Stanford Magazine Review Fall 2010, Volume 8, Number 4

CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUg
6Q\\" ! F_\e]U(>e]RUb$
0Sg]\RbVS
>]dS`bg
:W\S
9\pfe[k_\Gfm\ikpCè\s=i\\è^k_\JfZ`Xc<eki\gi\e\lisKlieè^MXcl\jèkf8Zk`fesN_Xk:`m`cJfZ`\kpE\\[j
The way the United States measures

poverty is broken. A new approach is
needed—one that is more accurate
and that better guides solutions.
2iB_eb[U<?º2bYU^
4QfYTC@UTe\\Q
@QWU #
"
Freeing
the Social
Entrepreneur
2i3XQ^dQ\<QebYU
2U\_g;Y]RUb\i
4QcXUbDbY``
@ Q WU#&
Turning Values
into Action
2i=Qbi37U^dY\U
@ Q WU$" Cyndie Miller, like
millions of other
struggling Americans,
What Civil earns just enough to put
Society Needs her family above the
federal poverty line.
2i2beSUCYUfUbc
@ Q WU$(
()%0,L%J% s (+%0,:XeX[X
6Q\\" ! sF_\(>_$
EMPOWERTO CHANGE
PEOPLETHE WORLD
The Draper Richards Foundation believes great leadership is the key to scalable, sustainable organizations.
Draper Richards entrepreneurs represent the talent and hope of next-generation nonprofits.
Interested in joining us to fund and support these amazing entrepreneurs? Contact us at info@draperrichards.org.
Investing in social entrepreneurs who change the world.
www.DraperRichards.org
:fek\ekj=\Xkli\j GlYc`j_\[Ypk_\
:\ek\i]fiJfZ`Xc@eefmXk`feXkk_\
JkXe]fi[>iX[lXk\JZ_ffcf]9ljè\jj
6Q\\" ! F_\e]U(>e]RUb$
@#& @$" @$(
*'

0Sg]\RbVS>]dS`bg:W\S
2i B_eb[U < ?»2bYU^ 4QfYT C @UTe\\Q
DXUgQidXUE^YdUTCdQdUcTUdUb]YÛcgX_Yc`__b¶Q]UQcebURQcUTc_\U\i_^dXUS_cd_V
V__T¶YcRb_[U^1ÛgQ``b_QSXYcÛUTUT_ÛdXQd]UQcebUc`_fUbdidXb_eWXVQSd_bc
ceSXQcX_ecY^WdbQ^c`_bdQdY_^Q^TbUWY_^Q\US_^_]YSTYçUbU^SUc
*- 4`SSW\UbVSA]QWOZ3\b`S^`S\Sc`
2i 3XQ^dQ\ <QebYU 2U\_g ;Y]RUb\i 4QcXUb DbY``
C_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcQbU_VdU^bU\eSdQ^dd_bU\YâeYcXS_^db_\Q^TSbUQdUcdb_^W\UQTUbcXY`
dUQ]cE^\UccdXUi]Q[UdXYcdbQ^cYdY_^dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdU^dbU`bUÛebcg_b[UTc_
XQbTd_SbUQdUQbUe^\Y[U\id_cSQ\Ue`_bXQfUdXUTUcYbUTY]`QSd
+) Bc`\W\UDOZcSaW\b]/QbW]\
2i =Qbi 3 7U^dY\U
C_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bcQbUeceQ\\i]_dYfQdUTRidXUYbÙbc_^Q\fQ\eUciUddXUiT_^ºdQ\gQicQSd
_^dXU]V_bVUQb_VS_^ÃYSdD_bU]UTidXYcdXUiÛUTd_QbdYSe\QdUdXUYbfQ\eUcS_^cYcdU^d\i
Q^TQSd_^dXU]Y^QgQidXQdYc\Y[U\id_\UQTd_W__T_edS_]Uc
+/ EVOb1WdWZA]QWSbg<SSRa
2i 2beSU CYUfUbc
8UQT\YÛWbQRRY^W`b_R\U]c\Y[UW\_RQ\gQb]Y^WQ^TUhdbU]U`_fUbdiWQbÛb]_cd_V
`XY\Q^dXb_ìºc]_ÛiQ^TUÛbWigXY\U\UccfYcYR\U`b_R\U]c\Y[UdXUTUS\YÛ_VdXUÛgc
]UTYQ¶_Û_VdXUV_e^TQdY_^c_VSYfY\c_SYUdi¶QbU_VdU^YW^_bUTIUdgYdX_edQXUQ\dXi
SYfY\c_SYUdiYdYcY]`_ccYR\Ud_c_\fUdXU_dXUb]_bUbUQTY\iQ``QbU^d`b_R\U]c
FE K?< :FM<I1 @X_d_WbQ`XRi5\YBUYSX]Q^
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !

:fek\ekj;\gXikd\ekj
@' @!# @"% @%)
@;<8J 8:K@FE
I<J<8I:? - DXUFQ\eU_V6bUUsBUSUYfY^W1YTBUSUYfY^W N ? 8K Ë J E < O K ++ 4b_g^Y^W?ed8QdUsE^\_S[Y^W6edebUCQfY^Wc
BUcÙSdsE^c_Y\UTBUèdQdY_^csGXQd=Q[Uc s>_^`b_Âdc@YÙE`sGYcT_]_VQC]Q\\Ub3b_gT
3YfYS1cc_SYQdY_^cG_b[s@edQd<UQcd?Û5WWY^
1^_dXUb2Qc[Uds2ejj3_^db_\ N ? 8K N F I B J +/ DXU<Qg_V>Udg_b[c
DXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[Wb_gcbQ`YT\iQ^TÃUhYR\i
H8 ') >UQ\;Uî7eiUb
=UbSi3_b`cºc35?RU\YUfUcdXQdgQbcUQbdXaeQ[Uc 2i CQ] CS_dd :UccYU CÙUb
Q^T_dXUbTYcQcdUbcQcTUcdbeSdYfUQcdXUiSQ^RU
SbUQdU_``_bde^YdYUcd_SXQ^WUc_SYUdi ,' DXYc?\T7bUU^8_ecU
3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c@_bd\Q^TWUdcS_^ce]Ubc
I<M@<NJ ', 3\Y]QdUC_\TYUbc UÛbWYjUTQR_edgUQdXUbYjQdY_^
5bYS@__\UiºcDXU3\Y]QdUGQb 2i CejYU 2_cc
BUfYUg Ri CdU`XU^ 8 CSXÛYTUb
,) =YSb_Â^Q^SUºc>Uhd6b_^dYUb
'- CebfYfQ\_VdXU4UfYQ^d <UQ`6b_W9^fUcd]U^dcQY]cd_Y^cebUdXU`__b
BYSXQbT@QcSQ\U:UbbiCdUb^Y^=_^YaeUCdUb^Y^ºc
_^QWbQ^TcSQ\U
DXU@_gUb_V@_cYdYfU4UfYQ^SU
BUfYUg Ri 4UQ^ ;Qb\Q^ 2i =UbUTYdX =Qi
'. 8UQb8UQbV_b@b_Âdc : 8 J < J K L ;P ,, 4_>_5fY\

=eXQ]]QTIeêcºc2eY\TY^WC_SYQ\2ecYÛcc 7__W\Uºc`XY\Q^dXb_ìQb]4_d?bW\Qe^SXUT
BUfYUg Ri B_TÛi CSXgQbdj Y^" $gYdXR_\TQ]RYdY_^cQ^TQ\]_cdQRY\\Y_^
T_\\QbcCYhiUQbc\QdUb4_d?bWXQcbUdbU^SXUT
(& @eddXU@U_`\Ud_G_b[ 2i CejYU 2_cc
@UdUb6be][Y^:_Q^^:QcdbjQRºcCUbfY^W3_e^dbi
Q^T3_]]e^Ydi
BUfYUg Ri 3XbYc :QbfYc * < ; @ K F I Ë J E F K <
= @ I J K G < I J F E (' =_^[1bSXYdUSd4Y`\_]Qd + C < K K < I J

2eY\TY^WQceSSUccVe\_bWQ^YjQdY_^bUaeYbUc
dXbUUdiÙc_V\UQTUbcXY` -( C 8 J K C F F B
2i =Qb[ 1\RY_^
() 3_\\QR_bQdYfU3XQ^WU FE K?< N<9

1BDcd_bU^dYSUT!# UTeSQdY_^Q\ nnn%jjì\m`\n%fi^
Y^cdYdedY_^cd_g_b[d_WUdXUb
2i :Q]Uc CXe\]Q^ 9cf^^\ij Gf[ZXjkj 9ffbI\m`\nj
FYcYdCC9BºcGURcYdUV_b FYcYdC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^ <__[Y^WV_bQÛgR__[d_
(+ 9^^_fQdY^W@eR\YSCicdU]c dXURUcdQ^T]_cdbUSU^d 3_^fUbcQdY_^cd_T_g^ bUQT_^c_SYQ\Y^^_fQdY_^/
C_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc\Y[U=YSXU\\UBXUUQbU YTUQc_^c_SYQ\Y^^_fQ \_QTVbUUbUS_bTY^Wc_V FYcYdCC9BºcGURcYdU
bUY^fYW_bQdY^WdXUèR\YScUSd_b dY_^Vb_]dXU\Y[Uc_V cÙUSXUc`QÛ\TYcSec gXUbUi_egY\\Â^TT_j
2i CdU`XU^ 7_\Tc]YdX <eSi2Ub^X_\jD_TT cY_^cQ^TY^dUbfYUgc U^c_VR__[bUfYUgcQ\_^W
3_XU^CUQ^CdQ^^QbT gYdX\UQTY^Wc_SYQ\Y^^_ gYdX\Y^[cd_dXUR__[cQd
(- 2YW2ecYÛcc=QddUbc Cd_S[d_^1]iCQ]`\U fQd_bcVb_]9^TYQ3XY\U 1]Qj_^S_]EcUdXU\Y^[
C_SYQ\Y^dbQ`bUÛebcXY`YcdXUQ^cgUbV_b GQbT:UQ^2edjU^ CQeTY1bQRYQ5^W\Q^T d_èbSXQcU_Û_VdXUcU
RecYÛccºcg_Uc B_cUddQDXeb]Q^=QbSYQ Q^T_dXUbS_e^dbYUc R__[cQ^T1]Qj_^gY\\
2i :eTYdX CQ]eU\c_^ CdU`QÛ[Q^T_dXUbc Qb_e^TdXUg_b\T bURQdU]_Ûid_CC9B
" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Behind every innovation is the most
powerful source of energy on Earth.
gy
own the ener
e’ve always kn
At Chevron, w oil and ga s.
out more than
business is ab traordinary
ou t hu m an energy — th ex
e
It’s ab
gether. Across
le working to
power of peop e
and innovativ
collaborative
the globe our ulture, he al th ,
s such as agric
efforts in area ing
are strengthen
and education
microfinance
g lives. With a
and improvin
communities
s leading the
k of employee
global networ te
energy to crea
ing our human
way, we’re us learn more,
re for us all. To
a better futu
ron.com.
visit us at chev
CHEVRON, the CHEVRON HALLMARK and HUMAN ENERGY are registered trademarks of Chevron Intellectual Property LLC.
© 2009 Chevron Corporation. All rights reserved.
<[`kfiËjEfk\ 2i 5 b Y S >U U

C\QWdWZA]QWSbg
1SQTU]YS5TYd_bc 4QfYTG2bQTi
3XY`8UQdX
:Q]Uc1@XY\\c:b
E
=Q^QWY^W5TYd_b 5bYS>UU
CU^Y_b5TYd_b DQ]QbQCdbQec
UQbUX_^_bUTd_RbY^Wi_edXU\QcdQbdYS\UgbYddU^Ri @eR\YcXY^W4YbUSd_b BUWY^QCdQbbBYT\Ui

_Û_VdXUg_b\Tºc]_cd`b_]YÛ^dS\Y]Qd_\_WYcdc @eR\YcXY^W1cc_SYQdU <_bUQ\<i^SX
CdU`XU^8CSXÛYTUbgX_TYUT_VQ^Q``QbU^dXUQbd 1bd4YbUSdY_^Q^T4UcYW^ 4QfYT8UbRYS[4UcYW^
QddQS[gXY\UÃiY^WVb_]CgUTU^d_<_^T_^_^:e\i 3_^dbYRedY^WGbYdUb CejYU2_cc
!)DXUQbdYS\UYcQbUfYUg_VdXUÛgR__[DXU 3_ì5TYd_bc <QgbU^SUCQ^VY\Y``_
;QdX\UU^=eSX
3\Y]QdUGQbRiRecYÛccZ_eb^Q\Ycd5bYS@__\UiCSXÛYTUbgb_dUdXUbUfYUg
9^dUb^c 7Q\QQ^4QVQBQSXU\8UbUTYQ
gXYSXi_egY\\Â^T_^`!&ZecddXbUUTQicRUV_bUXYcTUQdX CQ]Q^dXQ@U^QRQT
CSXÛYTUbQCdQ^V_bTE^YfUbcYdiRY_\_WYcdgQc_Û_VdXUÂbcdd_bQYcUdXU ;QdXUbYÛB_RUbdc_^
Q\Qb]_fUbdXUY]`QSddXQdXe]Q^cQbUXQfY^W_^dXUg_b\TºcS\Y]QdU8U GURCYdU4UcYWÛb C_\c`QSU
QTfYcUTUfUbiEC`bUcYTU^dYQ\QT]Y^YcdbQdY_^Vb_]BYSXQbT>Yh_^d_2QbQS[ 8;M@JFIP9F8I;
?RQ]Q8US_V_e^TUTdXUZ_eb^Q\3\Y]QdYS3XQ^WUY^!)'%1^TXUgQcQ\UQT :UVVbUi2bQTQSX GY\\YQ]=UUXQ^
cSYU^dYcd_^dXU9^dUbW_fUb^]U^dQ\@QÛ\_^3\Y]QdU3XQ^WUgXYSXQ\_^W DXU2bYTWUc`Q^7b_e` CdQ^V_bT7bQTeQdU
CSX__\_V2ecYÛcc
;bYcc4UYW\]UYUb
gYdXV_b]UbFYSU@bUcYTU^d1\7_bUgQcQgQbTUTdXU" '>_RU\@UQSU@bYjU 3U^dUbV_bC_SYQ\ 3QdXUbYÛ=edXUb
2USQecU_VXYc_edc`_[U^\UQTUbcXY`CSXÛYTUbgQcQ\c_Q]_^WdX_cUcSY 9^^_fQdY_^ DXbUU7eYÛQc6e^T
G__Ti@_gU\\
U^dYcdcgX_gUbUfY\YÂUTRiS\Y]QdUSXQ^WUc[U`dYSc9dgQc^ºdQ\gQicdXYcgQi ;QdXUbYÛ6e\d_^
1cc_SYQdU5TYd_b
DXU=_^Yd_b9^cdYdedU
·9^dXU!)' cgXU^9gQc_VdU^Y^3_^WbUccQ^TUfU^dXUGXYdU8_ecU_îUc CdQ^V_bTCSX__\_V5TeSQdY_^
@UdUb8Ub_
S\Y]QdUSXQ^WUcSYU^SUQ^T`_\YSiYcceUcdXUTURQdUgQcRY`QbdYcQ^Y^V_b]Q B_RUbdCS_dd
3Q\YV_b^YQ9^cdYdedU
1cc_SYQdU5TYd_b
dY_^Q\Q^TS_bTYQ\¸gbYdUcCSXÛYTUbY^XYcbUfYUg_VDXU3\Y]QdUGQb2i _VDUSX^_\_Wi
CdQ^V_bTE^YfUbcYdi
S_^dbQcdd_TQi·dXU]_bUUfYTU^SUgUWUddXU\_eTUbQ^T]_bUTYcd_bdUTdXU =YSXQU\;\QecÛb 2beSUCYUfUbc
1cc_SYQdU5TYd_b 8QQc3U^dUbV_b
_``_cYdY_^XQcRUS_]U¸ CdQ^V_bT<QgCSX__\ @eR\YSCUbfYSU
DXU\UfU\_VTYcS_bTXQcW_ddU^c_WbUQddXQdYdXQc`_Yc_ÛTdXUTYcSeccY_^ :Q^=QcQ_[Q <UYWXGQcc_^
3_^ce\dQ^d 3_^ce\dQ^d
Q^T`bUfU^dUT1]UbYSQ^cVb_]QbbYfY^WQdQbQdY_^Q\S_ebcU_VQSdY_^·BUcd_b
8UQdXUb=S<U_T7bQ^d 4QfYTIQb^_\T
Y^WQSYfY\èR\YSTYQ\_WeUg_e\Td_]URUdXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^dÂbcdcdU`gU DXU=_^Yd_b9^cdYdedU 5^fYb_^]U^dQ\4UVU^cU6e^T
S_e\TdQ[Ud_XUQ\dXUS\Y]QdUQ^TdXUèR\YSbYVd_fUb`b_dUSdY^W_ebS_]]_^
XUbYdQWU¸gbYdUcCSXÛYTUb 8ik`Zc\gifgfjXcj3_^ce\dWeYTU\YÛcQdgggccYbUfYUg_bW
CU^TQbdYS\U`b_`_cQ\cd_UTYd_b0ccYbUfYUg_bW
DXU\QS[_VSYfY\Ydi`\QWeUc]Qî`Qbdc_V1]UbYSQ^c_SYUdi3_^cYTUb2Y\\
C\kk\ijCU^T\UddUbcd_dXUUTYd_bd_UTYd_b0ccYbUfYUg_bW
?ºBUY\\iºcS_]]U^dQbi_^6_h>Ugc_bdXUDUQ@QbdiTU]_^cdbQdY_^cQdS_^ I\gièkj6_bY^V_b]QdY_^fYcYdgggccYbUfYUg_bWbU`bY^dÙb]YccY_^
WbUccY_^Q\TYcdbYSd]UUdY^Wc_^dXUXUQ\dXSQbURY\\=eSX_Vd_TQiºce^SYfY\ JlYjZi`gk`feGi`Z\j?ÛIUQb@Ubc_^Q\$$)%+<YRbQbYUc!&
TYcS_ebcUS_]UcVb_]dXUbYWXdRed^_dQ\\ 1TT! d_ceRcSbY`dY_^`bYSUV_b3Q^QTQQ^T" V_bQ\\_dXUb
Y^dUb^QdY_^Q\_bTUbc
CSXÛYTUbYc^_dQ\_ÛY^\Q]U^dY^WdXUSebbU^dcdQdU_VQçQYbc9^XYcVUQ
JlYjZi`Y\iJ\im`Z\jGYdXY^dXUECSQ\\d_\\VbUU((($((&%)&+
debUQbdYS\U·GXQd3YfY\C_SYUdi>UUTç_^`$(2beSUCYUfUbcYTU^dYÂUcdXU _edcYTUdXUECSQ\\"!%'(('')$?bRi]QY\CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^
\QS[_VSYfY\TYcS_ebcUQc_Û_VdXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^d`b_R\U]c`\QWeY^W1]Ub BUfYUgCeRcSbYRUbCUbfYSUc@?2_h# ))<Q^WX_bÛ@1!) $')!))
8[m\ik`jè^3_^dQSdBUWY^QCdQbbBYT\UiQd
YSQQ^T_ÛdXQdTU]Q^Tc_ebY]]UTYQdUQddU^dY_^·DXUbUYcQ^QSSU\UbQdY^W
bYT\UiObUWY^Q0WcRcdQ^V_bTUTe_b&% '#& '$"
TUS\YÛY^dXUXUQ\dX_VECSYfY\c_SYUdi¸gbYdUcCYUfUbc·5fYTU^SU_VdXYc CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUg9CC>!%$"' ))YcèR\YcXUTaeQbdUb\i
TUS\YÛYcQ\\Qb_e^TecDXUWb_gY^WT_]Y^Q^SU_VS_]]UbSYQ\V_bSUcY^dXU RidXU3U^dUbV_bC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^QdCdQ^V_bTE^YfUbcYdiºc7bQTeQdU
CSX__\_V2ecYÛcc%!(=U]_bYQ\GQiCdQ^V_bT31)$# %% !%@X_Û*
Ûgc]UTYQdXUUb_cY_^_VdXUèR\YSºcdbecdY^3_^WbUccdXUTUS\Y^Y^W]U] &% '"$## )6Qh*&% '"# %!&
RUbcXY`Y^SYfYS_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQ^TdXUcdUQTiTUdUbY_bQdY_^_VSYfY\YdiY^èR\YS @?CD=1CD5B*CU^TQTTbUccSXQ^WUcd_CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^
TYcS_ebcU¶Q\\dUcdYVid_dXUgUQ[U^Y^WRQ^TcdXQdS_^ÛSdQ^Tce``_bdSYfY\ BUfYUg=U]RUbCUbfYSUc@?2_h# ))<Q^WX_bÛ@1!) $')!))
F_\e]U(>e]RUb$6Q\\" ! CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUgQ^T
c_SYUdi¸1^T·¯gYdX_edQXUQ\dXiSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^TgXQdS_]UcQ\_^WgYdX dXU3U^dUbV_bC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^QbU`Qbd_VCdQ^V_bTE^YfUbcYdiºc
Yd¶ceSXQcQ^Y^V_b]UTQ^TU^WQWUTèR\YS¶YdYcTYèSe\dYV^_dY]`_ccYR\U dQhUhU]`dcdQdecQcQCUSdY_^% !S#·èR\YSSXQbYdi¸3_^Âb]Y^W
T_Se]U^dQdY_^YcQfQY\QR\Ue`_^bUaeUcd
d_c_\fUdXU_dXUb`bUccY^W`b_R\U]cKceSXQc`_fUbdiQ^TdXUU^fYb_^]U^dM¸
?`Y^Y_^cUh`bUccUTY^CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUgQbdYS\UcQbUdX_cU
9^XYcQbdYS\UCYUfUbcYcceUcQSQ\\d_QSdY_^*·@XY\Q^dXb_`YST_^_bc¯cX_e\T _VdXUQedX_bcCC9BT_Uc^_dU^T_bcU
fYUg_Û_VdXUYb`bY]QbibUc`_^cYRY\YdYUcQccdbU^WdXU^Y^WdXUcdbeSdebUc_V dbQTU]Qb[UT`b_TeSdc]U^dY_ÛTY^
dXUZ_eb^Q\+dXUYbY^S\ecY_^Ycc_\U\i
SYfY\c_SYUdiDXUaeUcdY_^bU]QY^cgXUdXUbceSXQ^Qc`YbQdY_^Q\W_Q\YcQSXYUf QddXUTYcSbUdY_^_VdXUQedX_bc
QR\UY^QÛbQgXU^c_]Qîc_SYQ\V_bSUcQbU]_fY^WY^dXU_``_cYdUTYbUSdY_^ GXg\iDXUS_fUbYc`bY^dUT_^% ÙbSU^d
`_cdS_^ce]UbbUSiS\UT`QÙb
DXUQ^cgUbYce^S\UQbRed_ÛdXY^WYcSUbdQY^*GYdXc_]eSXQdcdQ[UU^_b DXUbUcd_VdXU]QWQjYÛYc`bY^dUT_^
]_ecS_^cUaeU^SUcbUcd_^`XY\Q^dXb_ìºcQRY\Ydid_dQ[U_^dXYcdQc[¸ ■ # ÙbSU^d`_cdS_^ce]UbbUSiS\UT`QÙb
$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

C\kk\ij 1 ^ T V e b dX U b ] _ b U °
AQOZW\U7[ÔQb @ObVS`bVO\ÔÒQVcbW\U
9UhdU^T]i S_]`\Y]U^dcd_:Uç2bQTQSX Summer 2010 Volume 8, Number 3
W\b]O\SeZ]QObW]\O\R
_^XYcUhSU\\U^dQbdYS\U·CSQ\Y^W9]`QSd¸
b`gW\Ub]½bbVSQ][[c\Wbg
CC9Bf_\(^_#`"'8U`\QSUcdXUceR Working b]bVSW`[]RSZ\]\^`]½b
ZUSd_V·cSQ\Y^WgXQdg_b[çQW__Tc_e^T Wikily
Y^WdUb]dXQdXQc^_dRUU^gU\\TUÂÛTd_
Some organizations
are using social
media like
ZSORSàO`SUÒRcOZZg
TQdUY^d_QS\UQbQ^TS_^cdbeSdYfUS_^dUhd
Facebook and
Twitter to
fundamentally
RSdSZ]^W\UOPOaS]Tac^
^]`beWbVW\bVSW\bS\RSR
change the
9XQfU\_^WRUU^QSbYdYS_VbU`\YSQdY_^^_d way they
work and
increase
RUSQecU9_``_cU_bWQ^YjQdY_^cUh`Q^TY^W their social
impact.
By Diana Scearce,
+
Measuring Social Value Q][[c\WbgbOYW\UbVS
Gabriel Kasper,
d__dXUb\_SQdY_^cRedRUSQecU_VdXUgQi bW[Sb]c\RSàbO\RbVS
By Geoff Mulgan
& Heather McLeod Grant Pa ge 38
Page 30
A Good Business
dXQdd__]QîXQfUU]RQb[UT_^ceSX for Poor People
Uh`Q^cY_^2bQTQSXºcQbdYS\UQ``b_`bYQdU\i
By Lisa Jones Christensen,
David Lehr,
& Jason Fairbourne
Pa ge 44
Q][[c\WbgµaOaaSbaO\R
`_Y^dc_eddXUY^XUbU^dS_]`\UhYdiY^bU`\Y
Thinking Straight
About Sustainability
By Marc J. Epstein
\SSRaO\RbVS\½bbW\UbVOb
\]\^`]½bµa]àS`W\Uab]
Pa ge 50
SQdY_^Q^TdXQddX_cUgX_XQfUceSSUccVe\\i
T_ÛYdXQfUdX_eWXdVe\\i`\Q^ÛTV_bdXYc PSab[SSbbV]aS\SSRa
S_]`\UhYdiBQdXUbdXQ^`QbQSXedY^WY^d_Q ·=QbY_=_bY^_
Ûg\_SQdY_^Q^TdbiY^Wd_ÂddXUS_]]e
^Ydid_dXUYb]_TU\^_^`b_Âd\UQTUbcQbU
WbQTeQ\\iTUfU\_`Y^WQRQcU_Vce``_bd 3U^dUbXQcTUfU\_ÙTQ^TbUÂÛTQ]_TU\ gUºbU\UQb^Y^WQR_edcSQ\Y^WY^SbUQcY^W^_^
gYdXY^dXUY^dU^TUTS_]]e^YdidQ[Y^WdXU V_b`b_fYTY^WVbUUX_\YcdYS\UWQ\cUbfYSUc_^ `b_ÂdÂ^Q^SYQ\cecdQY^QRY\YdiReY\TY^WQ^
dY]Ud_e^TUbcdQ^TdXUS_]]e^YdiºcQccUdc RUXQ\V_Vg_]U^Q^TWYb\cÃUUY^WXe]Q^ UfYTU^SURQcUQ^T_dXUbbU\QdUTd_`YScd_
Q^TÛUTcQ^TdXU^ÂddY^WdXQd^_^`b_Âdºc bYWXdcQRecUc9dYcXYWX\iUçUSdYfUgYdXQ)) ]Q[UcebUdX_ecQ^Tc_V^_^`b_ÂdcXQfUdXU
_çUbY^Wcd_RUcd]UUddX_cUÛUTc ÙbSU^dceSSUccbQdUQ^TUè SYU^ddeb^Y^W bUc_ebSUcdXUiÛUTd_UçUSdYfU\idQS[\U_eb
1\dX_eWX9XQfU^_dQ\gQicT_ÛQW__T UfUbiT_\\QbT_^QdUTd_ecY^d_%Ri\UfUbQW ]_cd`bUccY^Wc_SYQ\`b_R\U]c
Z_R_VS_]]e^YSQdY^WdXYc9RU\YUfUdXQdcSQ\ Y^W`b_R_^_Qdd_bÛibUc_ebSUcGYdXdXU D_î 2_gU^
7bQ^d]Q[UbcV_b5çUSdYfU?bWQ^YjQdY_^c
Y^W_ÛºcY]`QSdYcVQb]_bUY]`_bdQ^ddXQ^ ]Q^QWU]U^dY^VbQcdbeSdebUY^`\QSUd_XQ^
GQcXY^Wd_^43
cSQ\Y^W_ÛºccYjU2eddXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^d T\UQÛh`_Û^dYQ\ê]RUb_V`b_R_^_Qdd_b
dXY^WV_b^_^`b_Âdcd_[UU`Y^]Y^TYcdXQd Ûicg_b[Y^W_^_ebRUXQ\VgUQbU^_gY^ 9g_e\T\Y[Ud_ceWWUcdQ^QTTYdY_^Q\
dXUicX_e\TcSQ\UV_b]YccY_^DXQdYc^_^`b_VYd dXU`b_SUcc_VUh`Q^TY^WdXb_eWX_eddXU SXQ^Û\V_bcSQ\Y^Wc_SYQ\Y^^_fQdY_^*<QiY^W
\UQTUbccX_e\TcSQ\UdXUYb_bWQ^YjQdY_^Y^dXU E^YdUTCdQdUcQ^TXQfU_ÙÛTQTTYdY_^Q\ dXUWb_e^Tg_b[Y^\_SQ\S_]]e^YdYUcRi
gQidXQdRUcdQ\\_gcdXU]d_bUQ\YjUdXUYb _è SUcY^=Qbi\Q^TQ^TDUhQc XU\`Y^Wd_ReY\TR_dXQSe\debUQ^TQ^Y^VbQ
Y^dU^TUTèb`_cUQ^TVe\Â\\dXUYb]YccY_^ <Qi\Y =Y\\Ub=eb_ cdbeSdebUV_bY^^_fQdY_^Q^TSXQ^WUDXU
=QbY_ =_bY^_ 5hUSedYfU4YbUSd_b
C_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^6e^TBQSUd_dXUD_`
3XQYb]Q^ DQXYbYX:ecdYSU3U^dUb
FU^debU@XY\Q^dXb_ì@QbdÛbc 6Q\\c3XebSXFQ <_eYcYQ^Qºc?è SU_VC_SYQ\5^dbU`bUÛebcXY`
GQcXY^Wd_^43 Q^T>UgI_b[3Ydiºc3U^dUbV_b5S_^_]YS
DXQ^[cV_bTbQgY^WQddU^dY_^d_dXU ?``_bde^YdiY^^_fQdY_^Ve^TQbUQ\\èR\YS
DXYcQbdYS\UgQcfUbiXU\`Ve\GUQbUY^ TYfUbcYdi_VQ``b_QSXUcQfQY\QR\Ud_cSQ\U cUSd_bU^dYdYUcdXQdce``_bddXUWb_gdX_V
dXU]YTcd_VcSQ\Y^W_ebcUbfYSUcQ^TbU`\Y XYWXÙbV_b]Y^W^_^`b_Âdc1\dX_eWX9ºT c_SYQ\Y^^_fQdY_^DXUbUQbUQ\c_Qê]RUb_V
SQdY^W_eb]_TU\^QdY_^Q\\i5QSXUh`Q^cY_^ QbWeUdXQdgUcX_e\T^ºdcY]`\idXb_gQgQi ^_^`b_ÂdQ^T`XY\Q^dXb_`YSUç_bdcdXQd\__[
Yc_VS_ebcUTYçUbU^dRed9XQfUV_e^TfUbi bU`\YSQdY_^QcQdUSX^YaeUV_bY^SbUQcY^W d_Y^SeRQdUQ^TWb_g\_SQ\Y^^_fQdY_^c_bd_
\Ydd\UY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edcSQ\Y^W\UWQ\cUb Y]`QSdgUQRc_\edU\iXQfUd_Uh`Q^T_eb Y]`_bdQ^TbU`\YSQdU_edcYTUY^^_fQdY_^cY^
fYSUc¶`QbdYSe\Qb\i]Q^QWY^W`b_R_^_`Qbd dXY^[Y^WQ^TWQY^S\QbYdiQR_edgXQdºcg_b[ dXUYbSYdiceSXQc2_cd_^ºc7bUU^<YWXd6e^T
ÛbcXY`cD_bU]UTidXYc[^_g\UTWUWQ` Y^WQ^TX_gd_UçUSdYfU\iW_d_cSQ\U GXQd]YWXdRU]YccY^WY^dXUcUUç_bdcYc
_ebR_QbTQ^TcU^Y_bcdQçS_^TeSdUTY^dUb DXb_eWXQÛgY^YdYQdYfUCSQ\Y^WGXQd QbUS_W^YdY_^dXQddbiY^WÛgYTUQcQ^TdXU^
fYUgcgYdX! _bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdXQfU G_b[c7bQ^d]Q[UbcV_b5çUSdYfU?bWQ^ Wb_gY^WgXQdg_b[cYc^_dZecdQ]QddUb_V
Uh`Q^TUT^QdY_^Q\\id_\UQb^Vb_]dXUYb YjQdY_^c75?gY\\g_b[d_U^cebUdXQd dUcdY^W]UQcebY^WQ^TbU`\YSQdY^WDXUbUQbU
UhÙbYU^SUcGUY^dUbfYUgUT_bWQ^YjQdY_^c Ve^TUbcQ^T^_^`b_ÂdcXQfUdXUd__\c `_\YdYSQ\S_cdcQ^TbYc[cY^f_\fUTV_bèR\YS
Y^S\eTY^W7Yb\CS_edc_VdXUEC1dXU bUc_ebSUcQ^Tc[Y\\cÛUTUTd_RbY^WUçUS Q^T`bYfQdUVe^TUbcY^S\eTY^WbYc[_VVQY\ebU
1]UbYSQ^3Q^SUbC_SYUdi3QdX_\YS3XQbYdYUc dYfUS_]]e^Ydi`b_WbQ]cd_cSQ\U75?gY\\ Q^TdXUceRcUaeU^dTQ]QWUd__ÛºcbUèdQ
EC1Q^T3XYS[Â\1d_\UQb^QR_eddXUYb ce``_bdcU\USdUTQ^T`_dU^dYQ\Y^dUb]UTYQb dY_^_``_cYdY_^Vb_]Y^Se]RU^d`b_fYTUbc
UhÙbYU^SUcgYdXYcceUcceSXQcSU^dbQ\YjQ YUc_VdXUÛgC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^6e^TC96 Q^T_dXUbY^dUbUcdWb_e`cY^fUcdUTY^dXUcdQ
dY_^fUbcecTUSU^dbQ\YjQdY_^Q^TX_gd_ Q^TQ\c_cUbfUQcQ^Y^V_b]QdY_^Rb_[Ub decae_ÛWQdYfU`bUccTebY^WcX_bd`_\YdYSQ\
]QY^dQY^S_^dYêYdi_VaeQ\YdiQ^TSe\debU S_^fUÛbQ^T\YQYc_^RUdgUU^dXUC96Q^T SiS\UcQ^TTQ]QWUd_S\_cUc_SYQ\Ûdg_b[c
6_bdXU`Qcd!$iUQbcdXUDQXYbYX:ecdYSU `XY\Q^dXb_ì75?gY\\RUcXQbY^WgXQd RUdgUU^\_SQ\V_e^TQdY_^RecYÛccQ^T^_^
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %

`b_Âd\UQTUbcXY`Cdb_^WUhUSedYfU\UQTUbcXY` _VcSQ\Y^WV_b^_^`b_Âdc?Û_V_ebWbUQd DXQ^[cV_bX_\TY^WdXU\YÛ_^dXU
Vb_]dXU`bUcYTU^d_bQ]Qi_bSQ^XU\`SbU Ucd\Ucc_^cUSX_Uc:Uçºc`_Y^d*·6Y^TY^W cSQ\Y^WYcceU9dºcUccU^dYQ\gXU^gUdQ\[
QdUQSe\debU_VY^^_fQdY_^Qc>UgI_b[ gQicd_cSQ\UQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcY]`QSd QR_edcSQ\Y^WdXQdgUT_^ºddXY^[_^\iY^WU_
=Qi_b=YSXQU\2\__]RUbWTU]_^cdbQdUT gYdX_edcSQ\Y^WYdccYjUYcdXUÛgVb_^dYUb WbQ`XYSdUb]cYUWb_gQÛhYcdY^WcUbfYSU
3_]]e^YdiU^WQWU]U^dYcQ^_dXUbgQid_ Y^dXUÂU\T_Vc_SYQ\Y^^_fQdY_^¸6b_]dXU Vb_]_ÛceRebR_bSYdid_Q^_dXUbReddXQd
ReY\TdXUÛSUccQbi`_\YdYSQ\SQ`YdQ\ UhÙbYU^SUc_V_ebÂbcd`_bdV_\Y_gUºfU gUQ\c_S_^cYTUbcUbfYSUcdXQdSQ^W_d_cSQ\U
DY] 7\i^^ 2eb[U Uh`Q^TUT_ebTUÂ^YdY_^_VcSQ\Y^Wd_ Vb_]dXUWUdW_V_bUhQ]`\UGURRQcUTcUb
BUcUQbSX1cc_SYQdU
U]`XQcYjUQV_Sec_^Rb_QTUbY]`QSd fYSUcDXYcYcgXQdgUQbU\__[Y^Wd_T_gYdX
1cX3U^dUbV_b4U]_SbQdYS7_fUb^Q^SUQ^T9^^_fQdY_^
8QbfQbT;U^ÛTiCSX__\ 1\dX_eWXgUcdY\\RU\YUfUdXQdbUQSXY^W bUQSX_edS_]DbQTYdY_^Q\]U^dQ\XUQ\dXcUb
3Q]RbYTWU=Qcc ]_bUSXY\TbU^Q^Ti_edXY^_ebS_]]e fYSUcS_^ÛSdgYdX_^\iQVUgY^ÛUTQ^T
^YdigYdX`b_fU^Q^TUçUSdYfU`b_WbQ]cYc UfU^\UccgYdXY^]Y^_bYdi`_è\QdY_^c?^
C_SYQ\cSQ\Y^WYcQTYèSe\d[^_dd_ SbYdYSQ\gUXQfUQ\c_\UQbÛTdXQdcSQ\UV_b d_`_VdXYcW_fUb^]U^d]U^dQ\XUQ\dXReT
e^T_3_ìY^WcY]`\iSQ^ºdg_b[4YçUbU^d ecSQ^RUQSXYUfUTY^_dXUbgQic9^SbUQc WUdcQbUe^TUbY^SbUQcY^W`bUccebUGYdXdXU
Se\debUcTYçUbU^dS_^TYdY_^cQ^TTYçUbU^d Y^W_edS_]Uc¶RiTUUÙ^Y^WUh`Q^TY^W QTfU^d_VXQ^TXU\TTUfYSUcgXYSXQbU^_g
cdQ[UX_\TUbcQ\\ÛUTd_RUS_^cYTUbUTTeb _bY]`b_fY^W`b_WbQ]c¶YcQ^Y]`_bdQ^d S_]]_^`\QSUY^c_]U_VdXU]_cde^TUb
Y^WdXU`b_SUcc_VcSQ\Y^WY^_bTUbd_UhdbQSd `Qbd_VcSQ\Y^W_ebY]`QSdY^_ebS_]]e cUbfUTS_]]e^YdYUcgUSQ^bUQSX_edd_
dXURUcdVb_]Q]_TU\3bQS[Y^WdXUS_TUd_ ^YdiGUXQfUQ\c_V_e^TdXQdc_]U`b_ i_e^WÙ_`\UY^gQicdXQddbQTYdY_^Q\cUbfYSUc
cSQ\Y^WYcSbYdYSQ\d_UhdbQSdY^WdXUfQ\eU WbQ]cXQfUWbUQd`_dU^dYQ\d_TYcbe`dQ ÛfUbS_e\TV_bbU\QdYfU\iVUgT_\\Qbc7YfU^
Vb_]`b_]YcY^WfU^debUcQ^TQTQ`dY^WdXU] cicdU]Q^T`b_fYTUQÛg]_TU\V_b`b_ dXUÙbfQcYfUQSSUccd_dUSX^_\_WiRii_e^W
V_bdXUS_^TYdY_^cVQSUTU\cUgXUbU WbQ]TU\YfUbidXQdS_e\TRUbU`\YSQdUTRi Ù_`\U`_\YSi]Q[UbcQ^TWbQ^d]Q[UbcÛUT
@Qe\ 8_RSbQVd _dXUbcDXUidXU]cU\fUc]Qi^_dWb_g d_S_^cYTUbc_SYQ\]UTYQQcZecdQcfQ\YTQcUd
6QSY\YdQd_b1TfYc_b
]eSX]_bUY^ê]RUbcRedcSQ\Y^WS_e\T dY^WV_bbUQSXY^Wi_e^WÙ_`\UQcQdbQTY
1WY\Ydi9^^_fQdY_^CÙSYQ\Ycdc
<_SQb^_CgYdjUb\Q^T RUQSXYUfUTY^TYbUSd\i dY_^Q\\_SQdY_^\Y[UQcSX__\
FYSd_bYQ FbQ^Q :QS[ 8UQdX
FYSU@bUcYTU^d3_]]e^YSQdY_^cQ^T1ccUcc]U^d @bUcYTU^dQ^T35?
9 gX_\UXUQbdUT\i QWbUUdXQddXUbU
FU^debU@XY\Q^dXb_ì@QbdÛbc 9^c`YbUEC16_e^TQdY_^
ÛUTcd_RU]_bUbUcUQbSXY^d_dXUd_`YS GQcXY^Wd_^43 CQ^6bQ^SYcS_
& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

@[\XjI\j\XiZ_
H8G%')
I\m`\njG%',
=ìjkG\ijfeG%('
2i :UccYSQBe fY^c[ i
? < 8 CK ? ÛdgXU^YdgQc_çUbUTVbUU ÛdcbQTYSQ\\ibUTeSUTTU]Q^T :@M@: <E>8><D<EK

_^\i$ _VdXU]g_e\TdQ[UYdQd YdTYT^_dcYW^YÂSQ^d\iY^SbUQcU
BVSDOZcS Q) ÙbSU^dceRcYTi¸ ecQWU @SQSWdW\U
]T4`SS DXYcbUce\dgQcS_^cYcdU^d 4Uc]_^T3XQfQccUfYSU /WR@SQSWdW\U
gYdXdXU_RcUbfQdY_^dXQdÂbcd `bUcYTU^dV_b]Q\QbYQS_^db_\
@Sa^SQb

9Vi_eXQfUQ]QWYSRe\\Ud cèbbUT3_XU^Q^T4e`Qcd_T_ Q^TSXY\TcebfYfQ\Qd@C9cQic
i_egQ^dUfUbi_Ûd_ecUX_g dXUcdeTiDXUiXQTcdQbdUTdXU ·9Vi_eWYfUÙ_`\Uc_]UdXY^W
CU^Y_bSYdYjU^cT_^ºdXUcYdQdU
]eSXT_i_eSXQbWUV_bYd/CYh ^_^`b_ÂdD1=D1=d_TYcdbYR VbUUdXUÛfU^YVdXUiXQfU^_ d_cÙQ[e`V_bdXUYbC_SYQ\
T_\\Qbc/6YVdiSU^dc/>_dXY^W/ edUVbUUÛdcdXb_eWX`bU^QdQ\ Y^dU^dY_^_VecY^WYddXUiºbUcdY\\ CUSebYdiRUÛÂdcGXiT_^ºd
DXU`bYSU_VQ]Q\QbYQ`bUfU^d S\Y^YSc·GUcQgRYWY^SbUQcUcY^ W_Y^Wd_QSSU`dYdGXUbUQc^_ `__bÙ_`\UÃ_S[d_dXU`_\\cd_
Y^WRUTÛdY^1VbYSQYcQ]QddUb QddU^TQ^SU¸3_XU^cQic1VdUb _Ûg_e\TTbUQ]_V`QiY^WV_b ]Q[U[^_g^dXUYb_`Y^Y_^c_^
_VÂUbSUTURQdUQ]_^WTUfU\_` QS_e`\U_ViUQbc@_è\QdY_^ c_]UdXY^WdXQddXUiXQT^_ gU\VQbU/DXUQ^cgUb\YUc`Qbd\i
]U^dUhÙbdc?^dXU_ÛXQ^T CUbfYSUc9^dUb^QdY_^Q\@C9 Y^dU^dY_^_VecY^W¸8UQTTc·9 Y^X_gdXUiQbUdbUQdUTRidXU
c_]U_ÛgX_ReicdXUÛd gU\VQbUcicdU]YdcU\V
cX_e\TRU]_bU\Y[U\id_ecUYd ·I_ebUhÙbYU^SUY^Y^dUbQSd
dXQ^c_]U_ÛgX_WUdcYdVbUU Y^WgYdXW_fUb^]U^d`b_WbQ]c
?^dXU_dXUbXQ^TVbUUÛdc QçUSdcX_gi_edXY^[QR_ed
cX_e\TÂ^TdXUYbgQiY^d_]_bU i_ebcU\VQ^TX_gi_edXY^[
X_ecUX_\TcGXU^dXUW_Q\Yc QR_edi_ebcU\VQcQSYdYjU^¸cQic
]QhY]e]S_fUbQWU·Ydºc^_d CQbQX2beSXQT_Sd_bQ\cdeTU^d
U^_eWXd_cQiSXQbWY^WQ`_cY Y^c_SY_\_WiQddXUE^YfUbcYdi_V
dYfU`bYSU]Q[UcÙ_`\U]_bU GYcS_^cY^=QTYc_^·1^TdXQd
\Y[U\id_ecUYdYVcYW^YÂSQ^d\i SQ^QçUSdi_ebSYfYS`QbdYSY`Q
VUgUbÙ_`\U_g^YdQddXQd dY_^Q^Ti_eb`_\YdYSQ\`QbdYSY`Q
`bYSU¸cQic:UccYSQ3_XU^QccYc dY_^gXUdXUbdXQdºcf_dY^W_b
dQ^d`b_VUcc_bQddXU8QbfQbT S_^dQSdY^Wi_ebbU`bUcU^dQdYfU
CSX__\_V@eR\YS8UQ\dX _b`QbdYSY`QdY^WY^Q]QbSX_bQ
3_XU^dbYUTd_Â^TdXU`bYSU TU]_^cdbQdY_^¸
`_Y^ddXQdg_e\TWUddXU]_cd 1;UîQ^]_dXUb`b_ g_e\TXQfUdX_eWXddXQdi_e >_dUfUbi`b_WbQ]dbUQdc
Y^cUSdYSYTUdbUQdUTÛdcY^d_dXU dUSdcXUbdg_SXY\TbU^ g_e\TÂ^TXYWXUbecQWUbQdUc Ù_`\UdXUcQ]UgQi2beSXQ^T
Vb_]]Q\QbYQgYdXQ
XQ^Tc¶Q^T_fUbdXURUTc¶_V RUTÛd`b_fYTUTVbUU Q]_^WcdÙ_`\UgX_XQT`QYT¸ XUbS_QedX_bcd__[QTfQ^dQWU_V
dXUÙ_`\UgX_ÛUTdXU]cÙ RiE>9356 2_dX@C9Q^TdXUW_fUb^ dXYcVQSdd_dUcddXUUçUSd_VQ
SYÂSQ\\i`bUW^Q^dg_]U^Q^T ]U^d_V;UîQ^_gTYcdbYRedU `QdUb^Q\YcdYSQ``b_QSXd_èR\YS
SXY\TbUê^TUb%iUQbc_\T9^ d__[_fUbTYcdbYRedY_^Y^dXU VbUURUTÛdc3XQfQccU`_Y^dc QYTDXUi\__[UTQddXbUUTYçUb
" 'cXUQ^TXUbS_QedX_b QbUQ·DXUicdQbdUTSXQbWY^WZecd _eddXQdY^SbUQcY^WecQWUgQc U^dèR\YSQccYcdQ^SU`b_WbQ]c
E3<1US_^_]Ycd@QcSQ\YÛ c_]Uc]Q\\^_]Y^Q\VUUV_bdXU ^_ddXU_^\ibUQc_^d_SXQbWU¶ dQbWUdUTQddXU`__b*8UQTCdQbd
4e`QcTYcdbYRedUTÛdcd_" Ûdç3_XU^cQic·Q^TgU dXU]_ÛibQYcUTVb_]ÛdVUUc DU]`_bQbi1ccYcdQ^SUV_b
`bU^QdQ\S\Y^YScY^gUcdUb^ ^_dYSUTdXQdQddU^TQ^SUbQdUc cUbfUTQcQ^Y]`_bdQ^dc_ebSU >UUTi6Q]Y\YUcD1>6Q^T
;UîQQ^TbQ^T_]YjUTdXU`bYSU gU^dT_g^d_`bUD1=D1= _Vce``_bdV_bTYcdbYRedY_^`b_ èR\YSX_ecY^WQccYcdQ^SU8UQT
QdgXYSXdX_cUS\Y^YScS_e\TcU\\ \UfU\ç WbQ]c2edQc\_^WQcdXUVe^T CdQbdQ^QdY_^Q\`b_WbQ]V_b
dXU]1VUg]_^dXc\QdUbdXU =QiRUdX_eWXg_]U^gX_ Y^WX_\Tce`·YdºcQS_]`\UdU \_gY^S_]USXY\TbU^Q\c_
bUcUQbSXUbcV_\\_gUTdXUdQ[Ubc XQT`QYTV_bdXUÛdcg_e\TQ\c_ ^_RbQYÛb¸cQic3XQfQccU ·WYfUc`QbU^dcQ^_``_bde^Ydi
G?FKF>I8G?9PN<E;PJKFE<&:FI9@J
X_]UDXUYbbUce\dc*9dgQc R_dXUbd_c\UUè^TUbdXU] ·DXUbUcX_e\TRUVbUUÛdcQfQY\ d_QSdeQ\\iU^WQWUQ^T`QbdYSY

eÛaeYf_SQ\\iRUddUbd_WYfUdXU RUSQecU_VdXUY^fUcd]U^ddXUi QR\UYÛfUbiXUQ\dXVQSY\YdiY^Q `QdUY^TUSYcY_^]Q[Y^WY^Q
ÛdcQgQi XQT]QTU?TT\icQic3_XU^ ]Q\QbYQU^TU]YSS_e^dbigXUbU fUbi`_cYdYfUQ^TgXQdgUSQ\\
·GXQdgUV_e^TgQcdXQd dXQdYc^_dgXQdcXUQ^T4e`Qc Ûdcg_b[¸ ■ ¹Y^S_b`_bQdY^WºgQiGXUbUQcQ
UfU^fUbic]Q\\Y^SbUQcUcY^ V_e^T·1R_ed&%ÙbSU^d_V :UccYSQ3_XU^Q^T@QcSQ\YÛ4e`Qc·6bUU `b_WbQ]\Y[UD1>6XQcRUU^
`bYSUbUTeSUTTU]Q^TTbQ]QdY g_]U^gUbUecY^WdXUÛdc 4YcdbYRedY_^_b3_cdCXQbY^W/5fYTU^SU ^_d_bY_eccY^SUQd\UQcddXU]YT
Vb_]QBQ^T_]YjUT=Q\QbYQ@bUfU^dY_^
SQ\\i¸3_XU^cQic·9VQXe^TbUT bUWQbT\Ucc_VgXQddXUiXQT 5hÙbY]U^d¸DXUAeQbdUb\i:_eb^Q\_V !)) cQc]_bU_VQ`QdUb^Q\YcdYS
`bUW^Q^dg_]U^g_e\TdQ[UQ `QYT¸1\dX_eWXSXQbWY^WV_bdXU 5S_^_]YSc!"%" ! _bQedX_bYdQbYQ^diÙ_VY^dUbQS
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW '

