LAWS OF MOTION

COTACT AND NON- CONTACT FORCE

EXERCISE 3 (A)

Ans. 1. (a) The forces which act on bodies when they are in actual contact are called contact forces.
Two examples are : (i) Force of friction (ii) Force of tension

(b) The forces which act on bodies without being physically touched are called non-contact forces or
forces at a distance. The gravitational force and magnetic force are non- contact forces.

Ans. 2 Contact forces: Frictional force, normal reaction force and force of tension in a string.

Non- contact forces : Gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.

Ans 4. Refer diagrams in text book

Ans 5.Distance; Magnitude of non-contact force decreases as the distance increases.

Ans 6. According to the law of gravitation, the force of gravitation between two masses is inversely
proportional to square of the distance of separation between the masses. If the distance between
two masses is reduced to half, the force between the masses will be four times.

Ans 7. (i) A force applied on a non-rigid body changes or tends to change either the size or shape or
the state of rest or motion of the body.

(ii) When a force is applied on a rigid body it changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion
of the body.

Ans 8 (a) A fielder stops a ball.

(b) A ball is kicked.

(c) Loading a spring.

(d) Hammering of a small piece of silver.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION AND INERTIA

EXERCISE 3 (B)

Ans. 1 Force

Ans 2. In absence of force, after bringing an object in motion, no force is required to keep it moving.
In other words, an object, if once in motion, moves with uniform velocity if no force acts on it.

Ans 3. A ball moving on a table top eventually stops because of the force of friction between the ball
and plane, which stops the ball.

Ans 4. The speed will remain unchanged.

Ans. 5 According to Galileo’s law of inertia- a body continues to be in the state of rest or in the state
of uniform motion unless an external force is applied on it.

Ans 6 . Newton’s first law of motion states that ‘A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in
motion will continue its motion in a straight line with uniform speed, unless it is compelled by an
external force to change its state of rest or of uniform motion.’
Ans 7. Law of inertia: ‘It is the inherent property of a body due to which it resists a change in its state
of rest or of uniform motion.’

Ans 8. Inertia is the property of a body due to which it cannot change its state of rest or uniform
motion unless an external unbalanced force acts on it.

Inertia is of two types: Inertia of rest and inertia of motion.

Ans. 9. Force is that external cause which tends to change the state of rest or the state of motion of
an object.

Ans. 10 Inertia of a body depends on its mass.

Ans 11. (i) It is easier to stop an empty truck than a loaded truck by applying force or brakes.

(ii) A stone has greater inertia than a football of same size. If we kick a stone, it will not move
because of its high inertia but if we kick a football, it will move a long way. Thus, a stone resists a
change in its state better than a football does.

Ans 12. A truck has more mass than a car. More force is required to move or start a truck than a car.

Ans. 13 The two kinds of inertia are: (i) Inertia of rest, (ii) Inertia of motion.

Ans 14. (i) Inertia of rest : When we beat a carpet with a stick, dust particles fall off due to inertia of
rest and the beaten part of carpet moves ahead.

(ii) Inertia of motion: A man standing in a moving bus falls forward as soon as the bus stops, due to
inertia of motion of upper part of his body.

Ans. 15 Two equal and opposite forces cancel each other when both of them act on the same body
in the same line and body does not move. Net force on the body is zero, so the body will remain
stationary due to inertia of rest.

Ans 16. If the forces are acting along the same line, then they cancel each other and do not produce
any effect on the moving object, i.e. the motion remains unaffected.

Ans 17. An aeroplane is moving uniformly at a constant height and two equal and opposite forces
are acting on it. The resulting force is thus zero.

Ans 18. A person falls when he jumps out from moving train because inside the train his whole body
was in a state of motion along with the train and on jumping out of the train, the lower part of his
body comes to rest when his feet touch the ground while the upper part remains in motion due to
inertia of motion. It makes him fall in the direction of motion of the train.

Ans. 19. A coin placed on a card drops into the tumbler when the card is rapidly flicked with the
finger because when the card is flicked, it moves away but the coin placed on it tends to remain at
rest sue to inertia of rest and falls down into the tumbler due to the pull of gravity.

