |z_-%|< 42 for all a>N,, and [2-4] Ny = max (N,N), + and 2° 40, len + 2 for all n> Ny That is, [2_ + 2a} converges to & + (@) Fer all, |2g2y -UE | = [an = 1) 25 + Ua - 291 < deal 2m 21 + [EI 29 = C Since 1251 converses, its range is bounded, as shown in Prob. 7.4. Hence, there isa positive namber K such that | 25] Myy and |2q~4'|< eA2(|£| + 1) for alla > Ny. Therefore, if m > N, = max W,,N,), then Ae utlee vanes Ian WEL CRE esas Ft Eo 2K a Therefore, tzn 24} converges to 14. (© Since 124/241 = {z_(1/27)}, it only need be shown that {1/zql converges to IL; then, by patt b), the sequence L2y/zq} converges to 4/4", Thus, if U #0, je4hl % for all n such that 2%, 0. nt Since 40, there exists an Ny such that if m>N,, then [25-1 < $101 Then, 1e1-1 that is, 1241 > 1461 > 0 for all a> Ny, Thus, atm alsl-tlelel My Ley UC CEILI. TEN max (M,, ND, then a4) pitte TEP oe feral. Hence, !1/z51 converges to 1/4’ if £0, Hence, 1 (b), L2p/2%) converses wttartao, + by part (D), Lzn/ zal Bes (@ Since {ql converges to 2, for arbitrarily small there , for arbitrarily small positive aumber € 1 sais a etre ten 9 such at 1241 ce tor all nH, Hower 1G -COl=|-29 +4] = lan and, hence, | {=z,) = (2) for all n> WN; that is, 1-2] converges to ~- ' Seen ee elesSequences and Series 167 peonten 77 Show thatthe series J* zy converges if and nly i, for any bo sitive number €, there exists a positive integer N such that ISp,p ++ Zmep |< & for all 1> N and for all integers p> 0. po a [gat Bes? Let Sy =) zy be the nth partial sum of the series )° 2. Then, by Soletion: prod. 73, the sequence (5,1 of partial xums converges to a limit Sif and only te any arbitrarily small positive number €, there exists a positive integer N we tat [Se Sm <€ for all x, m>N,” Equivalently, [Smee ~ Sxl <2 foe all m>N and all integers p>0. Now, Swap =D zp and Sq)” te Therefore, the necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the se~ pence 1S of partial sums and, hence, forthe convergence ofthe series J" za. is tht [Su,pl<& for all m> and all integers p> 0. oT REBT RORION? SOTERA SS, PROBLEM 7.8. Sbow that 1 necessary condition for the it G01 k=O, the result is trivial Because the partial sums J” kev \ ca , + are all zero; therefore,” key converses tok, = 0. Suppose 440, then, if €> 0, > O exists snc nets A eaten That is, ay “iat| Seed « [kl ene for alla>N. Mg Teetoe, = key converges to kL. a a168 Complex Variables (©) For an arbitrary € > 0, numbers Ny and N; exist such that bed She foraltn Je for all> N,, and a IN = mas 0.9, then, for all n>, [Det0- ae 2 e425) converses tot 7.2. Tests for Convergence id to be om on ‘Conditionally ‘convergent. If the series of absoinis vanes) Se gare ce Nees ; “converges; the former series also converges. (Cf., Prob. 7.10) i =.The comparison test for absolute convergence: If the infinite series J” & fs sbely Soest and J ty isan faite sec sac hat Ht > 0, [2y| Sk 1E)] for each v= 1,2,3, +--+, then the infinite series Jy also absolutely convergent. Two series often used to prove absolute convergence are (a) the geometti¢ Sot eee nt ee which is absolutely convergent for | z| < Land divergent for | z| 2 1 (ef., Prob. 7.18) and (6) the S-series 2. ee 1 Derg pt peas which is absolutely convergent for S> 1 and divergent for $$ 1 (ef. Prob. 718) (Almere rte tat for abs te Gaevrpences Ths ta oet at converges absolutely if for all integers n > N, where N is a fixed positive alSequences and Series 169