@[\Xj I\j\XiZ_
dY_^¸cQic2beSX·9dºc^_d ·@U_`\UTbQgbUc_ebSUc^_dZecd 2Ubb_ÛºccQ]`\US_^cYcdc_V _g^dXU]_bQ\XYWXWb_e^T¶
¹Y^S_b`_bQdY^WºY^dXUcU^cU Vb_]dXURUÛÂd`b_WbQ]cgYdX cUfUbQ\Y^TecdbYQ\WYQ^dc Q\dX_eWXd_2Ubb_ÛgX_WbUg
dXQdÙ_`\UT_^ºdVUU\dXUiXQfU gXYSXdXUiQbUU^WQWUTRed 2Ubb_ÛQ^TXYcS_QedX_bc e`Y^XYcVQ]Y\iºcSQdUbY^WRecY
QcQiY^dXUTUSYcY_^cdXQdQbU Q\c_Vb_]_dXUb`Qbdc_VdXUYb S_^cYTUbUT]QccYfU\i`_\\edY^W ÛccY^1bWU^dY^Q·YdT_UccUU]
RUY^W]QTUQR_eddXU]¸ U^fYb_^]U^d¸@YfU^cQic Âb]cY^dXUE^YdUTCdQdUcdX_cU \Y[UdXUbUºcc_]UdXY^W]_bUY^
@eR\YSX_ecY^WdXUdXYbT`b_ ·DXUiQbU^_dZecdèddicXQÙT dXQd]QêVQSdebU_b`b_SUcc VQ]Y\iÂb]c9dºcfUbiXQbTd_
WbQ]cUbfUcQcQÛedbQ\SQcUY^ RiY^cdYdedY_^ç ■ ]_bUdXQ^"% `_e^Tc_V SQ`debURedi_eSQ^QSdeQ\\iVUU\
dXUcdeTi·9^]QîSQcUci_e CQbQX;2beSX=ibQ=Qbh6UbbUUQ^T:_U d_hYSSXU]YSQ\cQ^êQ\\i?V!)$ Yd¸8UdXY^[c_VYdQcVUQb_VgX_
T_^ºdUfU^XQfUd_W_Y^d_Q^ C_cc·6b_]@_\YSid_@_\Ydi*4U]_SbQSi S_]`Q^YUcbU`_bdY^Wd_hYSbU\UQc WUdccdeS[gYdXdXUR\Q]UGXU^
@QdUb^Q\Yc]Q^TdXU9^S_b`_bQdY_^_V4Yc
_èSUd_Q``\iV_bèR\YSX_ecY^W QTfQ^dQWUT3YdYjU^ç1]UbYSQ^C_SY_\_WYSQ\ Ucd_dXUEC5^fYb_^]U^dQ\ ·dXUVQSU_VdXUÂb]YcdXUVQSU_V
RUÛÂdçcQic2beSX·9dºcfUbi BUfYUg'%" ! @b_dUSdY_^1WU^Si! !gUbUVQ] dXUVQ]Y\i¸bUc`_^cYRY\Ydi
RebUQeSbQdYSQ^Ti_eT_^ºdXQfU Y\iÂb]cDXUbUcUQbSXUbcV_e^T QSSbeUcÙbc_^Q\\i
Q\_d_VY^dUbQSdY_^cgYdX_è J F : @ 8 C CP I < J G F E J @ 9 C < dXQdgXU^VQ]Y\i]U]RUbc_g^ DXUcQ]UY^SU^dYfUcS_e\T
SYQ\çc_dXUbUcUQbSXUbcTYT^_d 9LJ@E<JJ _bS_^db_\Qd\UQcd%ÙbSU^d_V Q``\id_QîS_]`Qî·9dbUQ\\i
UhÙSd`QbdYSY`QdY_^Y^èR\YS dXUf_dY^Wcd_S[·dXUiT_dU^Td_ YcQ]QddUb_V]Q[Y^WcebUdXQd
X_ecY^WQccYcdQ^SUd_QçUSdSYfYS C\a]WZSR Y^fUcd]_bUY^`_\\edY_^S_^db_\¸ Ù_`\U[^_ggX_ºcbUc`_^cYR\U
Q^T`_\YdYSQ\U^WQWU]U^d9^dXU @S^cbObW]\a cQiccdeTiS_QedX_b<eYc7_]Uj dXQdÙ_`\USQ^cUUdXUVQSUV_b
cdeTidXUbUcUQbSXUbcd__[ =UZYQQ]Q^QWU]U^d`b_VUcc_b gXQdUfUbdXUQSdY_^c_bTUSYcY_^c
ê]Ub_ecVQSd_bcY^d_QSS_e^d
1]_^WdXURYWdXbUUEC QdDUhQc1=E^YfUbcYdi·DXUi QbU¸cQic7_]Uj=UZYQ·DXU
Y^S\eTY^WSbYcUcceSXQcceR Qed_]Q[UbcdXUÂbcdd_RUWY^ dU^Td_W_RUi_^TdXU\UWQ\ ]_bUQ^_î]_ecYdRUS_]UcdXU
cdQ^SUQRecUT_]UcdYSfY_\U^SU TUfU\_`Y^WQXiRbYTgQcdXU_Û bUaeYbU]U^dcQ^TW_dXUUhdbQ ]_bUdXUiSQ^XYTU¸ ■
Q^TUfYSdY_^QcgU\\QccÙSYÂS dXQdSQbbYUcQVQ]Y\i^Q]U6_bTºc ]Y\UY^bUTeSY^WS_^dQ]Y^QdY_^ @QcSeQ\2Ubb_Û3bYcdY^Q3bej<eYcB
c_SYQ\US_^_]YSQ^T`_\YdYSQ\ XiRbYT5cSQÙSQ]U_edY^" $ `b_R\U]ç 7_]Uj=UZYQUdQ\·C_SY_U]_dY_^Q\
GUQ\dXQ^T3_b`_bQdUBUc`_^cUcd_9^cdYde
VQSd_bc Q^TdXUS_]`Qî^_gQTfUbdYcUc 7_]Uj=UZYQUh`\QY^cdXQd dY_^Q\@bUccebUc*4_6Q]Y\i3_^db_\\UT
2beSXQ^TXUbS_QedX_bc ·dXU]_cdVeU\UèSYU^dCEF_^ ·dXUVQ]Y\ie^\Y[UQXYbUTUhUSe 6Yb]c@_\\edU<Ucc/¸1T]Y^YcdbQdYfUCSYU^SU
AeQbdUb\i%%" !
V_e^TdXQd8UQTCdQbdY^SbUQcUT dXU`\QÛd¸@QcSeQ\2Ubb_Û dYfUYcWeYTUTRiedY\YdYUc_b
Ù_`\Uºc`QbdYSY`QdY_^Y^dXUYb QccYcdQ^d`b_VUcc_b_VcdbQdUWYS WQY^c_dXUbdXQ^ZecddXUÂ^Q^
S_]]e^YdYUcdXQdD1>6 : @ M @ C J F : @ < K P
TUSbUQcUTSYfYSQ^T`_\YdYSQ\
`QbdYSY`QdY_^Q^TdXQdèR\YS EVOb;OYSa
X_ecY^WXQT^_UçUSdDXU^ 1WdWQ/aa]QWO
dXUigU^dVebdXUb2USQecUc_]U
cdQdUcTUcYWÛTdXUYbD1>6`b_
bW]\aE]`Y
WbQ]cd_RU]_bUTYbUSdYfUQ^T
GXU^B_RUbd@ed^Q]
è^YdYfUdXQ^_dXUbcdXU QSSecUT1]UbYSQ_V·2_g\Y^W
bUcUQbSXUbcS_]`QbUTTYçUbU^d 1\_Û¸dXUCYUbbQ3\eRbUc`_^T
TUWbUUc_V`QdUb^Q\Yc]CebU UTRiR_g\Y^Wd_WUdXUb¶_bQd
U^_eWXY^dXUcdQdUcdXQdXQfU \UQcdRigUQbY^WR_g\Y^W
cX_bdUbdY]U\Y]YdcVQ]Y\iSQ`c DcXYbdcgXY\UdXUiceRZUSdUT
cdb_^WUbg_b[bUaeYbU]U^dc dXU]cU\fUcd_QbUcUQbSXcdeTi
Q^TXQbcXUbcQ^SdY_^c`QbdYSY _^gXQd]Q[UcSYfYSQcc_SYQdY_^c
`Q^dcgUbUcYW^YÂSQ^d\i\Ucc ]Q^QWU]U^dQddXU95C5 6_bTQVQ]Y\i_gÛT g_b[GYdX&"bUWY_^Q\SXQ`dUbc
\Y[U\id_U^WQWUY^QîSYfYS_b 2ecYÛccCSX__\Y^=QTbYT S_]`QîgQcdXUÃbcd Q^T#$#\_SQ\Wb_e`cdXUCYUbbQ
Q]_^WdXURYWdXbUUEC
`_\YdYSQ\QSdYfYdYUc dXY^[cdXQdºc^_QSSYTU^d Qed_]Q[Ubcd_TUfU\_`Q 3\eRYcQ^YTUQ\\QR_bQd_bi·1bU
E^TUbceSX`QdUb^Q\YcdYS ·?^QfUbQWUVQ]Y\iÂb]c`_\ XiRbYT c_]U_VdXUcUWb_e`c]_bU
QedX_bYdibU\QdY_^c·i_eSQ^ \edU\UccdXQ^^_^VQ]Y\iÂb]ç fYRbQ^ddXQ^_dXUbcQ^TYVc_
_^\iVUU\Q^Wbii_eSQ^ºdVUU\ 2Ubb_ÛcQicDXUiQbU]_bU SYQ\WQY^çceSXQcdXUVQ]Y\iºc gXi/¸Qc[UT;U^ÛdX1^TbUgc
G?FKF>I8G?:FLIK<JPF=KFGJG<<;
`b_eT¸cQic6bQ^SUc6_h@YfU^ \Y[U\id_·S_^cYTUbQçUSdYfUU\U Y]QWUbUèdQdY_^Q^T`bUcdYWU Qcc_SYQdU`b_VUcc_b_Vc_SY_\_Wi

TYcdY^WeYcXUT`b_VUcc_bQddXU ]U^dcdXQdW_RUi_^TdXUUS_ Y^dXUS_]]e^Ydi·9VQÂb]XQc QddXUE^YfUbcYdi_V>_bdX
3YdiE^YfUbcYdi_V>UgI_b[ ^_]YSbQdY_^Q\U\Y[USQbY^W Q\_d_VVQSY\YdYUcY^_Û`QbdYSe 3Qb_\Y^QQd3XQÙ\8Y\\
7bQTeQdU3U^dUbQ^TS_QedX_b QR_ed_dXUbcdbUQdY^Wi_eb \QbQbUQdXU^dXQdRUS_]UcUfU^ DXUeceQ\Q^cgUbg_e\TRU
_VBUWe\QdY^WdXU@__b*DXU U]`\_iUUcQcbU\QdYfUcQ^T ]_bUY]`_bdQ^dRUSQecUdXU dXQdYdºcdXUS_^dUhd_VdXU_bWQ
6e^SdY_^c_V@eR\YSGU\VQbU2edQ VbYU^TçDXQd]Qic_e^T]_bU VQ]Y\iRUS_]Uc]eSX]_bUfYc ^YjQdY_^dXQd]QddUbc¶YVi_e
Ùbc_^Yc]_bUdXQ^dXUce]_V \Y[UQ]_]Q^T`_`_ÙbQdY_^ YR\UY^dXU\_SQ\QbUQ¸ [^_gc_]UdXY^WQR_edgXUbUQ
XUbèR\YSQccYcdQ^SU`b_WbQ]c dXQ^YdT_Uc\Y[U4Udb_YdRed DXYcYc^_dd_cQidXQdVQ]Y\YUc Wb_e`Ycg_b[Y^Wi_eXQfUQ
( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

W__TXQ^T\U_^gXUdXUb_b^_d RUY^dXUS_]]e^Ydi¸cQic <UQTUbcXY`Yc^ºdUQciY^Q =LE;I8@J@E>
YdºcW_Y^Wd_RUceSSUccVe\2ed 1^TbUgcGXQd]Q[UcQSYfYS SYfYSQcc_SYQdY_^·gXUbUi_e
1^TbUgcQ\_^WgYdX=QbcXQ\\ Qcc_SYQdY_ÛçUSdYfUYc^_dc_ SQ^ºdTbQg_^`QYTY^SU^dYfUcd_ >cbOb:SOab
7Q^j_V8QbfQbTE^YfUbcYdi ]eSXdXUbUc_ebSUcQ^T_``_b WUdÙ_`\Ud_T_dXY^WçcQic =\S3UUW\
gX_S_\UTdXU" #cdeTiQ\c_
c_eWXdd_YTU^dYVigXQd_bWQ^Y
de^YdYUcQfQY\QR\Ud_YdReddXU
\UQTUbºcQRY\Ydid_]Q[UdXU
1^TbUgc7b_e`c_VÙ_`\U
gYdX^_bUQc_^d_RUdXUbU
/\]bVS`0OaYSb
jQdY_^cQSdeQ\\iT_d_]Q[UQ ]_cd_VdX_cUbUc_ebSUcQ^T UhSU`ddXQddXUigQ^dd_XQfU
4YfUbcYVi9^dXURecYÛcccUS
TYçUbU^SUDXUiS_^TeSdUT _``_bde^YdYUc d_S_]Ue`gYdXS_\\USdYfU d_bYdºcW_cÙ\dXQdQ]_bUTYfUbcU
UhdU^cYfUY^dUbfYUgcQ^Tceb ?Û_VdXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^d c_\edY_^cd_QgYTUbQ^WU_V `_bdV_\Y_Yc]_bUÂ^Q^SYQ\\icdQ
fUic_VUfUbiWb_e`Q^TSXQ`dUb QcÙSdc_V\UQTUbcXY`TUfU\_` `b_R\U]cDXUiXQfUd_g_b[ R\U2ed·dXUbUXQc^ºdRUU^Q\_d
_VdXUCYUbbQ3\eRWQdXUbY^W ]U^dYcY^dUbTUÙ^TU^SU_bX_g d_WUdXUbX_\TUQSX_dXUb _Vg_b[T_ÛcÙSYÂSQ\\i_^^_^
Y^V_b]QdY_^QR_edUQSX_Û gU\\\UQTUbcg_b[QcdUQ]c QSS_e^dQR\UQ^TcecdQY^dXUYb `b_Âdcd_\__[QdX_gdXYcKbUf
dXUS_]]e^YdYUcY^gXYSXdXUi ·C_]UWb_e`cXQfUQSe\debU S_]]Yd]U^d2edYd`Qic_ç UêUMS_^SU`dQ``\YUcd_dXU]¸
QbURQcUTQ^TdXU\UQTUbc gXUbUdXUWb_e`YcQS\UQbY^W ·DXUS_]]Yd]U^dd_Y^fUcd cQic;UU\i:_ÛcCdQdUbQc_SY_\_
TYbUSdY^WdXU] X_ecUV_bÙ_`\Ud_èbceUdXUYb Y^TUfU\_`Y^W\UQTUbcd_YTU^dY WYcdQè\YQdUTgYdXdXUE^YfUbcYdi
7__T\UQTUbcXY`QddXU\_SQ\ _g^Y^dUbUcdc_b_RZUSdYfUcKQ^TM ViY^WdXU]êbdebY^WdbQY^Y^W _V3_^ÛSdYSed
\UfU\XQTQ]_bU`b_V_e^TUçUSd W__edQ^TQTf_SQdU_^RUXQ\V_V dXU]gYdXY^dXUWbQccb__dc CdQdUbQ^TS_QedX_b4UR_bQX
dXQ^QîUhdUb^Q\VQSd_b·8_g gXQdUfUbdXUYbÙdYcceUYçcQic cdbeSdebUgQcQ]_ê]U^dQ\ 3Qbb_\\Q^Qcc_SYQdU`b_VUcc_b_V
dXU\UQTUbc_VSYfYSQcc_SYQdY_^c 1^TbUgcDX_cUWb_e`c]YccdXU cXYVd¸cQic<YcQBU^cdb_]V_b èR\YSQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^Q^T`_\YSi
_bWQ^YjUdXU]cU\fUcd_SQbbi_ed `_Y^d·2UY^WQR\Ud_S_]U ]Ub`bUcYTU^d_VdXUCYUbbQ QddXUE^YfUbcYdi_V7U_bWYQ
dXUYbg_b[]Q[UcQRYWTYçUb d_WUdXUbQ^TV_b]e\QdUc_]U 3\eR·9º]`b_eTd_cQigUºbU \__[UTQdQ\\dXU^_^`b_Âd_bWQ
U^SUV_bdXUYb_gÛhÙbYU^SU S_]]_^`\Q^cYcbUQ\\iSbeSYQ\ cdY\\cUUY^WbUce\dç ■ ^YjQdY_^cbUWYcdUbUTgYdXdXU
Q^T\UQb^Y^WV_bX_ggU\\ V_bWUddY^WdXURUÛÂdc_VQ^ ;U^ÛdXD1^TbUgc=QbcXQ\\7Q^j 9^dUb^Q\BUfUêUCUbfYSU¶
dXUiºbUQR\Ud_U^WQWUdXU]U] _bWQ^YjQdY_^¸gX_cUS_\\USdYfU =QddXUg2QWWUddQUdQ\·<UQTUbcXY` Q\]_cd# _VdXU]¶_fUb
=U]RUbcXY`Q^TF_YSU*3YfYS1cc_SYQ
RUbc_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q^TV_b f_YSUYc]eSX\_eTUbdXQ^dXQd_V dY_^cdXQdG_b[¸1]UbYSQ^:_eb^Q\_V dXUS_ebcU_V!#iUQbc!))!" #
X_gfYcYR\UdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^SQ^ QîY^TYfYTeQ\ C_SY_\_Wi!!%" ! ·1c^_^`b_ÂdcRUS_]U]_bU
Efegif]`kDXeX^\d\ek@ejk`klk\
C\X[è^;liè^K`d\jf]:_Xe^\
JJ
jlYj @I
Zi
jXm\ `Y\ij
)''

FZkfY\i,$-#)'(' u JkXe]fi[Le`m\ij`kp u nnn%jjì\m`\n%fi^&egèjk`klk\
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW )

VISION FOR A SUSTAINABLE DECADE
NET IMPACT CONFERENCE
Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan | October 29-30, 2010
For nearly 20 years, the annual Net Impact Conference has brought AT THE CONFERENCE:
together current and future leaders to discuss how we can change WORLD-CHANGING IDEAS FROM
the world through business. MORE THAN 90 SESSIONS AND
350 LEADING SPEAKERS
including Majora Carter, Majora

This year, more than 2,500 professionals and students will unite in
1O`bS`5`]c^::19W[8STTS`g
Michigan to envision their role in working towards a better future.
<SabZ{EObSà<]`bV/[S`WQO
Join us as we bring into focus the social and environmental solutions William McDonough, William
that will transform the next decade. ;Q2]\]cUV>O`b\Sà2OdWR
Blood, Generation Investment
;O\OUS[S\b::>0O`b6]cZOVO\
Register now at www.netimpact.org/conference » 01]`Ô\R[]`S
WWW.NETIMPACT.ORG/CONFERENCE
@[\Xj I\j\XiZ_
TYfUbcYÂUTTUÙ^T]_bUUaeQ\\i Q^TCdQdUbdXQdYdºcQRQTYTUQd_
_^QfQbYUdi_VVe^TY^Wc_ebSUc bU\iU^dYbU\i_^QcY^W\Uc_ebSU
dXUibUTeSUdXUYbÂ^Q^SYQ\f_\Q RedXUcQicYdT_Uc^ºddQ[U]eSX
dY\Ydi¸cQicCdQdUb·GXU^dXUi _VQcUS_^TQbi_bdUbdYQbic_ebSU
UhÙbYU^SUQ\_ccYÛ^T_g]U^d d_]Q[UQRYWTYçUbU^SU·DXUYb
_bT_^_bcQbU^_\_^WUbQR\Ud_ cdeTicX_gUTdXQddXUÂbcd%_b
T_^QdUdXUiQbUQR\Ud_deb^d_ ! ÙbSU^d_VTYfUbcYÂSQdY_^
Q^_dXUbc_ebSU_VY^S_]Ud_ ]QddUbdXU]_cd¸DXYccX_e\T
RbYTWUdXUWQ`¸ _çUbc_]U]UQcebU_VbU\YUV
1W__TUhQ]`\U_VQ^_bWQ^Y ·9dºcXQbTU^_eWXV_b^_^`b_Âdc
jQdY_^gYdXQTYfUbcYÂUTbUfUêU d_T__ÛbUQ\\ibUQ\\igU\\d_
`_bdV_\Y_YcQe^YfUbcYdicQic Â^T_Ûc_ebSUdXQdYcQSdeQ\\iQ
CdQdUbDXUiXQfUU^T_g]U^dc W__TU^_eWX]QdSXgYdXdXUYb
Y^fUcd]U^dY^S_]USXQbWU g_b[d_Wb_g¸cQic6_cdUb ■
cdeTU^ddeYdY_ÛQbÛT 4UR_bQX13Qbb_\\Q^T;UU\i:_ÛcCdQdUb
Y^S_]UQ^TbUSUYfUS_^dbYRe ·BUfUêU4YfUbcYÂSQdY_^Y^>_^`b_Âd?b
WQ^YjQdY_^c*4_Uc9d<UQTd_6Y^Q^SYQ\CdQ
dY_^cT_^QdUTY^S_]UQ^T RY\Ydi/¸:_eb^Q\_V@eR\YS1T]Y^YcdbQdY_^BU
dXQdXQcXU\ÙTdXU]gUQdXUb cUQbSXQ^TDXU_bi!)" )
bUSU^dcd_b]c>_^`b_ÂdcdXQd
bU\i`bY]QbY\i_^T_^QdY_^c JF:@8C D<;@8 Q^TXYcS_QedX_bcS\_cU\iV_\ ·@U_`\UT_^ºdRU\YUfUS_]`Q^YUc
UhÙbYU^SU]_bUÂ^Q^SYQ\f_\Q \_gUT_Û_VdXUÂbcd·cUUTY^W¸ dU\\dXUdbedXY^QTfUbdYcY^WDXU
dY\Ydi_fUbdY]UDXUbUcUQbSXUbc 0chh1]\b`]Z SQ]`QYW^c9^" &Q]Qb[UdY^W ]_cd`_gUbVe\cU\\Y^W_VQ^YTUQ
bUS_]]U^TQTTY^WWbQ^dcQ^T
9^=QbSX7bUU^ÙQSU`_cdUT Âb]cUUTUT_bWQfUQgQiÛg _bQcUbfYSU_bQ`b_TeSddQ[Uc
Y^fUcd]U^d_bUQbÛTY^S_]U QfYTU__Î_eDeRU_VQ^_èSU ]_RY\U`X_ÛcgYdXQecQWUded_ `\QSUQ]_^WS_^ce]Ubç
4_UcdXYc]UQ^dXQd^_^ g_b[Ub]e^SXY^WQgQi_^Q bYQ\d_Y^ÃeU^dYQ\R\_WWUbc·DXU CdY\\gXUî_e\Udi_eb]Uc
`b_ÂdccX_e\Tdbid_èbceU R\UUTY^W_bQ^WedQ^Â^WUbXU Qcce]`dY_^¸cQic;_jYÛdc·gQc cQWU\__cU_^dXU9^dUbÛdi_e
dXbUUUaeQ\\icYjUTY^S_]U V_e^TY^XYc;Yd;QdSQ^TiRQb dXQdi_eºTWUdQc_]UgXQde^Y SQ^ºdS_^db_\YdDXURUcdi_eSQ^
c_ebSUc/>_dÛSUccQbY\iDXU GXU^>Ucd\}Qc[UTI_eDeRUd_ V_b]_edèddXQdR\_WWUbcg_e\T T_YcS_^dbYRedUd_YdDX_Reb^
cdeTicX_gcdXQdY^cdYdedY_^Q\ dQ[UYdT_g^SYdY^WS_ìbYWXd cdQigYdXdXUcSbY`dQ^TbUS_] bUS_]]U^Tc\YcdU^Y^W·DXUbU
cYjU]QddUbc]_bUdXQ^TYfUbcYÂ Y^VbY^WU]U^dQc_SYQ\]UTYQ ]U^TdXU`X_Ûd__dXUbÙ_`\U QbUS_^fUbcQdY_^cXQ`Ù^Y^W_ed
SQdY_^<QbWUb^_^`b_ÂdcgYdX bUf_\dU^ceUT¶fYbQ\fYTU_ GXQdgUV_e^TgQcdXQddXUiXQT dXUbUQR_edi_ebRbQ^T_b`b_T
XYWXUbWb_gdX`_dU^dYQ\QbU DgYddUbSXQddUb6QSUR__[ Q\_d_VÛUTd_Uh`\QY^dXUSQ] eSdQ^TdXUbUQbUcY]`\UVbUU
]_bU\Y[U\id_QSXYUfUcdQRY\Ydi XYZY^[c2i=Qi7bUU^ÙQSUXQT `QYW^YdcU\VBQdXUbdXQ^TbQgY^W d__\cdXQdi_eSQêcUd_\YcdU^d_
·RUSQecUdXUiXQfU]_bUY^cdY UhdbQSdUTQ`b_]YcUVb_]>Ucd\} QddU^dY_^d_dXU`b_TeSddXUi dX_cUS_^fUbcQdY_^çXUcQic·1
dedY_^Q\ÃUhYRY\Ydi¸cQicCdQdUb d_cd_`ReiY^WXQRYdQdTUcdb_i TbUgQddU^dY_^d_dXU]Qb[UdY^W¸ bUQ\\iW__TÂbcdcdU`YcYTU^dYVi
1\dX_eWXQÛfU^c`bUQT Y^W`Q\]_Y\V_bYdc`b_TeSdc 9^db_TeSY^WQ]Qb[UdY^WSQ] Y^WY^ÃeU^dYQ\f_YSUcQ^TReY\T
Q]_^WY^S_]Uc_ebSUc]QiS_^ C_SYQ\]UTYQSQ^RUQ`_gUb `QYW^Y^d_Q^_^\YÛS_]]e^Ydi Y^WQbU\QdY_^cXY`gYdXdXU]¸
dbYRedUd_cdQRY\YdiGY\\YQ] Ve\d__\Y^]Qb[UdY^W·DXURYW RQcUT_^dbecdQ^TbU\QdY_^cXY`c ·DXUQeTYU^SUT_Uc^ºdgQ^d
6_cdUbQ`QbdÛbQddXU2bYTWU cd_bi^_gYcdXQdi_eT_^ºdÛUTQ SbUQdUcQSUbdQY^dU^cY_^ Zecdg_bTcQî]_bU+dXUQeTY
c`Q^7b_e`QbWeUcdXQdYdT_Uc \_d_V]_Ûid_WUdQ\_d_VQddU^ ;_jYÛdcUh`\QY^c·GUXQfU^ºd U^SUgQ^dcQSdY_^Q^TY^dUbQS
^_dS_^dbYRedUd_Wb_gdX·DXU dY_^¸cQicB_RUbd;_jYÛdcSXQYb W_ddXUc_SYQ\be\UciUdV_bX_g dY_^cDXUcdb_^WUcdc_SYQ\]Qb
[Uid_Wb_gY^WVb_]_eb _VdXU]Qb[UdY^WTU`Qbd]U^dQd gUR\U^TdXUc_SYQ\Q^TdXUUS_ [UdY^WdXQdi_eSQ^T_YcdXU
bUcUQbSXYcTUfU\_`Y^WQ`QbdYSe I_b[E^YfUbcYdiºcCSXe\YSXCSX__\ ^_]YSY^gQicdXQdQbUS_]V_bd cdeçdXQdY^fYdUcÙ_`\Ud_WUd
\Qbc_ebSUdXQdºcQW__T]QdSX _V2ecYÛcc2edYdºc^_d_ÛdXQd QR\UV_bUfUbiR_Ti¸@Qbd\iY^ Y^f_\fUT¸;_jYÛdccQic·9dºc
G?FKF>I8G?9P@JKF:BG?FKF%:FD&DL?8II<DFE<I
Q^TdXQdi_eºbUQcÙSYQ\YcdY^¸ YcUQcid_S_^db_\·I_eU^dUbY^d_ bUc`_^cUd_dXQddU^cY_^·dXU ^_dQWei_^QcdQWURb_QTSQcd

cQic6_cdUb·DXU]_cdceSSUccVe\ QWQ]UgYdXQTYçUbU^dcUd_V S_]]e^YdiYcW_Y^Wd_W__ed_V Y^Wd_QaeYUdQeTYU^SUQî]_bU+
XYWXWb_gdX_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQbU be\UcVb_]dXU_Ûci_eXQfUdbQ dXUYbgQid_dbedXSXUS[¸ YdºcQÙbc_^_^QTQ^SUÃ__b
QSdeQ\\iXYWX\iS_^SU^dbQdUTRi TYdY_^Q\\iRUU^`\QiY^WgYdX¸ 1^TdXQdºcQW__TdXY^WcQic U^WQWY^WY^]e\dY`\UTQ^SUc
c_ebSUKceSXQcW_fUb^]U^d GXUî_edbid_Y^ÃeU^SUÙ_ @QdbYS[DX_Reb^S_V_e^TUb_V gYdX]e\dY`\UÙ_`\U8Uºc
Ve^TY^W_bèR\YST_^QdY_^cM `\UºcS_]]e^YSQdY_^c;_jYÛdc =QdSXcdYS[9^SdXUg_bT_V W_^^QXQfUd_\UQb^X_gd_
>YÛdiÙbSU^d_VdXU_bWQ^YjQ cQic·dXU]UccQWUWUdcSXQ^WUT ]_edX]Qb[UdY^WS_]`Qî TQ^SU¸ ■
dY_^cdXQdbUQSX% ]Y\\Y_^XQfU RidXUSe\debQ\U^fYb_^]U^d¸ ;_jYÛdccdeTYUT·8QfY^WS_f B_RUbdF;_jYÛdc;bYcdYÛTUFQ\S[1^
) ÙbSU^d_VdXUYb]_ÛiS_] D_e^TUbcdQ^TX_gg_bT_V UbQWUdXQd\__[cSbUTYR\UdXQd TbUQ3G_Z^YS[YUdQ\·>Udg_b[UT>QbbQ
dYfUc*E^TUbcdQ^TY^WG_bT_V=_edX=Qb
Y^WVb_]QcY^W\Uc_ebSU¸ ]_edX]Qb[UdY^Wg_b[cY^ gQc^ºdcSbY`dUTYcQSdeQ\\ibUQ\\i [UdY^WY^?^\YÛ3_]]e^YdYUç:_eb^Q\_V
6_cdUbQWbUUcgYdX3Qbb_\\ _^\YÛS_]]e^YdYUc;_jYÛdc Y]`_bdQ^d¸cQicDX_Reb^ =Qb[UdY^W'$" !
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !!

Sponsored by the Levi Strauss Foundation, the Innovation Marketplace will
bring together leaders at the cutting-edge of social innovation. Learn more
about this dynamic convening and explore the virtual Marketplace online at
www.assetsconference.org/innovation_marketplace.
t Innovation Stations – spaces for Conference participants and innovators to interact
with one another
t Innovative Entrepreneurs – business owners demonstrating products and services
that exist as a result of social innovation
t Sponsors, Exhibitors, Live Entertainment and More!
innovation@cfed gratefully acknowledges the support of innovation@cfed :: ideas into action

Stanford Social Innovation Review, its 2010 Media Partner. http://innovation.cfed.org
@[\XjH8
<3/:93<G5CG3@RU\YUfUcdXQdgQbc <i`ZE\\1I_eb" (Q^êQ\bU`_bdYcXUQT

\YÛT·Deb^Y^W3bYcYcY^d_?``_bde^Ydi¸
UQbdXaeQ[UcQ^T_dXUbTYcQcdUbcSbUQdU_``_bde^YdYUcV_b GXiTYTi_e`YS[dXQd`XbQcU/
=UbSi3_b`cd_XU\`SXQ^WUc_SYUdiV_bdXURUddUb E\XcB\ep$>lp\i1GUV_Sec_^S_e^dbYUc
Y^dbQ^cYdY_^¶dXUVbQWY\UcdQdUcgXUbUdXUbU
>UQ\ ;Uî7eiUb XQc RUU^dXU35? dXURUcdÙ_`\Ud_TYbUSddXUYb_g^bUS_f XQcRUU^QSbYcYc_Vc_]Uc_bdUYdXUbQ^Qde
_V=UbSi3_b`ccY^SUXUZ_YÛTdXU@_bd\Q^T UbiQ^TdXQdY^]_cdSQcUcdXURUcdgQid_ bQ\TYcQcdUbQ`_\YdYSQ\_bUS_^_]YSS_\\Q`cU
?bURQcUT_bWQ^YjQdY_^Y^!))$4ebY^WXYc T_dXYcYcd_XU\`\_SQ\Ù_`\USbUQdU]Qb _bQgQb_bS_^ÃYSdGURU\YUfUdXQdQSbYcYc
dUêbUdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^XQcWb_g^cUfUbQ\ [UdRQcUTc_\edY_^cDXQdºcgXii_egY\\ _VdU^_Ù^ce`_``_bde^YdYUcV_b`b_V_e^T
V_\TY^cYjUZ_Y^Y^WdXUbQ^[c_V\UQTY^WW\_R Â^T=UbSi3_b`cQccYcdY^W\_SQ\VQb]Ubc SXQ^WUcdXQdSQ^RUXQbTUbd_QSS_]`\YcXY^
Q\bU\YUVQ^TTUfU\_`]U^dWb_e`cD_TQi Q^T]UbSXQ^dcQcdXUibU_Ù^V__T]Qb Q^_b]Q\cYdeQdY_^C_]UdY]UcQSbYcYcSQ^
=UbSi3_b`c_ÙbQdUcY^ÛQb\i$ S_e^dbYUc+ [Udc_b`QiY^WSQcXd_\_SQ\g_b[UbcgX_ bU]_fUQS_bbe`dW_fUb^]U^d_be^VbUUjU
YdXQcQcdQç_VQR_ed#( Q^TQ^Q^êQ\_` QbUXU\`Y^WS\UQbdXUYbcdbUUdcQ^TbUReY\T RebUQeSbQdYSY^XYRYd_bcQ^TU^QR\UVbUcX
UbQdY^WReTWUd_V]_bUdXQ^# ]Y\\Y_^ dXUYbX_]Uc YTUQcd_dQ[U_fUb
2UV_bUZ_Y^Y^W=UbSi3_b`c;Uî7eiUb 9^dXYcY^dUbfYUggYdXCdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\
G?FKF>I8G?J9PIF99@<DZ:C8I8E
cÙ^d]_bUdXQ^QTUSQTUg_b[Y^WY^dXU 9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUg=Q^QWY^W5TYd_b5bYS 9cQS_e^dbiUfUbd__e^cdQR\UV_b=UbSi

c_SYQ\cUSd_bÂbcdgYdXQdbYc[1]UbYSQ^ >UU;Uî7eiUbUh`\QY^cgXiTYcQcdUbc 3_b`cd_U^dUb/
i_edXQd3_]]e^YdYUcY^CSX__\cdXU^gYdX SQ^SbUQdU_``_bde^YdYUcd_SXQ^WUc_SYUdi 9SQ^ºddXY^[_VQcYdeQdY_^Y^gXYSXgU
C_edXUQcd1cYQ^bUVeWUUcQd31B5E>9356 V_bdXURUddUbgXi=UbSi3_b`ccÙ^TcQc SX_cU^_dd_W_Y^RUSQecUYdgQcd__e^cQVU
Q^TÂ^Q\\igYdXgQbd_b^=YTT\U5QcdUb^ ]eSXdY]U]Q[Y^W`\Q^cd_UhYdQS_e^dbi :ecd\__[QddXUS_e^dbYUcgU_ÙbQdUY^
S_]]e^YdYUcQdCQfUdXU3XY\TbU^ QcYdT_UcWUddY^WbUQTid_U^dUb_ÛQ^T ^_g*9bQa1VWXQ^YcdQ^Q^TC_]Q\YQ9Vi_e
=UbSi3_b`cºcWeYTY^W`bY^SY`\UcQbU gXQdcdU`cXUYcdQ[Y^Wd_deb^=UbSi3_b`c QbU_ÙbQdY^WY^C_]Q\YQd_TQii_e`b_R
dXQddX_cUQçUSdUTRiQSbYcYcQbUQ\gQic Y^d_Q\UQb^Y^W_bWQ^YjQdY_^ QR\iXQfUQXYWXdXbUcX_\TV_bbYc[
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !#

@[\Xj H8
9^C_]Q\YQgXUbUdXUbUºcQ\]_cd^_Ve^S dXUS_]]e^Ydi_VQYTQSd_bc9dºc^_ddXQd cU^cUVb_]Q\_SQ\cdQ^T`_Y^dDXQdºcY^S_^
dY_^Y^WW_fUb^]U^ddXUbUYc`\U^di_V_` QîR_TidXUbUgQcÛSUccQbY\iT_Y^WRQT dbQcdd_Qc_\edY_^RUY^WSbUQdUTVb_]dXU
`_bde^YdiV_bbU\YUVRedX_g]eSXTUfU\_` g_b[RedQSbYcYcSQ^c`Qg^ÛgdXY^[Y^W _edcYTUQ^TdXU^Y]`_cUT_^QS_]]e^Ydi
]U^dg_b[SQî_eQSdeQ\\iT_/ 9dSQ^XU\`SbUQdUÛggQicd_Y^fUcdY^dXU 9ddYUcY^d_Q^_dXUb`bY^SY`\U_V_ebcdXQd
I_eS\UQb\iXQfUd_dQ[UQ\_^WUbdUb]fYUg S_e^dbicYTUÛgUS_^_]YS_``_bde^YdYUc dX_cU]_cdQçUSdUTRiQSbYcYc_bQSXQ\
Y^QcYdeQdY_^\Y[UdXQdGUQbUdXUbURUSQecU Q^TÛggQicd_U^WQWUSYdYjU^cd_]Q[U \U^WUQbUQ\gQicdXURUcdQWU^dc_VdXUYb
dXUbUYcQS_]Ù\\Y^WXe]Q^YdQbYQ^ÛUT dXU8QYdYQ^W_fUb^]U^d]_bUQSS_e^dQR\U _g^bUS_fUbiQ^TTUfU\_`]U^d
Q^TgUXQfUc_]UQ]QjY^WC_]Q\YcgX_ Q^T\UccS_bbe`d GXUî_e\__[Qd]YSb_Â^Q^SUY^dUb
[^_gdXUS_e^dbiQ^TgX_QbUc_SYQ\U^dbU fU^dY_^XUQ\dXY^dUbfU^dY_^_b]Qî_dXUb
`bUÛebcY^dXURUcdcU^cU_VdXQdg_bT2i 1bU^ºddXUc[Y\\cbUaeYbUTd_`b_fYTUbU\YUV diÙc_VY^dUbfU^dY_^cdXUUfYTU^SUYcS\UQb
g_b[Y^WY^C_]Q\YQ^_ggUSQ^\QiQV_e^ aeYS[\id_QTUfQcdQdUTQbUQfUbiTYçUbU^d dXQdYVi_eT_^ºdXQfUS_]]e^Ydi`QbdYSY`Q
TQdY_^V_bS_]]e^Ydi]_RY\YjQdY_^c_dXQd Vb_]dXUc[Y\\cbUaeYbUTd_XU\`bUReY\TQ dY_^Y^dXUTUcYW^Q^TY]`\U]U^dQdY_^Ydºc
gXU^dXUbUYcQ\_SQ\_bQ^QdY_^Q\W_fUb^ S_e^dbiºcSYfY\c_SYUdi/ ^_dW_Y^Wd_g_b[QcgU\\@U_`\UQbUQ\gQic
]U^ddXQdSYdYjU^Wb_e`cSQ^g_b[gYdX IUcQ^T^_IUcdXUbUQbUc_]U dXURUcdQWU^dc_VdXUYb_g^
dXUcUS_]]e^YdYUcgY\\RU]_bU`bU`QbUT cÙSYÂSc[Y\\cQ^TbUc_ebSUcbU SXQ^WU5fU^Y^dXUUfQ\eQdY_^
aeYbUTV_bbU\YUV6_bUhQ]`\U `XQcUgXQdUfUbdXUY]`QSdY^TY
GUbUi_eY^8QYdYRUV_bUdXUUQbdXaeQ[U/ i_eÛUTgQbUX_ecUcgYdXcdQ^T SQd_bcQbUdXUiºbU^_dW_Y^Wd_
>_ Y^WU]UbWU^SibU\YUVce``\YUcQ^T RUQccdb_^WYVi_eT_^ºdXQfU
gU\\TUfU\_ÙT\_WYcdYSQ\Ûd S_]]e^YdiU^WQWU]U^d
G_e\T^ºdYdXQfURUU^RUddUbd_RUY^8QYdY
RUV_bUdXUaeQ[UXU\`Y^Wd_ReY\TRUddUb
X_]UcQ^TSbUQdU]_bUZ_RcbQdXUbdXQ^
dbiY^Wd_TUQ\gYdXdXUSbYcYcQVdUbXe^TbUTc
9VdXUbUYcQîdXY^WbUTU]`dYfUQR_eddXU8QYdYUQbdX
_VdX_ecQ^Tc_VÙ_`\UXQfUTYUTQ^TQ]Y\ aeQ[UYdYcdXQdYd`bUcU^dc_``_bde^YdYUcd_QTTbUccdXU
\Y_^_bc_Ù_`\UXQfURUS_]UX_]U\Ucc/ e^TUb\iY^WSQecUc_VdXUS_e^dbiºc`_fUbdi
1Rc_\edU\i8QYdYgQc_Û_Vdg_XYWX`_fUb
diS_e^dbYUcgUgUbU^ºdY^dXQdgUgQ^dUTd_ g_b[cQ^TSQ`QSYdiQ^TdXUQRY\Ydid_`b_ DXUd_eWXUbdXY^Wd_]UQcebUV_b
RUDXU_dXUbgQcIU]U^GUXQTcU^dQc fYTUY]]UTYQdUU]UbWU^SiXUQ\dXSQbU =UbSi3_b`cQ^TV_bdXUgX_\UbU\YUVQ^T
cUcc]U^ddUQ]cY^d_R_dXS_e^dbYUcQ^TgU DXUbUQc_^9cQi^_YcdXQd^_dUfUbi TUfU\_`]U^dS_]]e^YdiYcgXUdXUbgU
gUbU\__[Y^WV_bQ^_``_bde^Ydid_RUS_]U _bWQ^YjQdY_^ÛUTcd_TUfU\_`dX_cUSQ`QSY bUQ\\i]_fUdXUÛUT\UY^S_e^dbYUcgXUbU
U^WQWUT9dgQcQR_eddXQdcQ]UdY]UgXU^ dYUcd_RUUçUSdYfUY^`b_fYTY^WU]UbWU^Si gU_ÙbQdU9^dXUS_]]e^YdYUcgXUbUgU
dXUUQbdXaeQ[UXYdC_gUgUbUV_bde^QdUY^ bU\YUV1\]_cdVb_]TQi_ÛdXUbUQbUU\U Y^fUcdgUSQ^SbUQdUSXQ^WUReddXQdºcQ
dXQdgUXQTQ\bUQTiT_Ûc_]U`bU`g_b[ ]U^dc_VbU\YUVbUS_fUbiQ^T\_^WdUb]TU ]YSb_S_c]_VdXUgX_\US_e^dbi8_gSQ^
DXQdºcgXigUgUbUQR\Ud_]_fUY^fUbi fU\_`]U^d6_bUhQ]`\UdXUbUXQfURUU^ gUUfQ\eQdUdXU_fUbQ\\US_^_]YSY]`QSd
aeYS[\i1^TRUSQecUdXUUQbdXaeQ[UgQcc_ U^_eWXcdeTYUcdXQdceWWUcddXQddXUUhdU^d _V_eb`b_WbQ]c/DX_cUQbUdXUXQbTUcdY^
cUfUbUQ^Tc_]Qî>7?cdXQdgUbUQ\bUQTi _VdXUbUS_fUbi_VdXU\_SQ\`bYfQdUcUSd_b TYSQd_bcRUSQecUi_eÛUTd_T_dXUUfQ\e
_^dXUWb_e^T\_cdcdQçQ^T_èSUcdXYc]Qi gY\\TUdUb]YÛX_gceSSUccVe\Q^TX_gbQ` QdY_^\_^WYdeTY^Q\\ic_]UdXY^WgUT_^ºd
RUdXUÂbcddY]U9SQ^dXY^[_VgXU^^_dQ\ YTdXUgX_\UbUS_fUbiYc6b_]dXURUWY^ Q\gQicXQfUdXUbUc_ebSUcd_QSS_]`\YcX
bUQTiXQfY^WQ`bUcU^SUY^QS_e^dbicdbeS[ ^Y^Wi_eSQ^èbSXQcU\_SQ\V__TQ^TXU\`
RiQ]QZ_bTYcQcdUbgQc^_dQRQTdXY^W _bWQ^YjU\_SQ\RecYÛccÙ_`\U<_SQ\RecY CÙQ[Y^W_V]_fY^WdXUÛUT\U_ÛdXY^W9
2edi_eºbUUhQSd\ibYWXd4YcQcdUbbYc[bU ÛccUcSQ^_VdU^`b_fYTUV__T]_bUaeYS[\i Q]cdbeS[RiYcdXU\QbWUê]RUb_VS_e^
TeSdY_^YcSbYdYSQ\\iY]`_bdQ^dQ^TgUgYcX dXQ^_edcYTUQSd_bcgX_cXY`Y^V__TI_e dbYUcgXUbU=UbSi3_b`c_ÙbQdUcc_]U_V
dXUbUgUbU]_bUT_^_bcdXQdg_e\TVe^Tec SQ^Q\]_cdY]]UTYQdU\icdQbd`QiY^WSQcX gXYSX¶\Y[U3XY^Q9^TYQ9^T_ÛcYQQ^T
Q^T_dXUbcd_W_Y^d_fe\ÛbQR\US_]]e^Y V_bg_b[d_dX_cUQçUSdUTRidXUSbYcYc9V @Q[YcdQ^¶QbUQ]_^WdXU\QbWUcdY^dXU
dYUcdXQdgU[^_gQbUQdbYc[RUSQecUdXUbUºc i_eSQ^WUd]_ÛiY^d_Ù_`\UºcXQ^TcdXUi g_b\TbU`bUcU^dY^WS\_cUd_% ÙbSU^d_V
Q\_di_eSQ^T_RUV_bUQTYcQcdUb T_^ºdVUU\d_dQ\\iXU\`\UccQ^TYdXU\`c]QY^ dXUg_b\Tºc`_è\QdY_^9Vi_egQ^dd_XQfU
dQY^dXUYbTYW^YdiDXU]_ÛiQ\c_XU\`cbU Q^Y]`QSd_^QÛ^dYbUS_e^dbiQ^T^_dZecd
>_gdXQddXUUQbdXaeQ[UXQcXQ`ÙÛT ReY\TdXU\_SQ\`bYfQdUcUSd_b _^Qc]Q\\\_SQ\YdicX_e\T^ºdi_eV_Sec_^
dXYcSbYcYc]QiXQfUSbUQdUTQ^_``_bde^Ydi VUgUbS_e^dbYUc/
V_bcYW^YÂSQ^dSXQ^WUY^8QYdY GXiQbU]Qb[UdRQcUTc_\edY_^cSU^dbQ\d_ I_ec_e^T\Y[U_ebR_QbT5bYS8UbUYcX_g
9dT_Uc`bUcU^dc_]UÛg_``_bde^YdYUcd_ i_ebQ``b_QSX/ gUdXY^[QR_eddXQdGUgQ^dd_RUS_^cYT
QTTbUccdXUe^TUb\iY^WSQecUc_V8QYdYºc =Qb[UdRQcUTc_\edY_^cQbUQRYd_VQ`b_hi UbUT_Û_VdXU\UQTY^WY^dUb^QdY_^Q\bU\YUV
`_fUbdiQ^T`__bW_fUb^Q^SU9VdXUbUºcQî V_bTU]Q^TTbYfU^c_\edY_^c9dYcQgQid_ Q^TTUfU\_`]U^d_bWQ^YjQdY_^cY^dXU
dXY^WbUTU]`dYfUd_S_]U_ed_VdXUUQbdX dQY\_bi_ebc_\edY_^cd_gXQdÙ_`\UgQ^d g_b\TD_RUY^dXQdWb_eì_eÛUTd_XQfU
aeQ[UYdgY\\RUdXQd9dSQ^Q\c_cXQ[Ue` dXQdºcSe\debQ\\iQ``b_`bYQdUQ^TdXQd]Q[Uc ceèSYU^d`bUcU^SUY^1cYQ1VbYSQQ^Td_Q
!$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