Ans. 20. A ball thrown vertically upwards in the moving train comes back to the thrower’s hand
because at the moment the ball was thrown, it was in motion along with the person and the train.
During this time, the ball remains in air, both the person and the ball moves ahead through the same
distance. This makes the ball come back to the thrower’s hand.

Ans 21. (a) When the train is at rest, passengers standing in the compartment are also at rest. When
train suddenly moves forward, the passenger tends to fall backward as upper part of his body
continues to be in state of rest due to moment of inertia while lower part of his body comes in
motion.

(b) Due to inertia of rest, the sliding door of compartment opens or closes when train suddenly starts
and due to inertia of motion, the sliding door closes when train suddenly stops.

(c) When tree is shaken branches move suddenly and the fruits fall on account of inertia of rest.

(d) One has to run for some distance in the direction of bus in order to avoid falling, otherwise, the
feet will suddenly come to rest while upper part of his body will remain in motion due to inertia of
motion. Because of this he may fall down and get injured.

(e) On being beaten, the carpet comes in motion while the dust particles due to inertia of rest and
force of gravity fall and are removed.

(f) To run before jumping brings one in state of motion and then it becomes easier for him to jump
due to inertia of motion and also due to the momentum he gains by running.

LINEAR MOMENTUM AND NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

EXERCISE 3 (C)

Ans 1. The force needed to stop a moving body in a given time depends on (i) mass of the body (ii)
velocity of the body.

Ans 2. Linear momentum p = m x v.

Linear momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity. S. I. unit is kgm/s.

Momentum may also be defined as the quantity of motion contained in the body and measured as
the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.

Ans. 3. We know that

Change in momentum Δ p = Δ (mv )

The change in product mv can be either due to change in mass (m) or due to change in velocity ( v)
or due to both mass and velocity.

If change in velocity alone takes place and mass remains constant then Δp = m Δ v

It is observed that if velocity of body is comparable to the velocity of light then the mass of the
particle does not remain constant, but it increases with increase in velocity.

( i ) When v < < c ; Δp = m Δ v

( ii ) When v → c, i.e. when velocity v is comparable to speed of light, Δp = Δ (m v )

( iii ) When v < < c but m does not remain constant, then Δp = Δ (m v )

Ans 4. Refer section 3.9, page 63

Ans. 5. (i) Mass is a measure of inertia of a body. Since two bodies A and B are of same mass their
inertia is also the same.

(ii) Momentum of body A = mass x velocity = m x v

Momentum of body B = m x 2v
Momentumof A = mxv = 1
Mometum of B mx 2v 2

Momentum of A : Momentum of B = 1 : 2

Ans 6. Mass of A = m, Velocity = 2v

Mass of B = 2m, Velocity = v

Inertia of A m 1
(i) Inertia of B
= 2m
= 2 ; Inertia of A : Inertia of B = 1 : 2

Momentumof A mx 2v 1
(ii) Mometum of B
= 2m x v
= 1;

Momentum of A : Momentum of B = 1: 1

Force needed ¿ stop A ¿ stop B ¿ = m x acceleration of A

(iii) Forceneeded ¿ 2m x acceleration of B
=
2v
mx
t 1
=
v 1
2m x
t

Force needed ¿ stop A ¿ stop B ¿ = 1

Forceneeded ¿ 1
Force on A : Force on B = 1 : 1

Ans 7. Newton’s second law of motion states that rate of change of momentum is directly
proportional to force applied and takes place in the direction of force.

We get information that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
force applied on it and the change in momentum takes place in the direction in which the force is
applied.

Ans 8. Newton’s second law of motion gives us a quantitative definition of force whereas the first
law gives us a qualitative definition of force.

Ans 9. The mathematical form of Newton’s second law of motion is : F = ma

i.e. Force = Mass x Acceleration

Condition: Mass should remain constant and the velocity of the object should be less than the
velocity of light.

Ans 10. Refer Ans 7 above. Refer section 3.9 pg 63.

