518 Chapter 15 15.7 FIXED EARTH SUPPORT METHOD (GRANULAR SOIL) Ifthe sheet ples are driven to a considerable depth, as shown in Fig, 15.11(2) the lower end of the bulkhead is practically fixed in position, because the resistance of sand adjoining the end does not permit more chan an insignificant deviation of the wall from its initial vertical position. Therefore anchored sheet pile walls of this type will be called as bulkheads with fixed earth support. An «) adequately anchored bulkhead with free earth support can fail by bending or on account of the failure of the sand adjoining the wall atthe rassive side by shear along a curved surface of sliding (Fig. 15.9). A securely anchored bulkhead with fixed earth support can fail oaly by bending. “The deflected shape of the pile under fixed support condition is shown in Fig. 15.13(a). The actual active pressure distribution on such a pile isnot linear as can be seen by the dashed line inthe figure. However, for all practical purposes, a linear distribution is assumed. The point b may be considered as the point of fixity of the sheet >ile and the point Jon the pile is the point of inflection (zero bending, moment). The point O is the point of zero shear. Fig. 15.13(b) and (c) show the pressure and moment distribution on the wal. respectively. iz ‘The problem of bulkheads with fixed earth support may be solved by anyone of the following methods. 1, Elastic line methods 2. Equivalent beam method. The elas:c line method is quite complicated and time consuming: Whereas the equivalent beam ‘method repre sents a simplification of the elas:c line method and the method involves a considerable saving in time and labour at a small sacrifice’of accuracy. Only the equivalent beam method is therefore described in this book. Probable. distribution of pressure BM. diagram =F ROT Assumed @) &) © Fig. 15.13 Fixed-earth support condition* Sheet Pile Wall | 519 Equivalent Beam Method ‘The equivalent beam method is based on the following principle: 1, The pressure diagram triangle Oab is transformed into triangle obd Fig. 15.13(b), thus increasing the area by the amount adb. This increase is however counterbalanced by adding ‘sn equivalent area ba‘d’ on the back of the wall. The pressure, due to the area bce and ba’ d’ may be replaced by a concentrated load R, acting at point b to the left Fig. 15.13(b). ‘2 The sheet pile wall gob is assumed as a beam. This beam is supported freely at one end at anchbr rod level by the reaction T, (pull in the anchor rod) and fixed at the other end at Point 5 with reaction R, Fig. 15.13(b). 3 Since the moment at the inflection point /is zero, the beam gob can be splitted into two parts (i) An equivalent, freely supported beam g/ of the original beam gb with reactions R, and T, acting towards the right. (ji) Another beam Jb, supported at J by the reaction R, ‘scting towards the left and the bottom b with reaction R, Fig. 15.14. ‘The solution to the problem by equivalent beam method involves the following. 1, The determination of the reaction R,.. 2. Determination of the depth of embedment. The solution to the problem depends upon the depth y; ofthe inflection point / below the dredge line. Ithas been found that the depth y, is a function of g. The values of y, for different values of as obtained by elastic line method of analysis are (Terzaghi).. = 20° 30° 40° ‘ y= 025 H 0.08 0.007 # The angle of internal friction @ of sandy backfills is approximately 30° corresponding to a value ofy,of about 0.1 H. Hence if both the backfill and the earth below the dredge line are sandy, y, = 0.1 H may be used without significant error. Another approach that is normally recommended is to consider the point of zero shear the same as the point of zero moment (Anderson). Thus, the value of y, may be taken as equal to yq without significant error. Fig. 15.14(b) gives the equivalent beam section with the assumption y, = yg. Determination of Reaction R, and T, The pressure distribution diagram on the sheet pive in Fig. 15.14(a) is shown in Fig. 15.14(b). The total active and passive earth pressures P, and P, acting on the wall can be calculated by making use of the known soil properties in the same way as a free-earth support method, The unknown quantities are 1. The reaction R, 2. The tension 7, in the anchor rod 3. The depth D, 1. The reaction R, can be found out by taking moments of all the forces acting on the beam go about the anchor point P 2. The algebraic sum of all the horizontal forces acting on the beam g0 equated to zero gives the value of 7,Chapter 15 ° Fig. 15.14 The principles of equivalent beam method Determination of Depth of Embedment Let D, = Depth of point b from point O on the beam. ‘The depth yo can be found out by making use of Eq. (15.1) > or or }, = depth of the point of fixity b from dredge line Therefore D, = Dy + yp = 3.0x2.67 x6.0X0.28 = 0.84 KN/m_ ~p028=(4, —0.093) m 6K (dy 4," > FxOx2.OTX(dy = 0.28)? =10.67(d, -0.28)* al Yes (d, 0.28) m.Sheet Pile Wall 523 Fig. Ex. 15.7b ‘Taking moments of the forces about point b, Ry Xd, + Py X¥g—P, xy, =0 10. 7 28.5d, —0.84(d, —0.093)- (d, -0.28) =0 On simplification, we have,0.36d? -0.3d, -2.85=0 Solving for d,, we have d, = 3.3 m Depth of embedment D=054+3.3=3.8m Increasing D by 20% for fixity, Dygat = 3.8 + 0.8 = 4.6 m (ii) With the second concept, the pressure distribution diagram is as shown in Fig. Ex. 15.7b. + Values of P,P 2,Ps,.¥1»Pa,»Yo»P,,and y3 remain the same as given under the first concept. Yo = Yet, =0.5+0.28 = 0.78 m8 Chapter 15°) 16.70.78 = 6.5 kNim mani Y= 445 Yo =440.26=4.26m ‘Taking moments of all the forces about the anchor rod, Ri4+Y0) = Py, + FasY2* Pas Vs+ Pag By substituting and simplifying, we have 7SkNim ‘The tensionin thetierodisT, = P, +P, +P, +P, —R, =8.7+26+12+46.5-27.5=25.8kNim 1 Forbeamob P, = 17d? = Fx Bx2.67% 03 =10.7d2 ‘Taking moments of P, and R, about b P,yp—Ridy =0 Therefore, 10.7d? -27.5d, =0, or 12.8d?-99=0 which gives d, = 2.8m. Depth of embedment D= yo+d, = 78+ 2. 58m Increasing D by 20% for fixity, Digah =3-58+0.7 = 4.28m 15.8. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 15.1. Classify the sheet piles according to their materials. Discuss their relati ddvantages and * disadvantages-— 15,2 With suitable illustration, describe the analysis used for finding the depth of embedment.