0, then Dirichle’s test for convergence: If Lzql is a nonincreasing sequence of posi- tine seal numbers which converges to zero and if there exists a positive real ‘umber k such that for all m, a a,| Sk, then the series - a, xy converges. PROBLEM 7.10 Show that iff series is absolutely convergent, it is convergent. sin tT] converges and € is any airy smal oie mbes, psn gee Wits such hat fr all «> Wanda p> Hees] + lzeszl toes lzmepll <& oF Lemer | + leme2l tore lense] < & Hesce, forall a> N and all p> 0, + lenvel <& [Spl = [mer + Zne2 tore # Zep] Slznerl + l2neal Therefore, J” 25 converges. PROBLEM 7.11 Prove the comparison test for absolute convergence. Solution: For all positive integers m and p, Veneil+ Leqeal + +++ Lene] Sk UEner + [Eneal + +77 + Lénee ve number, a positive integer N exists such integers Ps Wei is any arbitrarily small posi that forall n> N and for all po Lénerl + [Enea] + o17 + [Emeel < o/R s+ [2mgp] <€ for all a> Nand all p > 0. ‘There- Hence, |ewer|+ lznezl + °° fore, the series) 1 is absolutely convergent. if |zv/&,| SK for PROBLEN 7.12 If J. &, is absolutely convergent and of % show that the Ya 123, seties D7, is absolutely convergent. where K is a positive number independent a qnvergent because [24/6 5K By Prob. 7.11, ) ,#v is absolutely for v0 12,3, cou and, therefore, [21 SK 161 for¥= 1623+lex Variables aa Comple pRoaLe47.9 IC éyis divergent and if |2012 161 for vat2,3,., show that J” |2,| is divergent. Solution: Assume that J |2,| is convergent. Then, since |2,)26,| gy veh2der, Peel and, hence, ) > €vs is convergent. PROBLEM 7.14 Prove Abel's inequality. Solution: Since S,~ Say = @y for r= 1,2,3, +++, if Sy 0, Tras|- [8 6 -s0 a || 7 sya. “|B sees Tem FF isis seal + Isle: Now, A2|Sol for v= 1,2, Vxo~ ever) = ae— sve and [eal since x4 > 0. Therefore, Eonles [ bento) sed] Ae PROBLEM 7.15 Prove Dirichlet’s test for convergence. Solution: Since forall n, p> 0, Eia|- [Bo Fale Ha-15 | ty avers inegsat, |S a) a,| cok cass. since Lgl converses 2%" for an arbitrary € >0, thete exists, n> N. Therefore, since pe a a number NV such that | q| < €/28 | snl =n forall ms vas Stkinyy<@ forall a>N, p> a, x, converges.Sequences and Series am 47.16 Show that the geometric series 1+ 26 2"+ 24... (a) diverges a re el coe ach sine 6A necessary contin forte convergence of any Seis J” sy ver OHLe12 te fg 2, Hef [2 Le woe slege ata zt + diverges. Mit [2|=0, the series converges to zero since cach partial sum is zero. [<1 the identity scl fue fetta ttt! + fzite? + eee fzitePd fete [211 ss site Lal een faire fe toel 2,0 [2] <1,1-[2] is a fined postive mumber and tim |2["*! te, leet tin a0 “1-1 N. Tal Tete, altel g[a[t2 a ccne[z[tt?ce — foralla>, p> 0. This, the geometric series converges absolutely for | =| <1. GHLEUT.I7j Siow tne the Hamoaic sence lS: Sica: The partial sum Sq of the fist 2"th terms of the s . The second term two terms of the inal series for Tele vie ‘eu f8t term contains one term of the original $e ‘eye’ O% term of te original series, the third team contains ERS ties and the kth term contains 247? terms of the ors Met ron of the series is possible because ee 2n Thus, ‘mme).(Lod) bak, a} er ier ata os ‘erm after the first term adds up to Sye>O)+ Qe eet Qe there “te n tems after the first term. Therefore, Spm ~~ 1 +2 e(4-ke ae" 2 Thus, > tedm Thats, thexx Voriables m Compies partial sume of the series are not bounded. Thus, the sequence of the pan Suma, and therefore, the series, diverges 10 infinity. re PROBLEM 7.18 Show thatthe Series () divers {$51 ang g) mm absolutely if S> 1. | Selution: (a) If SS 1, each term ofthe Sseries is at least as great asthe gg sponding term of the harmonic series. Thus, the partial sums of the Sy at least as great as those of the harmonic series. Since the sequence tums of the hamonie series grows without bound, so docs the sequen tial sums of the S-series for S11 and, hence, the. series diverges, (G) The partial sum S,q_, of the first 2"— 1 tems of the Suseries is, of pat Se of pa The later series qual to L and the ratio between terms equal to 1/25"t, ‘The sum of the fie series for any n is less than the sum of the-infinite geometric series wit te first term equal to 1 and the ratio between terms equal io 1/2°~". Since te sun of such an infinite geometric series is 1/1 = 2--D), $14, 1, 25-"'>'1, and hence, 3°! —1> 0, Thus, 25-!