Ans. 11. According to Newton’s second law of motion F = ma

If F = 0 then ma = 0 => a = 0 as mass cannot be equal to zero.

This means that if no external force is applied on the body, then its acceleration will be zero.
Therefore, a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will go on moving with the same
speed in the same direction. In other words, body not acted by an external force, has an
unaccelerated motion. This is the statement of Newton’s first law of motion. Thus, Newton’s first law
of motion can be obtained from the second law.

Ans. 12 ( i ) Fig 3.8, pg 64

( ii ) Fig 3.9 , pg 64

Ans. 13. Fig 3.10, pg 64

Ans 14. The S.I. unit of force is newton ( N ).

One newton is defined as the force which when acts on a body of mass 1kg produces an acceleration
of 1 ms-2. 1 newton = 1 kg x 1 ms-2

Ans 15. C. G. S. unit of force is dyne. One dyne is defined as the force which when acts on a body of
mass 1 gram produces an acceleration of 1 cms -2. i.e. 1 dyne = 1 g x 1 cms-2.

Ans 16. The S.I. unit of force is newton ( Symbol : N ) and C.G.S. unit is dyne.

Relation : 1 newton = 105 dyne.

Ans 17. When a glass vessel falls on a hard floor, it comes to rest in a short time due to which a large
force is exerted on it and it breaks. But when it falls on a carpet, it comes to rest in a longer time due
to which less force is exerted on it and it does not brea.

Ans. 18 Refer page 65; examples 1 and 2.

Ans 1: Newton’s third law of motion explains the following :

1. Recoiling of a gun when a bullet is fired.

2. A person moving forward while walking on the road.
3. Rowing a boat.
4. A person moving forward during swimming.
5. Rocket propulsion.

Ans 2: Newton’s third law of motion states : “To every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.”

Ans 3. Statement: “Action and reaction are always equal and opposite in direction.”

Explanation: Action and reaction do not act on the same body, but they always act simultaneously
on two different bodies. Action and reaction do not cancel each other.

Examples (1) Consider a book lying on the table. Its weight ( W) acts vertically downward ( action
force) and book does not fall. That means table is exerting equal force on the book, but in opposite
direction ( normal reaction force) called reaction. Thus, action and reaction are equal and opposite.

(2) When we swim I water, we push the water backward ( action force) and water in turn exerts
equal force on us but in opposite direction ( reaction force) i.e. there are two different objects man
and water and two forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Ans 4.

Action Force Reaction Force

Force acting on bullet in forward direction Force acting on the gun in backward

Force acting on nail due to hammer
Weight of book acting vertically downward on a
table
Force on gases going downward
The foot pushing the floor backward
The force exerted on stationary train
direction( recoiling of gun)
Force on hammer due to nail
Normal reaction on the book due to table.
The gases moving rocket upward
Floor gives a push to the foot in forward
direction
The force exerted by stationary train on moving
train

Ans 5. The hot gases produced by the fast burning fuel rush out of a jet at the bottom of the rocket
at a very high speed is the action force. An equal and opposite force is exerted on rocket ( reaction
force) pushes the rocket upward with a great speed.

Ans 6. When a shot is fired from a gun, force acting on bullet in forward direction is action and an
equal and opposite force acts on gun called reaction and the gun recoils ( gets backward with a jerk)

Ans 7. When you step ashore, you push the boat with foot in the backward direction( action). The
boat exerts an equal force on you in the forward direction ( reaction) and enables you to move
forward.

Ans 8. When two spring balances joined at their free ends are pulled apart, both show the same
reading in accordance with Newton’s third law of motion. The pull on one spring by the other spring
is the action and the pull on the second spring due to first spring is the reaction which are equal and
opposite. Consequently, both the springs show the same reading.

Ans 9. To move a boat ahead in water, the boatman pushes ( action) the water backwards by his oar
so that water exerts equal and opposite force ( reaction) in the forward direction on the boat due to
which the boat moves ahead.

Ans. 10. A person pushing a wall hard is liable to fall back because when he pushes ( action) the wall,
the wall exerts an equal force (reaction) on him due to which he may fall back.