\UccUbTUWbUUC_edX1]UbYSQDXQddbQ^c _^\YÛSXQdc_bC[iÙb__]cgXUbUV_\[c dY_^9dcdQbdUTgYdXReY\TY^WQW_fUb^Q^SU
\QdUcd_Qb_e^T# `\ecS_e^dbYUcRedi_e gX_QbUT_Y^WdXQddiÙ_Vg_b[Qb_e^TdXU cdbeSdebUdXQdU^cebUTdXUgX_\UdUQ]gQc
T_^ºdÛUTd_RUY^( _b) S_e^dbYUcQc g_b\TSQ^S_^dbYRedU 2_c^YQ^Q^T\QYT_ed]Y\U`_cdcd_bUQSX
c_]U_V_ebS_\\UQWeU_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQbUD_ GUXQfUQTUcYW^]_^Yd_bY^WQ^TUfQ\e Q\_^WdXUgQid_\_SQ\YjQdY_^>_gYdºcQ
RUY^fYdUTd_dXUV_be]cQ^Td_RUQddXU QdY_^dUQ]dXQdYcdbiY^Wd_ReY\TdXUSQ`QS cdb_^W_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQdXQcbU\QdY_^cXY`c
\UQTUbcXY`dQR\Ui_eÛUTd_XQfUQceè YdigYdXY^Q\\_V_ebÂU\T_èSUcd_T_W__T gYdXYdc_g^W_fUb^]U^dQ^TbQYcUc]_Ûi
SYU^d`bUcU^SUY^dX_cU# _bc_S_e^dbYUc `b_WbQ]TUcYW^9dYcXQbTd_T_QÛfQ\eQ \_SQ\\iQ^TQd_`^_dSXdUQ]_V\_SQ\\UQTUbc
DXUbUQc_^gUºbUY^3XY^QQ^T9^TYQ dY_^YVi_eTYT^ºdWUddXUTUcYW^`XQcUbYWXd GUQ\c_\UVdRUXY^TQ]YSb_Â^Q^SUY^cdY
VbQ^[\iYcdXQdc_]UdY]UY^dXUÛhd! RUSQecUi_eT_^ºdXQfUdXURQcU\YÛTQdQ dedY_^dXQd]Q[Uc]_ÛiQcQRQ^[Q^TXQc
iUQbcdX_cUdg_S_e^dbYUcQbUW_Y^Wd_RU GUQ\c_XQfUQTYWYdQ\\YRbQbidXQdUfUbi_Û bUSUYfUTQgQbTcV_bRUcd`bQSdYSUcY^]YSb_
]QZ_b`\QiUbcQ^TgUºbUW_Y^Wd_RUbQYcY^W XQcQSSUccd_gXUbUgU`_cdUfUbiUfQ\eQ Â^Q^SUDX_cUdg__bWQ^YjQdY_^cQ\_ÛQbU
bUc_ebSUcY^dX_cUS_e^dbYUcC_gUÛUTd_ dY_ÛhQ]`\Uc_VWbUQdQ^T`__b`b_`_cQ\c ^_dW_Y^Wd_c_\fUQ\\dXU`b_R\U]c_V2_c^YQ
RUdXUbUReY\TY^WSbUTYRY\Ydi^_gQ^TdXU Q^T_dXUb]QdUbYQ\c RedXQfY^W^QdY_^Q\Y^cdYdedY_^cdXQd_ÙbQdU
RUcdgQid_ReY\TSbUTYRY\YdiYcd_XU\`dXU] ?ÛdXY^WgUºfUT_ÛQcgU\\QcQî^_^ gYdXW__TW_fUb^Q^SUQ^TgYdXgU\\dbQYÛT
gYdXc_]U_VdXUYb_g^TUfU\_`]U^dSXQ\ `b_ÂdYcd_Y^fUcdY^]Q^QWU]U^d3_] \_SQ\dQ\U^dUTdUQ]]U]RUbcYcQg_bdXi
\U^WUc9g_e\T^ºdS_^cYTUbUYdXUbS_e^dbi `QbUTd_dXUV_b`b_Âdg_b\TdXU^_^`b_Âd S_^dbYRedY_^
QVbQWY\U_bVQY\Y^WcdQdUY^dXUgQidXQddXU g_b\Te^TUbUcdY]QdUcdXUY]`_bdQ^SU_V GUXQfUQ\c_UhYdUTVb_]dXU@XY\Y``YÛc
3U^dbQ\1VbYSQ^BUèR\YSC_]Q\YQ1VWXQ^Y ]Q^QWU]U^dQ^T\UQTUbcXY`GUXQfUèd CUbRYQQ^TQê]RUb_V_dXUbS_e^dbYUc
cdQ^_bQîê]RUb_V_dXUbS_e^dbYUc _eb]QZ_b\UQTUbcdXb_eWX`b_WbQ]cdXQdQbU _fUbdXU\Qcd! d_!"iUQbc4ebY^WdXQddY]U
gXUbUgUg_b[QbU c`_^c_bUTgYdXdXU3U^dUbV_b3bUQdYfU dXUd_dQ\ê]RUb_VS_e^dbYUcgU_ÙbQdUY^
<UQTUbcXY`GUºfUXQT`QbdÛbcXY`cgYdXQ XQccdQiUTRUdgUU^#$Q^T$ C_]UVQ\\_ç
=UbSi3_b`cU^WQWUcY^QgYTUfQbYUdi_V S_e`\U_Ve^YfUbcYdYUcgXUbUgUbUQ\\idbYUT Q^TdXU^Q8QYdYS_]Uc_^
\_SQ\QSdYfYdYUc¶Vb_]cUddY^We`fQSSY^Q d_Y^fUcdY^dbQY^Y^W_eb^QdY_^Q\cdQç9Vi_e
dY_^`b_WbQ]cd_ReY\TY^Wc_SSUbÂU\TcQ^T T_^ºdSbUQdUcdb_^W]Q^QWUbcQ^T\UQTUbc GXUî_e\UQfURUXY^TQ\_SQ\>7?T_dXUi
be^^Y^WQWbYSe\debQ\dbQY^Y^WSU^dUbc9c YdºcbUQ\\iXQbTd_ReY\TQSe\debU_V\UQb^Y^W ]QY^dQY^Q^Qè\YQdY_^gYdX=UbSi3_b`c/
dXUbUQîdXY^WdXQdi_eg_^ºdT_/1^TgYdX GUdbid_T_dXQd9VdXUigQ^dd_cdQiY^
c_]QîQSdYfYdYUcX_gT_i_edQ[UdXU ?Û_VdXUdXY^WcdXQdcUdc=UbSi3_b`c d_eSXgYdXdXU\UQb^Y^WdXQdºcW_Y^W_^Y^
\UQb^Y^WdXQd_SSebcY^_ÛS_e^dbiQ^T Q`QbdYcdXQdi_edQ\[_Ù^\iQR_ed\UQfY^W =UbSi3_b`cdXUiSQ^T_dXQd+gUU^S_eb
Y]`QbdYddXb_eWX_eddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^/ S_e^dbYUcdXQdi_eQbUYÎ_eUfU^W_c_ QWUdXQdfUbicdb_^W\iGUY^fYdU_eb\UWQSi
<Ud]UcdQbdRicQiY^WdXQdgUºbU^_dW_Y^W VQbQcd_cQii_e`\Q^d_UhYd]_cdS_e^dbYUc Y^cdYdedY_^cd__ebWQdXUbY^Wcc_dXQddXUi
d_W__çQ^TceTTU^\iRUS_]UQXUQ\dX_b QVdUb! iUQbcGXiT_i_eT_dXYc/ SQ^S_]UQ^TVUU\\Y[UdXUiQbUQ`Qbd_VdXU
WQ^YjQdY_^GUdXY^[dXUbUQbUQ\_d_V_dXUb 1R_edcUfUîUQbcQW_gUÂbcdRUWQÛh`\YS dUQ]2eddXUiQbUS_]`\UdU\iY^TUÙ^TU^d
_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdT_QWbUQdZ_RY^XUQ\dX Yd\idQ\[Y^WQR_eddXYcY^_eb_g^_bYU^dQ _bWQ^YjQdY_^cGUT_^ºdXQfUQîcQiY^
Q^TgUg_e\T^ºdQTTQîfQ\eURiRUY^WiUd dY_^Q^T\UQb^Y^W]QdUbYQ\cGUTYTYdV_b dXUYbbe^^Y^W_b]Q^QWU]U^d
Q^_dXUb_Û QS_e`\U_VbUQc_^cGUgQ^dUTd_cYW^Q\
=_cd_VdXUdXY^WcdXQdgUT_SQ^RU S\UQb\idXQdgUºbU^_d_Û_VdXUcU_bWQ^YjQ =eSX_Vi_eb_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcg_b[YcQR_ed
Wb_eÙTQb_e^TU]UbWU^SibU\YUV¶dXY^Wc dY_^cdXQdcUUcYdcU\VcdQiY^WY^QS_e^dbiV_b WUddY^WÙ_`\Ud_XU\`dXU]cU\fUcIUddXU
\Y[UgQdUbQ^TcQ^YdQdY_^Q^TXU\`Y^WSXY\ UfUb1^TgUgQ^dUTd_cYW^Q\d__ebdUQ]c ^Q]U=UbSi3_b`cc_e^Tc\Y[UQbU\YWY_ec
TbU^gYdXdXUYb`ciSX_c_SYQ\ÛUTc¶_b Q^TY^`QbdYSe\Qb_ebS_e^dbi\UQTUbcdXQd _bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQd`b_fYTUcSXQbYdid_dXU
Qb_e^TReY\TY^WSYfY\c_SYUdi¶ceSXQcSbUQd YdºcY]`_bdQ^dd_RUWY^dXY^[Y^WQR_edQ^ `__bGXiYcdXQd/
Y^Wc`_bdc_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQ^T]YSb_Â^Q^SU UhYdcdbQdUWiQ\]_cdVb_]TQi_ÛGXQd DXbUU_bV_ebiUQbcQW_gURb_eWXdY^KdXU
Y^cdYdedY_^c¶gXYSXYcgXUbU]_cd_V_eb dXQdT_UcYcWUdi_eV_SecUTUQb\i_^YcceUc QTfUbdYcY^WÂb]M6__dU3_Û2U\TY^Wd_
g_b[_SSebc9Vi_e\__[Qd_ebY^X_ecU \Y[UcecdQY^QRY\YdiSQ`QSYdiReY\TY^WQ^T XU\ècgYdXQbURbQ^TY^WUhUbSYcUGUgUbU
dUSX^YSQ\SQ`QSYdidXQdYcd_`^_dSXQ^T \UQfY^WRUXY^TQ\UWQSi gYTU_Ù^d_SXQ^WY^W_eb^Q]UDXUi
S_^dbYRedUcd_RUcd`bQSdYSUci_egY\\Â^T 9^]_cd_VdXUS_e^dbYUcgUQbUY^Ydºc gU^dQb_e^TdXUg_b\TQ^TY^dUbfYUgUT_eb
YdY^dX_cUdg_WUÛbQ\QbUQc XQbTd_SbUQdUcYW^YÂSQ^dSXQ^WUcY^Qî cdQçdXUÙ_`\UgUg_b[gYdXdXUS_]]e
1cV_b\UQb^Y^WgXUî_eÂ^TQ^_bWQ^Y dXY^W\Y[UdXbUUd_V_ebiUQbc_bUfU^ÂfU ^YdYUcgUQbUY^f_\fUTY^Q^T_ebT_^_bc
jQdY_^dXQdYcT_Y^WQWbUQdZ_R_VSQ`debY^W d_cYhiUQbcC_! iUQbccUU]UTd_SQ`debU DXUiS_^S\eTUTdXQdgUºfUReY\deÙ^_eWX
\Ucc_^c\UQbÛTQ^TTYccU]Y^QdY^WdXU] _ebRU\YUVdXQddXUbUQbU^_VQcdÂhUc_b SQSXUdgYdX_ebRbQ^TdXQdYdg_e\TRUTQ^
dXb_eWX_eddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^`\UQcUSQ\\]U aeYS[UhYdc2edYdQ\c_cYW^Q\UTdXQdgUºbU WUb_ecd_dQ]ÙbgYdXYdGURb_eWXdd_
<Ud]UdU\\i_eQR_edQVUgdXY^WcdXQdgU ^_dW_Y^Wd_RUdXUbUV_bUfUb WUdXUb_ebW\_RQ\\UQTUbcXY`Q^T`bUcU^dUT
QbUT_Y^WGUSbUQdUTQ^Y^dbQÛdgYdXY^ <QcdiUQbgUUhYdUT2_c^YQQ^T\UVdRU dX_cUÂ^TY^WcQ^TdXUbUgQcWUÛbQ\S_^
=UbSi3_b`cdXQdXQcfQbY_ecS_]]e^YdYUc XY^Tdg_cdb_^WY^cdYdedY_^c?ÛYcQ\_SQ\ cU^cecd_[UU`dXU^Q]UGUg_b[UTXQbT
_V`bQSdYSUceSXQcQWbYSe\debQ\TUfU\_` >7?dXQdSQbbYUc_^TUfU\_`]U^dg_b[GU d_ReY\T_eb^Q]UQ^TgUºbUW_Y^Wd_\Ud
]U^dGYdXY^dXUcUS_]]e^YdYUcgUXQfU XQTQÂfUiUQb`\Q^d_SbUQdUdXYc_bWQ^YjQ _ebg_b[bUcXQÙdXURbQ^T ■
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !%

@[\XjI\m`\nj
1ZW[ObSA]ZRWSà Q^TcX_gcX_g1]UbYSQºcS\Y]QdUgQbcU^Tc @b_d_S_\gQcÛW_dYQdUTD_RUVQYbWYfU^dXU
cX_S[gQfUcVb_]2Q\Yd_3_Ù^XQWU^¯ SbYdYSQ\Y]`_bdQ^SU_VdXUEC`_cYdY_^QdY^
BUfYUgRiCdU`XU^8CSXÛYTUb DXU3\Y]QdUGQbYcdXUUccU^dYQ\bUQTV_b dUb^QdY_^Q\ÛW_dYQdY_^cQ^TdXQd_eb`_cY
D853<9=1D5G1B*
2ecYÛccRUQdS_bbU Qî_ÛgX_gQ^dcd_e^TUbcdQ^TdXU`\Qi dY_^T_UcTUÙ^T_^dXU5QcdUb^Y^cYTUdXU
DbeU2U\YUfUbc@_gUb c`_^TU^dQ^TUTYd_b UbcQ^T`_\YdYScRUXY^TdXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^d 2U\dgQiUcdQR\YcX]U^d_ÛcX_e\TbUQT
2b_[UbcQ^TdXU6YWXd 5bYS@__\Ui`Qb\QiUT QbWe]U^dY^1]UbYSQ¸ @__\UiºcR__[V_bdXQdQ\_Û9dXQcfUbiY]
d_CQfUdXU5QbdX XYcY^cYTUdXUdU^d ?;VQYbU^_eWXTUcSbY`dY_^_VXYc_RZUS `_bdQ^dY^cYWXdc_^X_gdXUE^YdUTCdQdUc
5bYS@__\Ui
$(!`QWUc8iÙbY_^" ! S_^dQSdcY^5QcdUb^ dYfUcgXYSXgUbUY^]ifYUgQSS_]`\YcXUT gY\\_bg_^ºdWUd]UQ^Y^WVe\S\Y]QdU`_\YSi
EC`_gUbUcdQR\YcX gU\\TUc`YdUdXU_fUbXUb_YSXiÙ_ÛUh `_\YSidXQdgY\\XQfUQ]QZ_bY^ÃeU^SU_^dXU
]U^dSYbS\Ucd_RUQÃi_^dXUgQ\\V_b]Qî ÙSdcVb_]cU\VQccUcc]U^dcQ^T·Y^cYTU Y^dUb^QdY_^Q\ÛW_dYQdY_^cQ`b_SUccReY\de`
_VdXUcU2U\dgQiY^cYTUbcQ^TXU_RcUbfUT RQcURQ\\¸bU`_bdY^W XQ\dY^W\i_fUbdXU`Qcd]QîTUSQTUcV_b
Q^TbU`_bdUT_^dXUW__TdXURQTQ^TdXU >_gV_bc_]UdbeUS_^VUccY_^cVb_]]U dXQd^QdebQ\\i9ceWWUcdi_ecUU]iR__[
eW\i_VdXUS\Y]QdUTURQdUY^dX_cUSYbS\Uc ¶9d__XQfUQT_WY^dXYccX_g_VdXUS\Y <Ud]URbYUÃiWYfUQ^Y^cYWXd_^dXU
DXQdQ\_ÛWYfUcY]`_bdQ^dY^cYWXdd_dXU ]QdUgQbcRedYdYcQ$ iUQb cgUU`_VdY]U9TYcSeccY^
]QSXY^QdY_^c_Vc`Y^]UccQWUS_^db_\Q^T cgUU`Y^WXYcd_biYcY^dUb^QdY_^ 3_^dQSdC`_bddXQde^TUb\YUc
TYbdi`_\YdYSc¶QcgU\\QcdXURbYWXdcYTU* Q\YcdY^ÙbcÙSdYfUTUQ\cgYdX gXQd@__\UiRbY^Wcece`d_TQdU
dX_cUg_b[Y^WdYbU\Ucc\iV_bX_Ûcd]UccQW dXU`_fUbdiQ^TcecdQY^QRY\YdiTY _^Y^DXU3\Y]QdUGQb
UcQ^T`_\YSYUcd_bYWXd_ebcY^[Y^WUS_\_WY ]U^cY_^cdXQdT_]Y^QdUY^dUb^Q 9^dXU!)' cgXU^9gQc_VdU^
SQ\cXY`6b_]dXQdÙbcÙSdYfUdXUbUS_e\T dY_^Q\ÛW_dYQdY_^cQ^TVbQ^[\i Y^3_^WbUccQ^TUfU^dXUGXYdU
XQbT\iRUQRUddUbbU`_bdUbdXQ^@__\UiQ^T cUUcdXU\QcdV_ebiUQbc_V5QcdUb^ 8_ecU_îUcS\Y]QdUSXQ^WU
Y^TUUTXUgYdÛccUTQS\Y]QdUgQbQ^TbU ECUcdQR\YcX]U^d]QSXY^QdY_^c cSYU^SUQ^T`_\YSiYcceUcdXUTU
`_bdUTYdaeYdUQSSebQdU\i QcfYbdeQ\\idbYfYQ\Y^dXUcSXU]U RQdUgQcRY`QbdYcQ^Y^V_b]QdY_^
8UbUYcgXQdXYcèR\YcXUbºc_g^R\ebR _VdXYc`b_R\U]_fUbYdcXQ\VSU^ Q\Q^TS_bTYQ\6UQbc_VS\Y]QdU
cQicd_VbQ]UXYcR__[gXYSXTUc`YdUdXU debiXYcd_bi=iR__[CSYU^SUQc SXQ^WUTQ^WUbcgUbU^_d_]YddUT
_RfY_eccU\VXiÙTUcSbYRUcXYc_RZUSdYfUc Q3_^dQSdC`_bd*9^cYTUdXU2Qdd\Ud_CQfU Y^_eb`bUcU^dQdY_^cRedRQS[dXU^YdgQc
gU\\*·@__\UiKTUèdiUTYd_b_V2\__]RUbW 5QbdX»c3\Y]QdUgQcbU\UQcUTRidXU>QdY_^Q\ ]_cd\idXU_bUdYSQ\Y^VUbU^SUVb_]cSYU^SU
2ecYÛccGUU[MdXUV_b]Ub]Q^QWY^WUTYd_b 7U_WbQ`XYSC_SYUdiY^>_fU]RUb" ) ^_diUddXUTYbUSd\i_RcUbfUTTQ]QWUcgU
_V6_bdeÛQ^TSXYUV`_\YdYSQ\S_bbUc`_^TU^d DXQd@__\UicUU]UTe^QgQbU_VYdgQcQRYd XQfUcUU^\QdU\iceSXQce^`bUSUTU^dUT
V_bDY]UcÙ^ddXbUUiUQbcU]RUTTUTgYdX Ùbc_^Q\\iTYcdebRY^Wd_]UXQfY^WRUU^Y^ gY\TÂbUcY^dXUgUcdUbÊ^YdUTCdQdUc`_\Qb
QÛhdbQ_bTY^QbiSQcd_VSXQbQSdUbc*Vb_] QddXUSbUQdY_^c_d_cÙQ[_VdXYcYcceU+Red YSU]U\dY^WgU\\RUi_^T`bUTYSdY_^[Y\\Ub
dXUÃQ]R_iQ^dXUQT_V_Û_VdXU^QdY_^ºc dXU^dXUbUQbUXe^TbUTc_VS\Y]QdUR__[c XUQdgQfUcQYb`_\\edY_ÛfU^dcQ^T]eSX
\QbWUcdS_Q\Reb^Y^WUÛbWiS_]`Q^YUcd_ _eddXUbURi^_gc_gXicX_e\TQî_ÛWUd ]_bU9^VQSddXURYWWUcdVQSd_bcY^SU_eb
dXUTbYfUÛ^fYb_^]U^dQ\\UQTUbgX_]QTU `QbdYSe\QbQddU^dY_^9ce``_cU UQb\igQb^Y^WcYcdXQd·^QdebUXQcS__Ùb
S_]]_^SQecUgYdXXY]+Vb_]\UQTY^WcSY >_ddXQd@__\UiYcgb_^WY^XYcY^cYWXdc_b QdUTgYdXdXU_bi¸Qc9Uh`\QY^Y^3_^dQSd
U^dYcdcgQb^Y^W_VY]Ù^TY^WSQdQcdb_`XU dXQddXUiQbU^_dg_bdX[^_gY^WReddXYc C`_bd+c_^_gQS_]Ù\\Y^WSQcUV_b`_\YSi
d_`b_VUccY_^Q\c[U`dYScTYcèdY^WQ\]_cd `b_R\U]gQcc_VQbQ\_^WgXU^XYcbU`_bd_ XUTWY^WYc^_\_^WUbZecddXU_bUdYSQ\Red
UfUbiQcÙSd_VS\Y]QdUcSYU^SU+Vb_]bQTY bYQ\ÃigU^d_^dXUgQ\\c_V`_gUb`\QSUcUQcd UdXYSQ\US_^_]YSQ^TUS_\_WYSQ\2edÙb
SQ\QSdYfYcdcSXQY^Y^WdXU]cU\fUcd_Re\\ _V3QbdXQWUDU^^¶1\7_bUºcQR_TU¶dXQd XQ`cYb_^YSQ\\idXU]_bUUfYTU^SUgUWUd
T_jUbcd_`_gUbVe\\_RRiYcdc]UTYQWebec dXUS\Y]QdUTURQdUdbQY^XQTQ\bUQTi\UVddXU dXU\_eTUbQ^T]_bUTYcd_bdUTdXU_``_cY
Q^TQTfYc_bcY^?RQ]QºcGUcdGY^W8U cdQdY_^RQS[Y^dXU!)' c9Vi_egQ^dQRQ\ dY_^XQcRUS_]U¶Q^T]_cd_VdXUdY]UdXU
Q\c_WQYÛTe^`bUSUTU^dUTQSSUccd_V_b]Ub Q^SUTXYcd_bii_eS_e\T^_dS_^SUYfQR\iÂ^T ]QY^cdbUQ]]UTYQTedYVe\\ibU`_bdgYdX
FYSU@bUcYTU^d1\7_bUQ^TXYc1\\YQ^SUV_b YdY^dXUÂWXdc_VdXU5QcdUbÊC`_gUbUc UaeQ\SbUTYRY\YdiQ\\S\QY]Q^dc_VdbedXY^Q
3\Y]QdU@b_dUSdY_^ dQR\YcX]U^dcdQbdY^W! iUQbcQVdUbdXU;i_d_ VQ\cUTYSX_d_]i]YcQ``\YSQdY_^_VdXU`_\YdY
·@__\UiSQ`debUcdXUaeYUd SQ\RQ\Q^SUT_SdbYÛWUddXU
TUdUb]Y^QdY_^Q^TUfU^XUb_ CdU`XU^8CSXÛYTUbTYUT:e\i!)dXbUUTQicQVdUbceR]YddY^WdXYcbUfYUg 4U]_SbQddXUÛaeQ\dY]Ud_
Yc]_VS\Y]QdUSQ]`QYWÛbc DXUbUfYUgbU]QY^ceÛTYdUTCSXÛYTUbgQcQCdQ^V_bTE^YfUbcYdiRY_\_Wi dXUBUèR\YSQ^¶QÙb^YSY_ec
gX_XQfUTUTYSQdUTdXUYb\YfUc `b_VUcc_bQ^TS\Y]QdUcSYU^dYcdgX_WQdXUbUTUfYTU^SUV_bW\_RQ\gQb]Y^WQ^T VbQ]Y^WV_bS_]`\UhcSYU^SU
QTf_SQdUT`_\YSYUcd_S_]RQdS\Y]QdUSXQ^WUV_bV_ebTUSQTUc8UQTfYcUTdXU
d_Qê`XY\\RQdd\UdXQdºccdY\\ gXUbUU^T_VdXUg_b\TQ^T
QT]Y^YcdbQdY_^_VUfUbi`bUcYTU^dVb_]BYSXQbT>Yh_^d_2QbQS[?RQ]Qg_^Q
bQWY^Wd_TQi8UQc[cgXUdXUb =QS1bdXeb6_e^TQdY_^·WU^YeçQgQbTY^!))"Q^TgQc`Qbd_VQE^YdUT>QdY_^c W__TV_bi_eUhdbU]U`_cY
gUXQfUgXQdYddQ[Ucd_`bU `QÛ\_^S\Y]QdUSXQ^WUdXQdcXQbUTdXU" '>_RU\@UQSU@bYjUgYdX1\7_bU dY_^cQbUdXUdg_\_gUcd`b_R
cUbfU_eb`\QÛdºcXQRYdQRY\Ydi QRY\Ydi_edS_]UcCUU3_^dQSd
!& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

C`_bdYVi_egQ^d]QîUhQ]`\Uc_VVQ\cU TUbÛQdXdXUXiÙQ^Tc`Y^_eddXUbUQ^Tdbi
RQ\Q^SUTbU`_bdY^WgYdX_edVQSdSXUS[Y^W d_cU`QbQdU_edgXQdQcÙSdc_VdXUTURQdU
Ac`dWdOZ]TbVS2SdWO\b
C_gXUbUQ^TgXU^TYTgUcgYdSXVb_] QbU\UWYdY]QdUbU]QY^Y^WcSYU^dYÂSe^SUbdQY^ BUfYUgRi4UQ^;Qb\Q^
S_bTYQ\d_eW\iQc@__\UiQ^T9QbUS_] dYUc¶cdY\\`\U^di_VdX_cU\UVdd_W_Qb_e^T¶ D85@?G5B?6
9^DXU@_gUb_V
Ù\\UTd_bU`_bd/ Q^TgXQdVbQSdY_^YccY]`\iQ^YTU_\_WYSQ\ @?C9D9F5 @_cYdYfU4UfYQ^SU
9ÂbcdcQgdXUeW\YÛccQbYcUY^dXUE^YdUT `b_dUSdY_^_Vg_b\TfYUgcY^TbQWQc·c_e^T 45F91>35*8_g QedX_bcBYSXQbT
CdQdUcQVdUbBUQWQ^ºcY^QeWebQdY_^Y^!)(! cSYU^SU¸DXQdcU`QbQdY^WZ_RYcQbUQ\dQh_^ E^\Y[U\i9^^_fQd_bc @QcSQ\U:UbbiCdUb^Y^
C_\fUdXUG_b\Tºc
Q^T9èddXUR\Q]U_^dXQdQT]Y^YcdbQ èR\YSe^TUbcdQ^TY^W_VX_gd_Âbcde^TUb D_eWXUcd@b_R\U]c
Q^T=_^YaeUCdUb^Y^
dY_ÊCBU`1\7_bUgQcQ\c_Q]QZ_b cdQ^TQ^TdXU^TUQ\gYdXfUbiS_]`\Uhd_` BYSXQbT@QcSQ\U:Ubbi dQ[UdXUYbbUQTUbc_^
`\QiUb+Y^VQSddXUS_^dU^dY_^RUWQ^QdXYc YScdXQdXQfUQXYWXRQb_VY^V_b]QdY_^ÛUT CdUb^Y^=_^YaeUCdUb^Y^ QVQcSY^QdY^Wd_ebd_
"%&`QWUc8QbfQbT
S_^WbUccY_^Q\XUQbY^WY^!)(!¶V_bgXYSX9 UTd_UfUÛ^dUbdXUTURQdUY^dU\\YWU^d\i9^ 2ecYÛcc@bUcc" !
\UQb^QR_ed·`_cYdYfU
gQcQgYdÛcc dXU\QcdSXQ`dUb_V3_^dQSdC`_bd9Qc[QcSQbi TUfYQ^SU¸¶Q^Q`
9^RbYUVdXUBUQWQ^QT]Y^YcdbQdY_^Q` aeUcdY_^*·3Q^TU]_SbQSicebfYfUS_]`\Uh `b_QSXd_c_\fY^Wc_SYQ\Q^TUfU^c_]U
`\iY^WdXUYTU_\_WYSQ\`bY^SY`\U_V^_dce` Ydi/¸=i>QdY_^Q\7U_WbQ`XYSC_SYUdiUTYd_bc RecYÛcc`b_R\U]c
`_bdY^WRUXQfY_bQ\_bU^fYb_^]U^dQ\bU dX_eWXddXQdd__]eSX_VQT_gÛbQc]iÂ DXUQ``b_QSXgXYSXdXUQedX_bcTUfU\
cUQbSXU\Y]Y^QdUT_^dX_cUYTU_\_WYSQ\ ^Q\SXQ`dUbdYd\UQ^TceRcdYdedUT·GXQd _ÙTVb_]g_b[T_ÛRiDeVdcE^YfUbcYdiê
Wb_e^TcQ]QZ_bY^dUbTYcSY`\Y^Qbi4U`Qbd ;UU`c=U1gQ[UQd>YWXd¸5YdXUbgQiV_bQ dbYdY_^`b_VUcc_b=QbYQ^JUYd\Y^Y^dXU
]U^d_V5ÛbWicdeTi_^dXUY]`QSdc_V bU`bUcU^dQdYfUTU]_SbQSid_Ve^SdY_^gU\\ !)( c¶XQcb_eWX\idXbUUcdU`c6YbcdU^WQWU
W\_RQ\gQb]Y^W_^^QdebUQ^Tc_SYUdibe^ R_dXdXUèR\YSQ^TYdcbU`bUcU^dQdYfUcXQfU dXUÙ_`\UÛUTY^WSXQ^WUY^dXU`b_SUcc+
RiB_WUbBUfU\\U7_bUºc8QbfQbTU^fYb_^ d_e^TUbcdQ^TgXQdYcQdcdQ[U*BYc[UaeQ\c dXUi]ecddQ[U`QbdY^TYcS_fUbY^WQ^cgUbcd_
]U^dQ\dUQSXUb9S_bQ^dXUcdeTigYdX gXQdSQ^XQ`Ù^]e\dY`\YUTRidXU_TTcYd dXUYb`b_R\U]cd_QT_`dSXQ^WUcCUS_^T
BUfU\\UQ^T_dXUbcgXYSXYcgXi9gQcQddXU gY\\XQ`Ù^ YTU^dYVi·`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^dç¶Ù_`\UgX_
XUQbY^WGXU^7_bUSXQ\\U^WUTdXUSedc >UhdYcdXUèR\YS`_\YSiSX_YSU`Qbd¶bYc[ cUU]d_XQfUceSSUUTUTS_]`QbUTgYdX_dX
dXUQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^bUc`_^TUTdXQddXUi ]Q^QWU]U^dDXYcYcdXUèR\YSfQ\eUcQcÙSd UbcTUc`YdUXQfY^WdXUcQ]UbUc_ebSUc
S_e\T^ºdce``_bd·Q\Qb]Yc]¸DXQdgQcdXU _fUbgXQdd_T_QR_edYdWYfU^Q\\dXUSQ\\cY^ 6Y^Q\\ig_b[gYdXS_]]e^YdYUcd_`Y^`_Y^d
_Ù^Y^WeW\icX_d9dW_d]UWQeW\iVb_] c_SYUdiV_bW_fUb^]U^dQ\ecU_V\Y]YdUTbU gXQddXU`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^dcT_TYçUbU^d\iQ^T
dXUê^dY\^_gUcÙSYQ\\iY^dXU3_^WbUcc c_ebSUcDXQddiÙ_VS_]`\UhYdiYcRUS_]Y^W ÂWebU_edX_gdXU
Q^TdXU]UTYQ_ÙT`QWUc S_]]_^`\QSU^_gQcTURQdU_fUbS\Y]QdU gX_\US_]]e^YdiSQ^
GXQde^TUb\QidXYc\_cc_VS_bTYQ\YdiQ^T `_\YSiXUQ\dXSQbUUTeSQdY_^^QdY_^Q\TU QT_`ddXUcUceSSUccVe\
X_ÛcdY^V_b]QdY_ÛhSXQ^WUVb_]dXUUQb VU^cUUdSQbUQ\\d_`YSc_VU^_b]_ecS_^Ve `bQSdYSUc
\YUbTUSQTU/DXU]_cdU^fYb_^]U^dQ\\i_bY cY_^Q^Tc`Y^Vb_]cÙSYQ\Y^dUbUcdcQ^TYTU DXUQedX_bcºd_eb
U^dUT`bUcYTU^dc_VdXU`QcdSU^debiY^]i _\_WYcdcDXUèR\YSQ^TYdcbU`bUcU^dQdYfUc cdQbdcY^bebQ\FYUd
fYUggUbUBUèR\YSQ^c*BYSXQbT>Yh_^¶ ÛUTd_èdQ\\dXYcXiÙQ^Tc`Y^Y^S_^ ^Q]gXUbUdXUiUh
gX_SbUQdUTdXU5@1¶Q^TDUTTiB__cUfU\d dUhd¶UbW_]ic\UU`\Ucc^YWXdc `\_bUX_gX_ecU
1VdUbQ\\gXQdYcQ]_bUS_^cUbfQdYfUg_bT DXUbUQbU]Qî`\QSUcgXUbUi_eSQ^WUd X_\TcdXUbU]YWXdecU
dXQ^·S_^cUbfQdY_^¸/2edd_dXUBUQWQ^YdUc Y^d_dXUcUd_VTUdQY\cdXQdQbUSbUTYR\UY^dXU UhYcdY^WbUc_ebSUcd_
dXUfUbiQT]YccY_^_VW\_RQ\gQb]Y^WgQcQ^ SQcU_VdXUS\Y]QdUTURQdURed3_^dQSdC`_bd VUUTdXUYbSXY\TbU^
YTU_\_WYSQ\^_^_9dbU`bUcU^dUTdXUS_\\US YcYVi_eV_bWYfUdXUcXQ]U\UcccU\VcUbfYSUQ ]_bUêdbYdY_^Q\\iDXU^Ydºc_^d_5Wi`d
dYfU`\QÛdQbicSQ\UV__d`bY^d_VÙbc_^Q\ `\QSUd_cdQbdgYdXYdcRQ\Q^SUTcgUU`_V gXUbUdXUi\__[V_bgQicd_SXQ^WU_`Y^
S_b`_bQdUQ^T^QdY_^Q\TUSYcY_^cd_ecUdXU X_ggUW_dd_gXUbUgUQbUY^dXYcTURQdU_V Y_^cQ^T`bQSdYSUc_^VU]Q\USYbSe]SYcY_^
Qd]_c`XUbUQcQS_^fU^YU^dVbUUcUgUbd_ ]_bUdXQ^V_ebTUSQTUc7__T\eS[YVi_e 2QS[Y^@YddcRebWXdXUiUhQ]YÛX_gT_S
Te]`_ebc]_[UcdQS[gQcdUcdQY\`YÙU]Yc gYcXd_Z_YêcY^dXUR\__Ti]eTTidbU^SX d_bcQ^TêbcUcg_b[Y^WY^X_c`YdQ\c]YWXd
cY_^cQ^TcYTUUçUSdc_V\Q^TecUSXQ^WUc Uc_VdXUS\Y]QdUgQbc¶gUÛUTdXUQccYc gQcXdXUYbXQ^Tc]_bU_VdU^1^TQ\\dXU
\Y[UTUV_bUcdQdY_^D_QT]YddXQdgUgUbU dQ^SU_VQ\\gX_gQ^dd_XU\`2edRUV_bU gXY\Ui_eVUU\\Y[Ui_eºbUcYddY^WQdQTY^Ûb
XQb]Y^WdXU`\QÛdQbiS_]]_^cgQcd_QT i_eW_d_RQdd\UW_d_R__dSQ]`¶bUQTQ^T dQR\UQcdXbUUU^WQWY^WÙ_`\UbUS_e^d
]YddXQdgUÛUTUTbUWe\Qd_bic_\edY_^c RUY^V_b]UT9dYc]eSXUQcYUbd_ÂWXdgXU^ dXUYbb_e^TdXUg_b\TQTfU^debUQ^TaeUcd
c_]UY^dUb^QdY_^Q\Ycd¶dXUe\dY]QdU^_^_d_ i_e[^_gX_gd_ecUi_ebgUQ`_^c d_Y]`b_fUdXUaeQ\Ydi_V\YVUQb_e^TdXU]
YTU_\_WYcdc_V1]UbYSQ^XUWU]_îQ^TUS_ BUcd_bY^WQSYfY\èR\YSTYQ\_WeUg_e\T DXUQedX_bcTUcSbYRUdXUYb\_SQdY_^cg_^
^_]YS`_gUbC_TU^YQ\_VW\_RQ\gQb]Y^W d_]URUdXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^dÂbcdcdU`gU
RUSQ]UTUVQSd_W_fUb^]U^d`_\YSicY^SUdXU S_e\TdQ[Ud_XUQ\dXUS\Y]QdUQ^TdXUèR\YS 4UQ^;Qb\Q^YcQ`b_VUcc_b_VUS_^_]YScQdIQ\U
E^YfUbcYdiQ^T`bUcYTU^dQ^TV_e^TUb_V9^^_fQdY_^c
YTU_\_Wi_V`b_dUSdY^WU^dbU`bUÛebYQ\bYWXdc bYVd_fUb`b_dUSdY^W_ebS_]]_^XUbYdQWU
V_b@_fUbdi1SdY_^8YcbUcUQbSXV_SecUc_^TUcYW^
_fUbèR\YSQ]U^YdYUcgQcBUQWQ^YdUT_S GUQbUQ\bUQTigU\\Y^d_dXYcTQ^WUb_ecUh Q^TUfQ\eQdY_^_V`b_WbQ]cQb_e^TdXUg_b\T_^d_`
dbYÛDXU7_bUXUQbY^WgQcdXUÂbcdèR\YS ÙbY]U^dgUQbUÙbV_b]Y^W_^·<QR_bQd_bi YScY^S\eTY^W]YSb_SbUTYd]YSb_cQfY^Wcf_dY^WSXQbY
dQR\UVe^TbQYcY^WXUQ\dXRUXQfY_b]_TYÂSQdY_^RU
We^RQdd\UY^dXU3_^WbUcc 5QbdX¸¶gYdXecQ^TQ\\_dXUb\YfY^WdXY^Wc XQfY_bQ\US_^_]YScS_]]e^YdiTbYfU^TUfU\_`]U^d
C_dXU]UccQWUTUQbbUQTUbYc\__[e^ Q\_^WV_bdXUbYTU ■ Q^T]YSb_Y^cebQ^SU
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !'

