Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.

: Colorimetry – CMY2

Color order systems

 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Color order systems - definitions

• A system for categorizing colors

• An arrangement of color perceptions, color stimuli or

material color samples according to certain rules

• A subset of the world of color according to three

attributes that constitute the coordinates of the color
system

• A rational plan for ordering and specifying all object

colors by a set of material standards
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

WHAT IS COLOR?

CIE definition 845-02-18:

(perceived) color
Attribute of a visual perception
consisting of any combination
of chromatic and achromatic content.
This attribute can be described by
chromatic color names such as
yellow, orange, brown, red, pink,
green, blue, purple, etc., or by
achromatic color names such as
white, gray, black, etc., and qualified
by bright, dim, light, dark, etc., or by
combinations of such names..
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

THREE PRIMARY ATTRIBUTES

• Hue – The attribute of color by means of which a
color is perceived to be red, yellow, green, blue,
purple, etc.
Pure white, black, and grays possess no hue.

• Saturation – the attribute of color perception that

expresses the degree of departure from the gray
of the same lightness. All grays have zero
saturation. Commonly used as a synonym for
chroma especially in graphic arts…

• Lightness – (1) the attribute of color perception

by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to
reflect more or less light. (2) the attribute by which
a perceived color is judged to be equivalent to
one of a series of grays ranging from black to
white. Alternate term is value..
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

NBS-ISCC system of color description

white -ish white very pale very light

brilliant
light gray light -ish gray pale, light grayish light
medium gray -ish gray grayish moderate strong vivid
dark gray dark -ish gray dark grayish dark deep

black -ish black blackish very dark very deep

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Historical survey

Johan Tobias Mayer 1756

 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Johann Heinrich Lambert 1772

Mayer idea extension,

Correction based on pigments
Strength and Lightness

Color order system for sellers

 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Philipp Otto Runge (1810)

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Albert Henry Munsell

* 6. January 1858
† 28. June 1918
1905 – A Color Notation
1915 – The Munsell Atlas of Color
1918 – A.H.Munsell Color Company
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell system development

Munsell’s first color models used
globes (a) as a base for rotary color
mixtures, such that the five hues of
equal lightness (called “value” by
Munsell) and chroma appeared as a
neutral gray when the globe was
spun. Later versions used a “tree” in
which value increased from bottom
to top, and chroma on every hue
“branch” increased from center to
edge (b).
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell system organization I

V

C
H

The goal of the Munsell system is to present an arrangement of a full sample of colors in
equal perceptual intervals over the three dimensions of the color space.
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell system organization II

“Munsell hue, value and chroma can be

varied independently so all colors can
be arrange according the the three
attributes in a three-dimensional space.
The neutral colors are placed along a
vertical line, called the neutral axis with
black at the bottom, white at the top and
all grays in between. The different hues
are display-ed at various angles around
the neutral axis. The chroma scale is
perpendicular to the axis, increasing
outward. This three-dimensional
arrangement of colors is called the
Munsell color space.”
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell definition of HVC

Hue – Specifically and technically, distinctive quality of coloring in

an object or on a surface in which red, yellow, green, blue,
etc., that in which colors of equal luminosity and chroma may
differ.

Value – In printing and the allied arts, relation of one object, part, or
atmospheric plane of a picture to the others, with reference to
light and shade, the idea of hue being abstracted.

Chroma – The degree of sensation from that of white or gray; the

intensity of distinctive hue, color intensity.”.
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

James Clerk Maxwell – Color disk

19th March 1855 Maxwell has had presentation at Royal Society in Edinburgh.
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Hue

Present day system contains 40

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Value

Value numbers are in interval 0-10

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Chroma

Chroma values theoretical interval 0-50.

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell Notation
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Present edition of Munsell Book of Color

Matte Collection
1270 samples

Glossy Collection
1564 samples

Nearly Neutrals
Collection
1100 samples
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell color tree and real colors body

Munsell color body is limited only

on real colors

In Munsell color tree are included real and virtual colors

 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Chromatics plane of Munsell Book of Colors

and its representation on CRT monitor

These colors (all croshatched) CRT or LCD monitor is not able to real display
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Munsell Perceptual Uniformity

•System was „reformulated“ in 1929 to be more perceptually
uniform than before.
•Recent investigations showed that it still leaves something to be
desired.
•However, the Munsell Color System is still a valuable resource
because it has been studied so extensively.
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889)

1839
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Karl Ewald Konstantin Hering (1834-1918)

BRAIN

Hering: „All colors can be described in terms of 4

“psychological color primaries” R, G, B, and Y“.
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Natural Colour System I

Dr Lars Sivik, Prof Gunnar Tonnquist and Dr. Anders Hård, 2004
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Natural Colour System II

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Natural Colour System III

w: whiteness
s: blackness
r: redness
 Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

NCS ：sscc-AφφB

whiteness blackness yellowness redness blueness greenness

A(%) 10 30 0 0 36 24
NCS ：s = 30
NCS ：c = y + r + b + g = 36+24 = 60
w + s + c = 100
NCS ：
φ= 100 g/( b + g)
= 100 . 24/( 36+24)
= 40
NCS : 3060 –B40G
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Natural Colour System versus

Munsell Colour Notation
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932)

Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Ostwald I
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Ostwald II
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Pantone I
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Pantone II
Pantone colors body
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Pantone III
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

Colorcurve
Assoc.Prof. Eng. Michal Vik, Ph.D.: Colorimetry – CMY2

RAL