Ans. 11. Yes, the given statement is true because action and reaction both act simultaneously on two
different bodies. They are present always in pair.

Ans 12. The given statement is true. Action and reaction are equal in magnitude but both act on two
different bodies in opposite directions.

Ans 13. While a light ball fall on the ground, the ball exerts a force (action) on the ground and the
ground exerts an equal force (reaction) on the ball rises it upward.

Ans 14. The given statement is wrong because action and reaction never act on the same body. They
act simultaneously on two different bodies.

Numericals :

Ans 1: As the boy pushes a wall with a force of 10N towards east, so the force exerted by wall on the
boy is 10N towards west.

Ans 2 (a)As the weight of box is heavy, so it is exerting a downward ( weight) force of 15N.

(b) And the force exerted by string on the block is 15N upwards ( tension).
 GRAVITATION

Ans 1. Newton’s law of gravitation states that the force of attraction acting between two particles is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.

Gm1 m2
F= 2
r
Here, G is the constant of proportionality and is known as the universal gravitational constant. Its
value at all places in the universe is 6.67 x 10 – 11 Nm2 kg -2.

Ans2. Gravitational force between two masses is always attractive.

Ans 3. Refer to Ans. 1

Ans. 4. The gravitational force of attraction between two masses is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.

Ans 5. The gravitational force between two masses is reduced to one-fourth if the separation
between them is doubled.

Gm1 m2 Gm 1 m2 Gm1 m2
F1 = 2 and F2 = 2 = 2
r (2 r ) 4r
F1 4 F1
Therefore,
F2
=
1
¿>¿ F2=
4

Ans. 6. Gravitational constant G is defined as the force of attraction acting between two
masses each of mass 1kg placed at a separation of 1m.
Ans 7. G = 6.67 x 10 – 11 Nm2 kg -2
Ans. 8 . Law of gravitation helps us in understanding the motion of planets around the sun,
the motion of satellites around the planets and the motion of the freely falling bodies..
Ans 9. The force with which earth attracts an object towards itself is called the force due to
gravity on that body.
GM m
Ans. 10. The force due to gravity acting on a body of mass m is given by F =
R2
Where, G = Universal gravitational constant, M = mass of earth, m= mass of object,
R = radius of earth.
Ans 11. The acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the attraction of earth is
called acceleration due to gravity. S.I. unit is ms-2.
Ans.12. The value of g is 9.8ms-2.
 GM
Ans. 13. g = 2 ; g = acceleration due to gravity, M= mass of earth; R = radius of
R
earth. G is universal gravitational constant.
Hence, acceleration due to gravity is directly proportional to the mass of the earth and
inversely proportional to the square of distance of separation between the two objects.
Ans 14. Refer ans 13.
Ans. 15. When a body is falling freely under gravity:
1
h = ut + gt2
2
But as body falls from rest, its initial u = 0
1 1
 h=0 + gt2 = gt2
2 2
Ans.16 As velocity of body at highest point is zero, maximum height h can be obtained by
putting v = 0 in v2 – u2 = 2 ( - g ) h

u2
∴ – u2 = 2 ( - g ) h ; hence h = Type equation here .
2g

Ans 18.
Mass Weight
1. It is the quantity of matter contained in 1. It is the force with which a body is
the body. attracted towards the centre of the
earth
2. It is a constant quantity 2. W = mg. Hence its value changes
according to the value of g
3. It is a scalar quantity 3. It is a vector quantity
4. Its S.I. unit is kg 4. S.I. unit is Newton
5. It is measured by beam balance 5. It is measured using a spring balance
6. Its value cannot be zero 6. At the centre of earth its value is zero

Ans 20. The weight ( W ) of a body = mg, where m = mass of the body.
At the centre of the earth, g = 0. ∴ W = m x 0 = 0; i.e. weight of a body at the centre of
theearth is zero.

Ans 21. Mass of a body does not change by change of place.

Ans 22. 1 kgf = 9.8 N means that a body of mass 1 kg is attracted towards the centre of the earth
with a force of 9.8 N.