@[\Xj I\m`\nj
TUbVe\\iQ^T[UU`dXUYb`b_cUSbYc`Q^Td_ TbU^_bdXUVbUUXQ^T_edc_Vd_VeQ^TUWWc/ YcY^TUUTQ`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^d
dXU`_Y^d 9^Q^_dXUbcd_bidXUQedX_bcecUT`_cY GYdXS\UQbS_^SbUdUUfYTU^SUÙ_`\U
9º]Q\gQicXQ`ìd__gXU^QTf_SQdUc dYfUTUfYQ^SUd_XU\`YTU^dYVigXic_]U X_`Y^Wd_c_\fUc_SYQ\`b_R\U]cS_e\T\YcdU^
V_bQ`QbdYSe\Qb`_\YSiQbUbUQ\YcdYSQR_edYdc cQ\UcÙ_`\UQdQ`XQb]QSUedYSQ\S_]`Qî \UQb^Q^TQT_`d`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SUdXU]
\Y]YdQdY_^cQ^TdXUcUQedX_bcèdV_bgQbT c_\TQ\_d_V_Û`QbdYSe\QbTbeWgXY\U_dX cU\fUc9^gXYSXSQcUdXYcR__[SQ^cUbfUQc
dg_S\UQb\Y]YdQdY_^c*@_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SU UbcTYT^ºdDXUQedX_bcdU\\ecdXQdQcYW^_V QWbUQdcdQbdUb[YdgXUddY^WdXUYbQ`ÙdYdUc
g_b[c_^\id_SXQ^WUUhYcdY^WRUXQfY_bc¶ `_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SUºcceSSUccgQcdXQdcQ\Uc Q^TWUÛbQdY^WdXUU^dXecYQc]V_bVebdXUb
^_dd_Y^db_TeSUÛgdUSX^_\_WYUc+Q^T Y^SbUQcUT_^QfUbQWUV_bUfUbi_Û2ed Uh`\_bQdY_^ ■
cÙSYÂS\Ucc_^c\UQbÛTY^_Û`\QSUc_]U dXbUUdYTRYdcWYfU]U`QecU6YbcddXUTbeW
dY]UcT_^ºdg_b[U\cUgXUbU
2idXUU^T_VdXUR__[9VU\dX_ÙVe\_V
gQce`WbQTUTc_ÙbXQ`ccQ\UcY^SbUQcUT
Y^bUc`_^cUd_dXUe`WbQTUCUS_^TUfU^Y^
6SO`6SO`T]`>`]½ba
`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SUºcVedebUceSSUccQ^TW\QT dXU\QdUbdY]UÙbY_TdXU`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^dc BUfYUgRiB_TÛiCSXgQbdj
dXQddXUQedX_bcbUQSXUTdX_ecQ^Tc_VÙ_ gUbUcdY\\TUfYQdY^W=QiRU`_cYdYfUTUfY 2E9<49>7C?391< D_SXQ^WUdXUg_b\T
`\UTebY^WdXUYbZ_ebÛi`_ccYR\icdQbdY^W Q^dc[U`dc_]UYTUQcd_dXU]cU\fUc_bTYc 2EC9>5CC*DXU>Ug _^SUYcbU]Qb[QR\U1
dXU]_^QdbQZUSd_bi_VceSSUcc1^TiUd9 S_fUbUTÛg_Ûc_bdXU]Y]YSbiTYT^ºd ;Y^T_V3Q`YdQ\Yc] cUS_^TQddU]`dY^
gQc\UVdXe^WbiV_b]_bU9gQ^dUTd_cdQiQd dXQdCUbfUc8e]Q^Ydiºc fYdUcTUYÂSQdY_^2ed
g_b[*C_]UdY]UcQ^Q``bU^dYSUSQ^]Y]YS
=_cd@bUccY^W>UUTc
dXQdTY^ÛbdQR\UUfU^dX_eWXdXUcd_bYUc RedcdY\\T_Uc^ºdWUdYdaeYdUbYWXd<QcdgU =eXQ]]QTIeêc =eXQ]]QTIeêc
gUbU_fUbQ^TcQi·GUSQ^dQ[UdXYcd_dXU \UQb^dXQddXU`XQb]QSUedYSQ\S_]`QîTYT "%&`QWUc@eR\YS1VVQYbc" ! dXUV_e^TUb_V
]QccUcQ^TWUd]_bUVQSY\YdQd_bcT_Y^WdXYc ^_dS_^dYêUgYdXdXU`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SUQ` 7bQ]UU^2Q^[Q^T
_^\igXUî_eºfUcX_g^dXQd`_cYdYfUTUfY `b_QSXTUc`YdUdXURUV_bUQ^TQVdUbY^ `Y_ÛUb_V]YSb_SbUTYdXQcU]RQb[UT_îUd
Q^SUdbe\ig_b[ç SbUQcUY^cQ\Uc9XQTd_g_^TUb*G_e\TdXU Q^_dXUbSbecQTU*d_V_cdUbQÛg[Y^T_V_b
DXUUfYTU^SUdXUQedX_bcèdV_bgQbT `XQb]QSUedYSQ\S_]`QîXQfURUU^]_bU WQ^YjQdY_^dXU·c_SYQ\RecYÛcç
di`YSQ\\iS_^cYcdc_V·XUbUYcgXUbUV_\[cY^ \Y[U\id_QT_`ddXYcYVYdgUbUVQSUTgYdXUfY 9^XYcÛgR__[2eY\TY^WC_SYQ\2ecYÛcc
_ebcdeTigUbURUV_bU¸Q^T·XUbUYcgXUbU TU^SU]_bUQ[Y^d_bQ^T_]YjUTdbYQ\c¶ IeêcTUf_dUc]Qî`QWUcd_^Qbb_gY^W
dXUiQbUQVdUbgQbT¸c_]UdY]UcbUVUbbUTd_ gXQdS_]`Q^YUceceQ\\iecUd_TUdUb]YÛYV T_g^dXUUhYcdY^WTUÂ^YdY_^_VQc_SYQ\RecY
QcRUV_bUQ^TQVdUbcdeTYUc?dXUbdXY^Wc c_]UdXY^Wg_b[c_b^_d/ Ûcc¶]QîÙ_`\U`bUSUTUXY]Y^TUÂ^Y^W
QbUXQ`Ù^Y^WQddXUcQ]UdY]UdXQdSQ^ 9Q\c_gQ^dUTQ^cgUbcQR_edX_gd_dbe\i YdcY^SUdXUV_b]ÂbcdSb_`ÙTe`Y^dXU
SQecUdbU^Tcd__SSebQ^TdXUÙ_`\UgX_ YTU^dYVidXURUXQfY_bdXQdSQecUcdXU`_cYdYfU FYSd_bYQÛbQ¶RedXUS_^cYTUbcYdQÛg
`QbdYSY`QdUY^`b_WbQ]c_VdU^dU^Td_RUTYV TUfYQdY_^DXYcYTU^dYÂSQdY_^]Qi^_dRU V_b]_VUS_^_]YS_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQd\Y^[cQ
VUbU^d*DXUiQbU\Y[U\icdbYfY^Wd_ceSSUUT cY]`\UY^]QîcUddY^WcQ^TY^dXUR__[Yd c_SYQ\UdXYSQ\_bU^fYb_^]U^dQ\_RZUSdYfU
Q^TcUQbSXY^WV_bgQic_ed_VdXUYb`b_R\U] VU\dQcYVS_]]e^Ydi]U]RUbcgUbURUY^W gYdXQS_]]UbSYQ\_bÂ^Q^SYQ\_Û8UQ\c_
9^c_SYQ\cSYU^SUgUSQ\\dXYcQcU\USdY_^ Qc[UTd_S_^TeSdS_]`\YSQdUTUS_^_]UdbYS \Qic_edQb_QT]Q`V_bX_gdXUcUÛgÂb]c
RYQcQ^TgUQbUSUbdQY^dXQdYdgbUQ[cXQf_S Q^Q\idYSQ\_bdXU_bUdYSQ\UhUbSYcUcdXQd SQ^Wb_gQ^T`b_cÙb9^TUUT9V_e^T]eSX
_^[^_gY^WgXUdXUbdXU`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SU g_e\TUcdQR\YcXSQecQ\bU\QdY_^cXY`cRU d_QT]YbUXUbUQ^TY^dXU]Q^gX_cUg_b[
Q``b_QSXg_b[UT_bYVdXUY^TYfYTeQ\cgX_ dgUU^RUXQfY_bcQ^T_edS_]Uc 9XQfU\_^WbUcÙSdUT
`QbdYSY`QdUTg_e\TXQfUUhÙbYU^SUTRUddUb 1^T\QcdRed^_d\UQcd*GXQdgY\\`_cY DXUR__[YcQbUVbUcXY^W\iUQcibUQT
_edS_]UcQîX_g¶RUSQecU_VUYdXUbdXUYb dYfUTUfYQ^SUS_cdYVY]`\U]U^dUT_^Q Ieêc]YWXdXQfUcdQbdUT\YVUQcQ`b_VUcc_b
U^fYb_^]U^d_bdXUYbc`YbYdd_ceSSUUT \QbWUcSQ\UceSXQcQÛ^dYbUbUWY_^_bQ RedXUSUbdQY^\iT_Uc^ºdgbYdU\Y[UQ^QSQTU]
D_Y\\ecdbQdUdXYcUfQ\eQdY_^SXQ\\U^WU S_e^dbi/8_g]QîVQY\UTQddU]`dc_S YS9^cdUQTXUÂ\\cXYcR__[gYdX`bQSdYSQ\Uh
\UdºcW_d_dXU_Ù^Y^Wcd_bi_^êdbYdY_^Y^ SebbUTUWgXU^^_`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^dRU Q]`\UcdQSdYScYTUQcQ^TY^cYWXdc¶UcÙSYQ\
FYUd^Q]C_]U`QbU^dcZecdQc`__bQcUf XQfY_bgQcYTU^dYÂUT_bQT_`dUTV_bUQSX \iY^XYcSXQ`dUb_^\Qe^SXY^WQc_SYQ\
Ubi_ÛU\cUgUbUVUUTY^WdXUYb[YTcSbQRc _VdXUceSSUcccd_bYUcgUXUQbTQR_ed/9 RecYÛccgXUbUXUbUÙQdUT\icdbUccUcdXU
Q^TcXbY]`dXQddXUiS_\\USdUTTQY\iVb_] gQ^dQ^cgUbc^_dRUSQecU9º]Q^QSS_e^ ÛUTV_bc_SYQ\RecYÛccd_RU·Qd\UQcdQcgU\\
bYSU`QTTYUcQ^TQTTUTd_dXUc_e`DXUcU dQ^d_bQÛS_^_]YcdRedRUSQecU9gQ^dd_ ]Q^QWUTQcQî`b_Âd]QhY]YjY^WRecYÛcç
[YTcgUbU^_d]Q\^_ebYcXUT1^Tc_dXUQe ce``_bddXUYTUQcdXQdQbUdXU]_cdUçUS Q^T^_dUcdXUY]`_bdQ^SU_VcÙUT`\Q^^Y^W
dX_bcYTU^dYÂUTdXU]QcdXU`_cYdYfUTUfY dYfUÙbT_\\QbT_^QdUT_bY^fUcdUT bUWe\QbbUUfQ\eQdY_^_V`\Q^cQ^Te^TUb
Q^dc_dXUbcQT_`dUTdXUYb`bQSdYSUcQ^T E\dY]QdU\i9ºTbUS_]]U^TdXQd`b_`_ cdQ^TY^W_Ûºc]Qb[Ud8UQ\c_`b_fYTUc
dXU^\_dc]_bUSXY\TbUÛcSQÙT]Q\^_eb Û^dc_V`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SUQ``\iQRYd_V`_c
YcX]U^d2eddXYcgQc`Qbd_VQ\QbWUb`b_ YdYfUTUfYQ^SUd_`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SUYdcU\V¶Q B_TÛiCSXgQbdjYc35?_V3\UQb\iC_Q^_^
WbQ]be^RidXUcQ]U_bWQ^YjQdY_^Y^ ]UdQcdeTic_d_cÙQ[9c`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SU \YÛ]Qb[Ud`\QSUV_bc_SYQ\RecYÛccQ^TU^dUb`bYcU
S_]]UbSUQ^TY^fUcd]U^d8UYcdXU]QY^QedX_b_V
gXYSX`QbU^dcQ^TSQbUdQ[UbcgUbUQ\c_WYf dXUQ``b_QSXdXQdg_b[cRUcdS_]`QbUT 3\UQb\iC_ºc·C_SYQ\2ecYÛcc2\_W¸Q^T\USdebUc_^c_
U^d_VeQ^TUWWcd_VUUTdXUYbSXY\TbU^C_ gYdX_dXUbQ``b_QSXUc/CUddY^We`bQ^T_] SYQ\Â^Q^SUQddXUE^YfUbcYdi_V?hV_bTºcCQT2ecYÛcc
CSX__\8UQ\c_QTfYcUc\UQTY^WE;c_SYQ\RecYÛccUc
gXQdSQecUTdXUbUTeSdY_^Y^]Q\^_ebYcX YjUTUfQ\eQdY_^cQ^TS_]`QbY^W`_cYdYfUTU
Q^TU^dUb`bYcUccYdc_^dXUR_QbT_VdXU5dXYSQ\@b_`
]U^d¶dXU\Ydd\UcXbY]`Q^TSbQRcdXQd`_cY fYQ^SUgYdX_dXUb]UdX_Tc_b^_dXY^WQd Ubdi3_]`QîQ^TYcSXQYb]Q^_V7bUU^DXY^W8U
dYfUTUfYQ^SUd_\TdXU]d_VUUTdXUYbSXY\ Q\\g_e\TXU\èc[^_gYV`_cYdYfUTUfYQ^SU cUbfUTQcSXQYb]Q^_V:ecd7YfY^WVb_]" #d_" &
!( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

]QîW\Y]`cUc_VdXUS_]Ù\\Y^WWU^YecRU Ydc]Q^QWU]U^dcdQçQ^TUaeYdiY^fUcd_bc/ SQ^Q\c_V_bW_SebbU^dY^S_]U_^SUbdQY^Y^
XY^T7bQ]UU^2Q^[gXYSXd_WUdXUbgYdX @UbXQ`cdXYcY^SU^dYfUXQcXU\ÙTRbY^W fUcd]U^dcRedcdbeWW\Y^Wc_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUc
Ieêcg_^dXU>_RU\@UQSU@bYjUY^" & QR_eddXUc_SYQ\RUÛÂdc1^TdXUbUce\dc ]QiÛUTd_bQYcUSQ`YdQ\Vb_]Y^fUcd_bcgX_
GU]UUdIeêc·dXU]QcdUbcQ\Uc cX_e\TcdY\\]QddUb Y^cYcde`_^QÂ^Q^SYQ\bUdeb^GXiÙ^Q\YjU
]Q^¸QcdedU\iQgQbU_VdXURbQ^T IeêcºcTUÂ^YdY_^_Vc_SYQ\ dXUcU_bWQ^YjQdY_^c]UbU\iRUSQecUdXUi
XUXQcSbUQdUTQ^TYdcfQ\eU¶Uc RecYÛccT_Uc^_dgYdXcdQ^TcSbe \QS[IeêcºcUhSU`dY_^Q\QSSUccd_\QbWU
ÙSYQ\\id_\QbWUS_b`_bQdU`Qbd dYîUYdXUb8UY^S\eTUc\QbWUS_b S_b`_bQdY_^c/
ÛbcGUÙUbY^d_dXU]Y^T_VQ `_bQdU`QbdÛbcgX_XQfUSbUQdUT 6ebdXUb]_bUIeêcºcRbQ^T_Vc_SYQ\
fYcY_^QbidXY^[UbgX_cUUcR_e^T c_SYQ\RecYÛccZ_Y^dfU^debUcgYdX RecYÛccQ\\_gc`b_Âdcd_RUUQbÛTRed
\Ucc`_ccYRY\YdYUcQ^TS_^cdQ^d\i 7bQ]UU^]UbU\iRUSQecUdXUibU _^\iYVd_dQ\\i_gÛTRidXU`__b2edXU
U^QR\UcQ^TUÛbWYjUcdX_cU SUYfU^_TYbUSdÂ^Q^SYQ\bUdeb^ T_Uc^ºdcQiX_g`__bdXUcU·`__b¸]ecdRU
Qb_e^TXY]¶XUgQc_Û_VdXU ^_dUfU^!ÙbSU^d¶QIeêc Q^TYc^ºdS\UQbQR_edgXQdXQ`Ù^cYVdXU
Âbcdd_cUUdXUe^dQ`ÙT`_dU^dYQ\ be\U2edd_ceWWUcddXQddXUiWUd c_SYQ\RecYÛccceSSUUTcQ^TdXU_gÛbc
_VdX_cU\YfY^WQddXUR_dd_]_V ^_Â^Q^SYQ\bUgQbTYc]Yc\UQTY^W RUS_]U\Ucc`__b1bUdXUcUc_SYQ\RecYÛcc
dXUìbQ]YT2edgUQ\c_WQY^QSSUccd_dXU DXUibUSUYfUceRcdQ^dYQ\S_b`_bQdUc_SYQ\bU UcdXU^TYcaeQ\YÂUT/DXUbUYcc_]U`b_R\U]
`bQSdYSQ\WU^YecgX_e^TUbcdQ^TcdXQdUfUbi c`_^cYRY\YdiRUÛÂdcQÛhÙ^TYdebUdXec gYdXQ]_TU\gXU^ceSSUcc\UQTcd_
\_^WZ_ebÛiRUWY^cgYdX·Qc]Q\\cdU`¸ Qf_YTUTQ^T_Û`QbdÛbdXU6bU^SXS_] TYcaeQ\YÂSQdY_^
1\\dXQdcQYT9gQcdb_eR\UTRidXUR__[ `QîFU_\YQGQdUbUfU^TUbYfUcceRcdQ^dYQ\ =i\Qcd_RZUSdY_^d_IeêcºcTUÂ^YdY_^*
?Û_VIeêcºcS_bUYTUQc¶XYcTUÂ^YdY_^_VQ bUcUQbSXQ^TTUfU\_`]U^dQ^T]Qb[UdbU 8Yc\Y]YdQdY_^cgY\\cUfUbU\iS_^cdbQY^QSdYf
c_SYQ\RecYÛcc¶YccY]`\id__bYWYTQ^TT_W cUQbSXRUÛÂdcVb_]Ydcg_b[9T_^_dRU YdiQ^TTYcS_ebQWUY^^_fQdY_^2iY^cYcdY^W
]QdYS+Yd]QiSQecUe^Y^dU^TUTXQb]d__R WbeTWUFU_\YQdXUcUWQY^cQ^TQ]TU\YWXdUT _^\i_^^Y\bUdeb^cUU[Y^WSQ`YdQ\XUWbUQd\i
ZUSdYfUcIeêcX_\TcTUQbD__]Qî_bWQ^Y dXQddXUig_b[gYdX7bQ]UU^Red\Udec^_d bUcdbYSdcdXUQfQY\QR\USQ`YdQ\c_ebSUcDXYc
jQdY_^cVQ\\_edcYTUIeêcºcTUÂ^YdY_^_VQ `bUdU^TdXQddXUcUbUdeb^cTYçUbY^QîceR XQ^TYSQ`cdX_cU_VecgX_cUU[d_U^S_eb
c_SYQ\RecYÛcc8UTYc]YccUcS__ÙbQdYfUc cdQ^dYfUgQiVb_]TYfYTU^TcY^dUbUcd_bSQ` QWU]_bUSQ`YdQ\Y^d_dXUcUSd_b5fU^gYdX
V_e^TUTY^dXUE^YdUT;Y^WT_]Y^dXU]YT YdQ\WQY^c8eWU]e\dY^QdY_^Q\S_b`_bQdY_^c _edIeêcºcbe\UcdXU`__\cUU]cVQbd__
!( cV_bY^cdQ^SUdX_eWX]QîÙ_`\UY^
S\eTY^W]US_^cYTUbdXU]`bY]UUhQ]`\Uc_V
c_SYQ\RecYÛccUc>_·KQS__ÙbQdYfUYcM^_d
¯c_SYQ\RecYÛcçXUgbYdUc·C_]UÙ_`\U
dXY^[dXQdQc_SYQ\RecYÛccYcQ[Y^T_V^_^
`b_Âd_bWQ^YjQdY_^DXYcYc^_dS_bbUSd¸2ed
dXUXYWX\iceSSUccVe\Q^TgU\\[^_g^2U^
:UbbiºcQ^TDXU2_TiCX_`QbU^ºdc_SYQ\RecY
ÛccUcUYdXUbQSS_bTY^Wd_IeêcIUd9Q]
SUbdQY^dXQdDXU2_TiCX_`ºcV_e^TUbc1^YdQ
Q^T7_bT_^B_TTYS[cQgYdfUbi]eSXQcQ
c_SYQ\RecYÛcc1^TcX_e\TIeêcºcTUÂ^Y
dY_^Y^ÃeU^SUdQh`_\YSic_]Uc_SYQ\RecY
ÛccUcg_e\T\_cU_ed “Peter Frumkin has long been
Ieêcg_e\TQ\c_UhS\eTUdXU5dXYSQ\ one of our leading big picture
@b_Ùbdi3_]`QîQE;Âb]\U^TY^W_^\i thinkers in the world of phi-
d_c_SYQ\SXQ^WU_bWQ^YjQdY_^c¶UfU^ lanthropy. In this terrific short
dX_eWXYdg_b[cXQbTd_cdbY[UdXUbYWXdRQ\ book, Frumkin marries his vi-
Q^SURUdgUU^cXQbUX_\TUbcS\YU^dcQ^T sion of great philanthropy—
cdQçY^dUbUcdc9c^ºddXYcRQ\Q^SU`bUSYcU\i strategic giving—with myriad
gXQdgUcX_e\TU^S_ebQWUY^_ebSebbU^d\i real-world case studies. It is
e^RQ\Q^SUTUS_^_]i/:ecd7YfY^WQ`b_Âd Frumkin at his best.”
cUU[Y^Wc_SYQ\RecYÛccdXQdVQSY\YdQdUcSXQbY Rob Reich, faculty
dQR\UWYfY^Wg_e\TRU_edd__¶UfU^ co-director, Center on
dX_eWXYdXQc`b_fU^]_bUceSSUccVe\Y^ Philanthropy and Civil
bQYcY^W]_ÛiV_bSXQbYdi]_bUdXQ^% Society, Stanford University
]Y\\Y_^dXQ^Q\\YdcS_]ÙdYd_bcS_]RYÛT PAPER $15.00
C_QbUgUd_YW^_bUdXURUÛÂd_VdXYcÂb]ºc
S_^dbYRedY_^Q^TcdbY[UYdVb_]dXUb_cdUb The University of Chicago Presswww.press.uchicago.edu
]UbU\iRUSQecUYdQ\c_WUÛbQdUcbUdeb^cV_b
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !)

@[\Xj I\m`\nj
c]Q\\¶gXi_ÛQbdXcX_e\TgUVebdXUb\Y] ]_bUdXQ^% SYdYjU^c _fUb\Q``Y^W_RZUSdYfUcQ^T`_\YdYSYQ^cTU
YddXUSQ`YdQ\QfQY\QR\Ud_dXU]/ 7YfU^dXYc\UWYc\QdY_^gbYdU@UdUb6be] ]Q^TY^WfQbY_ec_edS_]UcQc`b__V_VdXU
=iS_]`Qî3\UQb\iC_cUU[cd_ReY\TQ [Y^Q^T:_Q^^:QcdbjQRY^CUbfY^W3_e^dbi `b_WbQ]ºcfQ\eUgUÛUTdXYcR__[
Rb_QTSXebSXgYdXY^dXUcUSd_b¶^_dd_Uh Q^T3_]]e^Ydi_Û]YWXdQcce]UdXQd·dXU IUd9gQc\UVdg_^TUbY^WYVdXUQedX_bc
S\eTUdXU]Qîg_^TUbVe\Q^TY^^_fQdYfU c\QdUTUh`Q^cY_^_V^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSUYc XQT^ºdcYTUcdU`ÙTdXU\QbWUbaeUcdY_^VQS
fU^debUc_^gXQdVUU\\Y[UdUSX^YSQ\YdYUc Wb_e^TUTY^QTUU`Q^TÙÛdbQdY^We^TUb Y^W^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU*·9cYdg_bdXdXUUh
@UbXQ`cdXQdYcgXi9dQ[UceSXe]RbQWUQd cdQ^TY^W_VX_gcUbfYSUg_b[cQ^TX_gYd Ù^cU/¸3_]`QbUTgYdXdXUe^`QYTf_\e^
IeêcºcTUÂ^YdY_^CdY\\9S_^cYTUbdXUR__[ cXQÙcdXU\YfUc_Vi_e^WÙ_`\U¸2ed^_ dQbicUbfYSU_V]Y\\Y_^c_V1]UbYSQ^cUQSX
QfYdQ\S_^dbYRedY_^d_dXUUh`\_bQdY_^_Vc_ ceSXe^TUbcdQ^TY^WUhYcdcdXUicQi iUQbgX_bUQ\\iRUÛÂdcQ^Td_gXQdTU
SYQ\RecYÛcc ■ 9^TUUTTUc`YdUbQS[Y^We`]Y\\Y_^c_V WbUUVb_]`QYT^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU/
f_\e^dUUbX_ebcQ^TRY\\Y_^c_VT_\\QbcY^ DXUQedX_bcQ^cgUbdXYcaeUcdY_^_^\i
>cbbVS>S]^ZSb]E]`Y UhÙ^cUcdXUdbeUfQ\eU_V1]UbY3_b`cbU
]QY^ceÛhQ]YÛTRiR_dXdXUVUTUbQ\
RicUddY^WQcYTUdXUfQcdaeQ^dYdYUc_VUfY
TU^SUdXUiS_\\USdUTQ^TbUfYUgUTQ^TUcdY
BUfYUgRi3XbYc:QbfYc W_fUb^]U^dQ^TdXU3_b`_bQdY_^V_b>QdY_^ ]QdY^W·Y^QTYçUbU^dgQigXQddXUfQ\eU_V
1]UbYSQ^c_SYUdiXQc Q\Q^T3_]]e^YdiCUbfYSUQèR\YS`bYfQdU cUbfYSU]YWXdRU_^Q^QdY_^Q\\UfU\¸DXUi
C5BF9>73?E>DBI
1>43?==E>9DI* \_^WRUÛÂdUTVb_] `QbdÛbcXY`SXQbWUTgYdXTU\YfUbY^W^QdY_^Q\ ]e\dY`\iQbQdXUbcY]`\YcdYSbQdY__Vf_\e^
GX_2UÛÂdcVb_] dXUg_b[_Vf_\e^ cUbfYSUY^1]UbYSQ·9dYccdY\\e^S\UQb¸dXUQe dUUbX_ebcRidXU·S_^cUbfQdYfUY^TUÙ^
>QdY_^Q\CUbfYSU/ dUUbc@bUcYTU^d dX_bc]QY^dQY^·gX_RUÛÂdcVb_]^QdY_^Q\ TU^dcUSd_bbQdUV_bdXUX_eb\ifQ\eU_Vf_\
@UdUb6be][Y^:_Q^^
:QcdbjQR
6bQ^[\Y^4B__cUfU\d cUbfYSUe^TUbgXQdS_^TYdY_^c e^dUUbY^W¸" DXUidXU^
#! `QWUc8QbfQbT UfU^Y^cdYdedY_^Q\YjUT dXUcU`b_WbQ]cg_b[RUcdQ^T TYfYTUdXYcê]RUbRidXUQSdeQ\
E^YfUbcYdi@bUcc" ! dXU_``_bde^Ydid_ X_gUhQSd\idXUiS_^dbYRedUd_dXU Q]_e^dUQSX`b_WbQ]S_cdcS_^
cUbfUY^!)##gXU^XUSbUQdUTdXU3YfY\YQ^ cdbU^WdXU^Y^W_VS_]]e^YdYUç S\eTY^WdXQd·dXURUÛÂdc_V^Q
3_^cUbfQdY_^3_b`c333`Qbd_VXYc>Ug 1^Tc_dXUigb_dUdXUR__[X_` dY_^Q\cUbfYSU_edgUYWXYdcS_cdç
4UQ\d_S_]RQddXU7bUQd4U`bUccY_^DXYc Y^WaeYdUbYWXd\id_TYcS_fUbgX_ DXYcce]]QbiQbWe]U^dYccec
èR\YSg_b[bU\YUV`b_WbQ]U^\YcdUT]U^QWU UhQSd\iRUÛÂdcVb_]]QccYfUY^ ÙSdQdRUcdQ^TQdg_bcd]QiQS
!(d_"$Q^T`QYTdXU]Qc]Q\\gQWUQ\_^W fUcd]U^dcY^^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU deQ\\iQbWeUQWQY^cd`b_WbQ]c
gYdXV__TcXU\dUbQ^TS\_dXY^WDXb_eWX 6be][Y^Q^T:QcdbjQRRUWY^ ceSXQc1]UbY3_b`c6_b]Qî
dXU`b_WbQ]B__cUfU\dgQcQR\Ud_XU\` dXUYbUhQ]Y^QdY_^_V^QdY_^Q\cUb ^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU`b_WbQ]c_çUb
"% TUcdYdedU]U^gXY\UQSXYUfY^WXYc fYSUºcfQ\eURiYTU^dYViY^WdXUfY ·SXUQ`¸\QR_bQdd__XYWXQS_cd
d_bYScdbYTUcV_bU^fYb_^]U^dQ\Yc]*333 cY_^cÙ_`\UXQfU_VdXUèb`_cUQ^TY]`QSd d_dXUdQh`QiUbE^\Y[UB__cUfU\dºc333
f_\e^dUUbcTUfU\_ÙT]_bUdXQ^( `Qb[c _V^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU1VdUbS_^TeSdY^WQW__T 1]UbY3_b`cYc^_dS_]RQdY^WdXU7bUQd4U
Q^T`\Q^dUT#RY\\Y_^dbUUc ê]RUb_VY^dUbfYUgcgYdX\UQTUbcY^dXU `bUccY_^Q^TYd\QS[cdXUcY^We\QbV_Sec_V
1\dX_eWXdXU`b_WbQ]gQcTYcS_^dYêUT ÂU\TV_ebTYcdY^SdfYcY_^cU]UbWU*SYdYjU^cXY` U^fYb_^]U^dQ\Yc]9dQ`ÙQbcd_RU`QiY^W
Y^!)$"gXU^dXUE^YdUTCdQdUcU^dUbUT Q^TSYfYSU^WQWU]U^dÙbc_^Q\Wb_gdXc_ 1]UbYSQ^cd_f_\e^dUUbd_g_b[Y^S_]]e
G_b\TGQb991]UbYSQXQTU^Z_iUTXUbÂbcd SYQ\SQ`YdQ\Q^TèR\YSg_b[DXUQedX_bcTU ^YdYUc¶c_]UdXY^WdXQdXQ`Ù^cgYdX_ed
dQcdU_V^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU@bUcYTU^d3\Y^d_^ ÂÛQ^TUh`\_bUUQSXdX_b_eWX\iQ^T^Q]U W_fUb^]U^dY^dUbfU^dY_^_bUhÙ^cU
bUfYfUTdXUV_b]Y^!))#gXU^XUUcdQR\YcXUT dXU]QY^`_dU^dYQ\RUÛÂdcYÛQSXSQdUW_bi >QdY_^Q\cUbfYSUºcS_cdg_e\T^ºdRUQ
1]UbY3_b`cDXYc`b_WbQ]bUaeYbUcf_\e^ DXUiQ\c_bUcUQbSXcUfUbQ\^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU `b_R\U]YVYdS_e\TQSXYUfUc_]UdXY^WQR_fU
dUUbcd_S_]]Yd" d_$ X_ebcQgUU[di`Y `b_WbQ]cS_]`QbUdXUTQdQS_\\USdUTVb_] Q^TRUi_^TgXQddbQTYdY_^Q\f_\e^dUUbY^W
SQ\\iY^\_SQ\`b_WbQ]cdXQd`b_fYTUcUbfYSUc dX_cUgX_cUbfUTQWQY^cdcY]Y\QbWb_e`cgX_ QSXYUfUc1SS_bTY^Wd_6be][Y^Q^T:Qc
ceSXQcReY\TY^Wded_bY^WQ^TS\UQê`_V TYT^_dcUbfUQ^TdYS[_çgXYSXfYcY_^cQbU dbjQRºc_g^bUcUQbSXX_gUfUbdXYcYc^_d
èR\YSQbUQcC_]Uf_\e^dUUbcbUSUYfU]_T Ve\Â\\UTRiUQSX`b_WbQ] dXUSQcUDXUYbS_^S\ecY_^dXQd1]UbY
Ucd\YfY^WcdYÙ^TcQ^T]_cdQbUU\YWYR\UV_b DXUbUce\dc_VdXYccdeTiQbUQcdXUQe 3_b`cºcWbUQdUcdfQ\eUYcSXUQ`\QR_bcUU]c
WbQ^dcd_XU\``QiV_bS_\\UWU_bcdeTU^d dX_bcèdYd·êQ^SUTQ^TQddY]UceÛh d_e^TUb]YÛdXUR__[ºc_bYWY^Q\`bU]YcU
\_Q^c@bUcYTU^d7U_bWUG2ecXUh`Q^TUT ÙSdUT@_cYdYfUUçUSdcQbUY^dUbdgYÛTgYdX Q^T]QiY^VQSdQb]1]UbY3_b`cºcSbYdYSc
1]UbY3_b`cQ^TdXU5TgQbT=;U^ÛTi ÛWQdYfUUçUSdcbYWXdQ\_^WcYTUÂ^TY^Wc_V gYdXdXUe\dY]QdUQbWe]U^d*>QdY_^Q\cUb
CUbfU1]UbYSQ1Sd`QccUT\QcdiUQb`b_]YcUc ^_UçUSdcQdQ\\CX_bddUb]Q^T\_^WdUb] fYSUS_cdcd__]eSXQ^TQSXYUfUcd__\Ydd\U
d_]ecXb__]YdccYjU1\bUQTi1]UbY3_b`c UçUSdcQddY]UcS_Y^SYTUQ^TQddY]UcS_^ gXU^S_]`QbUTgYdXdXUWbUQdUbQb]i_V
XQc`b_fYTUTf_\e^dUUb_``_bde^YdYUcV_b ÃYSd¸2edY^dXUU^T^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSUcUU]c e^`QYTf_\e^dUUbcY^1]UbYSQ
d_QSXYUfUQ\\V_ebfYcY_^cY^_ÛgQi_bQ^ 1cdXUR__[S_^S\eTUcdXUaeUcdY_^bU
3XbYc:QbfYcYcdXUS_V_e^TUb_VBUQ\YjUTG_bdXQ
S_^ce\dY^WÂb]dXQdXU\`cS_]`Q^YUcSbUQdUS_b`_bQdU
_dXUb1^TRidXUU^T_VdXUR__[dXUQe ]QY^c*GX_RUÛÂdcVb_]^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU/
f_\e^dUUbY^W`b_WbQ]cQ^Tc_SYQ\]UTYQcdbQdUWYUc dX_bcXQT`b_fYTUT_Û_VdXUS\UQbUcdQ^T 9RUWQ^bUQTY^WCUbfY^W3_e^dbiQ^T3_]]e
8UQ\c_gbYdUc·BUQ\YjY^WI_ebG_bdX¸QR\_WdXQdV_ ]_cdS_^SYcUUhQ]Y^QdY_^c_Vf_\e^dUUbYc] ^YdiQcQcdb_^WQTf_SQdU_V1]UbY3_b`cQ^T
SecUc_^S_b`_bQdUc_SYQ\bUc`_^cYRY\YdiQ^TS_b`_bQdU
f_\e^dUUbY^W8UXQcg_b[UTgYdX^_^`b_Âdc_^dXUYb 9XQfUiUdS_]UQSb_cc7YfU^dXU^QdY_^ºc _dXUb^QdY_^Q\cUbfYSU`b_WbQ]c>_g9Q]
f_\e^dUUb`b_WbQ]cV_bdXU`Qcd" iUQbc ]e\dY`\U`b_WbQ]cUQSXgYdXTYcdY^SdiUd ^_dc_cebU ■
" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

@[\Xj=ìjkG\ijfe
;]\Y/`QVWbSQb2W^Z][Ob
DXbUUdiÙc_V\UQTUbcXY`QbUÛUTUTd_ReY\TQceSSUccVe\_bWQ^YjQdY_^
9P D8IB 8C9@FE
9^" %dXU\UQTUbc_VC_SYQ\FU^debU>Udg_b[CF>Q
Wb_e`_Vc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcQc[UT]Ud_bUcUQbSXgXi]U]RUbc
XQTTYèSe\dicSQ\Y^Wc_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUce`Vb_]V_e^TUb\UTd_cUS
_^TWUÛbQdY_^\UT_bWQ^YjQdY_^c9^cdUQT_VcSQ\Y^WgXiTYTdXUi
Q\]_cdQ\gQiccU\\dXUYbS_]`Q^YUcd_\QbWUbU^dUb`bYcUc/GUQ\\
RU\YUfUTdXQdQ\QS[_VÂ^Q^SUcgQcdXU`bY]QbiSe\`bYd
6b_]QWb_e`_V$ c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcCF>UhUSedYfUTYbUS
d_b4UR>U\c_^Q^T9cU\USdUT'%]U]RUbcV_b]Ud_Y^dUbfYUg9d
gQcQTYfUbcUWb_e`_VU^dbU`bUÛebc*&&ÙbSU^dXQTV_e^TUTQV_b
`b_ÂdQ^T$ ÙbSU^dXQTV_e^TUTQ^_^`b_Âd+& ÙbSU^dgUbU
]Q\UQ^T$ ÙbSU^dgUbUVU]Q\U+Q^T()ÙbSU^dgUbUgXYdUQ^T!!
ÙbSU^dgUbUbQSYQ\]Y^_bYdYUc1\\_VdXU]XQTUhÙbYU^SUTdXU
SXQ\\U^WU_VcSQ\Y^W
Ceb`bYcY^W\i_ebbUcUQbSX_VRUcd`bQSdYSUcQ^TS_]]_^_RcdQ
S\UcbUfUQ\UTdXQdcSQ\Y^WSXQ\\U^WUcbQbU\ib_cUVb_]Â^Q^SYQ\\Y]Y
dQdY_^cRedgUbUWUÛbQ\\iTeUd_Q\QS[_V\UQTUbcXY`c[Y\\cD_
ceSSUccVe\\icSQ\Ue`dXUcUU^dbU`bUÛebcÛUTUTd_dXY^[TYçUb
U^d\iQ^T\UQTTYçUbU^d\iVb_]dXUYbÙUbcDXUiXQTd_e^TUbcdQ^T
dXQdc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcXY`Yc^_dZecdQV_b]_VU^dbU`bUÛebcXY`
RedbQdXUbQ^Y^cdbe]U^dV_bc_SYQ\SXQ^WUDXUiÛUTUTd_TUÂÛ
dXUYbRecYÛccUc\UccY^dUb]c_V`b_TeSdc_bcUbfYSUcQ^T]_bUQc
fUXYS\UcV_bÙbc_^Q\_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q\Q^TW\_RQ\dbQ^cV_b]QdY_^¶Q
dbQ^cV_b]QdY_^dXUibUQ\YjUT]ecdRUWY^gYdXdXU]cU\fUc
?ebbUcUQbSXY^TYSQdUTdXQdd_]Q[UdXQddbQ^cV_b]QdY_^Vb_]
U^dbU`bUÛebYQ\V_e^TUbd_ceSSUccVe\\UQTUbTUÙ^TUT_^\UQTY^W
]_bU\Y[UQ]_^[Q^QbSXYdUSdQ^TQTY`\_]Qd1c]_^[cdXUcU
c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcRUS_]U]_bU]Y^TVe\_VdXUYb\UQTUbcXY`b_\U dY_^>_]QddUbgXQddXUV_b]Q\S_]`QîT_Se]U^dccQii_e]Q[U
Y^dXUS_]`QîQ^TdXUYbY]`QSd_^Ù_`\U+QcQbSXYdUSdcdXUi fQ\eUcfYcYR\U9VbUcÙSdV_b_dXUbcYcQ^Y]`_bdQ^dS_]`QîfQ\eU
cÙ^T]_cd_VdXUYbdY]U_^dXUY]]UQcebQR\U`b_SUcc[^_g^Qc gXQdT_i_eT_gXUî_edXU35?gQ\[Y^d_Q^_èSUgXUbUdg_
S_]`QîSe\debU+Q^TQcTY`\_]QdcdXUiRUS_]UUhÙbdS_\\QR_bQ S_g_b[UbcQbUU^WQWUTY^QRecYÛccS_^fUbcQdY_^/4_i_eY^dUbbe`d
d_bcY^cYTUQ^T_edcYTU_VdXUYb_bWQ^YjQdY_^c<Udºc\__[]_bU dXU]RUSQecUi_eQ^Ti_ebQWU^TQQbU]_bUY]`_bdQ^d_bT_i_e
S\_cU\iQddXUcUdXbUUdbQ^cYdY_^cSbYdYSQ\d_\UQTY^WV_bcSQ\U gQYdi_ebdebê^dY\dXUiQbUÂ^YcXUT/7e^
D8IB8C9@FE`jX 4U^XQbdS_V_e^TUbQ^TV_b]Ub35?_VSXY\
RU Q ]_^[ ^_d Q VQdXUb ]fid\i?XimXi[9ljè\jj TbU^ºcS\_dXY^WS_]`Qî8Q^^Q1^TUbcc_^
JZ_ffcgif]\jjfin_fZf$
=_^[cY^fYdUi_ed_RUS_]Uc`YbYdeQ\\iU^WQWUTYî_ebg_b[ bUc`_^TUTRicQiY^W*·9gQYde^dY\dXUiºbUÂ^
@CCLJKI8K@FE9P>L@;FJ:8I89FKKFCF
]fle[\[jòfi^Xe`qXk`fej#
DXUiT_dXYcRiceRd\i]_TU\Y^WdXUfQ\eUcdXUigQ^dd_Y]`Qbd èZcl[èÊ\k@dgXZk# YcXUT9VYdW_Uc_^9º\\\UQfUQ^TS_]URQS[
DXUi\YcdU^SQbUVe\\iÛfUbTYbUSdi_e`QdUb^Q\YcdYSQ\\iQ^TQ\gQic Xe[nXjk_\ÔijkjfZ`Xc 9T_^ºdRbUQ[Y^Q^TY^dUbbe`ddXUYbg_b[
\eki\gi\e\likfi\Z\`m\
cdbYfUd_XU\ì_eÂ^Ti_ebgQi E^V_bde^QdU\i9ºfUcUU^dXQdbeTUÛccd__
k_\[`jkè^l`j_\[\eki\gi\$
CeSSUccVe\c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcbUS_W^YjUdXQddXUYb`bY]Qbib_\UYc e\lif]k_\p\XiXnXi[# _VdU^Vb_]¹Y]`_bdQ^dÙ_`\Uº¸
d_deb^dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc]YccY_^Q^TfQ\eUcY^d_`bQSdYSU<Y[U]_^[c gi\j\ek\[Xk@e[`XeX 4_^ºdVUU\i_eÛUTd_[^_gUfUbidXY^W
dXUi[^_gdXQdUfUbidXY^WdXUicQiQ^TT_¶Q^TT_^ºdcQi_bT_¶ Le`m\ij`kp#è)'('%K_`j 9Vi_eTYTdXUbUºTRU^_b__]V_bQî_Û
Xik`Zc\`jYXj\[fe_`j
cU^TccYW^Q\cdXb_eWXdXUS_]`QîQR_edgXQdfQ\eUcQbUY]`_bdQ^d YffbKil\kfPflij\c]1C\X[$ U\cUd_S_^dbYRedU1T]Ydd_·^_d[^_gY^W¸
C_RU]Y^TVe\_Vi_eb`_gUbVe\UçUSd_^Ù_`\UYî_eb_bWQ^YjQ è^XMXcl\j$9Xj\[9ljè\jj% UfU^Qci_eXU\`_dXUbcTUfU\_`dXUYbS_]
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "!

@[\Xj =ìjkG\ijfe
ÙdU^SUDXYcSbUQdUcQ^Qd]_c`XUbU_VX_ÛcdiQ^TdbQ^c`QbU^Si ;Y^[_ºc35?Q^TV_e^TUb@Qe\?bVQ\UQèdQ`bU]Ye]_^Ùb
gXUbUU]`\_iUUccXQbUY^V_b]QdY_^Q^TbUc`_^cYRY\YdiQSSU`d c_^Q\Wb_gdXDXUcUbfYSUS_b`_bQdY_^_çUbUT]QîcUbfYSUcS_]
T_eRdQ^TUhÙSdXU\`Y^Â^TY^WcecdQY^QR\Uc_\edY_^cd_RecY `QîgYTUY^S\eTY^W]_^dX\i`b_VUccY_^Q\TUfU\_`]U^ddXb_eWX
ÛccSXQ\\U^WUc ;Y^[_ºcE^YfUbcYdi@b_WbQ]]Y^WQdQ\\;Y^[_ºcUTeSQdY_^Q\bUdbUQdc
1^_dXUbgQid_\UQT\Y[UQ]_^[Ycd_Y^S_b`_bQdUc`YbYdY^d_i_eb U^TUTQd#`]UQSXTQid_Q\\_gdY]UV_bÙbc_^Q\RQ\Q^SU?bVQ\UQ
g_b[1dBC6C_SYQ\6Y^Q^SUQCQ^6bQ^SYcS_RQcUTc_SYQ\\ibUc`_^ Uh`\QYÛTXYcZ_RQcXU\`Y^WÙ_`\UTUfU\_`dXUYbY^dU\\USdeQ\S_]Ù
cYR\UÂ^Q^SYQ\cUbfYSUc_bWQ^YjQdY_^gXU^]_^dX\iÂ^Q^SYQ\cdQdU dU^SYUcQ^TRUS_]U]_bUS_]`QccY_^QdUQ^TRQ\Q^SUTXe]Q^
]U^dcQbUcU^dd_Y^fUcd_bS\YU^dcUQSXS\YU^dºcS_]`Qî RUY^Wc*·9V9dQ[USQbU_V_ebS_g_b[UbcdXUidQ[USQbU_VdXU`b_TeSd
bU`bUcU^dQdYfUÙbc_^Q\\iY^YdYQ\cUQSX`QWU_VdXUcdQdU]U^d9^ dXU`b_TeSdcUbfUcdXUSecd_]UbQ^TdXQddQ[UcSQbU_VdXU`b_Âd¸
dXUcU]_]U^dcdXUiQbU]Y^TVe\_VdXUYbS\YU^dºccYdeQdY_^Q^T_V CeSSUccVe\c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcXQfUbUTUÂÛTS_b`_bQdU
S_]]e^YSQdY^WdXQdQddU^dY_^cY]`\i?fUbdXU\Qcd& iUQbcdXQd Wb_gdXQcdXYc\Ucc]UQcebQR\U`b_SUccdXUYbÙ_`\UºcÙbc_^Q\
_Û`bQSdYSUXQcbUSUYfUT]_bU`_cYdYfUbUc`_^cUVb_]Y^fUcd_bc Wb_gdX1c_Û35?èdYd*·GUXQfUSXQ^WUT_eb]UQcebU_VceS
dXQ^Qî_dXUb_VdXURQ^[ºcS\YU^dcUbfYSUc SUccQgQiVb_]S_^dYêQ\]QdUbYQ\Wb_gdXd_Y^dUb^Q\Wb_gdXGU
5^dbU`bUÛebcSQÛhdU^TdXQd]Y^TVe\ÛccRUi_^TdbQTYdY_^Q\ SQ^SbUQdUR_dX]_bUÙbc_^Q\Q^Tc_SYQ\SXQ^WURiTUUÙ^Y^W_eb
S_]`QîR_e^TQbYUcd__?Û35?V_bUhQ]`\UQVdUbbUS_W^YjY^W bU\QdY_^cXY`cGUQbUWb_gY^WS_^cSY_ecÛccQ^TbU\QdY_^cXY`c¶Q\\
X_gXUbcUQc_^Q\RecYÛccQçUSdUTdXUg_b[Y^WX_ebc_VXUbTYc dXUdXY^WcdXQd]Q[U\YVUY^dUbUcdY^W¶Y^QgQidXQdYccecdQY^QR\U
dbYRed_bcºU]`\_iUUccXQbUTXUb]Qb[UdbUcUQbSXgYdXXUbTYcdbYRe Q^TU^Z_iQR\UV_bUfUbi_Û¸
d_bcc_dXUiS_e\TRUddUb`bUTYSdg_b[SiS\UcQ^T^_dY^SbUQcU
cUQc_^Q\U]`\_iUUcdbUcc RU Q TY`\_]Qd ^_d Q TYSdQd_b
DXUÂ^TY^WgUV_e^T]_cdceb`bYcY^WTebY^W_ebbUcUQbSXgQcdXU
RU Q^ QbSXYdUSd ^_d Q SQ`dQY^ UhdU^dd_gXYSXceSSUccVe\c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcS_\\QR_bQdUDXUi
·GX_ºcbUQ\\idXUXUQT_VQcXY`/¸Q35?_^SUQc[UT]U8UQ^cgUbUT S_^cYTUbdXU]cU\fUcS_]`QccY_^QdUTY`\_]QdcQ^TSbUQdUS_\\QR_
RicQiY^W*·9dºc^_ddXUSQ`dQY^9dºcdXUTUcYWÛbDXUSQ`dQY^]Q^QWUc bQdY_^cdXQdTUVidbQTYdY_^Q\R_e^TQbYUcc_dXUiSQ^cXQbUdXUYb
dXb_eWXdXUTUcYW^4_^ºdTQjj\UUfUbi_ÛgYdXi_ebÙbV_b]Q^SU RecYÛccQTfQ^dQWUcgYdX_dXUbS_]`Q^YUcC_]UdY]UcdXUiUfU^
1c[i_ebcU\VX_gi_eSQ^ReY\TdXUdUQ]¸ WYfUdXUYbQTfQ^dQWUcQgQid_S_]ÙdYd_bc
D___VdU^c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcÛfUb]Q[UgXQdYc\Y[U\idXU :eTiGYS[cV_e^TUbQ^TV_b]Ub35?_V@XY\QTU\`XYQºcGXYdU
]_cdTYèSe\ddbQ^cYdY_^_VdXU]Q\\*]_fY^WVb_]QTTbUccY^WQ 4_W3QVUV_SecUc_^XUbRbQ^TºcceSSUccQ^T_^SbUQdY^WQ^Y^Tec
c_SYQ\SQecUÙbc_^Q\\id_SbUQdY^WQc_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUd_QTTbUcc dbi]_TU\V_bc_SYQ\SXQ^WU·?ebbU\QdY_^cXY`gYdXÙ_`\UQ^Y]Q\c
dXQdSQecUDXUbUQc_^/DXUid__[dXUYbS_]`QîSe\debUV_b Q^T^QdebUYc]_bUY]`_bdQ^ddXQ^T_\\QbçGYS[c`b_S\QY]UT
WbQ^dUTY^dUbfYUgUUccQYTDXQdSe\debUYcdXUV_e^TQdY_^_V_bWQ^Y ·DXQdºcgXi9º]XQ`ì^_d_^\id_WYfU]iQTfQ^dQWUQgQid_]i
jQdY_^Q\UçUSdYfUÛcc S_]ÙdYd_bcRed9º\\UfUÛTeSQdUdXU]¸
?^dXUTQiXUc_\TdXUS_]`Qî:Qi3_U^7Y\RUbdS_V_e^TUb GYS[cgQcbUVUbbY^Wd_XUbSbeU\diVbUU]UêGXU^cXUTYcS_f
Q^TV_b]Ub35?_V1>4!QRQc[UdRQ\\V__dgUQbQ^TQ``QbU\S_] UbUTdXQddXUVQSd_biVQb]cicdU]dbUQdUT`YWcY^Xe]QÛ\icXU
`Qîd_\T]U*·>UfUbe^TUbUcdY]QdUdXUdXY^Wci_eSQ^ºdS_e^d d__[`_b[_çdXU]UêCXUdXU^V_e^TQ\_SQ\VQb]UbgX_bQYcUT
DXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^ddXY^Wi_eXQfUQdi_ebS_]`QîYci_ebSe\ VbUUbQ^WU`YWcCXU^_d_^\ièbSXQcUT`_b[Vb_]XYcVQb]Red
debU+dXb_eWXYdi_eU^WQWUi_ebfQ\eUcReY\TS_]]Yd]U^dQ^T Q\c_\U^dXY]# V_bQ\QbWUbbUVbYWUbQdUTdbeS[c_dXQdXU
Y^c`YbUQSdY_^¸1>4!ºcV_e^TUbcXQT\_cdS_^db_\_VdXUS_]`Qî S_e\TTU\YfUbd__dXUbbUcdQebQ^dcY^dXUSYdiGYS[cgU^d_^d_
Se\debU9^d_hYSQdUTgYdXdXUYbbUSU^dbQ`YTWb_gdXQ^QWWbUccYfU `b_fYTUS_^ce\dY^WV_b_dXUbbUcdQebQ^dcY^dUbUcdUTY^ReiY^WVb_]
Y^dUb^Q\\iS_]ÙdYdYfUSe\debUTUfU\_ÙTdXQdUb_TUT1>4!ºc \_SQ\VQb]Ubc\UQTY^Wd_Q^Y^SbUQcUTTU]Q^TV_bXe]QÛ\ibQYcUT
U]`\_iUUbU\QdY_^cXY`cDXUV_e^TUbcS_e\T^ºdY]ReUÛgXYbUc \_SQ\`_b[Q^T_dXUbXUQ\dXVe\VQb]`b_TeSdcQcS_]ÙdYd_bcV_\
gYdXdXUYbV_e^TQdY_^Q\S_\\QR_bQdYfUSe\debUY^dY]U \_gUTXUbUhQ]`\UCXUdXU^XU\ÙTY^SbUQcUdXUce``\i_V`_b[Ri
2US_]Y^WdXUQbSXYdUSd_VQ\UQTUbcXY`TYcdbYRedYfUSe\debU¶Q bQYcY^W$ d_XU\`V_eb]_bU\_SQ\`YWVQb]UbccgYdSXd_VbUU
Se\debU_VcXQbUT\UQTUbcXY`¶YcSXQ\\U^WY^W6_e^TUbcdi`YSQ\\idbi bQ^WU`bQSdYSUcDXU`bUcc`_\YdYSYQ^cS_^ce]UbcQ^T_dXUbRecY
d_S_^db_\UfUbidXY^W2eddXUi]ecdÂ^TQgQid_\UdW__VS_^db_\ Ûcc\UQTUbcS_]]U^TUTGYS[cèR\YS\iQ^T]_bUSecd_]Ubc
gXY\UbU]QY^Y^WY^f_\fUT9VdXUiT_^ºddXUi]Y^Y]YjUdXU_``_bde Ã_S[UTd_XUbbUcdQebQ^d
^YdiV_b_dXUbcd_Wb_gY^d_\UQTUbcXY`b_\Uc>_d_^\iT_UcWb_gdX GYS[cS_^S\eTUT*·8_gSQ^]iRecYÛccRURQcUT_^dXUceçUb
]Q[UdXYc\Ucc`_ccYR\URedYdQ\c_]Q[UcW__TÙ_`\U\UQfUQ^T_dX Y^W_V_dXUbSbUQdebUc/3_^cdQ^dWb_gdXV_bY^SbUQcUT`b_ÂdcYc
UbcÛfUbWbQTeQdUY^d_\UQTUbcXY`b_\Uc TUcdb_iY^W\YVUGU]ecdReY\TQÛS_^_]iRQcUT_^S_]`QccY_^
2UV_bUYdccQ\Ud_6UT5hV_bUhQ]`\US_ìWYQ^d;Y^[_ºcS_^ V_bQ\\_V\YVU¸
cYcdUT_V!"(cU`QbQdU\i_gÛTS_b`_bQdY_^ce^TUbdXUe]RbU\\Q_V C_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcQbUQc`QccY_^QdUQR_eddXUYbg_b[QcQî
;Y^[_ºcCUbfYSU3_bÙQSXgYdXYdc_g^\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]5QSXdUQ] _ÛIUd\UQTUbcXY`YcQ^QSd_V\YRUbQdY_^^_d_VS_^db_\Q^TYd
gQcbUc`_^cYR\UV_bYdc_ÙbQdY^WbUce\dcQ^TcdbQdUWiS_^cYcdU^dgYdX cdQbdcgYdXe^\UQcXY^Wi_eb`QccY_^Q^TÂ^TY^Wi_ebgQi@QbQ
S_b`_bQdUfQ\eUcQ^TW_Q\c1cdQdU_VdXUQbdf_YSU]QY\cicdU] T_hYSQ\\idXYcgY\\XQ`Ù^_^\igXUî_eXU\`_dXUbcbUQSXdXUYb
S_]`\U]U^dUTdbQY^Y^W+dXU!"(dUQ]c_V"# S_g_b[UbcS_e\T Ve\\`_dU^dYQ\Q^Te^S_fUbdXUYb`QccY_^c¶gXUî_eY^c`YbUdXU]
cXQbU\UQTUbcXY`cdbQdUWYUcQ^TdQSdYScQdQîX_eb_VdXUTQi d_TbUQ]]_bUT_]_bUQ^TRU]_bU ■
"" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