/Q5! =D is equal to some number M which docs not depend on m and, henee, for alls Sal = So1. It converges absolutely because each term of the series i positive. PROBLEM7.19 Prove D*Alembert’s ratio test for absolute convergence. Solution: There exists a positive integer N and a real number p, 0< p< 1s sit that for all n>N, |Zqei/2q| a test by term, than the sates J apesi ph, Thus, by the compertn a —Sequences and Series 173 civ emetic, he ssen J “ tity is absolutely convergent. (Ci, pt. 151) Ten, the series 9” ay also absolutely convergent since ating rane mmbe of terns (© an infinite series does oot affect its convergence, n00L847.20 AC Tim [2qes/tal = <1, show that he series J” 2y i abe ssinely comertent fein: Since <1, there exists an integer N such that for all n> M%, Feenlta 216 $ 0-2. Hence, fart . uct, by Prob 7.19, ty converse absolutely PROBLEM 7.21. Determine which of the following series are absolutely con veer efor of cits ober wo FH MaeO FA ete, G) The ratio of the moduli of the (1 + Dst term to the mth term is orton wl [3+], VIE Saetovat | fast! wet [As napproaches infinity, the limit of this ratio is 0, and hence, by Prob. 7.20, tte series converges absolutely. (©) The ratio of the moduli of the (1 + 1st term to the mth term is engage] fara n | batt ooo |e “5 ‘As a approaches infinity, this ratio approaches }. Hence, by Prob. 7.20, the series converges absolutely. 7 © sais (9 is writen a6 600° Goa mae B apes Th : es 8 te teane tin secian, Fig Pays anoh of. wich te gama tems of be series) Gopes a = "8 om modutus, are each greater than the corresponding ‘erm 9 of the divergent sie FL Fi ers mes 119 Theos. be sees Do Bae aex Variables a Compl 5 noe diverges by Prob. 7.13. ant teceshe sete J) ETD (The tati of the moduli of the (1 + Ist term to the mth term is G+ DA+i"%/at ‘hs napmoachesifnity, tis ratio approaches 220. Hence, by Prob. 7.20, te series is absolutely convergent. (6) The ratio of the moduli of the (f + I)st term to the nth term is gynet ord a i n+2 apse 2 [As n approaches infinity, this ratio approaches zero. Hence, by Prob. 7.20, the series ig absolutely convergent. (D Since |e% cos (2°)| =| e**| [cos (n*)| £1, [pba eres 09 Soe Since the series J” ky inpies > my ma" Yhyr and ky > ky implies ny > my. P Bm Daas maa" For example, one amalgamation of the two series De the series =Sequences and Series 175 se this series is a rearrangement of the series ect and has the two specified properties. That is, the terms of the series )* 2 " mi al a z appear in the same order in x tp as in z 3 and oa respectively. Another amalgamation of the two series is 1 med EE RES PROBLEM 7.22 Let ) uy be an absolutely convergent series with sum S and let J vy be a rearrangement of ty» Show that the sum S” of the rearranged viata oi M api gawebars series exists and is equal to S. ; Seluion: Let £50 be givens ‘Then, since J uy is absolutely convergent, thete exist integers N, and N, such that [Sq —S| <4 € for all m>M,, where 5, is the nth partial sum of J uyy and [aeer! + Iuweal + [umes] +202 + esol <6 forall p> 0 and all > N Let N be an integer greater than either WoC Ny” Then, [Sy~$| <4 € and |uy-i| + [umes] ¢o-- + luweel 0, Letibe the largest integer in the set {ul = laze = f0),¥ = 1,2, 8, MEN and, for all m> M, the Lerms ty, May *** » Hm ate among the terms Yan 5 Ye Let Vey, Uggs “2 + Vom demote the members of Vay Var °°" » Vn Mich ae ota the ca tee we FON Leds vo" «Mi and let ¢ be the unique imeper such that $= {(7),] =1,2,3, "++ +m ~N- Then, each 1) i greater than Ty LEEW