@[\Xj=ìjkG\ijfe
1]ZZOP]ÒbWdS1VO\US
8_g1BDcd_bU^dYSUT!# UTeSQdY_^Q\Y^cdYdedY_^cd_g_b[d_WUdXUb
9P A8D<J J?LCD8E
9^" ]QîS_\\UWUc Q^Te^YfUbcYdYUcRUWQ^d_TYWYdYjUdXU

c\YTU\YRbQbYUcUQSXXQTReY\dV_bdUQSXY^WQbdXYcd_bi1ddXUdY]U9
gQcdXUÂ^Q^SYQ\Q^TQT]Y^YcdbQdYfU_èSUbQddXU1^TbUgG
=U\\_^6_e^TQdY_^;^_gY^W_VdXU=U\\_^6_e^TQdY_^ºc\_^W
cdQ^TY^WY^dUbUcdY^dXUQbdcQ^TUTeSQdY_^dXUcUQSQTU]YSY^cdYde
dY_^cÃ__TUTecgYdXVe^TY^WbUaeUcdcDXUV_e^TQdY_^gQcY^dUb
UcdUTY^XU\`Y^WRedYdVQSUTdXU`b_cÙSd_VgbYdY^WcU`QbQdUQ^T
cYW^YÂSQ^dSXUS[cd_Xe^TbUTc_VY^cdYdedY_^cc_dXQdUQSXS_e\T
TYWYdYjUXe^TbUTc_VdX_ecQ^Tc_Vc\YTUcgYdXQ\_d_V_fUb\Q`SQd
Q\_WdX_cUY]QWUcQc[\QgiUbcd_UfQ\eQdUdXUY^dU\\USdeQ\`b_Ùbdi
YcceUcQ^TXQfU\_SQ\`b_WbQ]]UbcReY\TQbU`_cYd_bi
GUTUSYTUTY^cdUQTd_SbUQdUQÛg_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQdS_e\Tg_b[
R_dXgYdXS_^dU^d_gÛbc]ecUe]cQbdYcdcQ^T`X_d_WbQ`XUbc
Q^TUTeSQdY_^Q\ecUbcd_c_\fUdXU`b_R\U]S_\\USdYfU\i¶Y^QÛè
SYU^dQ^TcdbQYWXdV_bgQbTgQiDXUcXQbUTS_\\USdY_^g_e\TRUVQb
]_bUUhdU^cYfUdXQ^Qî_ÛY^cdYdedY_^S_e\TSbUQdUQ^TQ\dX_eWX
gUg_e\TSXQbWUQSSUccVUUcUQSXY^cdYdedY_^g_e\TcÙ^TVQb\Ucc
dXQ^Ydg_e\TRiSbUQdY^WYdc_g^c_\edY_^=U\\_^SbUQdUTQ^T`b_
fYTUTcdQbde`Ve^TY^WV_b1BDcd_bQ^TQVUgS_\\UQWeUcQ^T9\UVd
dXUg_b\T_V`XY\Q^dXb_ìd_be^dXUÛg_bWQ^YjQdY_^
GU\UQbÛTaeYS[\idXQdYdYc^ºdUQcid_RbY^WSXQ^WUUfU^gXQd
cUU]c\Y[UUhSUUTY^W\ibQdY_^Q\SXQ^WUd_^_^`b_ÂdY^cdYdedY_^c
@b_fYTY^WQcUbfYSUd_^_^`b_Âd_bWQ^YjQdY_^c]UQ^cU^dUbY^WQ
S_]`\YSQdUTg_b\TgXUbU·]YccY_^TbYfU^¸T_Uc^ºd]UQ^ZecddXU
c\_WQ^_^dXUY^cdYdedY_^ºcGURcYdU=YccY_^TbYfU^_bWQ^YjQdY_^c
U^TebURUSQecUc_SYUdigQ^dcdXU]d_RUS_^cUbfQdYfU¶d_`bUcUbfU
Q^T`QccQ\_^W_eb[^_g\UTWUQ^TfQ\eUcD_QSUbdQY^TUWbUU ?Û_V1BDcd_bºcW_Q\cgQcd_XU\`S_\\UWUcQ^Te^YfUbcYdYUc
bUcYcdY^WSXQ^WUYcQ`Qbd_VdXQd]YccY_^ cQfU]_Ûi2eddXUcUY^cdYdedY_^cdXY^[ÂbcdQR_eddXUYb]YccY_^
1^TbUcYcddXUiT_GXU^1BDcd_bgQcWUddY^We^TUbgQi9gQc Q^TgXQdYdº\\dQ[Ud_cUbfUdXUYbRbY\\YQ^d`QccY_^QdUQ^Tc_]U
d_\TRi_ÛS_\\UWUcdQçUb*·GUXQfU1BDcd_bQ^TQ\_d_VÙ_`\UQbU dY]Uce^S_]`b_]YcY^WèbfUi_bc_VdXQd]YccY_^3_\\UWUcQ^T
ecY^WYd2edK_ÛY]`_bdQ^d`b_VUcc_bMT_Uc^ºd\Y[UYdc_gUÛUTd_ e^YfUbcYdYUcdUQSXCQ^c[bYd_b_RcUbfUTYcdQ^dÛRe\QU^_dRUSQecU
ReY\T_eb_g^Y^VbQcdbeSdebUQ^TcicdU]dXQdT_UcRQcYSQ\\idXU dXU]Qb[UdTU]Q^TcdXQddXUiT_c_RedRUSQecU]YccY_^TbYfU^
cQ]UdXY^WcV_bXY]¸9^ceSXQÛ^fYb_^]U^d]YccY_^TUdUb]YÛc Y^cdYdedY_^cUhYcdd_T_dXUcUdXY^WcTUc`YdUgXQddXU]Qb[UdcQic
bUc_ebSUQ\\_SQdY_^¶^_dfYSUfUbcQ9^^_fQdY_^SQ^RUbUcYcdUTYVYd 1BDcd_bºcW_Q\XQTd_RUd_XU\`dXUcU`\QSUcVe\Â\\dXUYb]YccY_^
SXQ\\U^WUcQîdXY^WTUU]UT]YccY_^Ve\Â\\Y^W 9VgUS_e\TT_dXQddXU^]QiRUdXUig_e\T
9^_dXUbcUSd_bcdXYc[Y^T_VbUcYcdQ^SUd_Y^^_fQdY_^SQ^\UQT A8D<JJ?LCD8E `j cQfUbUc_ebSUc_^dXUYb_g^

Qc8QbfQbT2ecYÛccCSX__\`b_VUcc_b3\Qid_^3XbYcdU^cU^XQc k_\gi\j`[\ekf]8IKjkfi% D_TQicYhiUQbcQVdUbgU\Qe^SXUT
Gi\m`fljcp#_\nXjk_\
cX_g^d_dXUT_g^VQ\\_VUcdQR\YcXUTÂb]cTeUd_ÛgU^dbQ^dcº 1BDcd_bgU`b_fYTU!# S_\\UWUce^YfUbcY
ÔeXeZ`XcXe[X[dè`jkiX$
·TYcbe`dYfUY^^_fQdY_^¸DXY^[_VgXQdD_i_dQTYTd_7UÛbQ\ k`m\f]ÔZ\iXkk_\8e[i\n dYUc]ecUe]cQ^TcSX__\cgYdXc_VdgQbU
=_d_bc_bX_g3XQb\UcCSXgQR3__edÃQ^[UT_\TVQcXY_ÛT N%D\ccfe=fle[Xk`fe# cUbfYSUcQ^T]_bUdXQ^!]Y\\Y_^Y]QWUc
n_\i\_\ZfXlk_fi\[k_\
cd_S[Rb_[UbQWUÂb]c2edgXQdYVc_SYUdigQ^dcWbUQdY^cdYdedY_^c WQdXUbUTVb_]QR_ed" S_\\USdY_^cGXQd
YffbK_\>Xd\f]C`]\1
\Y[UdXUE^YfUbcYdi_V3Q\YV_b^YQ<_c1^WU\Uc_b3Qb\Ud_^3_\\UWU :fcc\^\JgfikjXe[<[lZX$ XQfUgU\UQbÛTc_VQbQR_edY^db_TeSY^W
d_RUcecdQYÛTQ^TcdbU^WdXUÛTbQdXUbdXQ^TYcbe`dUT/ k`feXcMXcl\j% Y^^_fQdY_^Y^d_]YccY_^TbYfU^Y^cdYdedY_^c/
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "#

@[\Xj =ìjkG\ijfe
cUddY^W e` i_eb _bWQ^YjQdY_^ dXUcSbUU^VbecdbQdUT·DXUbUºc^_fYUg\__[Y^WRQS[QddXU]_caeU
DXUÂbcddXY^WgU\UQbÛTYcdXQdUfU^YVi_e`b_fYTUS_cdUèSYU^d Vb_]D_`[Q`Y@Q\QSUQdTec[¸8UgQc^ºdRUY^WTYèSe\d+XUÛUTUT
c_\edY_^cV_b^_^`b_Âdci_eÛUTd_QY]i_eb`b_`_cYdY_^d_gQbT dXQdY]QWUd_]Q[UXYcQbWe]U^dGUXQTd_UYdXUb_RdQY^dXQd
QSS_]`\YcXY^WdXUY^cdYdedY_^ºc`b_WbQ]]QdYSW_Q\cD_]Q[UdXQd Y]QWU_bU^QR\UXY]d_QTTXYcfUbcY_^_VYdd__eb`\QdV_b]8Yc
SQcUi_ebU^TW_Q\]ecdbU`bUcU^dQTYcdY^Sd\iRUddUbc_\edY_^ ÛUTcgUbU`QbdYSe\QbReddXUigUbUbUQ\Q^TXU\`Y^WXY]T_XYc
dXQ^dXU\_SQ\Q\dUb^QdYfU g_b[gQcgXQdgUXQTd_RUQR_ed
1ddXURUWY^^Y^WgXU^c_]USXQ^WUbUcYcdQ^dVQSe\dicQg GUQ\c_\UQbÛTdXQdc_\fY^WS_]`\Uh`b_R\U]cdQ[UcdY]U1^T
1BDcd_bºcc_\edY_^cQcY^VUbY_bd_dXUYb_g^SQ]ècRQcUTc_\edY_^c Q\dX_eWXYdºcY]`_bdQ^dd_S_]`b_]YcUQS_]`b_]YcUcX_e\T^ºdRU
gUcdY\\[ÛggUXQTdXUbYWXdYTUQRUSQecUVQSe\di]U]RUbcºQ`Ù dXUcd_``Y^W`\QSU=YccY_^TbYfUêcUbcgYdXXYWXcdQ^TQbTcgY\\
dYdUV_bY]QWUcgQc\YdUbQ\\iU^T\Ucc1bdYcRUY^WSbUQdUTTYcS_fUbUTWYfUe`_î_eYVi_eVQY\d_bUQSXRUi_^TdXUYbUhÙSdQdY_^c
Q^T`X_d_WbQ`XUTY^ÛggQicUfUbiTQiVb_]ÛgQ^W\Ucd_TYV 1BDcd_bºcÂbcd`b_ZUSdgQcTYWYdYjY^WQc\YTU\YRbQbi_V!(
VUbU^d\YWXd¶Q^TYdgQcS\UQbdXQd^__ÛY^cdYdedY_^S_e\TQ]Qcc Y]QWUcDXYcS_fUbUTdXU·WbUQdUcdXYdçQ^T`b_fYTUTRb_QTS_fUb
Q\\dXQdgQcÛUTUT1^QWWbUWQdUTQ^TÛdg_b[UTbUc_ebSUYVUhU QWU_V]Qîd_`YScReddXUbUgUbUcdY\\ÃQgcDXUS_^dU^dS_fUbQWU
SedUT`b_Ùb\iS_e\TT_RUddUb gQcY^ceèSYU^dV_becUbÛUTcc_]Uc\YTUcgUbU_V`__baeQ\Ydi
GUQ\c_dX_eWXddXQddQ[Y^W_^QSU^dbQ\YjUTc_\edY_^V_bQdX_e Q^T_dXUbcgUbUTe`\YSQdUT
cQ^TY^cdYdedY_^cgQc]_bUUçUSdYfUdXQ^·\UddY^WQdX_ecQ^TÃ_g 4ebY^WceRcUaeU^diUQbcgUS\ecdUbUTdXUTe`\YSQdUY]QWUc
UbcR\__]¸6_bdXYc`QbdYSe\QbSXQ\\U^WU¶QÛ^T\Ucc\iUh`Q^TY^W WQfUecUbcdXUQRY\Ydid_ecUdXUYb_g^Y]QWUcQ\_^WcYTU_ebcQ^T
ce``\Q^dUT]QîdXYbTWUÛbQdY_^TUbYfQ
dYfUY]QWUcceSXQcQc\YTU_VdXU=_^Q<YcQ
gYdXXYWXbUc_\edY_^Y]QWUcdXQdQ\\_g
DXUÂbcddXY^WgU\UQbÛTYcdXQdUfU^YVi_e`b_fYTU ecUbcd_j__]Y^_^TUdQY\cc_S\_cU\idXUi
S_cdSeddY^Wc_\edY_^ci_eÛUTd_QY]i_eb`b_`_cYdY_^ SQ^cUUdXUSbQS[cY^dXU`QY^d?ebUQb\i
d_gQbTQSS_]`\YcXY^WQ^_^`b_Âdºc`b_WbQ]]QdYSW_Q\c ecUbcgUbUgY\\Y^Wd_cUdd\UV_b\UccdXQ^
gXQddXUigQ^dUTQ^TgUUQbÛTc_]U
`__\_VS_^dU^dVbQeWXdgYdXY^dU\\USdeQ\`b_ÙbdiS_^cdbQY^dcQ^T dbecdRibUc`_^TY^Wd_dXUYbÛUTcQ^Tg_b[Y^Wd_Y]`b_fU_^_eb
bUaeYbY^WXYWXaeQ\YdiQ^TXQbTd_Â^TS_^dU^d¶QÛg_bWQ^YjQ _bYWY^Q\_çUbY^W
dY_^S_e\TSbUQdUQ]_bUUçUSdYfUc_\edY_^dXQ^S_e\TQ]e\dYdQc[ 1^_dXUb\Ucc_^gU\UQbÛT*5fU^dX_eWXgUXQTQS_]Ù\\Y^W
Y^WQ^Te^TUbbUc_ebSUT\_SQ\cdQçE^\Y[UdXUdUSX^YSQ\ce``_bd fYcY_^Q^TY^db_TeSUTQÛgQ``b_QSXdXUc_\edY_^cgU`b_fYTUT
cdQçQdQe^YfUbcYdidXQdg_b[c_^]QîTYçUbU^d`b_ZUSdcQ^_bWQ XQTd_RUbUQ\g_b\Tc_\edY_^c1BDcd_bSbUQdUT`b_`bYUdQbic_Vd
^YjQdY_^\Y[U1BDcd_bV_SecUc_^_ÛcÙSYÂS`b_R\U]Q^TU]`\_ic gQbUdXQdQ\\_gUTdUQSXUbcd_ecUfUbi\QbWUY]QWUÂ\UcgYdXY^dXU
Ù_`\UgX_cUc[Y\\cQbUWUQbUTd_dX_cU`QbdYSe\QbdQc[c=Q[Y^WTYW S_^cdbQY^dc_V_ebS_^dU^d`b_fYTUbcºY^dU\\USdeQ\`b_ÙbdibUaeYbU
YdQ\Y]QWUcQfQY\QR\UV_bUTeSQdY_^Q\ecUYcQ\\gUT_ ]U^dc2iTUfU\_`Y^WdXUc_VdgQbUUh`\YSYd\iV_bY]QWUecUbcgU
6Y^Q\\igU[ÛgdXQdYdgQcY]`_bdQ^dd_UcdQR\YcXdXQd_eb S_e\TQTTVe^SdY_^cj__]Y^WY^_^Q^Y]QWUdXQd_dXUbc_VdgQbU
]_dYfUcQ^TfQ\eUcgUbUQ\YWÛTgYdXdX_cU_VdXUÙ_`\UgUgUbU ReY\dV_b]Qb[UdY^W`bUcU^dQdY_^cceSXQc@_gUb@_Y^d\QS[UT
cUbfY^W1\dX_eWXgUTYT^ºdUQb^dbecdcY]`\iRUSQecUgUgUbUQ^_^ 9bU]U]RUbc_]U_ÛcQiY^Wd_]U·GXig_e\TQî_Û`bUVUb
`b_ÂddXQdcdQdecXU\ÙTDXUaeUcdY_^_VgXigUgUbUQddU]`dY^W @_gUb@_Y^dgXUî_ebfYUgUbYcc_]eSXRUddUb/¸2ed@_gUb@_Y^d
dXYcU^_b]_ece^TUbdQ[Y^WgQc^ºdSQ\\UTY^d_aeUcdY_^dXUgQiYd YceRYaeYd_ecQ^T_^\igXU^gUV_e^TgQic_VQ\\_gY^W_ebS_^dU^d
]YWXdXQfURUU^YVgUXQTQ`b_Âd]_dYfUGUS_^dYêQ\\ibU]Y^T d_RUecUTY^@_gUb@_Y^dTYTgURUS_]UQXU\`Ve\`Qbd_Vc_\fY^W
Y^cdYdedY_^Q\`QbdÛbc*·I_ebecUbcQbU_ebecUbc1îdXY^WdXQdºcW__T ecUbcºbUQ\g_b\T`b_R\U]c
V_bi_eYcW__TV_becQ^TfYSUfUbcQ¸ =9DUS_^_]Ycd5bYSf_^8Y`Ù\XQc_RcUbfUTdXQd_ÛbUQc_^
Ù_`\UgQ^dd_c_\fUdXUYb_g^`b_R\U]cYcdXQddXUidbecddXUYbS_\
Q``b_QSXUc d_ S_\\QR_bQdYfU Y^^_fQdY_^ \UQWeUcQ^T\QS[VQYdXY^dXU]_dYfUc_V_edcYTUQWU^dcC[U`dYSYc]
=QîV_b`b_ÂdÂb]cSQ^]Q^TQdUg_b[Ã_gSXQ^WUcVb_]dXUd_` QR_edgXUdXUbQÛhdUb^Q\Âb]ºcQY]cQ\YW^gYdX_Ûºc_g^Yc^ºd
T_g^2edgXUî_egQ^dd_U^\YcdY^TYfYTeQ\cgX_XQfUdXUYb_g^ UQcY\i_fUbS_]UIUdS_\\QR_bQdYfUY^^_fQdY_^SQ^g_b[CYhiUQbc
cdb_^WfYUgcQR_eddXUY^cdYdedY_^ºc]YccY_^YdºcY]`_bdQ^dd_ QW_UhÙbYU^SUTcdQçQd8QbfQbTE^YfUbcYdiTYT^ºdXUcYdQdUd_dU\\
e^TUbcdQ^TdXUYbg_b[DXYc]UQ^ce^TUbcdQ^TY^WdXUcdQçgX_ ecQ\\dXUdXY^WcQR_ed1BDcd_bdXQdTYT^ºdg_b[V_bdXU]_bdXUYb
gY\\ÛUTd_QT_`dQ^Tce``_bdi_ebc_\edY_^CdQçQbUbYWXdVe\\i ecUbc2edd_TQi8QbfQbTYcY^fUcdY^WR_dXcdQçdY]UQ^TVe^TY^W
c[U`dYSQ\_VQÛhdUb^Q\cUbfYSU`b_fYTUbgX_S_]UcY^gYdXdXU Q^Tg_b[Y^WQ\_^WcYTU1BDcd_bd_ReY\T_edÛg`Qbdc_VQcXQbUT
]UccQWU·CdQ^TRQS[gUºbUXUbUd_c_\fUi_eb`b_R\U]¸GYdXdXQd c_VdgQbU`\QdV_b]
Q``b_QSXi_e_çUb\Ydd\UbUcÙSdV_bgXQddXUi[^_gQR_ed]UUdY^W 9dd__[dY]URedgU\UQbÛTdXQdi_eSQ^ºdgY^_fUb]YccY_^
\_SQ\ÛUTcQ^TUhS\eTUdXU]Vb_]dQ[Y^W`QbdY^c_\edY_^c TbYfU^`QbdÛbcRidU\\Y^WdXU]gXUbUdXUiQbUgb_^W+i_eSQ^_^\i
E^TUbcdQ^TY^WdXUcdQçºcg_b[TUÙ^Tc_^[^_gY^WQ^T XU\`dXU]T_gXQddXUi[^_gYcbYWXd2ibUcÙSdY^WdXUg_b[_VdXU
bUcÙSdY^WdXUg_b[_VdXUÙ_`\UdXUice``_bd5Qb\i_^_Û Ù_`\UY^WbUQdUTeSQdY_^Q\Y^cdYdedY_^cgUQbUWYfY^WdXU]VUgUb
U^bQWUTQbdXYcd_bYQ^cX_gUT]UQcUQbSXY^1BDcd_bV_b·8QWYQ bUQc_^cd_dbid_T_UfUbidXY^W_^dXUYb_g^DXU]_bUgUceSSUUT
C_`XYQ¸=_bUdXQ^! bUce\dc`_`ÙTe`Q^TiUdXUWUcdebUTQd dXU]_bUdXUigY\\d__ ■
"$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

@[\Xj=ìjkG\ijfe
7\\]dObW\U>cPZWQAgabS[a
C_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc\Y[U=YSXU\\UBXUUQbUbUY^fYW_bQdY^WdXUèR\YScUSd_b
9P JK<G?<E >FC;JD@K?
?fUbdXU\Qcddg_iUQbc_ebdUQ]QddXU8QbfQbT;U^ÛTi
CSX__\_V7_fUb^]U^dºc1cX3U^dUbV_b4U]_SbQdYS7_fUb^Q^SU
Q^T9^^_fQdY_^XQcY^dUbfYUgUTQR_ed! \UQTY^Wc_SYQ\U^dbU`bU
ÛebcQ^TdXY^[UbcVb_]`XY\Q^dXb_ìQ^TSYdiW_fUb^]U^dGUQbU
X_`Y^Wd_TYcS_fUbRUddUbgQicd_]Q[Uc_SYQ\SXQ^WUCÙSYÂSQ\\i
gUgQ^dQ^cgUbcd_dg_aeUcdY_^c*8_gSQ^c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc
SQdQ\ijUdbQ^cV_b]QdYfUbUce\dcY^èR\YScicdU]cceSXQcUTeSQdY_^/
1^TX_gSQ^Y^^_fQdY_Û^XQ^SUUhYcdY^Wc_SYQ\`b_WbQ]cQ^TÛd
g_b[c_VVQ]Y\YUcÛYWXR_bcQ^TÙUbcc_Qcd_RUddUbÙ_`\Uºc\YfUc/
GUcdeTYUTdXUcUU^dbU`bUÛebcº`QcdceSSUccUc+èR\YSQ^Tc_SYQ\
cUSd_bcXQfU\_^WY^dUbcUSdUTd_W__TUçUSd7_fUb^]U^dTU\YfUbc
Q\]_cdQ\\_VYdcc_SYQ\cUbfYSUcV_bX_]U\UccÛccT_]UcdYSfY_\U^SU
Q^TTbeWQ^TQ\S_X_\S_e^cU\Y^WdXb_eWX^_^`b_Âd_bWQ^YjQdY_^c+
dXU3_b`_bQdY_^V_b>QdY_^Q\Q^T3_]]e^YdiCUbfYSU3>3CdXU
W_fUb^]U^dU^dYdidXQd_ÙbQdUc1]UbY3_b`cQ^TF9CD1ce``_bdc
f_\e^dUUbUç_bdcUfUbiTQi+Q^TdXb_eWX_eddXUS_e^dbiUhSU\\U^d
SXQbdUbcSX__\cdeb^èR\YST_\\QbcY^d_cdQbd\Y^WbUce\dc
GUQ\c_\__[UTQdU^dbU`bUÛebYQ\èR\YSQ^Tc_SYQ\cUSd_bUç_bdc
dXQdVQY\UTd_TU\YfUb_^dXUYbVe\\`b_]YcU9[ÛgdXQddXYcgQc]_bU
dXU^_b]*4ebY^W]i^YÛiUQbcQcSXQYb_VdXU3>3CÂbcde^TUb
@bUcYTU^d7U_bWUG2ecXQ^TdXUê^TUb@bUcYTU^d2QbQS[?RQ]Q
9cQgXe^TbUTc_Vc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc`b_TeSUdQ^WYR\UbUce\dcY^
dXUYbS_]]e^YdYUciUdcdbeWW\UgXU^dXUidbYUTd_Wb_gY^cSQ\U_b
XU\`bUV_b]W_fUb^]U^dT_]Y^QdUTèR\YScicdU]c
?ebS_^S\ecY_^cc_VQb*9^^_fQdY_^cdXQdYW^YdUSXQ^WUQSb_cc
Rb_QTUbc_SYQ\cUbfYSUTU\YfUbicicdU]cSQ^TYcbe`dU^dbU^SXUT
Y^dUbUcdcQ^T`b_TeSUdbQ^cV_b]QdYfUbUce\dc=_bU_fUbY^^_fQd_bc BXUUS_^cYTUbUTUQSXÛg`b_WbQ]QcQ^Y^YdYQdYfU_VdXUTYcdbYSd
gY\\XQfUdXURUcdbUce\dcYW^YdY^WdXQdSXQ^WURiecY^WdXUV_\\_gY^W bQdXUbdXQ^QcQ^QdY_^Q\_bWQ^YjQdY_^cgUU`Y^WY^Q^TdU\\Y^WdXU
cUfU^\UfUbc1\dX_eWX9ecUUhQ]`\UcVb_]UTeSQdY_^c_SYQ\U^dbU \_SQ\cgXQdd_T_·GUTYTdXY^Wcèb`_cUVe\\ic_dXQdUfUbi`b_
`bUÛebcXQfUceSSUccVe\\iecUTdXUcU WbQ]gUSbUQdUTXQTdXUYTU^dYdi_VdXUSYdi¶DUQSX2Qd_^B_eWU_b
\UfUbcd_V_cdUbSXQ^WUY^QbUQcbQ^WY^W JK<G?<E>FC;JD@K?# dXU>UgI_b[3YdiDUQSXY^W6U\\_gçcXUbUSQ\\c>QdY_^Q\Y^^_fQ
Vb_]Qç_bTQR\UX_ecY^Wd_SXY\TgU\VQbUd_ gif]\jjfif]^fm\ied\ek d_bcRbY^WY^WdXUYbYTUQd_ÛgS_]]e^YdYUcgY\\VQSU\_SQ\_``_cY
`_fUbdiQ\\UfYQdY_^ fec\Xm\ Xkk_\?XimXi[ dY_^Q^TQbU\Y[U\id_]Q[UdXUYb_g^]YccdU`cceSXQcYW^_bY^WdXU
B\ee\[pJZ_ffc#nXjZ_Xì
3bUQdUQ<_SQ\9TU^dYdi1VdUbcUbfY^WQc f]k_\:figfiXk`fe]fi Y]`_bdQ^SU_V\_SQ\S_^dUhd2eddXUi]ecdS_^dYêUd_^QfYWQdU
QDUQSXV_b1]UbYSQD61S_b`c]U]RUb EXk`feXcXe[:fddle`kp dXUcUgQdUbcQcBXUUTYT\UQb^Y^WVb_]`QcdUç_bdc
J\im`Z\le[\iGi\j`[\ekj
=YSXU\\UBXUUgX_g_e\T\QdUbRUS_]U =_RY\YjUV_b3XQ^WUC_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcSQ^SbUQdUb__]V_b
>\fi^\N%9lj_Xe[
GQcXY^Wd_^43ºcSXQ^SU\\_b_VèR\YS 9XiXZbFYXdX%?\j\im\[ SXQ^WUdXb_eWXèR\YSQSdYfYc]U^XQ^SUTQgQbUÛcc_VbUce\dcQ^T
cSX__\c\Qe^SXUTDXU>UgDUQSXUb@b_ZUSd Xjk_\dXpfif]@e[`XeXg$ c_SYQ\]UTYQSQ]`QYW^cCdQ^TV_b3XY\TbU^V_e^TUb:_^QX5TU\]Q^
fc`j]ifd(00)kf)'''%
D>D@X_`Y^Wd_RbY^W]_bUXYWXaeQ\Ydi >fc[jd`k_`jk_\ZfXlk_fi
V_bUhQ]`\UdbQY^cQ^T]U^d_bcSYdYjU^c¶UcÙSYQ\\idXU`QbU^dc_V
dUQSXUbcY^d_èR\YScSX__\cCXURU\YUfUTY^ f]k_\i\Z\ekcpglYc`j_\[ cSX__\SXY\TbU^¶d_X_\TdXUYbU\USdUT_èSYQ\cQSS_e^dQR\UV_b
D61ºc]YccY_^RedgQ^dUTd_Wb_gXUb_g^ YffbK_\Gfn\if]JfZ`Xc Y]`b_fY^WèR\YSUTeSQdY_^9^@_bd\Q^T?bUCdQ^TV_b3XY\TbU^
@eefmXk`fe1?fn:`m`Z<eki\$
_bWQ^YjQdY_^Y^QgQidXQdg_e\TQf_YTdXU gi\e\lij@ê`k\:fddle`kp XU\ÙT`QccQ`b_ÙbdidQh\UfidXQdXQcRUÛÂdUT]_bUdXQ^$
_``_cYdY_^D61_VdU^VQSUT E\knfibj]fi>ff[% SXY\TbU^dXb_eWXÛg`bU;Q^T_ed_VcSX__\dY]U`b_WbQ]c
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "%

@[\Xj =ìjkG\ijfe
3_]]e^YdiRQcUTbU`_bdUbcQ^TR\_WWUbc]UQ^gXY\USQ^Q^Q Y^Q\\`_ccYR\UbUc_ebSUcY^S\eTY^WSXQbdUbcSX__\_`dY_^cQ^TceSX
\ijUW_fUb^]U^dTQdQQ^TRb_QTSQcddXQdY^V_b]QdY_^d_Y^V_b]dXU `b_fU^_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQcD>D@D61>Ug<UQTUbcV_b>UgCSX__\c
S_]]e^Ydi3YfYS\UQTUbcQ^TU^dbU`bUÛebcSQ^Q\c_ecUc_SYQ\ Q^T3YdiIUQb
]UTYQd_WQbÛbVUUTRQS[TYbUSd\iVb_]dXUS_]]e^YdiDXb_eWX 9^XUbg_b[QdD>D@BXUUQ^TXUbS_\\UQWeUc\UQbÛTX_gXQbTYd
cYdUcceSXQcBQdU=i@b_VUcc_bcS_]Q^TBQdU=iDUQSXUbcS_]cde SQ^RUd_SXQ^WUcSX__\RebUQeSbQSYUc1^TQcD>D@Uh`Q^TUTY^d_
TU^dcQ^_î]_ec\iUfQ\eQdUdUQSXUbcQ^T`b_VUcc_bcV_b_dXUbcde ÛgSYdYUcBXUUSQ]Ud_Y^cYcd_^QcUd_V·^_^ÛW_dYQR\UçCXU
TU^dcºRUÛÂdGXQdUfUbdXU]UdX_Tc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcceSSUUT ]ecdXQfUQSXQ]`Y_^Vb_]dXUXYWXbQ^[c_VdXUcSX__\TYcdbYSdV_b
Y^dXU`_\YdYSQ\c`XUbURiReY\TY^WQÛ^WQWUTèR\YSdXQdgY\\^_d UhQ]`\UgXUdXUbceÙbY^dU^TU^d]Qi_b_bcSX__\R_QbT`bUcYTU^d+
d_\UbQdUQê^TUbÙbV_b]Y^WcdQdecae_ Q^TdXQdSXQ]`Y_^·XQTd_gQ^decdXUbURUgY\\Y^Wd_UhÙ^T`_\YdY
3XQ^WUdXU6bQ]UQ^T3ebUdXU5hÙSdQdY_^7Q`CUbfYSU`b_ SQ\SQ`YdQ\d_WUdecdXUbU`b_dUSdec_^SUgUgUbUY^Q^TQccYW^Q
fYTUbcc_]UdY]UcV_cdUbQSe\debU_V\_gUhÙSdQdY_^c2eddXU]_cd [Ui`_Y^dÙbc_^dQc[UTgYdX]Q[Y^WcebUgUW_dgXQdgUÛUTUT¸
UçUSdYfUc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcbQYcUdXUYb_gÛhÙSdQdY_^cQR_ed GYdXdXUcUUhÙbYU^SUce^TUbXUbRU\dBXUUbUS_W^YjUTdXQdQc
X_g]eSXbUc`_^cYRY\YdiS\YU^dcSQ^dQ[Ud_Y]`b_fUdXUYb\_d SXQ^SU\\_bcXUXQTd_RbY^WY^RUddUbdQ\U^dQ^TY]`b_fUdXUc[Y\\c_V
DXUcUU^dbU`bUÛebcTUcYW^]_TU\cdXQdU^S_ebQWUÙ_`\Ud_QSd dX_cUgX_dQeWXd\UTQ^Tg_b[UTY^dXUTYcdbYSdcSX__\cCXU
bUc`_^cYR\iQ^TdXQdecUdXUS\YU^dºc_g^QccUdcY^S\eTY^WVQ]Y\i ÛUTUTd_]_fUQcYTUbUSQ\SYdbQ^dSU^dbQ\_èSUcdQçQ^T]Q[UcebU
Q^TVbYU^TÛdg_b[c XUbXe]Q^bUc_ebSUdUQ]g_e\TgU\S_]UÛgXYbUcVb_]_edcYTU
GXU^>UgI_b[3Ydi4U`Qbd]U^d_V5TeSQdY_^3XQ^SU\\_b:_U\ Wb_e`c\Y[UD>D@D61Q^T>Ug<UQTUbc·C]Qbd8BTYbUSd_bc
;\UY^Y^fYdUT3YdiIUQbY^d_dXUSYdiºcèR\YScSX__\cXUXQTcÙSYÂS S_^S\eTU¹9º]W_Y^Wd_RbY^WdXUcUÙ_`\UY^Q^TdXUÛfUbidXY^W
ÙbV_b]Q^SUW_Q\cY^]Y^TIUdYdgQcdXUSQ^T_U^dXecYQc]_V dXUiT_YcW_Y^Wd_RU]igY^º¸BXUUcQic·DXURUcd_ÛccUdYde`
3YdiIUQb]U]RUbcdXQdS_^dbYRedUT]_cdd_cdeTU^dÙbV_b]Q^SU \Y[UdXQd2eddXU^_dc_cQffi_ÛccUdYde`QcQS_]ÙdYdY_^gXYSX
RiS_^fY^SY^W]Qîi_e^WQTe\dcdXQddXUiS_e\TceSSUUT Q\gQicU^TcY^TYcQcdUb¸
E^TUbgbYdU@_\YdYSQ\BYc[6_bQ\\ReddXU]_cdU^dbU`bUÛebYQ\ DbQTU7__T4UUTcV_bBUce\dcDbeUc_SYQ\`b_WbUccY^XUbU^d\i
W_fUb^]U^d_èSYQ\cdXURUÛÂdc_VXQ^WY^W_ÛºcbUèdQdY_^_^Q bUaeYbUc]_bUdXQ^\QiUbY^WY^^_fQdYfUÛg`b_WbQ]c_^d_`_V
ÛgYTUQeceQ\\iT_^_d_edgUYWXdXUS_cdc_VVQY\ebU*]YccÙ^ddQh UhYcdY^WcicdU]c9dbUaeYbUcbUèb`_cY^WT_\\QbcQgQiVb_]UhYcdY^W
T_\\QbcTQ]QWUd__Ûºc`b_VUccY_^Q\bUèdQdY_^_bSQbUUb_bUfU^ c_SYQ\cUSd_bUç_bdcdXQdT_^_d`b_TeSUbUce\dc^_]QddUbX_g
XQb]d_dXUfUbiSYdYjU^c_ÛYcSXQbWUTgYdXcUbfY^W2edcdb_^W gU\\Y^dU^dY_ÛT
U^dbU`bUÛebYQ\\UQTUbcSQ^QRc_bRc_]U_VdXUbYc[V_bdX_cUgX_ BXUUcQgQêbWU^dÛUTd_bUUfQ\eQdUdXUUhYcdY^W^_^`b_Âd
cdQ^TUh`_cUTd_dXUèR\YS `b_fYTUbcdXU^g_b[Y^WY^TYcdbYSdcSX__\cCXU[Ûg_VRUddUb_bWQ
DQ[UV_bUhQ]`\U2\QYbDQi\_bdXU`bUcYTU^dQ^T35?_VdXU ^YjQdY_^cgYdX`b_fU^dbQS[bUS_bTcQ^TgQ^dUTd_cXYVd
<_c1^WU\UcEbRQ^<UQWeU<1E<<1E<S_]]Q^TcWbUQdbUcÙSd bUc_ebSUc¶^_d_^\iT_\\QbcRedQ\c_dY]UUÛbWiQ^T]Q^QWU]U^d
Y^<_c1^WU\UcgXUbUV_bQ\]_cdQSU^debiYdXQcSXQ]`Y_ÛT V_Sec¶d_dXU]GYdXS_^ÂTU^SUdXQd=Qi_b6U^dig_e\TRQS[XUb
UaeQ\YdiV_b1VbYSQ^1]UbYSQ^cQ^T_dXUb]Y^_bYdYUcXU\`Y^WdXU] e`BXUUd__[_^dXUTYèSe\ddQc[_VS\UQbY^W_eddXUYÛçUSdYfU
d_cUSebUUS_^_]YScU\VbU\YQ^SU`QbYdiQ^TSYfY\bYWXdc1^Q\Qb] ^_^`b_Âdc]Qî_VgXYSXXQT\_^WcdQ^TY^WbU\QdY_^cXY`cgYdXdXU
Y^W" %bU`_bdVb_]dXUE^YdUTGQi_V7bUQdUb<_c1^WU\UcQ^T TYcdbYSdQ^TYdccSX__\cCXUV_bSUTSXQ^WURibUaeYbY^W^_^`b_Âdc
<1E<·DXUCdQdU_V2\QS[<_c1^WU\Uç`b_]`dUTDQi\_bQ^T gXUdXUbf_\e^dUUb_b`QYTd_cYW^Q^QWbUU]U^dbUaeYbY^WÙbV_b
<1E<d_\Qe^SXQcdbQdUWYSUç_bdTUcYWÛTd_S_^SU^dbQdU`bYfQdU ]Q^SU`b_WbUccgYdXY^dg_iUQbcCXUÛUTUTd_]Q[Ub__]V_b
Q^TW_fUb^]U^dQccYcdQ^SUY^dXUQbUQcebb_e^TY^W3bU^cXQg8YWX ^_^`b_ÂdcdXQdTYT^_dbUaeYbUXQ^TX_\TY^WQ^TdXQde^TUbcd__T
CSX__\¶_Û_VdXUg_bcdÙbV_b]Y^WcSX__\cY^dXUSYdiDQi\_bY^Q dXQddXUYbS_^dYêY^WbU\QdY_^cXY`TUÙ^TUT_^ÙbV_b]Q^SU
fUbièR\YSgQiS\QY]UTbUc`_^cYRY\YdiV_bdXUceSSUcc_bVQY\ebU_V 9dºcY]`_bdQ^dd_QS[^_g\UTWUdXQdUfU^gXU^^_^`b_ÂdcgQ^d
dXUÛgUç_bdQ^TdXUbURiS_^fY^SUTdXUceÙbY^dU^TU^d_VcSX__\c d_]UQcebUÙbV_b]Q^SUT_Y^Wc_Y^dXUVQSU_Vc_]QîTYçUbU^d
Q^T_dXUbSYdi\UQTUbcd_Z_Y^<1E<Y^SbUQdY^WdXU7bUQdUb `b_WbQ]cQ^TVQSd_bcYcY^SbUTYR\iTYèSe\d<YcRUdXCSX_bb]iS_\
3bU^cXQg5TeSQdY_^Q\@QbdÛbcXY`9^Zecd!(]_^dXcdXUcSX__\ \UQWeUQd8QbfQbTE^YfUbcYdiceWWUcdcecY^WQbQ^WU_V]UdX_Tc
TU]_^cdbQdUTd_`QbU^dcU^_eWX`b_]YcUdXQdU^b_\\]U^dcXQfU dXQdS_]RYÛbUcUQbSXQ^TdXU_biY^TYfYTeQ\_bS_\\USdYfUUhÙbY
cdQbdUTd_Y^SbUQcUQVdUbQ\_^WÙbY_T_VS_^dbQbidbU^Tc U^SUQ^TUfYTU^SUY^S\eTY^WbQ^T_]YjUTdbYQ\cgXU^Q``b_`bYQdU
=Q[UC`QSUV_b9^^_fQdY_^2UV_bUdXUQbbYfQ\_VBXUUQ^T 9^]iUhÙbYU^SUQVUg_dXUb`bY^SY`\UcXQfU`b_fUTXU\`Ve\*4_
=Qi_b1TbYQ^6U^di]_cdV_e^TQdY_^ccQgGQcXY^Wd_^43ºc ^_d\UddXUÙbVUSdRUdXUUÛ]i_VdXUW__T+T_^_d\UdQ`b_fYTUb
cSX__\cQcVQbd__bYc[iQ`\QSUV_bdXUYbY^fUcd]U^dcBXUUg_b[UT R\Q]UYdc`__bbUce\dc_^c_]U_ÛU\cU+Q^TT_^_dÛW\USdd_]UQ
XQbTd_SXQ^WUdXQdY]`bUccY_^]_cd\iRiSbUQdY^Wc`QSUV_bY^^_ cebUc_SYQ\_bS_]]e^YdiUçUSdc
fQdY_^¶RiRbUQ[Y^WT_g^RQbbYUbcd_Q\\_g_edcYTUY^^_fQd_bcd_ 1^T[UU`dbiY^WIUcdXU\QbWUc\_g]_fY^Wg_b\T_VW_fUb^
U]UbWUQcbUQ\`QbdÛbc1cQbUce\dcXUXQcWQbÛbUT`XY\Q^dXb_`YS ]U^dRebUQeSbQSiQ^TVe^TY^WY^XUbU^d\ibUcYcdcSXQ^WU2ed_fUb
Y^dUbUcdQ^TÂ^Q^SYQ\S_]]Yd]U^dcY^S\eTY^Wce``_bdVb_]dXU dXU\QcddXbUUTUSQTUc9XQfUcUU^W_fUb^]U^d`b_TeSURb_QTUb
^QdY_^Q\GQ\d_^6Q]Y\i6_e^TQdY_^Q^TdXU3Ydi2bYTWU6_e^TQdY_^ Q^TTUUÙbY^^_fQdY_^RiS_^cYTUbY^Wc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcQc`Qbd
GU\S_]U@b_fU^4Ycbe`d_bc2USQecUBXUUfYUgcdXUTYcdbYSdºc ÛbcY^S_]]e^Ydi`b_WbUcc6_b_eb`QbdgU]ecdXQfUdXUS_eb
'( cdeTU^dc¶^_dYdcReY\TY^Wc_bRebUQeSbQSi¶QcXUbS\YU^dc QWUd_`b_dUSdY^^_fQd_bcgX_cUUç_bdcSXQ\\U^WUdXUcdQdecae_
Q^TXUbSQecUcXU]Q[UcS_^db_fUbcYQ\TUSYcY_^cUfUbiTQid_RbY^W ceSSUccVe\\i_b^_d ■
"& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

@[\Xj=ìjkG\ijfe
0WU0caW\Saa;ObbSà
C_SYQ\Y^dbQ`bUÛebcXY`YcdXUQ^cgUbV_bRecYÛccºcg_Uc
9P AL;@K? J8DL<CJFE
2QbQS[?RQ]Q»c`bUcYTU^SigY\\RUbU]U]RUbUTQcdXUUbQ
gXU^c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcXY`gU^d]QY^cdbUQ]1^?èSU_VC_SYQ\
9^^_fQdY_^^_gWbQSUcdXUGXYdU8_ecUDXU`bUcYTU^dXY]cU\VcY`c
_bWQ^YS8_ÛcdDUQQ^TXYcgYVUdbe]ÙdcdXURUÛÂdc_V·c\_g
V__T¸Q^TReiY^W\_SQ\2ecYÛcccSX__\ccdbeWW\Ud_cQdYcVicdeTU^d
Y^dUbUcdY^RecYÛccUcgYdXQc_SYQ\c`Y^Q^Tc_SYQ\\iY^S\YÛTY^fUc
d_bcÃ__TcYdUc\Y[U;YfQ_bWd__çUbSQ`YdQ\d_c]Q\\RecYÛccUcY^
XQbTd_cUbfUbUWY_^c_VdXUg_b\T
GXiQ\\dXYcU^dXecYQc]/<UdºccdQbdgYdXdXUVQSddXQdÙ_`\U
T_^ºddbecd·bUQ\¸RecYÛccQî]_bUDXUiºfURUU^gXY`cQgUTRi
cXQb`bUTeSdY_^cY^cQfY^WcX_]UfQ\eUcQ^TQSSUccd_SbUTYdQ^T
dXUb_e^Tc_VS_b`_bQdURU\ddYWXdU^Y^WQ^T\Qi_çcdXQdV_\\_gUT
1TTQcUU]Y^W\iR_dd_]\Ucc`Yd_VGQ\\CdbUUdWbUUTQ]QccYfU_Y\
c`Y\\Q^TRecYÛccUcdXQdcUU]d_ÛTUQVd_dXU\_^WdUb]S_^cU
aeU^SUc_VdXUYb`b_TeSdc_bY^fUcd]U^dcQ^Ti_eXQfUQd_hYSc_e`
_VTUU`Si^YSYc]Q^TQ^WUbQdRecYÛcc
2edXUbUºcdXUdXY^W*7\_RQ\RecYÛccYcdXU]_cdSQ`QR\UQWU^d
gUXQfUd_c_\fUY]`_bdQ^d`b_R\U]c¶Vb_]S\Y]QdUSXQ^WUd_`_f
Ubdi9dXQcVQbWbUQdUbSQ`QSYdidXQ^c_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUcgXYSXQbU
]_cd\icdQbde`c_b^_^`b_ÂdcgYdXRecYÛccQSdYfYdi9º]XQ`ì
c_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUcUhYcd¶dXUi_çUbS_]Ù\\Y^Wcd_bYUc_VgXQd]Qi
RU`_ccYR\UY^RecYÛccUccdbeSdebUTQb_e^TQc_SYQ\]YccY_^¶Red
dXUiQbUQ\c_SQ`YdQ\cdQbfUTQ^Tc]Q\\Y^cSQ\UQ^TdXUiVQY\d_bUQSX
dXUcdQbdY^WWQdUY^dXUbQSUd_c_\fUdXURYWaeUcdY_^c_V_ebTQiGU
gY\\^_d]Q[U`b_WbUcc_^_eb]_cdY]`_bdQ^d`b_R\U]cgYdX_ed
dXUQSdYfUU^WQWU]U^d_V]QY^cdbUQ]RecYÛcc
9^QTTYdY_^Q\\dXYcQddU^dY_^d_c_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUcU^TcQcY^We Y^dbQ`bUÛebc¶SXQ^WUQWU^dcQ\bUQTig_b[Y^WTUU`gYdXY^RecY
\Qb\ie^XU\`Ve\]UccQWUd__ebSebbU^dcdeTU^dc[^_g^V_bdXUYb Ûcc¶Q^TU^S_ebQWUdXUÛhdWUÛbQdY_^_V]Q^QWUbcd_Â^TRecY
fQ\eUcQ^Tc_SYQ\S_]]Yd]U^d*9Vi_egQ^dd_S_^dbYRedUd_dXU Ûcc_``_bde^YdiY^_eb]_cdTQe^dY^WSXQ\\U^WUc
èR\YSW__TT_^ºdR_dXUbgYdX]QY^cdbUQ]RecYÛcc DXYbT\Udºc]_fUfQ\eUcVb_]dXUUdXYScS\Qccb__]d_dXUS_bU_V
DXUbUQbU^_UQciÂhUciUddXU_``_bde^YdiUhYcdc^_gd_]Q[U RecYÛccUTeSQdY_^Q^T\UdºcU^QR\UcdeTU^dcd_bQYcUdXUYbf_YSUcY^
SbYdYSQ\SXQ^WU<UdºcbUVebRYcXRecYÛccgYdXc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcXY`ºc dY]Uc_V]_bQ\S_^ÃYSdDXUU^TWQ]U*6edebU]Q^QWUbcgY\\XQfU
RUcdVUQdebUcY^dXUV_\\_gY^WdXbUUgQic* dXUgY\\Q^TdXUc[Y\\d_dbUQdUdXYSQ\YcceUcQccdbQdUWYSQ\\iQ^TUçUS
6YbcdgU]ecdbUfYcYd_eb^QbbQdYfUQR_ed dYfU\iQcdXUiT_RecYÛccYcceUc
AL;@K?J8DL<CJFE
dXUèb`_cU_VdXURecYÛccS_b`_bQdY_^
[ì\Zkjk_\9ljè\jjXe[
·=QhY]YjY^W`b_Âdç]QiRUQ^QSSU`dUT JfZ`\kpGifîXdXkk_\ bUdXY^[ dXU èb`_cU _V RecYÛcc
]Q^dbQ_^GQ\\CdbUUdRedYdYc^_d 8jg\e@ejk`klk\%JèZ\ 9V·YTUQcXQfUS_^cUaeU^SUçQcGY\\YQ]62eS[\Ui:b\Y[UTd_cQi
)'')#j_\_Xjjg\Xi$
U^cXbYÛTYÛYdXUb\Qg_b`bQSdYSU dXU]_cdS_^cUaeU^dYQ\YTUQ_V_ebdY]UYcdXYc*·DXUèb`_cU_V
_\X[\[XYifX[$YXj\[
BUQ\YW^Y^WRecYÛccèb`_cUgYdXdXUèR\YS [`Xcf^l\feZliYè^ RecYÛccYcd_]QhY]YjU`b_Âdç1\dX_eWX_^\iQ^YTUQYdS\UQb\i
W__TYcQSbYdYSQ\ÂbcdcdU`Y^Y^dUWbQdY^W j_fik$k\idk_èbè^è XQc\UWc+dXYccXQbUX_\TUbSU^dbYSRecYÛcc]_TU\XQccUbfUTQcdXU
c_SYQ\Y]`QSd_bU^fYb_^]U^dQ\cecdQY^QRY\ Yljè\jjXe[ZXg`kXcdXi$ _bWQ^YjY^W`bY^SY`\U_VECcdi\USQ`YdQ\Yc]V_bTUSQTUc
b\kjk_Xkc\[kfk_\8jg\e
YdiQcRecYÛcccdbQdUWi GièZ`gc\j]fiCfe^$K\id IUdY^dXUUQb\iTQic_VdXU1]UbYSQ^bUèR\YSgXU^\UWQ\S_b`_
CUS_^TgUÛUTd_e^\UQcXc_SYQ\ MXcl\:i\Xk`fe% bQdY_^cgUbUSbUQdUT\Y]YdUT\YQRY\YdigQcWbQ^dUTd_Y^fUcd_bcd_
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "'

@[\Xj =ìjkG\ijfe
XU\`Q]QccSQ`YdQ\V_bèR\YSèb`_cUcceSXQcS_\_^YjY^WdbQTY^W UfUbidXY^WVb_]dXUbQg]QdUbYQ\cd_dXUÂ^Q\`b_TeSdTYc`_cQ\
\_SQ\UcQ^TReY\TY^WbQY\b_QTcGYdXdXUVedebU_VSQ`YdQ\]Qb[Udc¶ 9ºT\Y[Ud_cUU]_bURecYÛcccSX__\`b_VUcc_bcVUQdebUc_SYQ\
Q^TSQ`YdQ\Yc]YdcU\V¶_^dXU]Y^Tc_Vc_]QîgUXQfUQbU]Qb[ Y^dbQ`bUÛebcg_b[Y^WY^\QbWUèR\YSQ^T`bYfQdUS_]`Q^YUc\Y[U
QR\U_``_bde^Ydid_dQ[UQVbUcX\__[QddXYcSU^dbQ\YTUQ dXUcUgX_fQ\eUS_]`\UhYdi_fUbcY]`\YSYdiQ^T]e\dY`\U_RZUSdYfUc
3U^dbQ\d_bUèb`_cY^WRecYÛccQbUTUSYcY_^be\UcdXQdgY\\XU\` bQdXUbdXQÛYdXUb`b_Âd]QhY]YjQdY_^_bc_SYQ\]YccY_^CdeTU^dc
]Q^QWUbcS_^cYTUbU^fYb_^]U^dQ\S_^cSY_ecÛccXUQ\dXiS_]]e gX_cdeTic_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcXY`]Qi_dXUbgYcUS_^S\eTUdXQd
^YdYUcQ^T`b_Âd<UdºcdQ[UQ`QWUVb_]c_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUc*@bY_bY ]UQ^Y^WVe\g_b[Yc\Y]YdUTd_^_^`b_Âdc_bU^dbU`bUÛebYQ\cdQbd
dYjY^W]UQ^Y^W_fUb]_ÛiRecYÛcc]UdbYScQbUecUTdXQdVQf_b e`cgYdXc_SYQ\_RZUSdYfUcQ^T\Ydd\UQSSUccd_SQ`YdQ\
\_^WdUb]cecdQY^QR\UWb_gdXQ^TdXQdY^dUb^Q\YjUdXUc_SYUdQ\S_cdc C_SYQ\Y^dbQ`bUÛebc_çUbdXU[Y^T_V\UQTUbcXY`dXUg_b\TÛUTc
_VT_Y^WRecYÛccC_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUcbUgQbT]Q^QWUbcgX_\__[V_b ^_g@b_VUcc_bcgX_ce``_bddXU]cU^TQcYW^Q\d_dXUÛhdWUÛbQ
Y^fUcd]U^dcQ^TcdbQdUWYUcdXQd`Qi_ç_fUbdXU\_^WXQe\UfU^Qd dY_^_V]Q^QWU]U^ddQ\U^dY^S\eTY^WdX_cUQY]Y^WV_bS_^ce\dY^W
dXUUhÙ^cU_VcX_bddUb]`b_Âdc+Q^TYTUQ\\idXUYbR_QbTcQbUQR\U Q^T`bYfQdUUaeYdidXQdd_U]RbQSUS_]`\UhYdidbQ^c`QbU^SiQ^T
d_V_Sec_^\_^WdUb]cdbQdUWiQ^TbYc[]Q^QWU]U^d \_^WdUb]]UdbYSc]YdYWQdUcbYc[Q^TSbUQdUcfQ\eUC_SYQ\Y^dbQ`bU
?VS_ebcUYVYdgUbUUQcid_U]RbQSUVbUcXdXY^[Y^WQR_edRecY ÛebcXY`SQ^RUS_]UdXUÛg^_b]Q\Y^RecYÛcc
Ûccèb`_cUgUg_e\TXQfUT_ÛYdRi^_gDXU`bUfQY\Y^W·dXU_bi
_VdXUÂb]¸¶dQeWXdY^RecYÛcccSX__\cQ^TbUY^V_bSUTRiS_^ce\d dUQSX cdeTU^dc d_ f_YSU dXUYb fQ\eUc
Y^WÂb]cQ^TY^fUcd]U^d`b_VUccY_^Q\c¶cUTeSUcdXb_eWXYdccY] 2ecYÛcccSX__\cSQ^Q\c_XU\`cdeTU^dcWYfUf_YSUd_dXUYbfQ\eUc
`\YSYdiQ^T]UQcebQRY\Ydi@bUfQY\Y^WdX_eWXdUaeQdUcRecYÛcc UfU^gXU^dXUSebbU^dYcbe^^Y^WXQbTY^dXU_dXUbTYbUSdY_^GU
ceSSUccgYdXcXQbUX_\TUbcQ^TUhUSedYfUcgX_]Q[UQc]eSX \UQbÛTVb_]5^b_^Q^T^_g[^_gVb_]dXU]Qb[UdTYcQcdUbc
]_ÛiQc`_ccYR\UaeQbdUb_âeQbdUb `\QiY^W_edQb_e^TdXUW\_RUdXQdQ\QS[_V[^_g\UTWUgQc^ºddXU
1^TiUdgU^_gcUUQSbQS[Y^dXUQb]_b1Wb_gY^Wê]RUb_VSbYd RYWYcceURedbQdXUb·Wb_e`dXY^[¸VeU\UTRicX_bddUb]Yc]Q^T
YSc¶Y^S\eTY^WdXUQSQTU]YScgX_XU\ÙTd_`b_]e\WQdUdXUdXU_bi WbUUT9^dUb^Q\]Q^QWUbcQ^TQWU^dcgYdXQTUaeQdU`bQSdYSUQ^T
Q^TQ^SX_bYdY^`bQSdYSU¶_RcUbfUdXQddXUbe\U_V`b_Âd]QhY]YjQdY_^ dXUS_ebQWU_VdXUYbS_^fYSdY_^cS_e\TXQfU]QTUQTYçUbU^SU
Yc_ed_Vci^SgYdXS_^ce]UbcGURU^QR\UTdbQ^c`QbU^SiY^RecYÛcc 7YfY^WF_YSUd_FQ\eUcQÛgQ``b_QSXd_dUQSXY^WUdXYScSbU
Q^TQWUÛbQdY_^_VZ_RcUU[UbcTU]Q^TY^W]UQ^Y^WQdg_b[ QdUTRi=Qbi7U^dY\UQd2QRc_^3_\\UWUcUU·Deb^Y^WFQ\eUcY^d_
9^dUWbQdYfUQ^TcicdU]cdXY^[Y^W\YUQddXUXUQbd_VQRUddUbdXU 1SdY_^¸_^`$"TUU]`XQcYjUc`XY\_c_`XYSQ\S_^cdbeSdcYÛdXYSc
_bi>UgQSQTU]YScXQfURUWe^d_dQ[Ue`dXUSXQ\\U^WUZ_Y^Y^W ceSXQcdXU·WbUQdUcdW__T¸Q^TY^cdUQT_çUbccdeTU^dcdXUS\Qcc
dX_cUgX_XQfURUUâeUcdY_^Y^WS_^fU^dY_^Q\dXY^[Y^WV_b b__]ºccQVUc`QSUd_`bQSdYSUQ``\iY^WdXUYbfQ\eUcd_RecYÛcc¶
TUSQTUcDXUg_b[QXUQTgY\\U]`\_iTYQ\_WeUd_RbYTWUdXURUcd cdbQdUWYSQ\\iQ^TUçUSdYfU\i=_cdcdeTU^dc[^_gdXUbYWXddXY^Wd_
YTUQcVb_]R_dXQSQTU]YScQ^TRecYÛcc\UQTUbcXe^WbiV_bÛg T_DXUi]UbU\i\QS[dXUS_ebQWUQ^TS_]ÙdU^SUd_ReY\TS_Q\Y
]UQcebUc_VceSSUcc dY_^cV_bSXQ^WUQ^TbQYcUdXUYbf_YSUY^dY]Uc_V]_bQ\S_^ÃYSd
<Qcdc`bY^WQd]_bUdXQ^% RecYÛcccSX__\cQSb_ccdXUW\_RU
e^\UQcX dXU c_SYQ\ Y^dbQ`bUÛebc cdeTU^dcWQdXUbUTQdWbQTeQdY_^cd_cYW^Q`\UTWUd_·T_^_XQb]¸
?^SUgUQ\YW^dXUèb`_cU_VRecYÛccgYdX_eb\_^WdUb]fYcY_^ Y^dXUYbRecYÛccSQbUUbcDXYcY^dUbUcdY^Q8Y``_SbQdYS?QdXV_b
dXU^W\_RUdb_ddY^WbUc_ebSUbYSX`b_ÂdcUU[Y^WRecYÛccUcSQ^ RecYÛccReY\Tc_ÛQb\YUbUç_bdcQd8QbfQbT2ecYÛccCSX__\Qd
ÂU\TcdbQdUWYUcV_bdQS[\Y^W_eb]_cdS_]`\Uhc_SYQ\Q^TU^fYb_^ DXe^TUbRYbTCSX__\_V7\_RQ\=Q^QWU]U^dQ^TQ]_^Wi_e^W
]U^dQ\`b_R\U]c2ecYÛccÙ_`\U^QdebQ\\i_bWQ^YjUQb_e^T_``_b \UQTUbcQddXUG_b\T5S_^_]YS6_be]Y^4Qf_cCgYdjUb\Q^T+Yd
de^Ydi9^dXUbYWXdU^fYb_^]U^ddXUiQbU^QdebQ\`b_R\U]c_\fUbc SXQ\\U^WUcÙUbcd_XQ]]UbQcdQ[UY^dXUWb_e^TQ^TbUS_W^YjU
Q^Tc_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bcgX_Q\]_cdQ\gQiccUUdXUW\QccQcXQ\VVe\\ dXUXe]QÛ\U]U^d_VTUSYcY_^]Q[Y^W
9^TUUT]QîW\_RQ\S_b`_bQdY_^cXQfUQ\bUQTiZe]ÙT_^dXU 1c]Q\\Redf_SQ\Wb_e`_VUTeSQd_bcQ^TQWb_gY^Wê]RUb_V
c_SYQ\Y^^_fQdY_^RQ^TgQW_ÛYdXUbQcQ]QddUb_VcebfYfQ\¶_VdU^Y^ RecYÛccUhUSedYfUcQ\c_dXY^[dXUdY]UYcbYÙV_bQ]_bQ\d_eSX
dXUgQ[U_V>7?SQ]`QYW^c¶_bY^èbceYd_VWb_gdX7YfU^dXUYb cd_Û¶QSbUT_¶d_XU\`]Q^QWUbccecdQY^dXUYbS_]]Yd]U^dd_
cSQ\QRY\YdidXUicUbfUQcQ^Y^c`YbQdY_^d_]QY^cdbUQ]RecYÛccUc `bQSdYSY^WRecYÛccQcYVdXUgYTUbg_b\T]QddUbcG_b[Yce^TUb
E^Y\UfUbV_bUhQ]`\UXQcS_]]YddUTd_cU\\Y^W! ÙbSU^dcec gQid_e^YdUdXUcUUç_bdcgYdXdXURecYÛcc_QdX3i^YScS_^cYTUb
dQY^QR\ic_ebSUTÂcXQ^TY^!))'dXUS_]`Qî`QYbUTgYdXdXUG_b\T dXU_QdXQVQTReddXUcUT_UbcTUcUbfUSbUTYdV_bS_^cdbeSdY^WXQR
GY\T\YVU6e^Td_SbUQdUdXU=QbYÛCdUgQbTcXY`3_e^SY\QdXYbT`Qbdi Ydc_V]Y^TQ^T`bQSdYSU¶gXUdXUbYdYcdXUQSd_VcYW^Y^WdXU_QdX
SUbdYÂUbdXQd`b_]_dUcbUc`_^cYR\UÂcXY^W`bQSdYSUcg_b\TgYTU gYdXQ\\i_ebS\Qcc]QdUcQcXQ`ÙÛTbUSU^d\iQddXUE^YfUbcYdi_V
3_SQ3_\Q]UQ^gXY\UTUfU\_ÙTQTYcdbYRedY_^cicdU]V_b`Qbdc_V DUhQcQd1ecdY^_bdXUcY]`\US_]]Yd]U^dd_S_^ce\dQVbYU^T
1VbYSQdXQdU^WQWUc]_bUdXQ^!" U^dbU`bUÛebcgX_Y^deb^ gXU^QÛdXYSQ\YcceUQbYcUc
ReY\TdXUUS_^_]idXU_\TVQcXY_ÛTgQi¶dXb_eWX\_SQ\èbSXQcY^W 2ecYÛccU^WQWUTY^`b_R\U]c_VS_^cUaeU^SU*Q`YÙTbUQ]_b
`_gUb4_g3XU]YSQ\ecUc]e^YSY`Q\gQcdUgQdUbY^dXU>UdXUb\Q^Tc dXUÛhdgQfU_VRecYÛccY^^_fQdY_^/GUXQfU^_dXY^Wd_\_cURi
d_WUÛbQdUcdUQ]`_gUbdXQdbe^cQ`\Q^dGQ\=QbdCd_bUcU]RUT Ze]`Y^WY^Q^TÂ^TY^W_edGYdX_edVe^TQ]U^dQ\SXQ^WUcgUgY\\
TUTTUU`Y^d_Ydcce``\iSXQY^QS_]`\UhcUd_VTUSYcY_^be\Ucd_ S_^dYêUd_RUfe\ÛbQR\Ud_dXUReRR\UcQ^TUhSUccUcdXQdbUgQbTQ
bUTeSUgQcdUQ^TcQfUUÛbWi1^T9^dUbVQSUdXUSQbÙdS_]`Qî VUgXYWXÃYUbcQddXUUhÙ^cU_V]QîQ^TVQY\dbQWYSQ\\id_e^\UQcX
bUf_\edY_^YjUTSQbÙd]QêVQSdebY^WRidQ[Y^WbUc`_^cYRY\YdiV_b dXU`_gUb_V·bUQ\RecYÛcçZecdgXU^gUÛUTYd]_cd ■
"( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

You’re not just driven.
You’re social-mission driven.
And so is the global network you find here.

Like-minded peers with fresh perspectives.
And a faculty who understands what you’re up against.
Then you bring it all back to your organization.
Guide.
www.exed.hbs.edu/pgm/seissir/
The Social Enterprise programs at Harvard Business School Executive Education

exist for one reason: the impact you will make when you get back to your
team. Our programs are designed to help you deliver on your mission with the
latest tools, methods, and research. All to make a difference in the world. Email
our team at sep@hbs.edu to learn more. Global Perspectives. Tangible Results.
Cyndie Miller and her three children (left to
right) Jordyn, age 12, Kaleb, age 13, and Elyza,
age 8, live in Lee’s Summit, Mo. Cyndie keeps a
tidy home, but like millions of other Americans
who earn slightly more than the federal poverty
line, she often struggles to make ends meet.
0Sg]\R
bVS
>]dS`bg
:W\S
=
E ALCP (*# )''/#>UgI_b[
2iB_eb[U<?»2bYU^4QfYTC@UTe\\Q 3Ydiºc `_fUbdi bQdU gQc !( Ùb
SU^dDgU^diV_ebX_ebc\QdUbYd
@X_d_WbQ`XRi5\YBUYSX]Q^
XQTRQ\\__ÛTd_"#ÙbSU^d8_g
TYT]_bUdXQ^$ >UgI_b[
K?<N8PK?<LE@K<;JK8K<J;<K<ID@E<JN?F Ubc RUS_]U Y]`_fUbYcXUT _fUb
@JGFFI8E;N?F@JEFKÇ8D<8JLI<98J<; ^YWXd/DXUQ^cgUbYcdXQd=Qi_b
JFC<CPFEK?<:FJKF==FF;Ç@J9IFB<E% =YSXQU\2\__]RUbWQT_`dUTQÛg
Q^T ]_bU S_]`\Uh¶Q^T XU Qb
8E<N8GGIF8:?@JE<<;<;#FE<K?8KD<8JLI<J
WeUT]_bUQSSebQdU¶]UQcebU_V`_fUbdidXQ^dXU_ÛdXUVUTUbQ\
GFM<IKPK?IFL>?DLCK@GC<=8:KFIJJL:? W_fUb^]U^decUc8YcQSdY_^bUYW^YdUTQTURQdUY^GQcXY^Wd_^43
8J?FLJ@E>#KI8EJGFIK8K@FE#8E;I<>@FE8C Q^TRUi_^TQR_edX_g1]UbYSQTUdUb]YÛcgX_Yc`__b¶QTURQdU
<:FEFD@:;@==<I<E:<J% dXQd]QîX_ÙgY\\RUcUdd\UTRidXUEC3_^WbUccdXYciUQb
# STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

=_cdÙ_`\UgX_SQbUQR_ed]UQcebY^W`_fUbdi¶QSQTU]YSc DXUVUTUbQ\`_fUbdi\YÛYcecUTd_TUdUb]YÛU\YWYRY\YdiQ^TQ``b_`bY
`_\YSi]Q[Ubc^_^`b_Âd\UQTUbcQ^TdXU\Y[U¶QWbUUdXQddXUgQi QdY_^cV_bQ\\diÙc_VVUTUbQ\cdQdUQ^T\_SQ\QYTY^S\eTY^WV__TcdQ]`c
dXUVUTUbQ\W_fUb^]U^dSebbU^d\iTUdUb]YÛcgX_Yc`__bQ^TgX_ DU]`_bQbi1ccYcdQ^SUV_b>UUTi6Q]Y\YUcD1>6Q^T=UTYSQYT8_g
Yc^_dT_Uc^ºdg_b[DXUc_SQ\\UT·`_fUbdi\YÛ¸gQcTUdUb]YÛTY^ dXU\YÛYcTUdUb]YÛTXQcbUQ\]QdUbYQ\Y]`\YSQdY_^cV_b\_gY^S_]U
dXU]YT!)& cRiSQ\Se\QdY^WdXUQ]_e^d_V]_ÛiYdS_cdcd_ReiQ VQ]Y\YUcDXU`_fUbdi\YÛYcQ\c_dXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^dgQidXQd1]UbYSQ
RQcYSRQc[Ud_VV__TQ^TdXU^]e\dY`\iY^WdXQdQ]_e^dRidXbUU5QSX ]UQcebUcX_ggU\\YdYcdbUQdY^WYdc]_cdTYcQTfQ^dQWUT]U]RUbc1\QbWU
iUQbdXU\YÛYce`TQdUTd_QSS_e^dV_bY^ÃQdY_^DXUSebbU^d`_fUbdi Q^TWb_gY^WÙbSU^dQWU_VÙ_`\URU\_gdXU`_fUbdi\YÛY^TYSQdUcdXQd
\YÛYc! (# V_bQcY^W\UÙbc_^Q^T"" % V_bQVQ]Y\i_VV_eb9VQ gUQbU^_dT_Y^WU^_eWX1c]Q\\Q^TTUS\Y^Y^WÙbSU^dQWU_VÙ_`\U
Ùbc_^\YfUcY^QX_ecUX_\TgX_cUY^S_]UYc\UccdXQ^dXQdQ]_e^dXU Y^`_fUbdidU\\cecdXQdgU]YWXdRU_^dXUbYWXddbQS[
YcS_^cYTUbUT`__b9VdXUX_ecUX_\TºcY^S_]UYcdXQdQ]_e^d_b]_bU >_gYcdXUdY]Ud_Y]`b_fU_eb]UQcebUc_V`_fUbdi2eddXU
UfU^Ri_ÛT_\\QbXUYc^_d`__bDXU]UQcebUT_Uc^_dS_^cYTUb SebbU^dS_^fUbcQdY_^Qb_e^T2\__]RUbWºcY^YdYQdYfUQ^T_dXUb`b_
_dXUb\YfY^WS_cdcRUcYTUcV__TQ^TdXUVUTUbQ\`_fUbdi\YÛYcdXUcQ]U `_cQ\cd_e`TQdUX_ggU]UQcebU`_fUbdiVQ\\cY^d_dXUcQ]UdbQ`
gXUdXUbQÙbc_^\YfUcY^>UgI_b[3Ydi_b=S1\UcdUb?[\Q RibUTeSY^WdXUS_]`\UhYdi_V`_fUbdid_QcY^W\UÂWebUQ\YÛ9V_eb
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #!

W_Q\Ycd_QSXYUfUQRUddUb]UQcebU_VgU\\RUY^WY^_bTUbd_TYQW^_cU V_bdXUcX_bdS_]Y^Wc_V?bcXQ^c[iºcdXbUcX_\TRiQSS_e^dY^WV_b
Xe]Q^ÛUTcQ^TTUcYWÛçUSdYfUc_\edY_^c^_\YÛ¶^_]QddUbX_g dXUVe\\S_^ce]`dY_^ÛUTc_VVQ]Y\YUcQ]_bUQSSebQdU]UQcebU_V
dX_eWXdVe\_bc_e^T¶gY\\T_ X_ecUX_\TY^S_]UQ^TbUWY_^Q\fQbYQdY_^Y^S_cd_V\YfY^W
7YfU^dXUTi^Q]YS^QdebU_V`_fUbdic_SYQ\cUbfYSU_bWQ^YjQdY_^c DXU`b_`_cQ\gQcRbY\\YQ^dc_RbY\\YQ^ddXQddXU>1C`QÛ\ºcbUS_]
Q^T`_\YSi]Q[UbcbUaeYbU]_bUS_^dUhd]_bUêQ^SUQ^TaeYdUcY] ]U^TQdY_^cgUbU\QbWU\iYW^_bUTV_bdXUÛhdTUSQTUQ^TQXQ\VGXi/
`\i]_bUTQdQDXUTQdQgUÛUTQ\bUQTiUhYcdDXU`b_R\U]YcdXQd 5S_^_]YcdBURUSSQ2\Q^[@bUcYTU^d2QbQS[?RQ]Qºce^TUbcUSbUdQbi_V
TQdQQbUcSQddUbUTQSb_ccT_jU^c_VW_fUb^]U^dQ^T^_^`b_Âd_bWQ S_]]UbSUV_bUS_^_]YSQçQYbcQddXUEC4U`Qbd]U^d_V3_]]UbSU
^YjQdY_^cQ^TbUaeYbUUhÙbdcd_QSSUccQ^TY^dUb`bUdGUQbU\YfY^WY^ WQfUQ`bQW]QdYSQ^cgUbgXU^cXUgb_dUY^dXU<_c1^WU\UcDY]Uc*
dXUY^V_b]QdY_^QWU¶YdºcdY]UdXQddXUc_SYQ\\i]Y^TUTS_]]e^Ydi ·E^V_bde^QdU\i^_`bUcYTU^d4U]_SbQd_bBUèR\YSQ^XQcgQ^dUTd_
Qc[UTV_b]_bU_VYd9dYcdY]Ud_]_fURUi_^TdXU`_fUbdi\YÛ d_eSXdXYc`_\YdYSQ\X_d`_dQd_9VQÛg]UQcebUcX_gcXYWXUb`_fUbdi
dXU`bUcYTU^d\__[cRQTRedYVQÛg]UQcebUcX_gc\_gUb`_fUbdiXUº\\
RUQSSecUT_VTYc]YccY^WdXU`b_R\U]¸ #
;<=@E@E> K?< GFM<IKP C@E< GYdX_edbUfYcY_^dXU`_fUbdi\YÛXQcRUS_]UY^SbUQcY^W\iecU\Ucc
DXUSebbU^dVUTUbQ\`_fUbdi\YÛgQcSbUQdUTY^!)&$Ri=_\\YU?b QcQd__\d_dQbWUdQ^TUfQ\eQdUèR\YS`_\YSiUcÙSYQ\\iQddXUcdQdU
cXQ^c[iQÛS_^_]Ycdg_b[Y^WQddXUECC_SYQ\CUSebYdi1T]Y^Yc Q^T\_SQ\\UfU\6UTUbQ\cdQdUQ^T\_SQ\W_fUb^]U^dcXQfU\QbWU\i
dbQdY_^!DQc[UTgYdXcUddY^WQdXbUcX_\TV_bgXQdYd]UQ^dd_RU`__b cd_`ÙTecY^WdXU`_fUbdi\YÛd_TUdUb]YÛU\YWYRY\YdiV_bc_SYQ\
cXUcdQbdUTRiQ^Q\ijY^WdXUS_cd_V_Û_V\YVUºcRQcYSÛSUccYdYUc*V__T `b_WbQ]c@b_WbQ]U\YWYRY\YdiYc^_gVbUaeU^d\icUdQd!"%ÙbSU^d
?bcXQ^c[iºcÂbcdcdU`gQcd_TUdUb]YÛdXUS_cd_VVUUTY^WQVQ] !% ÙbSU^d_bUfU^" ÙbSU^d_VdXUVUTUbQ\`_fUbdi\YÛ
Y\i_^dXU·US_^_]iV__T`\Q^¸dXUSXUQÙcd_VdXUV_ebV__T`\Q^c GYdXdXUVUTUbQ\W_fUb^]U^de^gY\\Y^Wd_bUfYcUdXUgQiYd]UQcebUc
TUU]UTêdbYdY_^Q\\iQTUaeQdURidXUEC4U`Qbd]U^d_V1WbYSe\debU `_fUbdidXUcdQWUgQccUdV_b2\__]RUbWd_bUTbQgdXU\YÛ\QbWU\i_^
EC41CXUdXUÛcdY]QdUTdXQddXUQfUbQWUVQ]Y\icÙ^d_ÛdXYbT dXURQcYc_VdXU>1C`QÛ\ºcbUS_]]U^TQdY_^c9^Q^^_e^SY^WdXUÛg
_VYdcReTWUd_^V__TDXU`_fUbdidXbUcX_\TdXU^S_e\TRUcUdRi `_fUbdi]UQcebU2\__]RUbWcQYT*·9VgUQbUcUbY_ecQR_edÂWXdY^W
]e\dY`\iY^WdXUS_cd_VdXU]_cdRQcYSV__T`\Q^RidXbUU `_fUbdigUQ\c_XQfUd_cdQbdWUddY^WcUbY_ecQR_edQSSebQdU\i]UQ
2USQecU_VdXUdY]Y^W_V?bcXQ^c[iºcSQ\Se\QdY_^c¶@bUcYTU^d cebY^W`_fUbdiCY^SUdXU]YTº& cdXUUS_^_]iXQcfQcd\iSXQ^WUT
<i^T_^:_X^c_^\Qe^SXUTXYcGQb_^@_fUbdiY^ C_XQcc_SYUdiQ^Tc_XQfUW_fUb^]U^dRUÛÂdcRed
!)&%¶dXUVUTUbQ\W_fUb^]U^daeYS[\iQT_`dUT dXU`_fUbdiV_b]e\QXQc^ºdQTZecdUTY^bUc`_^cUGU
XUbdXbUcX_\TQcdXURQcYcV_b`_\YSi1^Tc_YdgQc SQ^ºdTUfYcUUçUSdYfUcdbQdUWYUcV_bdQS[\Y^W`_fUbdi
T_Û*DXU`_fUbdi\YÛgQcR_b^5hSU`dV_bQ^êQ\
QTZecd]U^dcV_bY^ÃQdY_^dXU`_fUbdi\YÛXQc^_d
1`SObW\U e^dY\gUe^TUbcdQ^TYdcVe\\TY]U^cY_^ç $
1^TgXQdXQcS_]U_V2\__]RUbWºcÛgcdQ^TQbT
RUU^d_eSXUTcY^SU 7\RWQSa
6_bTUSQTUcSbYdYScXQfUS_]`\QYÛTQR_eddXU
\Y]Ydc_V?bcXQ^c[iºc]UQcebU4_gUTUdUb]YÛQ
VQ]Y\iºcY^S_]URiecY^W`bU_b`_cddQhUQb^Y^Wc/ =fiXcc`kj]Xlckj#fe\Y\e\Ôkf]Xle`]fid]\[\iXcgfm\ikpcè\`jk_Xk`kXccfnj]fi
4_gUY^S\eTUV__TcdQ]`cQ^T_dXUbdbQ^cVUbc/ XeXggc\j$kf$Xggc\jZfdgXi`jfeXZifjjYfk_k`d\Xe[jgXZ\%I\j\XiZ_\ijZXe
GXQdQR_eddXUS_cd_V_dXUbÛSUccYdYUc\Y[UcXU\ hl`ZbcpZfdgXi\k_\gfm\ikpiXk\]fiE\nPfibè(00'Xe[)'''Xe[j\\`d$
dUbedY\YdYUcQ^TdbQ^c`_bdQdY_^/GXiXQfUQcY^W\U gifm\d\ek#aljkXjfe\ZXeZfdgXi\Zlii\ekgfm\ikpiXk\j]fi=i\jefXe[FiXe^\
`_fUbdi\YÛV_bdXUU^dYbUS_e^dbigXU^dXUS_cd Zflek`\jè:Xc`]fie`XXe[ZfeÔidk_Xkk_è^jXi\nfij\èk_\:\ekiXcMXcc\pk_Xe
_V\YfY^WfQbYUcgYTU\iQSb_ccdXU^QdY_^/ k_\pXi\fek_\ZfXjk%
1VdUbdXbUUTUSQTUc_VVbecdbQdY_^Q^TSbYUcV_b JlddXipd\Xjli\jXi\Xcjflj\]lc%DXbè^mXjkXdflekjf][XkXXmX`cXYc\fe
Y]`b_fU]U^dY^!))"3_^WbUccQc[UTdXU>QdY_^Q\ _`^_jZ_ffc[ifgflkiXk\j#d`[[c\jZ_ffck\jkjZfi\j#k_\XZ_`\m\d\ek^Xg#Xe[
1SQTU]i_VCSYU^SUc>1Cd__bWQ^YjUQWb_e`_V Zfddle`kpZfcc\^\\eifccd\ekdXpfm\in_\cdk_fj\n_fXi\j`dgcpkipè^kf
QSQTU]YScQ^T`_\YSidXY^[Ubc_^dXUYcceUDXU ZfdgXi\knfZ`k`\jfek_\jlddXipZfejkilZkf]È\[lZXk`fe%É
@QÛ\_^@_fUbdiQ^T6Q]Y\i1ccYcdQ^SUTUcYWÛTQ Fe\jfclk`fe`jkflj\è[`Z\j%@e[`Z\jgifm`[\Xm`kXcd`[[c\îfle[Y\kn\\e
RUddUbgQid_]UQcebU`_fUbdi"DXUWb_e`ºcTUdQY\UT Xkfd`q\[jkXk`jk`Zjk_Xk]X`ckf^`m\XZfdgi\_\ej`m\g`Zkli\Xe[YifX[d\Xjli\j#
bUS_]]U^TQdY_^cgUbUèR\YcXUTY^=UQcebY^W jlZ_Xjk_\gfm\ikpcè\#k_XkXi\jf\ogXej`m\k_\p]X`ckfgifm`[\dlZ_lj\]lc
@_fUbdi*1>Ug1``b_QSXQ^Tc_eWXdd_S_]Ù^cQdU è]fidXk`fe%
8eldY\if]cfZXcXe[eXk`feXcfi^Xe`qXk`fej_Xm\Zi\Xk\[k_\ìfneè[`$
Z\jf]n\cc$Y\è^Zfm\iè^X_fjkf]jlYjkXek`m\Xi\Xj%K_\8ee`\<%:Xj\p=fle$
B_eb[U < ?»2bYU^YcQ>QdY_^Q\CSYU^SU6_e^TQdY_^WbQTe
QdUbUcUQbSXVU\\_gQ^TT_Sd_bQ\cdeTU^dY^c_SY_\_WiQ^Tc_SYQ\ [Xk`fe#]fi\oXdgc\#glYc`j_\jXeXeelXcÈB`[j:flekÉiXebè^f]Z_`c[n\cc$Y\è^
`_\YSiQd@bY^SUd_Ê^YfUbcYdi8U`bUfY_ec\icUbfUTQcQ`_\YSi XZifjjjkXk\jk_Xk`jXjlddXipè[\of][fq\ejf]è[`ZXkfijZlcc\[]ifdeXk`feXc
Q^Q\icdQddXU>Ug1]UbYSQ6_e^TQdY_^gXUbUXUS_^dYêUcQc jfliZ\jjlZ_Xjk_\L%J%:\ejljXe[:\ek\ij]fi;`j\Xj\:fekifcXe[Gi\m\ek`fekf
Q^_^bUcYTU^dbUcUQbSXVU\\_gY^YdcQccUdReY\TY^W`b_WbQ]
jkXk\Xe[cfZXc^fm\ied\ekYli\Xlj%K_\Le`k\[EXk`fejlj\jè[`Z\jkfZfdgXi\
4QfYT C @UTe\\QYcQT_Sd_bQ\cdeTU^dY^c_SY_\_WiQ^Tc_
SYQ\`_\YSiQd@bY^SUd_Ê^YfUbcYdi8U`bUfY_ec\icUbfUTQcQ
Zfleki`\jfeXeldY\if]`dgfikXekd\Xjli\j2k_\Le`k\[EXk`fej?ldXeGfm$
VU\\_ggYdXdXU3_^WbUccY_^Q\8e^WUb3U^dUbQ^T?èSU_VdXU \ikp@e[\o#]fi\oXdgc\#`jXeè[\oZfdgi`jè^è[`ZXkfij]fi_\Xck_#\[lZXk`fe#Xe[
=Qi_bY^>UgI_b[3YdiQ^TQcQbUcUQbSXQcc_SYQdUQddXU2bU^ jkXe[Xi[jf]c`mè^%ÇI%C%F%;%J%G%
^Q^3U^dUbV_b:ecdYSUQd>UgI_b[E^YfUbcYdiCSX__\_V<Qg
#" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

gXYSXbUce\dUTY^TUcYW^QdY^WÛQb\iXQ\VQ]Y\\Y_^]_bU>UgI_b[Ubc \YfY^WY^`_fUbdi@b_`_Û^dc_VbU\QdYfU`_fUbdi]UQcebUcQbWeU
Qc`__b/>_d]eSXQSS_bTY^Wd_6bQ^SUc6_h@YfU^TYcdY^WeYcXUT dXQddXUiQbU]_bUecUVe\RUSQecUdXUiQSS_e^dV_bSXQ^WY^W\UfU\c
`b_VUcc_b_Vc_SY_\_WiQ^T`_\YdYSQ\cSYU^SUQddXU3YdiE^YfUbcYdi _VYÛaeQ\YdigYdXY^Qc_SYUdi1cdXU_fUbQ\\gUQ\dX_VQc_SYUdi
_V>UgI_b[7bQTeQdU3U^dUb·=Qi_b2\__]RUbW`b_`_cUTQ]_bU Y^SbUQcUcc_g_e\TdXU`_fUbdi\UfU\YV\_gUbY^S_]UX_ecUX_\Tc
bUQ\YcdYS]UQcebU_V`_fUbdidXQdd__[c_]UQSS_e^d_VXYWXUb\YfY^W T_^ºd[UUè`BU\QdYfU]UQcebUc_V`_fUbdicXYVddXUTUÂ^YdY_^_V
S_cdcY^>UgI_b[3Ydi¯2\__]RUbWgQcbYWXd*DXU_èSYQ\`_fUbdi `_fUbdiVb_]RUY^WQR_eddXU]QdUbYQ\bUc_ebSUcÛUTUTV_bcebfYfQ\
\YÛY^dXUE^YdUTCdQdUcYce^bUQ\¸@YfU^Ycae_dUTQccQiY^WY^Q d_RUY^WQR_edXQfY^W\UccdXQ^_dXUbcY^Qc_SYUdi
7_dXQ]7QjUddUQbdYS\U·9dT_Uc^_ddQ[UQSS_e^d_VdXUQSdeQ\S_cdc ?Û`b_R\U]gYdXdXUbU\QdYfUQ``b_QSXYcdXQdSXQ^WUcY^dXU
_VRQcYSceRcYcdU^SU¯9VgUdX_eWXdQÛg]UQcebUg_e\T]UQ^ bU\QdYfU`_fUbdibQdU]Qi^_dVe\\iSQ`debUdXUbUQ\SXQ^WUcY^dXU
]_bUWUÛb_ec`_\YSYUcgUgUbUgb_^W¸ % ]QdUbYQ\gU\\RUY^W_V·dXU`__b¸9bU\Q^T`b_fYTUcQ^Y\\ecdbQdYfU
C_]U^_^`b_Âd\UQTUbcXQfURUU^cY]Y\Qb\ic[U`dYSQ\·DXUÛg UhQ]`\UGXU^dXU3U\dYSDYWUbd__[_çUS_^_]YSQ\\iY^dXU\QdU
]UQcebUcRUY^WÃ_QdUTRi>UgI_b[V_bY^cdQ^SUTUÂ^YdU\i]Q[U !)) c`QbQT_hYSQ\\ic_TYTdXU`_fUbdibQdU1cdXU]UTYQ^Y^S_]U
]_bUcU^cUReddXUicdY\\VQY\d_S_]UÛQbd_bUQ\\ie^TUbcdQ^TY^W Y^SbUQcUT]QîVQ]Y\YUcgX_TYT^ºdUhÙbYU^SUQ\_ccY^Y^S_]UgUbU
ÛUTTUU`\iU^_eWXd_dXU^`b_fYTUfYQR\U`_\YSic_\edY_^cd_QTTbUcc ^_gV_e^Td_RUY^`_fUbdiQ\dX_eWXdXUYbQRc_\edUcdQdUbU]QYÛT
`_fUbdi¸cQicC_^TbQI_eTU\]QÛhUSedYfUTYbUSd_b_V3_]]e^Ydi e^SXQ^WUT(DXUSebbU^dUS_^_]YST_g^deb^]QiXQfUdXUbUfUbcU
F_YSUc8UQbTQ>UgI_b[3YdiRQcUTWbQccb__dc_bWQ^YjQdY_^ UçUSd¶Qc]UTYQ^Y^S_]UVQ\\cc_d__]QidXUê]RUb_VVQ]Y\YUcY^
`_fUbdiUfU^dX_eWXdXUicdY\\VQSU]QdUbYQ\XQbTcXY`DXUcdbU^WdX
_VdXUbU\QdYfU]UQcebU_V`_fUbdi¶YdcS_^cYTUbQdY_^_VdXU_fUbQ\\
N8PJ F= D<8JLI@E> GFM<IKP Y^S_]UTYcdbYRedY_^¶YcQ\c__Û_VYdc]_cdY]`_bdQ^dgUQ[ÛccUc
5fU^YVdXUÛg`_fUbdi\YÛRUY^WecUTRi>UgI_b[3YdiYcY^QT 9V`_\YSi]Q[UbcQbU`bY]QbY\iY^dUbUcdUTY^bUTeSY^WdXU]QdUbYQ\
UaeQdUdXUbU]ecdRUQ\YÛdXQdg_e\TQTUaeQdU\i]UQcebU`_fUbdi XQbTcXY`cQcc_SYQdUTgYdX`_fUbdibU\QdYfU`_fUbdi]UQcebUc]Qi
?bYcdXUbU/C_]UcSX_\QbcQTf_SQdUcQ^T`_\YSi]Q[UbcQbWeUdXQd ^_dSQ`debUdXUY^V_b]QdY_^dXU`_\YSi]Q[UbcQbUcUU[Y^W
dXU]QY^`b_R\U]gYdXdXU1]UbYSQ^cicdU]_V]UQcebY^W`_fUbdi 9^QTTYdY_^d_dXUQRc_\edUQ^TbU\QdYfU]UQcebUc_V`_fUbdi
YcdXQdQ\YÛYcQ^QRc_\edU]UQcebU& c_]UceWWUcdecY^WQceRZUSdYfUQ``b_QSXd_dXU`_fUbdi]UQcebU
1Rc_\edU]UQcebUcXQfUS\UQbcX_bdS_]Y^Wc9dYcTYèSe\dd_UcdQR DXUQRc_\edUQ^TbU\QdYfU`_fUbdi]UQcebUcTUÙ^T_^QÛhdUb^Q\
\YcXQ^_RZUSdYfU]Y^Y]e]\UfU\_VW__TcÛSUccQbiV_bQ^Y^TYfYTeQ\ QWU^SiTUdUb]Y^Y^WdXUdXbUcX_\TV_bRUY^W`__bDXURUcdZeTWU_V
_bQVQ]Y\iDXYcYcUcÙSYQ\\iTYèSe\dY^QS_e^dbiQcXUdUb_WUÛ_ecQc gXUdXUbc_]U_ÛYc`__b_b^_dX_gUfUb]QiRUdXU`__bÙbc_^
dXUE^YdUTCdQdUcgXUbUdXUbUQbU\QbWUbUWY_^Q\fQbYQdY_^cY^dXUS_cd XY]cU\VCeRZUSdYfU`_fUbdi]UQcebUcbU\i_^QÙbc_^ºc_g^bU`_bd
_VW__TcQ^TcUbfYSUc1^TdXUTUÂ^YdY_^_VgXQdYcÛSUccQbiSXQ^WUc Y^W_VgXUdXUb_b^_dXUXQcQ^Y^S_]UdXQdYcQTUaeQdUd_]UUdXYc
cYW^YÂSQ^d\i_fUbdY]U6__TS_cdcXQfUTUS\YÛTY^dXUE^YdUTCdQdUc ÛUTc)1\dX_eWXQecUVe\WQeWU_VQWWbUWQdUÙbSUYfUTgU\\RUY^W
ReddXUS_cdc_V_dXUbW__TcQ^TcUbfYSUcceSXQcXUQ\dXSQbUXQfU ceRZUSdYfU]UQcebUc_V`_fUbdiQbU_VdU^Y]`bQSdYSQ\gXU^YdS_]Uc
Y^SbUQcUTDXecQ]UQcebURQcUT_^dXUS_cd_VV__TgY\\WbQTeQ\\i d_`b_fYTY^WW_fUb^]U^dce``_bdV_bdXU`__b9VQÙbc_^YcQR\Ud_
e^TUbUcdY]QdUdXUQSdeQ\]Y^Y]e]S_cd_V\YfY^W_fUbdY]U1^TgXQd TUdUb]YÛV_bXY]cU\VgXUdXUbXUYc`__bQ^TTUcUbfUcW_fUb^]U^d
_dXUbW__TcQ^TcUbfYSUccX_e\TRUVQSd_bUTY^/6_bUhQ]`\UY^c_]U XU\`dXUbUYcQ^_RfY_ecY^SU^dYfUV_b]YcbU`_bdY^W
SYdYUc\Y[U<_c1^WU\UcYdYcUccU^dYQ\d_XQfUQSQbgXUbUQcY^_dXUb
SYdYUc\Y[U>UgI_b[]_cdÙ_`\UecUèR\YSdbQ^c`_bdQdY_^
=UQcebY^W`_fUbdiY^Q^QRc_\edUgQiQ\c_`_cUcSXQ\\U^WUcRUSQecU N?8K 8 GFM<IKP C@E< :8EËK K<CC PFL
dXUèbSXQcY^W`_gUb_VQT_\\QbSXQ^WUc^_d_^\i_fUbdY]URedQ\c_ >_`_fUbdi\YÛbUWQbT\Ucc_VX_ggU\\S_^SUYfUT_bX_ggU\\Y^
QSb_ccc`QSU?Û_VdXU`bY]Qbi]UQcebUc_V`_fUbdiecUTY^dXUTUfU\ dU^dY_ÛTSQ^`b_fYTUdXUY^V_b]QdY_^dXQd^_^`b_Âd\UQTUbcQ^T
_`Y^Wg_b\TYcQ\c_Q^QRc_\edU]UQcebU*dXUT_\\QbÙbTQicdQ^TQbT `_\YSi]Q[UbcÛUTd_RUddUbcUbfUdXUYbS_]]e^Ydi1\YÛSQ^^_d
gXYSXYc_VdU^SYdUTRiceSX_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQcdXUG_b\T2Q^[EcY^W `b_fYTUY^V_b]QdY_^QR_eddXUTU`dX_bY^dU^cYdi_VTU`bYfQdY_^
dXYc]UQcebUdXU`_fUbdibQdUY^TUfU\_`Y^WS_e^dbYUcYcTUdUb]YÛT 9dSQ^^_ddU\\ecQR_eddXUTebQdY_^_V`_fUbdi9dT_Uc^_d`b_fYTU
RidXUÙbSU^dQWU_VÙ_`\U\YfY^W_^\UccdXQ^_ÛT_\\QbQTQi_bY^ TYbUSdY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edQSdeQ\TU`bYfQdY_^ceSXQcX_]U\UccÛcc
c\YWXd\i]_bUQTfQ^SUTTUfU\_`Y^WS_e^dbYUcdg_T_\\QbcQTQi1\dX_eWX _bXe^WUb9^QTTYdY_^Q`_fUbdi\YÛT_Uc^_d`b_fYTUQîY^V_b
Q`ÙQ\Y^WY^YdccY]`\YSYdidXUT_\\QbÙbTQi]UQcebUXQcS_]Ue^TUb ]QdY_^QR_eddXUS_bbU\QdUc_bSQecUc_V`_fUbdi6Y^Q\\iQcY]`\U
cYW^YÂSQ^dSbYdYSYc]RUSQecUQ]_^W_dXUbdXY^WcYdT_Uc^_dQSS_e^d \YÛ\Y]Ydc_ebe^TUbcdQ^TY^W_V`_fUbdid_dXUUS_^_]YSbUQ\]c
V_bdXUVQSddXQd_ÛT_\\Qb]UQ^cTYçUbU^ddXY^WcY^TYçUbU^d`\QSUc' YW^_bY^WdXUc_SYQ\Q^T`_\YdYSQ\TY]U^cY_^c_VUhS\ecY_^Q^T]Qb
>_d_^\iT_UcdXUS_cd_VRQcYSÛSUccYdYUcfQbiTbQ]QdYSQ\\iVb_]_Û WY^Q\YjQdY_^CUU·3bUQdY^W9^TYSUç_^`#"V_bQTYcSeccY_^QR_ed
S_e^dbid_Q^_dXUbReddXUdiÙc_VcUbfYSUcdXQdW_fUb^]U^dc`b_fYTU gQicd_Y^dUWbQdUQ\\_VdXYcY^V_b]QdY_^Y^d_ecQR\UTQdQ
ceSXQcXUQ\dXSQbUQ^TUTeSQdY_^SQ^Q\c_RUaeYdUTYçUbU^d 1`_fUbdi\YÛT_Uc^_d`b_fYTUY^V_b]QdY_^QR_eddXUTU`dX_b
1\dUb^QdYfUgQic_VTUfU\_`Y^WQ`_fUbdi\YÛT_UhYcd3XYUVQ]_^W Y^dU^cYdi_V`_fUbdiDX_cUÙ_`\U\QRU\UTQc`__bS_e\TQ\\RUS_^
dXUcUYcQbU\QdYfU]UQcebU_V`_fUbdidXQdYcRQcUT_^QÙbSU^dQWU_V SU^dbQdUTZecdRU\_gdXU`_fUbdi\YÛ_bdXUiS_e\TRUS_^SU^dbQdUT
QS_e^dbi_bbUWY_^ºcÙbc_^Q\Y^S_]U_bS_^ce]`dY_^6_bUhQ]`\U ÛQbjUb_Y^S_]U9V]_cd`__bÙ_`\UQbUS_^SU^dbQdUTZecdRU\_gdXU
dXU5eb_ÙQÊ^Y_^TUÂÛcY^TYfYTeQ\c\YfY^WY^X_ecUX_\TcgX_cU `_fUbdi\YÛdXUiQbU\Y[U\ig_b[Y^WQ^T`__bD_XU\`dX_cUÙ_`\U
Y^S_]UYc\UccdXQ^& ÙbSU^d_VQ^QdY_^ºc]UTYQ^Y^S_]Ud_RU _Ûg_e\TS_^SU^dbQdU_^g_b[ce``_bd`b_WbQ]cceSXQcdXU5QbÛT
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW ##