s abe the smallest of the 7's, and let N+ pe be the largest of the WWs,4 v5 420-4 vs owl Sl¥syl + LY hot LYsmenl S Jun spl + luwepger| #777 + lMrse,| S|umsal + lumeal tore Leaeenl M. tu and Sy =) twy then for all m> M, Sa Sy evs, 4 05,4 0 # MSm an fa ti So — Sa Sy — So v5, + Yay toot MSc foal m2 Me Hence, SUE [Sy — Sl Lvs, 405 Peet 7 Sena for all mM, and sincew 1%6 Complex Variables ISu—SLM. That is the series J” vp converges to the value S, PROBLEM?.29 Let sy converge to X and et Ky nce He pg sen of isons, Let yy covers ¥ a et, dente hn ea Low is an amalgamation of Dy and Lr sum is XY. sum of this series.» Then, show that J” uy converges and Solution: For arbitrary £>0, there exists an N, and an Ny such tha UXn-X [<4 € for all a> N, and |¥q—¥| <6 forall a >W,. IEW = max (WN), ten [Xq—X|<$e and [%q—¥|N. Thus. for ame M>2N+2>., the series )” ‘= contains the first (N+ 1) terms of J” and the fist W +1) tems of yy Gt may also contin additonal tems of seh Hence, if m>M, Uy =Xp+Yo, where r2N+1 and s2N+1, Therelae, [Um = + V9] = 1p X04 We D1 < Ie K+ |¥e-¥] che ede ‘That is, it has been shown that |Up ~(X+¥)|< © for all m>M. Therefor, Jim Um exists and is equal tw X+Y or, equivalently, J” ug converges 1 XeY, : PROBLEM 7.24 Let J” x, be a series of real numbers which is conditionally s+ denote the wth (but not absolutely) convergent to X. Let py, v=1, 2,3, positive term in the series Jy, and let my, v=, 2,3, «++, denote theo i Solu 1 Yi pv converses to P, then J” (py) converges to -P and # amalgamation lew of es xy and >” anatzanation of Ss and 7 =Pw +++ of D7 (py) are placed directly after the corresponding *°™™ (px) converges to X-P. Form tH Pv) such that the successive tems “7 Pur Pur By + 0 ty. Since Juv converges to XP, for an abi € pu >a ee those exists an My such that |g ~(X—P)|. Me Let MUTE such that my is one of the terms my, v= 1,2,3, +++. Then, [im ~ O > aSequences and Series 7 sea ae Ft ag = me thn Se = Uy whee Ui is he pai wey Some ant Sei he pt eam of me Alo fo an 8 eure Ones fF some S20. Hence, [-S, XC =P)].<# for all'k> K, That aoremaer oO P. Hn, end ames w= P Sow sense snngaation Dv ot Pov and S3Gm) such ae i tem by erm qneieteme ot Dosv escent forte sign, Ths, ve Lyfe = 162% vas tater, Foie convergent because J po and Jomo) ae tuk com seen; tn, [2 converent. This isa condition esause Je» serfialiy, bet mot absolutely, convergent. Hence, py diverges similar argument shows that if Jy i aanued tobe convergent 40 it Erman hn th ene aateanain fp an Fo) at stove ie pis Oat Ts in baouely convergent. Hence, py and J my diverse Pather, since they are both monotonic, they diverge to =. bac guseunoers fron se SS (ies and let.C. be. any. given number erase RE TE tdonally convereeat Dev whi comveracs to O00 2 Snow: Suppose C> 0, The argument is essentially the sane for C<0. Fam arcarangenent yy of Yavin te following mame, Select he fst ‘positive terms of J” #y as the first Ay terms of Love where by is sulic ily large to that the sum of these hy postive terms equals or exceeds C- ‘eet te ft by negaive terme of Jaw at he next terms of Yo, wre 4 is sufficient fof the ky positive and k, negative ciently large so that the sum 1 ‘ems is equal to ot less than C. These steps and the following repetitions “hen are possible because the series of positive tems of J) xy and the Sees of seguive tems of J xy diverge 10 = (Co Pro 7.24) For the wm fF ete he nt posting met J sn wt ity tgs on tat he um of he fst by 4) sem of Ye fst ‘ls or exceeds C, Continue in this manner, that is, alternately selecting — id178 Complex Variables postive and negative tems of JH», e408 tine taking 88 many ens a cuted 50 tat the pata sum of Jy» up to tat pint jon eas, is Shot of or fiatexceedéC. Now i is shown thatthe series Ty conver 10 C, Let £>0 