9^S_]UDQh3bUTYd1TYçUbU^dcUd_V`_\YSYUcQ^T`b_WbQ]cg_e\T `_è\QdY_^dXQ^>UgI_b[3Ydi¶$($ÙbSU^dS_]`QbUTgYdX
RUèbceUTYV]_cd_VdXUÙ_`\UXQT\Ydd\U_b^_Y^S_]U "'%ÙbSU^d9^QTTYdY_^dXUÙbSU^dQWU_VÙ_`\UgX_cÙQ[_^\i
1`_fUbdi\YÛT_Uc^_d`b_fYTUY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edX_g\_^WÙ_`\U 5^W\YcXQdX_]UYc%""ÙbSU^dY^>UgI_b[3YdiS_]`QbUTgYdX
XQfURUU^`__b5`Yc_TYS`_fUbdiYc_VdU^`bUSY`YdQdUTRidXU\_cc_VQ Zecd$ "ÙbSU^dY^<_c1^WU\Uc
Z_RQceTTU^Y\\Ûcc_bQ^_dXUbeÛhÙSdUTSbYcYc3Xb_^YS`_fUbdi DXU\QbWUTYçUbU^SUY^V__TcdQ]``QbdYSY`QdY_^bQdUcRUdgUU^
]QiRUdXUbUce\d_V`XicYSQ\_b]U^dQ\TYcQRY\YdYUcWUÛbQdY_^c_V dXUdg_SYdYUcYcQ\c_W\QbY^W5fU^dX_eWXdXU_èSYQ\`_fUbdibQdUc
Se]e\QdYfUTU`bYfQdY_^`__bUTeSQdY_^_b\QS[_VZ_Rc5`Yc_TYS QbUdXUcQ]U!#)ÙbSU^d_V>UgI_b[UbcbUSUYfUV__TcdQ]`c
`_fUbdi]YWXdbUaeYbUcX_bddUb]QccYcdQ^SUgXUbUQcSXb_^YS`_fUbdi S_]`QbUTgYdX_^\i%$ÙbSU^d_VÙ_`\U\YfY^WY^<_c1^WU\UcDXU
S_e\TbUaeYbUZ_RdbQY^Y^WQ^T]_bUX_\YcdYSce``_bdc TYçUbU^d`QbdYSY`QdY_^bQdUcY^dXYc`b_WbQ]Y^TYSQdUdXQdQ`b_WbQ]
1\dX_eWXY^S_]UYcXYWX\iS_bbU\QdUTgYdXQÙbc_^ºc]QdUbYQ\ dXQdg_b[cgU\\Y^>UgI_b[3Ydi]YWXd^_dXQfUdXUcQ]UY]`QSd
SYbSe]cdQ^SUcYd`b_fYTUcY^S_]`\UdUY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edQSdeQ\ Y^<_c1^WU\UcRUSQecU_VdXUYbTYcdY^SdTU]_WbQ`XYSc
TU`bYfQdY_^9cdXUÙbc_ê^QR\Ud_Qç_bTbU^dQ^TdXec\YfY^W_^dXU 9dYc^_ceb`bYcUdXQd_^\i!!"ÙbSU^d_V<_c1^WU\UcbUcYTU^dcecU
cdbUUd/9cdXUVQ]Y\ie^QR\Ud_èbSXQcUU^_eWXV__Tc_dXUQTe\dcY^ èR\YSdbQ^c`_bdQdY_^d_WUdd_g_b[S_]`QbUTgYdX%$&ÙbSU^d_V>Ug
dXUX_ecUX_\TQbUW_Y^WXe^Wbi/1bUdXUi]Q[Y^WU^Tc]UUdRi^_d I_b[UbcgX_ecUèR\YSdbQ^c`_bdQdY_^d_S_]]edU>UgI_b[3Ydiºc
èbSXQcY^WRQT\iÛUTUT]UTYSQdY_^c/9ÛQSX_VdXUcUY^cdQ^SUc èR\YSdbQ^cYdcicdU]YceRYaeYd_ecQ^T`b_fYTUc\_gS_cdQSSUccd_Z_Rc
TYçUbU^d`b_WbQ]cg_e\TRUÛUTUTd_Q\\UfYQdUdXU`b_R\U] dXb_eWX_eddXUSYdi?ÛS_e\TY^VUbVb_]dXUcUTQdQdXQdQ^Y^fUcd]U^d
9^QTTYdY_^dXU`_fUbdi\YÛT_Uc^_d`b_fYTUY]`_bdQ^dY^V_b]Q d_Y]`b_fU<_c1^WU\UcºèR\YSdbQ^cYd]YWXdXU\`]_fUÙ_`\U_ed
dY_^QR_edQÙbc_^ºcXUQ\dXc_]UdXY^WdXQdYcY^dY]QdU\iS_^ÛSdUT _V`_fUbdiRi]Q[Y^WYd
d_`_fUbdi@U_`\UgX_QbU`__bQbU]_bU\Y[U\id_XQfUXUQ\dX`b_R UQcYUbV_bdXU]d_WUdQ^T
\U]cQ^T\Ucc\Y[U\id_bUSUYfUQTUaeQdUSQbUV_bdX_cU`b_R\U]c1d X_\TZ_RcgXUbUQcQcY]Y
dXUcQ]UdY]UÙ_`\UgX_XQfUXUQ\dX`b_R\U]cQbU]_bU\Y[U\id_ <SeG]`Y1Wbg \QbY^dUbfU^dY_^Y^>Ug
RU`__bRUSQecU_VdXUYbY^QRY\Ydid_`QbdYSY`QdUVe\\iY^dXU\QR_b
]Qb[Ud@_fUbdi\YÛcQbUe^QR\Ud_QSS_e^dV_bdXYcY]`_bdQ^dS_b
dSàca I_b[3Ydig_e\T`b_RQR\i
XQfU\Y]YdUTY]`QSd
bU\QdU_V`_fUbdigXYSXYc`b_R\U]QdYSRUSQecUXUQ\dXY^dUbfU^dY_^c :]a/\USZSa
SQ^`\QiQ^Y]`_bdQ^db_\UY^bUTeSY^W`_fUbdi
E<NPFIB CFJ8E><C<J
<Qcd[^_gY^WdXQdQVQ]Y\iYcRU\_gdXU`_fUbdi\YÛT_Uc^_d
dU\\ecdXUUhdU^dd_gXYSXdXUiQbU_dXUbgYcUY^dUWbQdUTY^d_c_SY Fm\iXcc]\[\iXcgfm\ikpiXk\ '.$, '.$/
UdiDXUbUYcc_]UdXY^WaeQ\YdQdYfU\iTYçUbU^dQR_edQVQ]Y\igYdX
<:FEFD@:@E;@:8KFIJ
Q^Q^êQ\Y^S_]U_V!% gXUbUdXUVQdXUbQ^T]_dXUbXQfUQ
G\iZ\ekle\dgcfp\[ -$* ,$.
XYWXcSX__\UTeSQdY_^f_dUXQfUXUQ\dXSQbUQ^T\YfUY^QS\UQ^
Q^T]_TUcdX_]UY^QcQVUÛYWXR_bX__TQ^TQ^_dXUbVQ]Y\iQd G\iZ\ekljè^glYc`ZkiXejgfikXk`fe
kfZfddlk\kfnfib +*$, ''$(
dXUcQ]UY^S_]U\UfU\dXQdT_Uc^_dXQfUQî_VdXUcUdXY^WcDXU
G\iZ\eki\Z\`mè^]ff[jkXdgjè
V_b]UbYcQg_b[Y^WVQ]Y\idXQdYc]Q[Y^WU^Tc]UUd+dXU\QddUbYc gXjk()dfek_j ')$/ +$*
dXU]Q[Y^Wc_VQê^TUbS\QccC_SYQ\UhS\ecY_^¶QdUb]S_]]_^\i
G\iZXg`kXèZfd\ )&"*'+ (-"+()
ecUTY^5eb_ÙdXQdXQcVQY\UTd_SQdSX_^Y^dXUE^YdUTCdQdUc¶Yc
G\iZ\ekf]g\fgc\-,Xe[fc[\i
dXUTUWbUUd_gXYSXQ^Y^TYfYTeQ\_bWb_e`YcTUdQSXUTVb_]dXU Y\cfngfm\ikpcè\ '.$+ '($/
\QbWUbc_SYUdi! DXUcUS_fQbYQdUc_V`_fUbdiXU\`d_b_e^T_eddXU
I8:<<K?E@:@KP!
`YSdebU_VUhS\ecY_^Q^TWYfU`_\YSi]Q[UbcRUddUbY^V_b]QdY_^gYdX
G\iZ\ekN_`k\ **$, */$+
gXYSXd_TUcYW^c_\edY_^c
G\iZ\ek9cXZb (+$' /$/
G\iZ\ek?`jgXe`Z (-$+ *.$*
K?< GFM<IKP C@E< @E GI8:K@:< ?FLJ@E>:?8I8:K<I@JK@:J
=_cdÙ_`\Ug_e\TQWbUUdXQd>UgI_b[3YdiQ^T<_c1^WU\UcQbU G\iZ\ekf]fne\i$fZZlg`\[_fljè^ )*$& )/$*
fUbiTYçUbU^dSYdYUcgYdXTYcdY^Sdc_SYQ\`b_R\U]ciUddXUdg_SYdYUc
G\iZ\ekf]i\ek\i$fZZlg`\[_fljè^ ,,$& ,&$,
XQfUfYbdeQ\\iYTU^dYSQ\VUTUbQ\`_fUbdibQdUc¶!(&ÙbSU^dQ^T!()
G\iZ\ekf]_fljè^n`k_Xdfik^X^\ ,)$, --$+
ÙbSU^dbUcÙSdYfU\iDXUTYçUbU^dc_SYQ\Q^TUS_^_]YSSXQbQSdUbYc
dYSc_VdXUcUdg_SYdYUcX_gUfUbY^TYSQdUdXQddXUSQecUc_V`_fUbdi G\iZ\ekf]i\ek\ijgXpè^*,fi
*'$+ *.$(
dfi\f]èZfd\]fii\ek
QbU\Y[U\id_RUaeYdUTYçUbU^dCUU·>UgI_b[3YdifUbcec<_c1^
JF:@8C:?8I8:K<I@JK@:J
WU\UçQdbYWXdV_bQdQR\UTUdQY\Y^WY]`_bdQ^dTYçUbU^SUcRUdgUU^
dXUdg_SYdYUc9dYcQ\c_\Y[U\idXQddXUc_\edY_^cbUaeYbUTd_Q\\UfYQdU G\iZ\ekf]g\fgc\),Xe[fc[\in`k_
('$) (-$&
c\jjk_XeX_`^_jZ_ffc[`gcfdX
_bbUTeSU`_fUbdiYÛQSXSYdiÛUTd_RUUaeQ\\iTYcdY^Sd
?Û_VdXU]_cdcdbY[Y^WTYçUbU^SUcRUdgUU^dXU^QdY_^ºcdg_ G\iZ\ekf]g\fgc\,Xe[fc[\in_f
+($( *&$(
jg\Xbfecp<e^c`j_Xk_fd\
\QbWUcdSYdYUcYcdXUYbbQSYQ\Q^TUdX^YSS_]`_cYdY_^GXUbUQc"%!
Efk\18cc[XkX]ifd)''-$'/8d\i`ZXe:fddle`kpJlim\pK_i\\$P\Xi<jk`dXk\j%
ÙbSU^d_V>UgI_b[UbcQbUR\QS[_^\i))ÙbSU^d_V1^WU\U^_cQbU !G\iZ\ekX^\j[fefk\hlXc(''Y\ZXlj\YcXZbXe[n_`k\Xi\iXZ\j#Xe[?`jgXe`Z`jXe
\k_e`Z`kp#Xe[jfXi\efkdlklXccp\oZclj`m\ZXk\^fi`\j%
R\QS[<_c1^WU\Uc_^dXU_dXUbXQ^TXQcQ]eSX\QbWUb8Yc`Q^YS
#$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

cX_e\TS_\\QR_bQdUgYdX^_^`b_ÂdV_e^TQdY_^Q^Tc_SYQ\cUbfYSUc
KFN8I; 8 JFCLK@FE \UQTUbcd_U^cebUdXQdTQdQS_\\USdY_^YcS_]`bUXU^cYfU
D_QTTbUccdXUcX_bdS_]Y^Wc_VdXU`_fUbdi\YÛdXU?RQ]QQT]Y^ 6Y^Q\\iTQdQ_^`_fUbdiQ^TYdcS_fQbYQdUcÛUTd_RUQSSUccYR\U
YcdbQdY_^Q^^_e^SUTY^=QbSXdXQdYdgY\\RUWY^èR\YcXY^WQ·ce``\U d_^_ÛhÙbdc6UTUbQ\QWU^SYUcc_bdTQdQd_ceYddXUYbÛUTcQ^T
]U^dQ\`_fUbdi]UQcebU¸C@=dXQdYccY]Y\Qbd_dXU_ÛecUTRi QTTbUccdXUYb`_\YSibUcUQbSXaeUcdY_^cDXUEC41V_bUhQ]`\U
2\__]RUbWQ^TYcRQcUT\QbWU\i_^dXUbUS_]]U^TQdY_^c_VdXU>1C èR\YcXUc^QdY_^Q\bQdUc_VV__TY^cUSebYdiRiQX_cd_VSXQbQSdUb
`QÛ\DXUC@=gY\\RUSQ\Se\QdUTRiTUdUb]Y^Y^WdXUS_^ce]`dY_^ YcdYScY^S\eTY^WY^S_]UbQSUQ^TX_ecUX_\TdiÙ9dQ\c_èR\YcXUc
cÙ^TY^W_VQ^QfUbQWUX_ecUX_\TQddXU##bTÙbSU^dY\U_VY^S_]U¶ bQdUc_VV__TY^cUSebYdiRicdQdUGXQdYVQ^_^`b_ÂdYcY^dUbUcdUTY^
gU\\QR_fUUhdbU]UTU`bYfQdY_^RedRU\_gdXU^QdY_^Q\]UTYQ^1VdUb V__TY^cUSebYdiRibQSUY^1\QRQ]Q/DXUTQdQUhYcd+dXUiQbUcYddY^W
TUdUb]Y^Y^WgXQddXYcX_ecUX_\TcÙ^Tc_^RQcYSS_^ce]`dY_^¶ceSX Y^Q]YSb_TQdQÂ\UdXQdYcce``_cUT\iQSSUccYR\Ud_dXUèR\YSEcY^W
QcV__TX_ecY^WQ^T]UTYSQ\SQbU¶dXUEC4U`Qbd]U^d_V3_] dXUcUTQdQX_gUfUbbUaeYbUcUhÙ^cYfUc_VdgQbUQ^Tc_`XYcdYSQdUT
]UbSUgY\\TUdUb]YÛgXQdQVQ]Y\iÛUTcd_ceRcYcdQdQRQcYS\UfU\ dUSX^YSQ\[^_g\UTWUQ^T`b_WbQ]]Y^Wc[Y\\cd_]Q^Yè\QdU
DXYcÛg\YÛgY\\RUQTZecdUTbUWY_^Q\\iRiX_ecY^WS_cd 1c4QfYT4_TWUgX_g_b[cV_bBYWXdd_dXU3YdiY^>UgI_b[
DXU?RQ]QQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^TUcUbfUc`bQYcUV_bdbiY^Wd_SbQVdQ `_Y^dc_ed*·GXU^gUÛUTbUQ\\i\_SQ\TQdQgUXQfUd_bU\i_^dXU
RUddUb]UQcebU_V`_fUbdi2eddXU`\Q^XQcdg_Ve^TQ]U^dQ\ÃQgc 6eb]Q^3U^dUbQd>UgI_b[E^YfUbcYdigXYSXT_UcQ\_d_Vg_b[d_
6YbcddXUC@=XQc^_dUUdX1SS_bTY^Wd_2\Q^[gX_Yc\UQTY^WdXU S_\\USd\_SQ\Y^V_b]QdY_^DXUièd_edbU`_bdcdXQdXQfUcÙSYÂS
QT]Y^YcdbQdY_^ºcUç_bdcdXUce``\U]U^dQ\]UQcebUgY\\^_dbU`\QSUdXU Y^V_b]QdY_^QR_eddXUÛYWXR_bX__TcY^>UgI_b[2edYdcX_e\T^ºd
UhYcdY^W\YÛgXU^YdS_]Ucd_TUdUb]Y^Y^WgX_YcU\YWYR\UV_b`_fUbdi RUQ^_^`b_ÂdºcbUc`_^cYRY\Ydid_S_\\USdQ^TQ^Q\ijUdXQdY^V_b]QdY_^
`b_WbQ]c_bX_g`_fUbdiVe^TY^WYcQ\\_SQdUT9^cdUQTdXU\YÛgY\\RU 9dcX_e\TRUdXUW_fUb^]U^dºcb_\U¸7_fUb^]U^dcdQdYcdYSYQ^ccX_e\T
Q^QTTYdY_^Q\]QSb_US_^_]YSY^TYSQd_bdXQdgY\\`b_fYTUQTYçUbU^dgQi ]Q[UdXUbU\UfQ^dTQdQQfQY\QR\UdXb_eWXQÛQcid_ecU`_Y^dQ^T
d_QccUccdXUgU\\RUY^W_V\_gY^S_]UX_ecUX_\TcY^1]UbYSQ!! S\YS[Y^dUbVQSUdXQdQ\\_gcdXUecUbd_TUcYW^Q^TWUÛbQdUXYc_g^
DXUcUS_^T`b_R\U]YcdXQddXUbUWY_^Q\fQbYQdY_^Y^dXU`_fUbdi dQR\UcSecd_]YjUTd_dXU\_gUcd\UfU\_VWU_WbQ`Xi`_ccYR\U
\YÛYcRQcUTc_\U\i_^dXUTYçUbU^SUY^dXUS_cd_VX_ecY^WgYdX_ed 3_^WbUccYcUhÙSdUTd_X_\TXUQbY^Wc_^dXU`_fUbdi\YÛdXYcVQ\\
S_^cYTUbQdY_^V_bTYçUbU^SUcY^_dXUbY]`_bdQ^dS_cdc2\Q^[cQic ?ebbUS_]]U^TQdY_^d_3_^WbUccQ^TdXU?RQ]QQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^Yc
dXQddXUbUQc_^YcdXQddXU_^\iW__TTQdQSbUQdUTQ^êQ\\iQddXUSYdi cY]`\U*=Q[UYdS_e^dEcUdXUbUd__\Y^W_VdXU`_fUbdi\YÛQcQ^_``_b
\UfU\QbUdXUX_ecY^WS_cdUcdY]QdUcTUbYfUTVb_]dXUEC3U^cec de^Ydid_SXQ^WUdXUgQiTQdQQbUS_\\USdUT_^\_gY^S_]UX_ecUX_\Tc
2ebUQeºc1]UbYSQ^3_]]e^YdiCebfUi2edgXi^_decUdXYcQcQ^ Q^Td_Y]`b_fUdXUgQidXQd`_\YSiQ^T`b_WbQ]cecUdXU`_fUbdi\YÛ
_``_bde^Ydid_Y]`b_fUQ^TUh`Q^TTQdQS_\\USdY_^/DXUbUYc^_ Y^TUdUb]Y^Y^WU\YWYRY\YdiQ^TQ\\_SQdY^WVe^TY^WDXURQ\\YcY^]_dY_^
bUQc_^dXU1]UbYSQ^3_]]e^YdiCebfUiSQ^^_dRUUh`Q^TUTd_ >_gYdºcdY]Ud_]Q[UcebUdXQd_ebUç_bdc]Q[US_^SbUdUY]`b_fU
Y^S\eTUQS_^ce]UbUhÙ^TYdebU]_Te\UDXYcg_e\TÙb]YddXU ]U^dcY^dXU\YfUc_VdX_cUcdbeWW\Y^Wd_]Q[UU^Tc]UUd
SQ\Se\QdY_^_VQe^YaeU`_fUbdi\YÛV_bUfUbi]Udb_`_\YdQ^QbUQdXQd =UQcebY^W`_fUbdiQSSebQdU\iYcQ]ecdRedQ\_ÛYdYc^_dU^_eWX
YcRQcUTTYbUSd\i_^dXUcÙ^TY^WÛUTc`QddUb^cQ^TSQ`QRY\YdYUc GUÛUTd_Uh`Q^T_ebe^TUbcdQ^TY^W_V`_fUbdiGU]ecd]_fU
_VbUQ\X_ecUX_\TcY^dXQdS_]]e^Ydi RUi_^TdXU\YÛ ■
>_gYcdXUdY]Ud_TUfU\_`RUddUbTQdQ_^`_fUbdiºcSQecUcQ^T
S_^cUaeU^SUcDXU`b_TeSdY_^_VceSXTQdQcX_e\TQTXUbUd_dXbUU >_dU c
`bY^SY`\Uc*9dcX_e\TRU\_SQ\S_]`bUXU^cYfUQ^TQSSUccYR\U>QdY_^Q\ ! ·DXU=UQcebU_V@_fUbdi*1BU`_bdd_3_^WbUccQc=Q^TQdUTRidXU5TeSQdY_^
1]U^T]U^dc_V!)'$¸EC4U`Qbd]U^d_V8UQ\dX5TeSQdY_^Q^TGU\VQbU!)'&
\UfU\cdQdYcdYSc_ÛfUbidXY^WVb_]`_fUbdid_UTeSQdY_^Q\QddQY^
" 3_^cdQ^SU63Ydb_Q^TB_RUbdD=YSXQU\UTc =UQcebY^W@_fUbdi*1>Ug1``b_QSX
]U^dQbUbUQTY\iQfQY\QR\U_^Q^Q^êQ\RQcYcVb_]dXU1]UbYSQ^ DXU>QdY_^Q\1SQTU]i_VCSYU^SUc!))%
3_]]e^YdiCebfUiCdQdU\UfU\cdQdYcdYScQbUQ\c_QfQY\QR\UV_b]_cd # BURUSSQ=2\Q^[·8_gGU=UQcebU@_fUbdi¸ <_c1^WU\UcDY]UcCU`dU]RUb!%
]UQcebUcRed_VdU^^_dQcVbUaeU^d_bTUdQY\UTQc^QdY_^Q\c^Q`cX_dc " (
<_SQ\\UfU\cdQdYcdYScX_gUfUbQbUc_bU\i\QS[Y^W7_fUb^]U^dceb $ =Qi_bºc?èSU@bUccBU\UQcU·>UgI_b[3Ydi=Qi_b2\__]RUbW1^^_e^SUc>Ug
fUiccX_e\T`b_fYTUcdQdYcdYSQ\\ibU`bUcU^dQdYfUcQ]`\Uc_VQ\\]QZ_b 1\dUb^QdYfUd_6UTUbQ\@_fUbdi=UQcebU¸:e\i!#" (
% :Y\\YQ^:_^Qc·2\__]RUbW_^@_fUbdi*1GQb_bC]Q\\C[Yb]YcXUc/¸ 7_dXQ]7QjUddU
]Udb_`_\YdQ^QbUQcgXU^`_ccYR\UQ^TV_bdXU]_cdRQcYSQ^TfYdQ\
?Sd_RUb"#" )
Y^TYSQd_bcRUcebUd_SQ`debUQbU`bUcU^dQdYfUcQ]`\U_Vc]Q\\Ub
& :Q]Uc56_cdUb·1Rc_\edUFUbcecBU\QdYfU@_fUbdi¸ DXU1]UbYSQ^5S_^_]YSBUfYUg
SYdYUcd_g^cQ^TbebQ\QbUQc_^Qb_dQdY^WRQcYc (("=Qi!)((*##%#$!
4QdQ_^`_fUbdiYdcTUdUb]Y^Q^dcQ^TYdcS_^cUaeU^SUcQ\c_ÛUT ' 1^Wec4UQd_^·=UQcebY^W@_fUbdi¸YÊ^TUbcdQ^TY^W@_fUbdi>UgI_b[*?hV_bT
d_RUS_]`bUXU^cYfUDXUSU^cec`b_fYTUcQTUSU^dgQid_QSSUcc E^YfUbcYdi@bUcc" &*#!%
YdcTQdQV_becUbcgX_gQ^dd_WUÛbQdUdQR\Uc_VcQiUTeSQdY_^Q\ ( 3_]RQd@_fUbdi1WU^Si·@_fUbdiY^9bU\Q^T¶DXU6QSdç @_fUbdi2bYUÃ^W!#"

QfQY\QR\UQdXdd`*gggS`QYUèR\YSQdY_^c`_fUbdiRbYUÂ^Wc2bYUÂ^W!#O@_fUbdi
QddQY^]U^dRibQSUQ^TY^S_]UDXU3U^dUbcV_b4YcUQcU3_^db_\Q^T 9^9bU\Q^T" 4QdQO" "`TV
@bUfU^dY_^`b_fYTUUhSU\\U^d]UQcebUc_VRYbdXbQdUcRiQWU2edYd ) 4e^SQ^7Q\\YUQ^TCUbWU@QeWQ^·C_SYQ\@bUSQbYdiQ^TC_SYQ\9^dUWbQdY_^¸BU`_bd
YcfYbdeQ\\iY]`_ccYR\Ud_]QbbidXUcUTQdQd_Â^T_eddXURYbdXbQdU V_bdXU5eb_ÙQ^3_]]YccY_^2QcUT_^5eb_RQb_]UdUb%&!?Sd_RUb" "
_V1VbYSQ^1]UbYSQ^cbQSUY^dXUYbUQb\i" cQWUgX_QbUXYWX ! DQ^YQ2ebSXQbTd:e\YQ^<U7bQ^TQ^T4QfYT@YQSXQeT·4UWbUUc_V5hS\ecY_^*
4UfU\_`Y^WQ4i^Q]YS=e\dYTY]U^cY_^Q\=UQcebU¸YÊ^TUbcdQ^TY^WC_SYQ\5hS\e
cSX__\WbQTeQdUcUTeSQdY_^Q\QddQY^]U^dDXQdYcgXie^YfUbcYdYUc cY_^?hV_bTE;*?hV_bTE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc" "
Q^TV_e^TQdY_^ccÙ^T]Y\\Y_^c_VT_\\QbcQ^êQ\\id_S_^TeSdcU`Q !! >QdY_^Q\@eR\YSBQTY_Y^dUbfYUggYdXBURUSSQ2\Q^[·3_]]UbSU4U`Qbd]U^dd_
bQdUcebfUicdXQdSQ`debUQ\\V_ebfQbYQR\Uc7_fUb^]U^dQWU^SYUc BUfYcU@_fUbdi=UQcebU¸=QbSX"" !
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #%

JF:@8C<EKI<GI<E<LIJ8I<F=K<EI<CL:K8EK
KFI<C@EHL@J?:FEKIFC8E;:I<8K<JKIFE>
C<8;<IJ?@GK<8DJ%LEC<JJK?<PD8B<K?@J
@DGFIK8EKKI8EJ@K@FE#K?<FI>8E@Q8K@FEJ
<EKI<GI<E<LIJNFIB<;?8I;KF:I<8K<8I<
LEC@B<CPKFJ:8C<FI?8M<K?<;<J@I<;@DG8:K%
4@337<5
B63A=17/:
3<B@3>@3<3C@
2i3XQ^dQ\<QebYU2U\_g;Y]RUb\i4QcXUbDbY``
9\\ecdbQdY_^Ri4QfYT@\e^[Ubd
LQ8EE<DFII@J#XceSSUccVe\Y^
fUcd]U^dRQ^[Ubg_b[Y^WQd<UX]Q^2b_dXUbcY^>UgI_b[3YdiTUSYTUTd_]Q[UQcYW^YÂSQ^d\YVUSXQ^WURiW_Y^Wd_g_b[V_bQc]Q\\^_^`b_Âd
dXQdgQc`_YcUTV_bWb_gdXCXUQSSU`dUTQ`_cYdY_^QcSXYUV_ÙbQdY^W_èSUb3??_VQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQdXU\`cVU]Q\UU^dbU`bUÛebcWb_g
dXUYbRecYÛccUcdXb_eWXS_^ÂTU^SUReY\TY^Wd__\cQ^TdbQY^Y^WQ]YccY_^dXQdbUc_^QdUTcdb_^W\igYdX=_bbYcCXUSQ]Ud_dXUZ_RgYdXQ\_fU
_V`b_R\U]c_\fY^WQ^TQÙ^SXQ^dV_bWb_gY^WQ^T]Q^QWY^WdUQ]cQcgU\\QcQTUU`QT]YbQdY_^V_bdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcSU\URbQdUT35?
4ebY^WXUbÂbcdgUU[_^dXUZ_R=_bbYc\UQbÛTdXQdcXUgQcdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcV_ebdX3??Y^QiUQbQ^TQXQ\V!=_bbYcgQcd_\TdXQdcXU
g_e\TRUbUc`_^cYR\UV_bXe]Q^bUc_ebSUc8B\UWQ\dUSX^_\_WiQ^TR_QbT]Q^QWU]U^dQcgU\\QcbUc`_^cYR\UV_b]Q^QWY^WUfUbi_ÛUhSU`d
#& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #'
dXUS_^db_\\UbgX_bU`_bdUTd_dXU35?Q^TXQ`ÙÛTd_RUdXU35?ºc V_e^TY^WFYcY_^C`bY^WXQcdbQYÛT]_bUdXQ^%" U^dbU`bUÛebc
cYcdUb=_bbYcVU\ddXQdYVcXUºTcebfYfUTdXUb_eWXQ^Tde]R\Ug_b\T_V gX_XQfUc_\T]_bUdXQ^#& `QYbc_VW\QccUcFYcY_^C`bY^W
Y^fUcd]U^dRQ^[Y^WcXUS_e\TSUbdQY^\idQS[\UdXYcSXQ\\U^WU RU\YUfUcdXQdYdSQ^XU\`bUTeSU`_fUbdiY^dXUTUfU\_`Y^Wg_b\TRi
?fUbdXUÛhd^YÛ]_^dXcX_gUfUb=_bbYc\UQbÛTdXQddXUTi cU\\Y^WQç_bTQR\UW\QccUcd_dQY\_bc]USXQ^YScQbdYcQ^cQ^T_dXUb
^Q]YS35?gX_]cXUXQTQT]YbUTbUcYcdUT`b_SUccUcQ^TcicdU]c `b_VUccY_^Q\cgX_ÛUTd_cUUgU\\d_T_dXUYbg_b[
QccUbdUTdYWXdS_^db_\_fUbQ\\TUdQY\cQf_YTUTTU\UWQdY_^VU\ddXbUQd 9^" #gXU^dXUCS_Z_6_e^TQdY_^gQcZecdWUddY^W_VVdXU
UÛTRi_``_cY^WfYUgcQ^TS_^dbYRedUTd_QÛWQdYfUcdQçSe\debU9d Wb_e^T;QccQ\_gQ^TXYcdXU^cU^Y_bTYbUSd_b7bQXQ]=QS]Y\\Q^
cUU]UTdXQddXU35?gQc^_d`bU`QbUTV_bQcdb_^W]Q^QWU]U^ddUQ] SbUQdUTQcdbQdUWYS`\Q^dXQdgQc^ºdZecdQR_ed`b_WbQ]cRedgQc
_bQgQbU_VdXU_``_bde^YdidXQdXQfY^WQcdb_^WdUQ]g_e\T`bUcU^d Q\c_QR_edÙ_`\U·GUdbYUTd_U^fYcY_^dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ÂfUiUQbc
1\dX_eWX=_bbYcVU\ddXQdcXUS_^dbYRedUTd_dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc_fUbQ\\ T_g^dXUb_QT¸cQic;QccQ\_g·GXQd]Q^QWU]U^db_\UcgY\\gU
TUfU\_`]U^dcXUTUSYTUTdXQdXUbc[Y\\cS_e\TRURUddUbecUTU\cUgXUbU ÛUTQddXQd`_Y^d/¸DXUiTbUgR_hUcV_bUQSXb_\U¶" Y^d_dQ\¶
Q^T\UVd2ibUVecY^Wd_bU\YâeYcXS_^db_\dXU35?]YccUTQ^_``_b Q^TTYfYTUTdXUb_\UcRUdgUU^dXU];QccQ\_gºc`_cYdY_^cY^S\eTUT
de^Ydid_Ve\\iU^WQWU=_bbYcQ^TSQ`YdQ\YjU_^XUbcdbU^WdXc 35?TYbUSd_b_VTUfU\_`]U^dTYbUSd_b_VRecYÛccTUfU\_`]U^dQ^T
1g[gQbT\UQTUbcXY`dbQ^cYdY_^c\Y[UdXYc_ÛQbU^_de^S_] S_e^dbi]Q^QWUb=QS]Y\\Q^ºcb_\UcY^S\eTUTUfUbidXY^WbU\QdUTd_
]_^`QbdYSe\Qb\igXU^Q^_bWQ^YjQdY_^Yci_e^WQ^TWb_gY^WVQcd Â^Q^SUcQ\Uc_ÙbQdY_^cQ^T8B
GXU^dXYcdiÙ_VdbQ^cYdY_^YcXQ^T\UT`__b\iYdSQ^SQecUXYWX DXUdg_V_e^TUbcdXU^RUWQ^dXU`b_SUcc_VcXUTTY^Wb_\UcRi
U]`\_iUUdeb^_fUb\_g]_bQ\UYÛèSYU^dcicdU]c\_cc_VSbUT Qc[Y^WgXYSXZ_RcgU·XQdUTdXU]_cdQ^TgUbU\UQcdW__TQdT_Y^W¸
YRY\YdigYdXcdQ[UX_\TUbcQ^TTUSbUQcUTY]`QSdGXU^dXUdbQ^cY cQic;QccQ\_g?fUbdY]UdXUiSXY`ÙTQgQiQddXUR_hUcUbQcY^W
dY_^YcXQ^T\UTgU\\YdSQ^XU\`fQe\dQc]Q\\_bWQ^YjQdY_^Y^d_dXU dXUYb^Q]UcQ^TèddY^WY^dXU^Q]U_VQÛgU]`\_iUUgYdXcdb_^
XYWXWb_gdX`XQcU WUbc[Y\\cY^dXQd`QbdYSe\QbÂU\TDXUW_Q\gQcd_XQfU;QccQ\_gºc
9^cdUQT_VbUcYcdY^WSXQ^WUc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc]ecdU]RbQSU ^Q]UY^_^\idg_`\QSUc*dXUUfQ^WU\YcdR_hQ^TSXYUVVe^TbQYcUbR_h
YdQddXYcSbYdYSQ\Y^ÃUSdY_^`_Y^dRiSbUQdY^WQ\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]_V GXU^=QS]Y\\Q^TUSYTUTd_\UQfUFYcY_^C`bY^W\QcdVQ\\dXUR_QbT
aeQ\YÂUTQ^TTbYfU^Y^TYfYTeQ\cE\dY]QdU\iQcQbUSU^d2bYTWUc`Q^ ècXUT;QccQ\_gQ^T=QS]Y\\Q^d_TUÂÛdXUc[Y\\c=QS]Y\\Q^ºc
7b_e`bU`_bdèdYd·QeW]U^dY^WdXUUhÙbYU^SUQ^TSQ`QRY\YdYUc_V bU`\QSU]U^dg_e\TÛUTc_dXQd;QccQ\_gS_e\TS_^dYêUd_cXUT
dXUcU^Y_b\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]Yc_VdU^dXU]_cdfYcYR\UcYW^_VSXQ^WUY^ QTTYdY_^Q\b_\Uc1Z_RTUcSbY`dY_^V_bdXU`_cYdY_^¶^_gSQ\\UT
_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdQbURUS_]Y^W]_bUcdb_^W\i]Q^QWUT¸ "GYdX 3??Y^cdUQT_VcU^Y_bTYbUSd_b¶gQcSbUQdUTdXQdXYWX\YWXdUTTUU`
cdb_^W]Q^QWU]U^dS_]Ucdb_^WcicdU]cY^VbQcdbeSdebUdQ\U^dTU Â^Q^SYQ\QSS_e^dY^WQ^TÙ_`\U]Q^QWU]U^dUhÙbYU^SUQ\_^W
fU\_`]U^d`b_WbQ]]Y^WQ^Te\dY]QdU\i]UQ^Y^WVe\Y]`QSd gYdX]e\dYcUSd_bUhÙbYU^SUQ^TQSUbdQY^WbQfYdQc7_fUb^]U^d
D_e^TUbcdQ^TX_gc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcSQ^]Q[UdXUdbQ^cYdY_^ UhÙbYU^SUg_e\TRUYSY^W_^dXUSQ[U
Vb_]be^^Y^WQcdQbde`d_SbUQdY^WQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQdYcQR\Ud_ ;QccQ\_gÂ\\UTdXUÛg`_cYdY_^RiXYbY^WCUQ^=QiRUbbi=Qi
cSQ\Ue`gUY^dUbfYUgUTT_jU^c_Vc_SYQ\cUSd_b\UQTUbc6b_]dXUcU RUbbiXQccU^Y_bUhUSedYfUUhÙbYU^SUQd@_è\QdY_^CUbfYSUc9^dUb
Y^dUbfYUgcgUYTU^dYÂUTdXUcdU`cdXQdc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc]ecd ^QdY_^Q\9^dU\3_b`Q^TdXUEC4U`Qbd]U^d_VCdQdU1c=QiRUbbi
dQ[Ud_ReY\TQdUQ]Q^TdXUÂfU\UQTUbcXY`b_\UcdXQdQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^ WUdccUdd\UTY^d_XYcb_\UQc3??;QccQ\_g\__[cV_bgQbTd_bU`\QS
]ecdXQfUV_bYdd_RUceSSUccVe\QddXYccdQWU_VYdcTUfU\_`]U^d*dXU Y^WXYc^Q]UgYdX=QiRUbbiºcY^QVUg]_bUR_hUc
UfQ^WU\YcdcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbS_^ÛSd_b`b_WbQ]cdbQdUWYcdQ^TbUQ\Ycd
2UV_bUUh`\_bY^WdXUcUb_\UcY^TUdQY\YdYcecUVe\d_\__[Qd_Ûc_SYQ\ 9L@C;@E> K?< K<8D
U^dbU`bUÛebºcceSSUccVe\Uç_bdd_SbUQdUQ\UQTUbcXY`dUQ] 9dYcbQbUV_bQÛ^dbU`bUÛebd_RUWY^dXY^[Y^WQR_edX_gd_ReY\TQ
]Q^QWU]U^ddUQ]QcUQb\iQc;QccQ\_gTYT=_bU_VdUÛ^dbU`bU
M@J@FEJGI@E>ËJ <OG<I@<E:< Ûebcèd_çS_^cdbeSdY^WQ]Q^QWU]U^ddUQ]e^dY\dXUiXQfU^_
9^" !:_bTQ^;QccQ\_gQ`bQSdYSY^W_`d_]UdbYcdQ^TRecYÛcc _dXUbSX_YSU;QccQ\_g`b_fYTUcQ]_TU\V_bdXUcdU`cdXQdc_SYQ\
`QbdÛbCS_dd2UbbYUV_b]UTdXUCS_Z_6_e^TQdY_^Q^_^`b_Âd_b U^dbU`bUÛebcSQ^Q^TcX_e\TdQ[Ud_SbUQdUQcdb_^W\UQTUbcXY`
WQ^YjQdY_^dXQdcU\\cYÛhÙ^cYfUUiUW\QccUcd_dXU`__bQ^TCS_Z_ dUQ]dXQdYcSQ`QR\U_VdQ[Y^WQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^d_cSQ\U*BUS_W^YjU
>UgI_b[QV_b`b_Âd_`d_]UdbiRecYÛcc6YfUÙbSU^d_VCS_Z_ dXQdi_eSQ^^_\_^WUbT_YdQ\\Q\_Û+X_\TVbQ^[S_^fUbcQdY_^cgYdX
>UgI_b[ºc`bUdQh`b_ÂdcQbUTYbUSdUTd_Ve^TdXUg_b[_VdXUV_e^ i_ebR_QbTQR_eddXUdbQ^cYdY_^+Q^TXYbUcdbQdUWYSQ\\ibQdXUbdXQ^
TQdY_^gXYSXY^" (SXQ^WUTYdc^Q]Ud_FYcY_^C`bY^WCY^SUYdc _``_bde^YcdYSQ\\i
?Û_VdXUbU]Qb[QR\UdbQYdcQR_edc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebcYcdXUYb
3X Q ^dQ\ <QebYU 2U\_gYc]Q^QWY^WTYbUSd_bV_bcdbQdUWidQ\U^dQ^T_ÙbQ QRY\Ydid_`\Qi]Qîb_\UcDXUiSQbUTUU`\iQR_edX_gdXUYbfYcY_^
dY_^cQdDUQSXV_b1]UbYSQ2Qi1bUQCXURUWQ^XUbSQbUUbQcQDUQSXV_b1]UbYSQ
S_b`c]U]RUbY^GQcXY^Wd_^432U\_gdXU^cUbfUTQcdXU]Q^QWUb_VVU\\_g YcY]`\U]U^dUTQ^TVUU\Ùbc_^Q\\iY^fUcdUTY^dXU_edS_]UC_SYQ\
`b_WbQ]cQddXU;9@@6_e^TQdY_^1VdUb;9@@cXUZ_YÛT2E9<4gXUbUcXU U^dbU`bUÛebcQbU_VdU^c_Y^f_\fUTY^Q\\QcÙSdc_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^
\Qe^SXUTdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcÂbcdUh`Q^cY_^cYdUQ^TcUbfUTQcYdcGUcd3_Qcd
bUWY_^Q\TYbUSd_b
dXQddXUiU^Te`X_\TY^We`TUSYcY_^]Q[Y^W\_cY^WdQ\U^dQ^TSbU
QdY^WR_dd\UÛS[c1dc_]U`_Y^dWbe]R\Y^Wc_VTYccQdYcVQSdY_^Vb_]
;Y]RUb\i 4QcXUb DbY``YcQ`b_WbQ]_èSUbQddXUC[_\\6_e^TQdY_^gXUbU
cXU]Q^QWUcWbQ^dbU\QdY_^cXY`c2UV_bUC[_\\cXUcUbfUTQc`b_WbQ]_èSUb_^ U]`\_iUUc_bVbecdbQdY^WYÛèSYU^SYUcU]UbWUQ^TÛUTc_\edY_^c
dXU8U^bi:;QYcUb6Q]Y\i6_e^TQdY_^ºcU^dUbdQY^]U^d]UTYQ`QbdÛbcXY`cdUQ] D_Qf_YTWUddY^Wd_dXYcTUdbY]U^dQ\cdQWUdXUU^dbU`bUÛeb]ecd
DbY``RUWQ^XUbSQbUUbQcQ]U]RUb_VdXU`_\YSicdeTYUcdUQ]V_bdXUE^YdUT
>QdY_^c1cc_SYQdY_^_VdXUE^YdUTCdQdUc_V1]UbYSQReY\TY^WYdc`b_WbQ]_^`_cd bUS_W^YjUdXQdXUSQ^^_\_^WUbT_UfUbidXY^WXY]cU\VQ^T`bUU]`
S_^ÃYSdÙQSUReY\TY^WQ^TdXUbe\U_V\Qg dYfU\i`bU`QbUd_\UdW_2UV_bUXYbY^WQîXYWX\UfU\]Q^QWUbcXU
#( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