be given. Since Jv converses, Jim y= 0. Hence, the exists an N such that |v] < © forall ¥ > N, Now, suppose hat N sept hme been performed in the procedare of faring 7 you In the WV + st sep of te socedue aid ft postive or negative tems of J" xy tote sree of Since ¥>, each of the teens xy of Yay satisfies [25] <€, Hence, at he conpleion of the (V+ 1st stp the pata sim Sg, of J ye, whee ya = Acker they cant differ tom C by a8 mach as €. Since in encase ceeding step in the formation of yy the x's available satisfy |v] <€, 90 artial sum S, of )” yo for k2 rw+1 can differ from C by as much as &. Hence, +h ISk~Cl<® forall k> ny, where ow bythe ‘That Is, the sequence 154} of partial sums of)” y»y and, hence, J” yo com verges to C. PROBLEM 7.26 Find the sets R in which the following series converse sof determine which of the series are absolutely convergent in R. Solotion: (a) The series is geometsic and, therefore, converses absolutely fr all 2 such that (I/|1+2[)<1. It diverges for all other values of 2. Thus, He series converges on the set Rilz:{1+ 2|> Il, Hence, the series converts absolutely on ®. (©) For any 2, the ratio of the modulus of the (w+ LDst term 10 that of th nih term is |2/6n+ 1)|. Since lim |2/in + 1)| = 0 for any value of 2, the sie is absolutely convergent, by Prob. 712, for all z a Sci (©) This series may be written as 2)” ED". since the series eri oY oe aa) es this series converses foreach value of 2. (Cf.. Prob. 722 converses, 2 series iven series converges everywhere. On the other hand, the Thus, he ¥ [eve]. la] Jo baiverges it 20 (eee Prob. 713). Hence the se {absolutely convergent if and only if z = 0. —Sequences and Series 179 7.3 Convergence of Sex 3 quences and Series of Functions A sequence of functions \fnl on a set E of complex num- av vel of fonctions fa), n= 1, 2, 3,74 defined eps is he s2t Uf foe rose. tenths merical sequence {fn(2 = fl) 2). ++ fnl2, =| converges satxeach ina subset Ro E, hen [is called the lini ofthe sequence we od is writen as fC2)~ Lim fla). That i, Iel converses tof in i 50, there exists a positive number N dependent on © and z such that (@)_4)|< & for all n> N=N(e,2). converges everywhere if the subset R is the entire zplane. | diverges at point 2 = % if 2 is notin R. | diverges everywhere if is the empty of null set jos Beach in, fl ‘Tae sequence |fn ‘The sequence {fn The sequence Un Tue series)" fy ix absolutely convergent in R if DY 601 is convergent fxeach tin. russia $f i contionally convergent in 8 a if the samerical series Y, blzd is conditionally convergent in Re Yi tes is ai we wien fu dent the mai ses J Suppose that [f,(2)} is’ any sequence of functions, cach of which is contini tax ia sone region R of the. z-plane. Suppose further that the sequence co vanes toa function (2) in this region. Does it follow that {(2) is necessarily Cations on R?. Problem 7.27 is a counter-example that shows that the a ser is 20, 2,24, +++ defined on the inter~ PROBLEM 7.27 If {fq(z)1 is the sequence +" ae ‘each value of ¥ 00 *Sintinaous on 0 N and all zinR, Uaiforn convergence is a property possessed by a sequence in vpin wig, “sets convergence is a property possessed by a sequence at a point. Thy at HMatement @ sequence converges uniformly at @ point 2, inplics that thes {epion containing the point z» over which the sequence converges anifomy SER sequence converges nonuniformly at a point 25 if the sequence conray, at 225 but there is n0 region containing Zo in which the sequence cen, * sniforaly, ‘A seties of functions is said to converge uniformly in a set ot rece 2 its sequence of partial sums converges uniforaly in R. PROBLEN 7.28 Show that the sequence of Prob. 7.27 converges nonuaifan, 72. Graph IgGl =leten Seldon: Figs 7.2 shows he raphe of 2% and 2 conapotng ih eal, Berte geoveesiers ie sot [fel Tee tee anal Sa Wee ae eae ie sk ee ee ee ee above inequality is satisfied for x,. Thus, | falc.) ~ f(x,)| <@ foralln>N «ls, Shon, Be al se SB, ecw nage br also oe [fal2) = {(2) |< & for all n> N since the sequence Ifq] converges to f for each on fst However, the valve of inconsce an 7 ooo ewe d shows the smallest value of N that can be chosen for any x such thi! (HO) 0] . "The ugh of sorter 7a pleted tr +h The santo ot tl ere fo J von} Ne = on I | Ee (Cf, Prob. 7.88.) Thus, (7.2) and Fig. 7.3 show that V—- = asx — 1. Hence IF TIS LI—F unique value of N independent of « on the interval (0, L]eannot be found soc st for all x on (0,10, |fp(3)~ J) N. Thus, Hfq(2b converses lotion 10 Prob. 7.28. fates : ‘uniformly. PROBLEM 7.29 Show that the series Te Oe Oe Te (@) converges for each value of x on the teal line, (8) the sum SU) of tS is discon (6) the convergence of the series is nom aro, Solution: (a) For x =0, the series converges to 0, since each partial zero. For 240, the Poe Prob. THE ero, Fo ties is a convergent geometsic series. (Clos lence, the series converges for all eal =. ” (©) In part (3), S10) =0. For x40, the series is sunmed using the {or summing infinite geometric series. Thus, Sx) SEE Ta BsSequences and Series 181 ane series converges to the function Si) =0 for x=0 sleet forxd0, tee “pieh in discontinuous at X= 0. rh goe he series converses for each x, for an arbitrarily small positive sy there exists a positive integer Nx for each x such that for all n> Ne = woes SisG)— 51 |<. To determine whether there is a single N =N(@) Mee tat [Seed ~ U2) | <& for all 2> NCS) and all values of =, let #40, Then, poeasryt! gy re SO) = T+ ie and SQ) Tt, eee, 18,0 — 09 | = 1/01 + x98 | = 1 + 7 for 220. Ths, fora given qoec iva fized N is to be found such that 1/(L +e" € <1 for all n> N Seal £40 ina neighborhood of x=0. Suppose that there is such an integer we thens for m=N +, IML +20! CE. for all x40 in a neighborhood of a0; that is, =log & > te 1 for alt x 40. og 0+) Sie tig (tog £/log(L +) ~ 1] =, for arbitaily Large N40 can be sue ficiently small so that og & log +) This contsadiction establishes the nonuniformity of the convergence of the series in the neighborhood of x = 0. -1>M. faarser: gee te {PROBLEM 7.20 Prove that the Series) fX2) converges uniformly for all z in go gee Dy ‘set Rif and only if given any positive number & there exists a positive inte~ EN, which depends pon © but not upon z, such that for all =>, all p> 0, ria, SNS ng | = [fgnt(2) + Syral@) +02 + fuer S & a Seletion: To prove that the condition is necessary, itis shown that if ) fu(2) ‘verges uniformly to f(z) for all 2 in R, then (7.3) holds. If So(2) is the mth lsum ofthe series Sa) = J” foe, then for any p> 0. x $02) = (54962) = f(2)) = (Spapl2) ~ Sal20] = Sys p2) ~ SEI ~ So 92, i sale) = (762) ~ 5,2} + [Spep(2) ~ f(a]. Hence, [Sap <1 SaC2) - S| + Bu "<0, Lat €>0 be given, Then, since J” fle) converses uni = f eae 2, there exists positive integer NV which does not depend on 2, meV 18,G)— f(a] < be for all a> N and for all z in RI p> and Ig, arnt thas, |Sep(2) -{@|N, all p>0, andall z in R182 Complex Variables To show that the condition is sufficient, it is assumed that the contig, holds, and 9” fu) is shown t converge sniformly fo all z in. From Prob, 7.7, the condition | Sy,pl2)| < @, forall n>N, all p> 1, and a in Ranson hat, fr ech 2 in R, 5 fled) comerss to sine aay fc) and dence, J" fy converges to «fonction f defined on R. Now, or any fixed ng any p> 0, and each = in Ry Sag pl2) = Sugsp@) ~Sngl2) Of Sug pl2) — (12) ~ Sug] = Sagepl 2 ~ fl, Since J” fue) converges to {(2) for each z in R, the sequence ISy,,4(2) com verges to f(2). Hence, the sequence |S, 9(2)! converses to £(@) = f(2)~S,) for each fited ne and each 2 in R. I &, is any positive number, then, according to condition (7.3), thee is an N such that for all ny >N, all p>0, and all 2 in R, |Sy,.9(2)| “bee To show that |2(2)| <€, for all z in R, suppose that for some 2 in R, |g(2)|« 5> he. Letr=5-},>0. Then, for arbitrarily large p, | £GGo) ~ S59,o(29)1 2 L2G) | = 1S59.92)| > 3-48, = > 0, That is, ISy5,p(éo)1 does not converge to 222). However, zy is in R, and Seep (2) converges to g(2) for each z in R. This contradiction establishes that Ie@Is $e, <4, forall zinR. Since e(2) = f(2) ~ $42), |G) ~ Sy9(2)] <2, {oa mg >and all ein R. That, 3° 42) converts enitomiy to (2n PROBLEM 7.31 Using the sotation of Prob, 7.30, suppose that the sequenee {S,(0 converges to 1) for each z on R. Show that the soqveace [Sue converges to (2)~ S,4(2) for each z on R for aay fixed ny. Solution: Since Sayyp (2) = Sy4 (2) + Syp.p 2, 1Sng.9 (2) - 11) - S,, 2) | = ISnrose (2) - £@)|. Now, Sugrg(t) isthe Gos pth rartial sum of ole). Hence, foreach # ia Ry lim Sng p(2) = f(2) since Y” fu(2) —+ f(a). Thats, given € > 0, there exists Pe>0 for each z on R such that |Suoup(z) ~ /(2)| < € for all p> Pee Thus, 1S 9(@ ~ (UG ~ Saq |< & for all'p > Pe and, therefore, Sy,,y (2) converses to) ~5,,(2) foreach 2 on R. PROBLEM 7.22 Ifthe sequence I5p(z)I converges uniformly to f(z), for z on 8 show that the sequence IS,,,9(21 converges uniformly to f(2) ~ S,,(2, for 2 08 R and for any fixed n Solution: Since Sy,,p(2) = Spy yp (2) 2. : ISro.o(2) (M2) ~ 5,42) = | But, since $p(2) converges uniformly to f(2), if € >0, an N exists such that lo 2 > N,|Sp(2)~ $21 < & for all zin R. Hence, for any no, [Sosaplt) = D1 <& for all p>W and all z in R. Thus, |Sqp.g(2) —[/(2)-Seg(aHT'e € for aySequences and Series 183, ail p>N, and all z in R. That is, Sy, 9(2) conver ae os9(2) converges uniformly to (2) ~ S,,(2) Weierstrass’ M-Test: Let {.2) + fy) + +++ fale) +--+ of fonctions with each fy defined on a set E, and let, +My +e Mgnt es be a convergent series of positive numbers.” If |f,)|/< My for n~1.2-3, aud forall zn , then J” f,(2conteraesusifomallyonE, PROBLEM 7.33 Prove Weierstrass’ Mest. Solution: For £>0, there exists a positive integer N such that Mp.p = [Map| WN and all p>0. Now, : USnp(201 5)” Varsk2)] N, and all p>0. Therefore, by pb .7, 57 fl converse sniorly 19 Ss) on E 7.4 Properties of Uniformly Convergent Sequences and Series & pees Unitornly Convesgest seties belive in many Toupee bough bey veie finite sums. Thus, for exazple, sifomly convergent setes of “cnnoous functions aze themselves cootinsous fonctions. ‘The sees, if inte= [grated term by term, gives a new series whose sum is the integral of.the sum of [fe genres. oe sequence of functions, each continuous in some PROBLEM 7.34 If Ifq()l is 1/41 approaches f(2) uniformly. in R; prove, that region R of the 2-plane, and {is continuous in R. Selus Let €>0 be given, Let N be such that |f(2)~ fn(2)| <5 € for all > N and all z in R, Let 25 be any point of R. Then, for all z in Ry 140) ~ $02.) | = 1/02) ~ fer) + freal@) ~ vere) * Ineaee) = f)| S |) ~ fas (2D | + [fnen@) ~ fuer + [Snealed - 120) | < $e + Iver) ~ fuer@odl +5 & Since fy is continuous in R, it is continuous at Zor Thus, there esiite 8>0 such that [fives (2) ~ fnveiee)| <4 & for all 2 in R satisfying [2-201 <3. Tetefoe, [f(@)-f@0) |<} E+ FE 3 for all 2 in R satisfying [2 = Z0l <8. at is, fin continous at Zoe Since Zo is any point of R, fis continvoes Ue PROBLEM 7.35. te series” gy( of continuous fenetons ‘converges uni~ tert) in ome region, grove tat 2) ix coins 8 Sales race of continuous func- UE fa) J ld then et it sem184 Complex Variables sone that converses uniformly to /(2 for = in R. Hence, by Prob. 7.34, jg continuous for 2 in R. PROBLEM 7.36 Show that if If(2)l is a Sequence of functions continous jay region R, if C: 2=26) is simple closed contour line in-R, and if f,G)]° (2) saitoraly on C, then’ lin [neve exists and cals f yeres, i [. Solution: Problem 7.35 assures that fis continuous on R and, therefore, o ¢ tne [tere [ref ra Since fq converges uniformly to f on R and, therefore, on C, for any given posi= tive number €, there exists a positive integer N such that for all > and toy all zon C, |/(2)~ fa(2)| < €/L, where L is the length of C. Thus, [rere f ie Tree, tn [fee ene and cuts J es Nett Sim ‘uestion of uniformity here since the integrale are numbers and not functions. ft -seoas : N. s RS r PROBLEM 7.37 “If for all 2 oa'R, ‘verges uniformly to f(z), ‘and if Ci that Bazidz = | f(e)dz. Eno f Solution: IF fa(2) is the mth partial sum of J” gq(2), then the sequence Ifq(2 satisfies the conditions of Prob. 7.36 and the conclusion follows immediately. PROBLEM 7.38 Let Ifa(2)I be a sequence of functions each analytic in a si ply connected domain D and which converges uniformly to f(z) in D. Show that 1G) is analytic in D. Solution: Since f(z) is analytic in D, it is also continuous there. Henee, if C is any closed contour lying entirely within D, from Prob. 737, [sess im [ ere: However, since fn(2) is analytic in D for m = 1,2,3, «+-, all the integrals on the right-hand side of the above equation vanish for any closed contour C in D, and. hence, the integral on the left vanishes around any closed contour in D. This by Morera’s theorem (Prob. 6.36), (2) is analytic in D. PROBLEM 7.99 It Yen) isa series of functions, each analytic in 2 sae”. connected domain D and which converges uniformly to (2) in D, show wat (© is analytic in D. —Sequences and Series 185 don: W Uf! 8 the Sequence of partial sums of J” ql, them Ua sfies the conditions of Prob. 7.38 and, hence, f(z) is analytic in D. (at at pROBLEM 7.40 If Ufn(2) is a sequence of functions ied domain D and which converges uniformly to {(@) in D, show me, GUL Gt converges to {f° (I for each = in D, and. @) if Tis any clowed cata ig entirely in D, then {44 (@)} converges uniformly to f° (yl fer ail rinse P. + each analytic in a simply Choose and fix any 2 in D, Soli A ince Uyl converses uniformly to f in D,{ *L _!n converses (@ Since Ua! i ly wf ots ea} rs © vsfnly 0] = Hor k= 1,2,3, «++ and for all £ lying on any circle a fa qr } nanan Centred at z in D,as shown in Fig. 7.4. Since the radius of this citcle is eelé-2l, Eee cd i) jet E-2T Dei E- aT - AT I fnl€) - £€) |. Now, fa(€)1 converges uniformly to s(E) for € on C. Thus, for any arbitrarily small positive number €, there exists an integer N which does not depend upon Fhuttmay depend on p and, hence, upon z, such that Inpt tt rn [nt€) ~ $691 < forall n> Np and forall on C. WO kt) Fe = ce foraltn> Np, all Eon. a1 ae Eat |S © : Hace, | fal) HB _$@) enitornly on C for we (ry _eSicrcomres © Sh Soer ety oo 1 a3 s+, for each z in D. Thus, 8 tia Hf MM€rae kt pra J I tim {9 @) = {© @). eile Eat Ii J. Eat ae Tati, 100 o, ji Ea 2) converges to f(2) for k= 1,2,3, ++» for each 2 in D. wcDlst be the staple closed cesteur shown ia Fig. Ty and let A be the pnt) distance from I to the boundary of D. Then, if z is any point inside sath acitcle centered at z of tedivs $A. Now let € >be given. Then, “fe onverges uniformly to fin D, there exists an N such that nate Mal6)~ 169] < Bee ee ig i art (a), IB rnp € bat st apn fe 2. Dupleing te st of pt, nce, f£(2) com Mes end 15 € for all m > N and for all z inside F. Hence, fa? (2) "Mormly to 44 (2) for all 2 inside P- BL jtic in a sit ag Lota) is a series of functions, each analytic ely "dessin D, and which converses uniformly to {(2) in D, show that Fig. 7A Solution 10 Prob. 7.40(0), Boundary of D Fig. 7.5 Solution 10. Prob. 7.4016),