ÛUTcd_QccUccXYc_g^cdbU^WdXcQ^TgUQ[ÛccUcX_Ûcd\iC_SYQ\ gXY\URUY^WfUbiSQedY_ecd_S_ebdTYcbe`dY_^^_dTUcdbeSdY_^¸
U^dbU`bUÛebc]ecdQc[dXU]cU\fUcaeUcdY_^cceSXQcGXQdT_9 DXUUfQ^WU\YcdQ\c_]QY^dQY^cdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcSe\debU6_bUh
U^Z_iT_Y^W/GXQdQ]9bUQ\\iW__TQdT_Y^W/GXQdQ]9^_dW__T Q]`\UgXU^=Y[U6UY^RUbWS_V_e^TUb_VdXU;^_g\UTWU9c@_gUb
QdT_Y^W/GXQd[Y^T_VÙ_`\UT_9ÛUTQb_e^T]U/ @b_WbQ];9@@cUbfUTQc35?_VdXU;9@@6_e^TQdY_^XUU^cebUT
2_QbT]U]RUbc`\QiQ`QbdYSe\Qb\iY]`_bdQ^db_\UQddXYccdQWU_V dXQdUQSXS_^VUbU^SUb__]XU\TdXU^Q]U_VQSXY\TbU^ºcR__[dXQd
dXU`b_SUccDXUicX_e\TY^cdYWQdUS_^fUbcQdY_^cgYdXdXUc_SYQ\U^dbU XU\TcYW^YÂSQ^SU_^dXU;9@@cSX__\SQ]ècUc1\\ÛgXYbUc\UQbÛT
`bUÛebQR_edReY\TY^Wcdb_^WdQ\U^dUT]Q^QWU]U^ddUQ]c`bU`QbY^W dXUci]R_\Yc]_VdXUcUR__[cQ^TU]RbQSUTdXU]UdQ`X_bcQcc_
V_b\UQTUbcXY`ceSSUccY_^D_U^cebUdXQddXYcXQ`Ù^cU^dbU`bUÛebc SYQdUTgYdXdXU]6_bUhQ]`\UDXU@_\Qb5h`bUccbU`bUcU^dUTdXU
cX_e\TÂ\\dXUYbR_QbTgYdX_`Y^Y_^QdUT]U]RUbcgX_RbY^Wc[Y\\c ]UccQWUdXQdQ\\·;9@@cdUbçcdeTU^dcgX_QddU^TQ;9@@cSX__\
Ûdg_b[cQ^TUhÙbYU^SUd_dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^5^dbU`bUÛebc]ecd SQ^·XUQbdXURU\\çUfU^gXU^^QicQiY^WS_]]e^YdYUcÙUbc_b
ecUdXUcdQbde`cdQWUQcQ^_``_bde^Ydid_ReY\TdbecdgYdXR_QbT QTe\dcdbiY^fQY^d_S_^fY^SUdXU]dXQdS_\\UWUYc^_dQ^_`dY_^
]U]RUbcQ^TU^cebUdXQdR_QbT]U]RUbcQbUY^fUcdUTY^dXUfYcY_^ 5QSXUfQ^WU\YcdgY\\SX__cUQTYçUbU^dgQid_[UU`dXU_bWQ^YjQ
Q^T\_^WdUb]cecdQY^QRY\Ydi_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^DXYcdbecdU^QR\Uc dY_^ºcSe\debUQ\YfURedXUÛUTcd_RUdXUÙbc_^gX_S_^cdQ^d\i
U^dbU`bUÛebcd_XUUTQTfYSUdXQdSQ^_VdU^VUU\Ùbc_^Q\_bRUTYV bU]Y^Tc_dXUbc_VdXUY]`_bdQ^SUSXQbQSdUbYcdYScQ^TfQ\eUc_V
ÂSe\dd_XUQbCdb_^WR_QbTcXU\Ù^dbU`bUÛebcWb_gS_]V_bdQR\U dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcSe\debU
gYdXTYccU^dY^Wf_YSUcSXQ\\U^WUTYTUQcQ^TUf_\fY^Wb_\Uc DXUUfQ^WU\YcdYcQ\c_dXUUhdUb^Q\VQSU_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^@U_
5^dbU`bUÛebccX_e\T]Q`_eddXUYbcU^Y_b]Q^QWU]U^dXYbUc `\UgQ^dd_e^TUbcdQ^TdXUUfQ^WU\Ycdºce^TUb\iY^W]_dYfQdY_^cV_b
QXUQT_VdY]UD___VdU^dXUicUUQ^_^S_]Y^WSQcXÃ_gSbYcYcQ^T \UQTY^WdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q^TRUSQ`dYfQdUTRidXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc
XYbUc_]U_ÛgYdXQ^QSS_e^dY^WRQS[Wb_e^T_bTUSYTUdXUiQbU_fUb V_e^TY^Wcd_biQ^T\_^WdUb]fYcY_^DXUUfQ^WU\YcdSQ^c[Y\\Ve\\i
gXU\]UTgYdXTYbUSdbU`_bdcQ^TXYbUQ3??·C_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebc gUQfUd_WUdXUbdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc]YccY_^Q^T`b_WbQ]cgYdXcd_
QbU_VdUÛ^S_ebQWUT_bV_bSUTd_WUdQÙbc_^_bQc[Y\\cUdY^Y]]U bYUcdXQdUh`bUccYdY^Ùbc_^Q\dUb]cY^_bTUbd_dbe\i·UfQ^WU\YjU¸
TYQdU\i¸cQicCQ\\i?cRUbW`bUcYTU^dQ^T35?_VdXUC[_\\6_e^TQdY_^ Q^TS_^fUbd^_^RU\YUfUbc
DXUi·_VdU^W_Y^d_YdVUU\Y^WS_bÛbUT¸;UfY^6\i^^TYbUSd_b_VS\Y
U^dcUbfYSUcQd3_]]_^W__T3QbUUbccUUcdXYcRUXQfY_bVbUaeU^d\i CSQ\Y^W@QbdÛb
·GUXUQb¹9ÛUTc_]U_ÛgX_YcQÛ^dbU`bUÛebYQ\36?Q^TSQ^T_ DXUcUS_^Tb_\UdXQdYcbUaeYbUTYcdXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbDXYcÙbc_^Yc
dUSX^_\_WiQ^TVe^TbQYcY^WQ^TQ\c_S_TUY^:QfQº¸cQic6\i^^ dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc`bQW]QdYcdc_]U_ÛgX_SQ^dXY^[cdbQdUWYSQ\\i
Q^T]Q[UdXUUfQ^WU\YcdºcfYcY_^QbUQ\YdiC_]UdY]UcdXYc`_cYdY_^
K?< C<8;<IJ?@G K<8D YcSQ\\UTdXU3??Q^T_dXUbdY]UcdXUTUèdi_b]Q^QWY^WTYbUSd_b
?^SUdXUc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebXQccÙ^ddY]UY^X_ÛcdcU\VbUÃUSdY_^ DXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛb]ecdU^Z_iSbUQdY^WQ^T]Q^QWY^WcicdU]cdXQd
Q^TVbQ^[R_QbTTYcSeccY_^cYdºcdY]Ud_SbUQdUQÛg\UQTUbcXY`dUQ] Y]`b_fU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q\UèSYU^SiQcgU\\QcSbUQdY^WcicdU]cdXQdQ\
DXUU^dbU`bUÛeb]ecdQ``b_QSX\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]TUfU\_`]U^dgYdX \_gcdQç]U]RUbcd_U^Z_idXUYbZ_RcQ^TVUU\fQ\eUTQ^TbUgQbTUT
dXUcQ]UdX_eWXdVe\ÛccQ^TTUdUb]Y^QdY_^dXQdXUQ``\YUcd_SbUQd ·1\_d_V_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQbU\__[Y^WV_bU^dbU`bUÛebYQ\Ù_`\UgX_
Y^WXYcfYcY_^_bXUbYc[c]Q[Y^WdXUgb_^WXYbUc SQ^ReY\TdXU`\QÛgXY\UÃiY^WYd¸cQic:Q]UcGUY^RUbWV_e^TUb
?ebbUcUQbSXY^TYSQdUcdXQddXUbUQbUÂfUUccU^dYQ\\UQTUbcXY` Q^T35?_V3_]]_^W__T3QbUUbc·2edQdKdXUcSQ\Y^WMcdQWUdXUi
b_\UcY^Q^_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXQdYcbUQTid_cSQ\Ue`DXUcUb_\Uc]Qi QSdeQ\\iT_ÛUTc_]U_Ûd_ZecdReY\TdXU`\QÛ¸?bQc?cRUbW
_b]Qi^_dRUÂ\\UTRiÂfUcU`QbQdUÙ_`\U+Y^c_]USQcUc]e\dY`\U cQicdXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbYc·c_]U_ÛgX_SQê^\UQcXdXU`b_TeS
b_\UcSQ^RUÂ\\UTRi_ÛÙbc_^DXUÂfUb_\UcQbUdXUUfQ^WU\Ycd dYfYdi_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^RiU^cebY^WdXQdÙ_`\UcÙ^TdXUYbdY]U
cSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbS_^ÛSd_b`b_WbQ]cdbQdUWYcdQ^TbUQ\Ycd Y^dXUbYWXdgQi¸
5bY^7Q^ZeV_b]Ub3??Q^TSebbU^d35?_VB__]d_BUQTYc
5fQ^WU\Ycd QW__TUhQ]`\U_VQcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛb9^" !7Q^ZeÂbcd_çUbUTd_
DXU]_cdY]`_bdQ^d]U]RUb_VdXU\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]YcdXUUfQ^WU XU\`V_e^TUbQ^TUhUSedYfUSXQYb]Q^:_X^G__T]Q^QWUXYcReb
\Ycd¶dXUÙbc_^gX_YcTUU`\i`QccY_^QdUQR_eddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc WU_^Y^W_bWQ^YjQdY_^G__TbUS_W^YjUTbYWXdQgQidXQd7Q^ZegQcQ
]YccY_^Q^TS_^fY^SUc_dXUbcd_XU\`Ve\Â\\YdGXU^dXUV_e^TUb W__T`_dU^dYQ\cSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbRUSQecUcXUS_e\TdXY^[RYWiUdgQc
YccdY\\QddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^XUYcdXUÙbc_^gX_Â\\cdXUb_\U_VdXU Q\c_TUdQY\_bYU^dUTQ^TU^dXecYQcdYSQR_eddQc[cdXQdXUTYT^ºd\Y[U
UfQ^WU\Ycd9VdXUV_e^TUbXQcRUU^bU`\QSUTYdYcdXUU^dbU`bUÛeb T_Y^W2UV_bUZ_Y^Y^WB__]d_BUQT7Q^ZeXQTg_b[UTQcQ`b_T
gX_Ycbe^^Y^WdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^_VdU^gYdXdXUdYd\U_V35?`bUcY eSd\YÛ]Q^QWUbQdE^Y\UfUbQ^TQcQÂ^Q^SYQ\Q^Q\icdQd7_\T]Q^
TU^d_bUhUSedYfUTYbUSd_bgX_RUS_]UcdXUUfQ^WU\Ycd CQSXcCXUY]]UTYQdU\ièdXUbcdb_^W`b_ZUSd]Q^QWU]U^dc[Y\\cd_
DXUUfQ^WU\YcdXQcQê]RUb_VbUc`_^cYRY\YdYUc6YbcdXUYcdXU_b ecUQdB__]d_BUQTCXUXU\ÙTTUfU\_`QcdbQdUWiV_bU^dUbY^WÛg
WQ^YjQdY_^ºcfYcY_^QbiS_^dYêQ\\ibUÂ^Y^WYdc]YccY_^Q^TcdbQdUWi S_e^dbYUcV_b]Q\YjUT`b_WbQ]TUcYW^Q^TXU\ÙTSXQ^Û\G__Tºc
Q^T]Q[Y^WcebUdXQd`bY_bYdYUcQbUUcdQR\YcXUTQ^T]Ud8UÛUTcd_ Ve^TbQYcY^WdQ\U^dcY^d_cÙSYÂS`b_WbQ]]QdYSQbUQc7Q^ZeU^Z_iUT
cXQbUXYcfYcY_^gYdXÙ_`\UY^cYTUQ^T_edcYTU_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_Ûc ]Q^QWY^W_ÙbQdY_^cdQ\U^dQ^T`b_SUccUcgXY\UG__T`bUVUbbUT
ÙSYQ\\igYdXdXU\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]GY\\i6__dU`bUcYTU^dQ^TV_e^TUb èR\YScÙQ[Y^WVe^TbQYcY^WQ^TReY\TY^WQg_b\TgYTUÛdg_b[_V
_VB__d3Q`YdQ\Uh`\QY^cdXQddXUUfQ^WU\YcdYcW_Y^Wd_cUUÛg_` Q\\YUc7Q^ZegQcdXUÙbVUSdcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbV_bG__T
`_bde^YdYUcdXQd]Qi^_dÂdgYdXdXUSebbU^d_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºccdbQdUWi 1cSbeSYQ\QcdXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛb`_cYdY_^YcYdYcQ\c_dXU]_cd
Q^TXYcb_\UYcd_·WUddXUdUQ]d_RU\YUfUY^dXUfQ\eU_VTYcbe`dY_^ TU\YSQdUQ^TS_^db_fUbcYQ\_VdXUÂfUb_\Uc1dYdcg_bcddXU`_cYdY_^
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #)

SQ^RUS_]UgXQd7bUdSXU^1^TUbc_^V_b]UbTYbUSd_b
_VRecYÛccTUfU\_`]U^dV_b?^BQ]`cSQ\\c·QTe]` B63 :3/23@A67>B3/;
Y^WWb_e^TV_bdXU35?¸DXUb_\U_VdXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛb PflbefnpflËm\^fkk_\i`^_kg\ijfeÔccè^Xc\X[\ij_`gifc\n_\e¿
g_b[c_^\igXU^YdYcQiY^Q^TiQ^W]QdSXgYdXdXU
EVANGELIST
V_e^TUbQdbeU`QbdÛbcXY`cdU]]Y^WVb_]dbecdQ^T ■ ?\j\Zli\jX*,#'''[feXk`fe]ifdXg_`cXek_ifg`jkn_f_Xgg\ejkfY\j`kkèê\okkf
\UQTUbcXY`DXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbcX_e\TRUdXUÂbcdÙb _`dfeXÕ`^_k]ifdCfj8e^\c\jkfG_f\eò%
■ J_\_XjXglij\Zclkk\i\[n`k_Yljè\jjZXi[jk_XkiXi\cp^\kcfX[\[èkfFlkcffb#Ylk
c_^dXUV_e^TUbXYbUc_^dXU\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]c_dXQdXU
j_\ZXei\d\dY\i\XZ_\eZflek\in`k_leZXeepgi\Z`j`fe%
SQ^RUQc_e^TY^WR_QbTV_bQ\\VedebUXYbUc ■ ?\ZXeZfemèZ\jb\gk`Zjefkfecpf]k_\mXcl\f]n_Xk_`jfi^Xe`qXk`fe`j[fè^#YlkXcjf
n_pk_\`jjl\`jZi`k`ZXc#Zfem\ikè^jb\gk`ZjèkfY\c`\m\ijèaljkdèlk\j%
■ J_\j\e[jfe\$cè\\$dX`cjXkfYjZli\k`d\jf]k_\[XpXe[e`^_k#dXepf]k_\d\e[è^
3_^ÛSd_b n`k_ÈK_`j`jn_pn_Xkn\Xi\[fè^`jjf`dgfikXekÉ
DXUb_\U_VdXUS_^ÛSd_bYcd_Â\\Y^dXUWQ`c\UVdRidXU
U^dbU`bUÛebQcXUV_SecUc_^RUY^WdXUUfQ^WU\YcdDbQ SCALING PARTNER
■ J_\b\\gjXZfcfi$Zf[\[kf$[fc`jkXe[jfd\k`d\jX[[jkXjbjk_Xk_Xm\Xci\X[pY\\e
TYdY_^Q\\idXYc`_cYdY_^]YWXdRUSQ\\UTQfYSU`bUcYTU^d
Zfdgc\k\[èfi[\ikfdXo`d`q\k_\lck`dXk\îXk`ÔZXk`feÇZifjjè^Xe`k\df]]k_\c`jk%
_bTYbUSd_b_VTUfU\_`]U^d9dYcQ\c_Q[Y^d_dXUb_\U ■ ?\_Xj[f^$\Xi\[Zfg`\jf]k_\Yffbj>ff[kf>i\XkXe[K_\C\X[\ij_`gG`g\cè\Xe[_Xj
dXQddXUSXYUV_VcdQç`\QicV_bQ`_\YdYSYQ^]QhY]YjY^W k_\hlfk\È>\kk_\i`^_kg\fgc\fek_\YljÉfeXGfjk$`kefk\fe_`jZfdglk\idfe`kfi%
■ J_\f]k\eXjbj]fiÈ[XkXkfYXZbk_Xklg#Éjg\XbjèYlcc\k$gfèk\[c`jkjf]k_i\\#Xe[
dXU`_\YdYSYQ^ºcdY]UQ^TU^cebY^WQSSUccd_Y]`_bdQ^d \e[jdfjkZfem\ijXk`fejn`k_XjlddXipf]k`d\$jg\Z`ÔZe\okjk\gj%
Ù_`\UDXUS_^ÛSd_b]Q[UccebUdXQddXUUfQ^WU\Ycd ■ ?\Xjbjk_\]fle[\i#X]k\iXeèjgìè^gifZcXdXk`fef]Xe\njkiXk\^pkfjZXc\lg#
YccÙQ[Y^Wd_dXUbYWXdQeTYU^SUcQddXUbYWXddY]U È?Xm\pflk_fl^_kk_ifl^__fnk_`jn`ccX]]\Zkflii\jfliZ\jXe[jkiXk\^`ZgcXe6É
Q^TSQ`YdQ\YjY^W_^Q\\_``_bde^YdYUc9^QTTYdY_^dXU
CONNECTOR
S_^ÛSd_bdYUcTUfU\_`]U^dUç_bdcd_`b_WbQ]cQ^T ■ ?\j\\jn\[[è^j#i\le`fej#Xe[e\`^_Yfi_ff[YcfZbgXik`\jXj`[\Xcfggfikle`k`\jkf
]Q^QWUcUhYcdY^WVe^TY^WbU\QdY_^cXY`cVbUUY^WdXU \ogXe[_`jgif]\jj`feXce\knfibXe[j_Xi\k_\nfibf]k_\fi^Xe`qXk`fe%
■ J_\_Xjdfi\k_Xe,''Zfee\Zk`fejfeCèb\[@eXe[X[[jknfkfÔm\dfi\Zfee\Z$
UfQ^WU\Ycdd_cÙ^TdY]U_^_dXUbQSdYfYdYUc
k`fej\XZ_n\\b#]i\hl\ekcpglkkè^k_\dèkfjlZ_ZXk\^fi`\jXjÈgfk\ek`XcgXike\ijÉ
5fU^gYdXdXUcUS\UQb\iTUÂÛTbUc`_^cYRY\YdYUcdXU Xe[ÈX[mfZXk\j%É
■ ?\lj\jZfcfi\[kXYjkfè[`ZXk\n_`Z_\m\ekjXi\dfjk`dgfikXek]fik_\\mXe^\c`jkkf
S_^ÛSd_bb_\USQ^S_^ÃYSdgYdXdXUUfQ^WU\Ycd`QbdYSe
Xkk\e[Xe[ZXeY\j\\enXcbè^k_\\mXe^\c`jkkf_\iZXik\ccè^_\ik_\k_i\\\$dX`cj
\Qb\iY^dXUQbUQ_VVe^TbQYcY^WQ^TSQecUdU^cY_^cYV j_\j_flc[i\jgfe[kfk_Xke`^_k%
dXUb_\UcQbU^ºdS\UQb\iTUÂÛT4_^_bcQbUdXU\YVUR\__T ■ J_\jg\XbjfeXÔijk$eXd\YXj`jn`k_k_\YXi`jkXjXk_\icfZXcJkXiYlZbjXe[feZ\j\ek
_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q^TXQfY^W]_bUdXQ^_ÛÙbc_^ Õfn\ijkf_\i_Xìjkpc`jkX]k\ij_\_X[XYXYp%
]Q^QWUdX_cUbU\QdY_^cXY`cYcbYc[i5fU^dX_eWXYdYc
PROGRAM STRATEGIST
TYèSe\dd_TYfYTUdXUcUb_\UcYdYcY]`_bdQ^ddXQdYdRU ■ J_\n\Xm\jnfi[jc`b\ÈilYi`Z#ÉÈd\ki`Zj#ÉXe[ÈflkZfd\jÉèkfi\^lcXiZfem\ijXk`fe%
T_Ûc_dXQddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^SQ^Wb_g ■ ?\jlYjZi`Y\jkfXZX[\d`ZaflieXcjXe[]i\hl\ekcpj\e[jflkcèbjkfXik`Zc\jfim`[\fj
:Uç2Ub^TdQ`QbdÛbQd>Ug@b_Âd9^SgX__fUb n`k_Zfdg\ccè^[XkXjlZ_Xjk_\cXk\jkjkXk`jk`Zjfed`ZifÔeXeZ\i\gXpd\ekiXk\j%
■ J_\[`jgcXpjX]iXd\[g_fkfXk_\i[\jbf]k_\ÔijkZcXjjf]jkl[\ekjj_\kXl^_kXe[
cUUcY^fUcd_bbU\QdY_^cS_]]e^YSQdY_^cQ^TVe^TbQYc k_\]Xd`cpj_\c`m\[n`k_è>lè\X9`jjXln_`c\j\imè^èk_\G\XZ\:figj%
■ ?\gifîXdj_`jf]ÔZ\mf`Z\dX`ckfXjbk_Xkg\fgc\ZXcc_`dfe_`jZ\ccg_fe\Y\$
Y^WYcQW__TUhQ]`\U_VQS_^ÛSd_b2Ub^TdXQcV_eb
ZXlj\_\`jèk_\Ô\c[fYj\imè^k_\fi^Xe`qXk`feËjgifîXdj%
`bY]QbibUc`_^cYRY\YdYUcDXUÂbcdgXYSXXUTUcSbYRUc
Qc·gUQbY^W_eddXUc_\Uc_V]icX_UçYc]UUdY^WbUW REALIST
e\Qb\igYdXQfQbYUdi_VS_^cdYdeU^dcd_ReY\TdXU>Ug ■ ?\lj\j<oZ\ckf_\cgfi^Xe`q\_`jk_fl^_kj#\m\en_\e_\`jefkljè^XepeldY\ij%
■ J_\Yiè^jXZfgpf]k_\Yl[^\kkf\m\ip\o\Zlk`m\d\\kè^%
@b_ÂdÛdg_b[Q^TTUUÙ^Ydc\_^WdUb]bU\QdY_^cXY`c
■ ?\Y\^èjkfi\j\XiZ_èk\ieXk`feXcjkXe[Xi[j]fiXl[`k\[ÔeXeZ`XcjkXk\d\ekjXjjffe
DXUcUS_^TdQc[Ycd_]Q[UcebUdXQdFQÛccQ;YbcSX Xj_\_\Xijk_\\mXe^\c`jkkXcbXYflk\ogXe[è^fg\iXk`fejèkfXe\nZflekip%
>Ug@b_Âdºc`bUcYTU^dQ^TV_e^TUb]UUdcgYdXdXUbYWXd ■ J_\_XjXefk\fe_\i[\jbi\dè[è^gXjj\ij$YpkfÈK_èbLei\jki`Zk\[Én_\e]le[iX`jè^%
Ù_`\U·FQÛccQYcWYVdUTQ^TXQcWbUQdY^cdY^Sdc+_eb
dUQ]XQcd_>QfiC51<XUbY^Q^T_edd_]QhY]YjU
XUbY]`QSd¸DXUdXYbTdQc[Ycd_]Q[UcebUdXQddXU]Q^QWU]U^d DXU`b_WbQ]cdbQdUWYcd^_d_^\i\__[cQdX_g`b_WbQ]cQbUbe^
dUQ]Q^Te\dY]QdU\idXUU^dYbUcdQçXQcdXUd__\cdXUiÛUTd_cU\\ ^Y^WTQid_TQiRedQ\c_dXY^[cQR_edX_gdXUY^^_fQdY_^SQ^RU
dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^DXUV_ebdXQ^TÂ^Q\dQc[Ycd_ReY\TdXUVe^TbQYc cSQ\UTe`TYfUbcYÂUTQ^TÙbVUSdUT6__dUTUcSbYRUcdXU`b_WbQ]
Y^WdUQ]QS_]`\Uh_ÙbQdY_^dXQdSQdUbcd_dXUÛUTc_VdXUU^dYbU cdbQdUWYcdQcdXU·cQSbUTÃQ]U¸_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^bUc`_^cYR\UV_b
_bWQ^YjQdY_^ SbUQdY^WQRbYTWURUdgUU^dXUbUQ\Ydi_VdXU`b_WbQ]cQ^TdXUfYcY_^
_VdXUUfQ^WU\YcdGYdX_edQ`b_WbQ]cdbQdUWYcdgYdXQcdb_^Wf_YSU_^
@b_WbQ]CdbQdUWYcd dXU\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]Q^_bWQ^YjQdY_^SQ^cdbQiVb_]Ydc]YccY_^Q^T
1\\_bWQ^YjQdY_^c¶gXUdXUbdXUiQbUV_SecUT_ÛTeSQdY_^XUQ\dX U^Te`cSQ\Y^W`b_WbQ]cdXQdT_^_d`b_TeSUdXUTUcYbUT_edS_]Uc
_bS\Y]QdUSXQ^WU¶ÛUTQ`b_WbQ]cdbQdUWYcdgX_YcQÛhÙbdY^ 1ZeQX8U\d_^dXUÂbcdSXYUV`b_WbQ]_èSUbQd2E9<4QV_eb
dXQd`QbdYSe\QbÂU\TQ^TgX_cUb_\UYcd_U^cebUdXQddXU`b_WbQ]c iUQbS_\\UWU`bU`QbQdY_^_bWQ^YjQdY_^YcQW__TUhQ]`\U_VQ`b_
QSXYUfUdXUTUcYbUT_edS_]UcDXU`b_WbQ]cdbQdUWYcd^_d_^\iXQc WbQ]cdbQdUWYcd9^" '2E9<4UfQ\eQdUTQcdeTU^dºcÙbV_b]Q^SU
YcceUQbUQUhÙbdYcURedQ\c_e^TUbcdQ^TcX_gdXU`b_WbQ]cQbU c_\U\i_^XYcWbQTU`_Y^dQfUbQWU7@1TYc]YccY^WcdeTU^dcRU\_gQ
Y]`\U]U^dUTY^dXUÂU\TDXYcb_\URbY^WcSbUTYRY\YdiQ^TUhÙbdYcU SUbdQY^dXbUcX_\TDXU`_\YSigQcY^dU^TUTd_X_^_bdXU`b_WbQ]ºc
d_dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q^TYdc`b_WbQ]cdXQd]Qi^_dXQfUUhYcdUT QSQTU]YSbYW_bQ^T]_dYfQdUcdeTU^dcd_ÙbV_b]RUddUbY^cSX__\
$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

DXU`b_R\U]gYdXdXYc`_\YSiYcdXQdYd_VdUÛ^TUTe`TYc]YccY^W FK?<I :FEJ@;<I8K@FEJ
dXUfUbicdeTU^dc2E9<4gQcTUcYWÛTd_XU\`c_]UdY]UcY^dXUYb DXUÂfUb_\UcTUcSbYRUdXUc[Y\\cÛUTUTY^QceSSUccVe\\UQTUbcXY`
cU^Y_biUQb_VXYWXcSX__\1cSXYUV`b_WbQ]_èSUb8U\d_^Q^Q\ijUT dUQ]DXUcUb_\Uc]Qi_fUb\Q`X_gUfUbQ^T]Qi^_dQ\gQicRUXU\T
TQdQQ^TS_\\QR_bQdUTgYdXcdQçd_SbUQdUQÛggQi_VUfQ\eQdY^W RiQcY^W\UÙbc_^6_bUhQ]`\U:e\YU=S7eYbUTYbUSd_b_VTUfU\_`
cdeTU^dÙbV_b]Q^SUDXUbUce\dgQcdXU2E9<4cS_bU9^cdUQT_V ]U^dQdC`Qb[SebbU^d\i`\QicR_dXdXUbUQ\YcdQ^TS_^ÛSd_bb_\Uc
ZeTWY^WcdeTU^dcc_\U\i_^dXUYb7@1dXUdUQ]Q\c_RUWQÛfQ\e 2i_g^Y^WSQcXÃ_gQ^TbUfUêU`b_ZUSdY_^cV_bdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^
QdY^WcdeTU^dc_^_dXUbSXQbQSdUbYcdYScceSXQcS_]]Yd]U^dQ^T =S7eYbUYcQR\Ud_S_^ÛSdTUfU\_`]U^dTYbUSd\id_dXUY^dUb^Q\
`QccY_^gXYSXcUbfUTQccdb_^WY^TYSQd_bcV_b\_^WUbdUb]ceSSUcc Ve^SdY_^c_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^1^_dXUbUhQ]`\UYc=QiRUbbigX_
Q^TRUddUbce``_bdUT2E9<4ºcdXU_bi_VSXQ^WUGYdX_ed8U\d_^ºc `\QicdXUbUQ\YcdQ^TdXUcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbb_\UcQdFYcY_^C`bY^WbU
UhdU^cYfUUhÙbYU^SUYÛTeSQdY_^SbUTYRY\YdigYdXdXUdUQ]Q^T c`_^cYR\UV_bQ\\Y^dUb^Q\_ÙbQdY_^cY^S\eTY^W]Q^QWY^WdQ\U^d
_fUbfYUg_VdbU^Tc2E9<4bQ^dXUbYc[_VcSQ\Y^WUç_bdcdXQdg_e\T ÙbV_b]Q^SUÂ^Q^SYQ\cQ^T_ÙbQdY_^c
XQfUbUTeSUTdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcY]`QSd DXUbUQbU_dXUbb_\UcRUcYTUcdXUcUÂfUdXQd]QiRUÛUTUTY^Q
\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]QcdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Wb_gc=Qb[UdY^W_èSUbcSXYUV
BUQ\Ycd dUSX^_\_Wi_èSUbc_bSXYUVÙ_`\U_èSUbc_VdU^Q`ÙQbY^_bWQ^Y
5fUbi_bWQ^YjQdY_^ÛUTcc_]U_Û_^dXU\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]gX_`\Qic jQdY_^cdXQdXQfU`QccUTdXUÂbcd]QZ_bY^ÃUSdY_^`_Y^dQ^TQbUU]
dXUb_\U_VdXUbUQ\YcddXUÙbc_^gX_[UU`cdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^Wb_e^TUT RQb[Y^W_^Q^_dXUbcSQ\Y^WècXDXUcUb_\UcQbUfQ\eQR\URedSQ^RU
Y^Â^Q^SYQ\bUQ\YdiDXYcÙbc_^Yc_VdU^SQ\\UTdXUSXYUVÂ^Q^SYQ\_èSUb S_]RYÛTgYdX_dXUb`_cYdY_^c_b_edc_ebSUTe^dY\dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^
36?@\QSY^WdXUÂ^Q^SYQ\Ve^SdY_^_ÛaeQ\V__dY^WgYdX_dXUbcU^Y_b SQ^Qç_bTd_XQfUe^YaeU`_cYdY_^cSbUQdUTDXUÂfU`bY^SY`Q\b_\Uc
]Q^QWU]U^db_\UcU^cebUcS_^cYcdU^Si`bQSdYSQ\YdiQ^TS__bTY^QdY_^ X_gUfUbSQ^ºdRU_edc_ebSUT_bS_]`b_]YcUTgXU^TUfU\_`Y^WQ
gYdXY^dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^·DXUÂ^Q^SUÙbc_^YcdXURUTb_S[`_cYdY_^¸ \UQTUbcXY`dUQ]V_bQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^`_YcUTV_bWb_gdX
cQic:Y]6beSXdUb]Q^V_e^TUbQ^T35?_V2UÛdUSX·8U_bcXUY^ 1\dX_eWX_ebbUcUQbSXQ^TY^dUbfYUgcV_SecUT_^c_SYQ\U^dbU
cUbdcQSe\debU_VVbeWQ\YdiQ^TUdXYScQSS_e^dQRY\YdiV_bÂ^Q^SYQ\bUce\dc `bUÛebc]Qî_V_ebÂ^TY^WcSQ^Q\c_RUQ``\YUTd_V_b`b_Âd
Q^TbUQ\Ydi¸DXUbUQ\YcdYc]_bUdXQ^QÂ^Q^SYQ\_èSUbXUYcQ\c_dXU cdQbde`c7__W\Uºc5bYSCSX]YTdV_bUhQ]`\US_e\TRUTUcSbYRUT
Ùbc_^b_\\Y^We`XYcc\UUfUcQ^T·]Y^TY^WdXUcd_bU¸ QcQcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbd_V_e^TUbc<Qbbi@QWUQ^TCUbWUi2bYÛfU^
DXUY]`_bdQ^SU_VXQfY^WQcdb_^WQ^Tc[Y\\UTbUQ\YcdYcTU] dX_eWXCSX]YTdºc_èSYQ\dYd\UYc35?CSX]YTdRb_eWXdc_e^T
_^cdbQdUTRidXUdbQe]QdYScUbYUc_VUfU^dcdXQdQ>UgI_b[RQcUT RecYÛcc`bQSdYSUcd_S_]`\U]U^ddXUSbUQdYfUQ^TdUSX^YSQ\WU
^_^`b_ÂdbUSU^d\ie^TUbgU^d#DXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^XQT"&Y^dUb^Q ^Yec_VdXUV_e^TUbcDXUS_^ÛSd_bb_\UQdQ^_^`b_Âdd_SYdU
dY_^Q\_èSUcQ\]_cd) cdQç]U]RUbcQ^T_^\idg_QSS_e^dQ^dc Q^_dXUbUhQ]`\UYccY]Y\Qbd_dXUfYSU`bUcYTU^d_V]Qb[UdY^W
DXUR_QbTUfQ^WU\YcdQ^TcSQ\Y^W`QbdÛbQ\\e^TUbcd__TdXUÛUT Q^TcQ\Uc`_cYdY_^QdQV_b`b_Âd2_dXbUaeYbUc_]U_ÛgYdXUh
V_bQbUQ\Ycdc_dXUiXYbUTQÛhUSedYfUVb_]Q\UQTY^W>UgI_b[\Qg dU^cYfUÛdg_b[cQ^TdXUQRY\Ydid_XU\`cdbQdUWYSQ\\i`_cYdY_^dXU
Âb]DXUÙbc_^XQTUhÙbYU^SU]Q^QWY^WÂ^Q^SYQ\_ÙbQdY_^cQd _bWQ^YjQdY_^Q^TYdc35?1^TYdW_UcgYdX_edcQiY^WdXQddXUbU
QV_b`b_ÂdRedXUgQc^_dQSUbdYÂUTèR\YSQSS_e^dQ^d3@1XQT Q\Ycd`\QicQSbYdYSQ\b_\UY^dXUV_b`b_ÂdcUSd_bgXUbUdXUR_dd_]
ÛfUbbe^Â^Q^SYQ\_ÙbQdY_^cQdQ^_^`b_ÂdQ^TXQTÛfUbTYbUSd\i \YÛYc]UQcebUTY^T_\\QbcQ^TSU^dcQ^TcUbfUcQcdXUe\dY]QdU
]Q^QWUTQSS_e^dY^W6_bQ\]_cdQiUQbXUS\QY]UTd_RUbUfQ]` Y^TYSQd_b_VQS_]`QîºcceSSUcc
Y^WdXUÂ^Q^SYQ\cicdU]cQ^TiUdfUbi\Ydd\USXQ^WUTY^`bQSdYSU GXU^c_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebce^TUbcdQ^TdXUYbcdbU^WdXcQ^T`bY
2USQecU_VQX_cd_VY^dUb^Q\_fUbcYWXdcdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^TYT^_d _bYdYUcQ^TTUfU\_`Q\UQTUbcXY`dUQ]S_]`_cUT_VÙ_`\UgYdXTYc
XQfUdXUcicdU]cd_TYcdY^WeYcXe^bUcdbYSdUTVb_]bUcdbYSdUTVe^Tc `QbQdUQ^TS_]`\U]U^dQbic[Y\\cYdSbUQdUcgXQdG__TSQ\\c·dXU
T_eR\UTY`ÙTY^d_bUcUbfUcRUSQecU_VY^QTUaeQdUQ^TTUSU^dbQ\ ÙbVUSdS_]RY^QdY_^¸9^Q^_dU_VSQedY_^X_gUfUbG__T`_Y^dc
YjUTUhÙ^cU]Q^QWU]U^d`bQSdYSUcQ^TbQYcUTÛgWbQ^dcgYdX_ed _eddXQd·YVi_e_^\iXQfUQ\_d_VS_b`_bQdUbUVeWUUcgX_[^_gcdbQd
XQfY^WQTUaeQdU_fUbXUQTd_]UUdUhÙ^TYdebUc UWiQ^T`b_SUccdXUiSQ^cSQ\U\Y[USXQ]`Y_^cRedi_eg_^ºdXQfU
9^6URbeQbi" )RU\YUfY^WdXQddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^gQc%]Y\\Y_^ TUU``b_WbQ]c3_^fUbcU\iYVi_e_^\iXQfUQ\_d_V`b_WbQ]]QdYS
Y^TURddXUfYSU`bUcYTU^d_VÂ^Q^SUÂ^Q\\iUh`\QYÛTdXUÂ^Q^ cÙSYQ\YcdcgYdX^_^`b_ÂdRQS[Wb_e^Tci_eb`b_WbQ]cQbUY^SbUT
SYQ\SbYcYcd_dXU`bUcYTU^d_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^dXUUfQ^WU\Ycd9^ YR\UReddXUiT_^ºdcSQ\U¸DXUc_\edY_^G__TS_^dYêUcYcd_·Â^T
cX_bd_bTUbQ^Y^dUbY]36?gX_XQTQ3@1Q^Tcdb_^WQSS_e^dY^W i_ebÙbVUSdS_]RY^QdY_^Q^TcSQ\UdXUXUS[_ed_VYd¸GXU^c_SYQ\
c[Y\\cgQcXYbUTCXUÙbc_^Q\\iQeTYdUTdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcR__[c U^dbU`bUÛebccd_`dXY^[Y^W_V\UQTUbcXY``_cYdY_^cQccY]`\iQc_
Q^TdbQfU\UTd_UfUbibUWY_^Q\_èSUd_ÂhÂ^Q^SYQ\cicdU]cQ^T \edY_^d_Q^Y]]UTYQdU`b_R\U]Q^TRUWY^d_SbUQdUb_\UcQ^TXYbU
UhÙ^cU`bQSdYSUcQ^Td_Y^cdYdedUS_cdSeddY^W]UQcebUc1bUSU^d dQ\U^dgYdXdXUcQ]UfYcY_^Q^TV_bUcYWXddXQddXUiecUd_ÙbVUSd
UhdUb^Q\QeTYdcX_gcdXQddXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^YcQR_ed"%]Y\\Y_^Y^ dXUYbYTUQQ^T]YccY_^cSQ\URUS_]UcQ^QdebQ\`b_WbUccY_^bQdXUb
TURdDXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^gY\\\Y[U\icebfYfURUSQecU_VdXUcdbU^WdX dXQ^QÛ\ecYfUW_Q\ ■
_VYdc`b_WbQ]cQ^TbUèdQdY_^Ûg\UQTUbcXY`Q^TcicdU]cQ^T
>_dU c
S_]]YddUTQ^TWUÛb_ecT_^_bc9dc\_^WdUb]VedebUgY\\RUTU
! 9^dXUY^dUbUcd_V`bYfQSiCejQ^Û=_bbYcºc^Q]UXQcRUU^SXQ^WUTQ^TdXU^Q]U_V
SYTUTRiX_gdXUR_QbTQ^T]Q^QWU]U^ddUQ]^QfYWQdUdXUÛhd dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^XQc^_dRUU^bUfUQ\UT
cYh]_^dXc1cdXYcUhQ]`\UcX_gc_bWQ^YjQdY_^cgYdXg_b\TS\Qcc " 4Q^YU\CdYTQ^T:Uç2bQTQSX·Cdb_^W\i<UTE^TUb=Q^QWUT¸DXU2bYTWUc`Q^
`b_WbQ]cfYcY_^QbiV_e^TUbcQ^Tcdb_^W`QbdÛbcSQ^ceçUbTbQ 7b_e`:e\i" (*'
]QdYScUdRQS[cgYdX_edQdQ\U^dUTbUQ\Ycd # >Q]UcQbU^_dY^S\eTUTXUbURibUaeUcd_VdXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $!

$" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&
●●●●●
BC@<7<5
D/:C3A
7<B=
/1B7=<
JF:@8C@EEFM8KFIJ8I<LJL8CCPDFK@M8K<;9PK?<@IG<IJFE8C
M8CL<J#P<KK?<P;FEËK8CN8PJ8:KFEK?<D#9<:8LJ<K?<P8I<
8=I8@;@KD@>?KC<8;KF:FE=C@:K%<M<EN?<EK?<P;F8:K#@K
F=K<E<E;J98;CP%KFI<D<;PK?@J#JF:@8C@EEFM8KFIJ:8EC<8IE
?FNKF8IK@:LC8K<K?<@IM8CL<J:FEJ@JK<EKCP8E;8:KFE
K?<D@E8N8PK?8K@JC@B<CPKFC<8;KF>FF;FLK:FD<J%
9P D 8IP : % >< E K@C <
9\\ecdbQdY_^Ri7g}^_\Q3Qbb~bU
gQc bUSU^d\i Y^fYdUT d_cÙQ[d_QWQdXUbY^W_Vi_e^Wc_SYQ\
7
Y^^_fQd_bcQR_edUdXYScQ^TfQ\eUcQ^TdXUS_^ÃYSdcdXQdSQÛ]UbWU
_fUbdXU]DXUWb_e`Y^S\eTUTQ]Q^QWUb_VQ6_bdeÛ" S_]`Qî
gX_gQcXU\`Y^WXYcÂb]TUfU\_`WbUU^`QS[QWY^WTUcYW^QRecYÛcc
U^dbU`bUÛebgX_gQcTUcYW^Y^WQgQiV_bÙ_`\UY^TUfU\_`Y^WS_e^
dbYUcd_ecU]_RY\U`X_Ûcd_QSSUccW__TcQ^TcUbfYSUc]_bUUQcY\i
Q^TQc_SYQ\U^dbU`bUÛebgX_gQcQddU]`dY^Wd_dbQ^cV_b]dXUU^fY
b_^]U^dQ\V__d`bY^d_VQcYW^YÂSQ^d`_bdY_^_VdXUV__TY^Tecdbi
9gQcY^fYdUTd_cÙQ[RUSQecUV_bdXU\QcdVUgTUSQTUc9XQfUUhQ]YÛTdXUgQiRecYÛcc
cSX__\cQb_e^TdXUg_b\TdUQSXUdXYScQ^TfQ\eUcQ^T9XQfUTUfU\_ÙTQÛgQ``b_QSXV_b
`bU`QbY^WVedebU\UQTUbcd_QSd_^dXUYbfQ\eUc9^cdUQT_VQc[Y^W·GXQdYcdXUbYWXddXY^W
d_T_/¸dXYcQ``b_QSXcdQbdcQddXU`_Y^dgXUî_eXQfUQ\bUQTiTUSYTUTgXQdYc·bYWXd¸Q^T
Y^cdUQTQc[c·8_gSQ^9WUdYdT_Û/¸DXYcQ``b_QSXYcQ\\QR_edReY\TY^WdXUc[Y\\cQ^TdXU
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $#

]ecS\Ud_WUddXUbYWXddXY^WT_Û9dYc^_dQR_edÙbcUfUbQdY^WQR_ed bUQc_^Y^WQ^TQ^Q\icYc¶c_dXQd]Q^QWUbcS_e\TTYcSY`\YÛdXUYb
gXQd`XY\_c_`XUb:_X^BQg\c]YWXdcQiQc_``_cUTd_1bYcd_d\U_b dXY^[Y^Wd_TUdUb]YÛgXQdgQcbYWXd_bgb_^W
TYcSeccY^W_ebY]]_RY\YjY^WVUQbcQdX_g_ebR_ccUc_bS_\\UQWeUc DXU`b_R\U]gYdXdXYcQ``b_QSXd_dUQSXY^WUdXYScYcdXQdYd
]YWXdbUQSd9XU\`Ù_`\U`bQSdYSUdXUYbQbWe]U^dcQR_edfQ\eUc T_Uc^ºdQTTbUccdXUQSdeQ\`b_R\U]dXQd]_cd]Q^QWUbcS_^Vb_^d
_ed\_eTQ^TY^Vb_^d_VdXUYbÙUbcc_dXQddXUcUcSbY`dcRUS_]U Y^bUQ\\YVU¶dXUdb_eR\Y^WcYdeQdY_^gXU^Q]Q^QWUbQ\bUQTi[^_gc
dXUÙbc_^ºcTUVQe\d`_cYdY_^gXU^cXUS_^Vb_^dcQcYdeQdY_^gXUbU gXQdcXURU\YUfUcYcbYWXdRedcXUT_Uc^ºdRU\YUfUYdYc`_ccYR\Ud_QSd
XUbfQ\eUcQbU_^dXU\YÛ _^XUbRU\YUV9Qc[UT]icU\V·9cYdUfU^`_ccYR\UV_bRecYÛcc]Q^QW
9XQTÙbXQ`c^QYfU\iQcce]UTdXQdc_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bcg_e\T Ubcd_èddXUcU\Ucc_^cY^d_`bQSdYSU/¸1^TYVYdYc^ºd`_ccYR\U·GQc9
aeYS[\ibUc_^QdUgYdXdXYcU]`XQcYc_^QSdY_^Q^TdXQdgUS_e\T cY]`\i`b_fYTY^WS_fUbV_bRecYÛcccSX__\cdXQdgQ^dUTd_cQidXQd
]_fUTYbUSd\id_QSbUQdYfURbQY^cd_b]Y^WcUccY_^QR_edgXQdg_e\T dXUidQeWXdUdXYSc/¸
RUdXU]_cdÙbceQcYfUYTUQcQ^TQbWe]U^dcgUS_e\TSbQVdd_`b_ 1c9gQcdbiY^Wd_Q^cgUbdXUcUaeUcdY_^c9XQTdXUW__TV_bdeÛ
]_dUdXUfQ\eUcRQcUT`_cYdY_^cdXQddXUiUQSXUc`_ecUTQR_eddXU d_Â^Tdg_`YUSUc_VTQdQ6Ybcd9g_b[UTgYdXdXU1cÙ^9^cdYdedUºc
U^fYb_^]U^dèR\YSXUQ\dXc_SYQ\\ibUc`_^cYR\UY^fUcdY^WQ^T_dXUb 2ecYÛccQ^TC_SYUdi@b_WbQ]_^dXUYbcebfUic_V=21cdeTU^dc
Y]`_bdQ^dYcceUc1VdUbQ\\dXUigUbUXUbU`bUSYcU\iRUSQecUdXUi gXYSXV_e^TdXQd]_cdcdeTU^dcUhÙSdUTd_U^S_e^dUbfQ\eUcS_^
gUbUdbiY^Wd_U^QSddXUYbfQ\eUcdXb_eWXdXUYbg_b[ ÃYSdcY^dXUYbSQbUUbcQ^TgXU^dXUiTYTdXQddXUig_e\TRUWUêYÛ\i
=Qî_VdXUc_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bcTYTgQb]d_]iQ``b_QSXQ^T db_eR\UTRidXU]9^dXU]_cdbUSU^dcebfUi]_bUdXQ^( ÙbSU^d
debÛTTYbUSd\id_QSdY_^`\Q^^Y^W2edQS_e`\U_V
Ù_`\Uc`_[Ue`gYdX_RZUSdY_^c?ÛcQYT*·2ed
=Qbi]i`b_ZUSdYcQ\\QR_ed`_cYdYfUfQ\eUcc_SYQ\ BVWaO^^`]OQVWaOZZOP]cbPcWZRW\UbVSaYWZZa
Y]`QSdQ^TY^^_fQdY_^1^T]iU]`\_iUbYcce` b]USbbVS`WUVbbVW\UaR]\S7bWa\]bOP]cb
`_bdY^W]UC_gXiQbUi_edQ\[Y^Wd_]UQR_edUdXY
SQ\S_^ÃYSd/¸9bUc`_^TUTdXQdc_SYQ\U^dUb`bYcUcQ^T
^SàSdSÒbW\UOP]cbeVOb^VWZ]a]^VS`8]V\
^_^`b_ÂdcQbU^_dY]]eÛd_UdXYSQ\SXQ\\U^WUc¶ @OeZa[WUVbaOgOa]^^]aSRb]/`Wab]bZS
Y^VQSdgXUÛfUbdg__b]_bUÙ_`\UWUdd_WUdXUb
dXUbUQbU\Y[U\id_RUfQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdc
●●●●●
4ebY^WdXUcUccY_^_ÛceSSUccVe\Q^TY^dUb
^QdY_^Q\\i[^_g^c_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bg_b[Y^WQdQ]QZ_bS_b`_bQdY_^ _VdXUbUc`_^TU^dcbU`_bdUTdXQddXUicdb_^W\i"(&ÙbSU^d_b
RUSQ]UcdbQ^WU\iaeYUd<QdUbdXQdUfU^Y^WXUè\\UT]UQcYTUd_cQi c_]UgXQd%$"ÙbSU^dQWbUUTdXQddXUigUbU\Y[U\id_U^S_e^dUb
dXQd9XQT·b_S[UTXYcg_b\T¸cXQ[Y^WXYc`bUfY_ecS_^ÂTU^SUdXQdXU fQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdcY^RecYÛcc9^dXUcQ]UcebfUi'ÙbSU^d_VcdeTU^dc
gQcQ\bUQTiT_Y^WUfUbidXY^WXUS_e\Td_f_YSUXYcfQ\eUccY]`\iRi bU`_bdUTdXQddXUigUbU^_dRUY^W`bU`QbUTQdQ\\d_]Q^QWUfQ\eUc
dXU^QdebU_VXYcg_b[ S_^ÃYSdcQ^T% ÙbSU^dbU`_bdUTdXQddXUigUbU_^\ic_]UgXQd
DXYc\YÛ_VdXY^[Y^W¶dXQdRUSQecU]iSQecUYcèbU9T_^ºdÛUT `bU`QbUT9^dUbUcdY^W\idXUS\_cUbcdeTU^dcQbUd_WbQTeQdY_^dXU
d_RUS_^SUbÛTQR_edfQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdc_bUdXYSc¶Yc`QbdYSe\Qb\ibU\ ]_bUdXUibU`_bdQ\QS[_V`bU`QbQdY_^"
UfQ^dV_bc_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bc9dSQ^R\Y^Tc_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bcd_dXUYb_g^ 9U^S_e^dUbUTdXUcUS_^TTQdQ`_Y^dgXY\US_^ce\dY^WQd3_\e]
fQ\eURYQcUc_bVQY\Y^Wc+Q^Tg_bcUYdSQ^d__UQcY\i\UddXU]S_^S\eTU RYQ2ecYÛccCSX__\DXUbU9XQTdXUW__TV_bdeÛd_bUQT]_bU
dXQddXUYbèbUU^TcSQ^ZecdYVic_]UaeUcdY_^QR\U]UQ^c dXQ^! UccQicgbYddU^RicdeTU^dcQR_edQdY]UY^dXUYbSQbUUb
4Uc`YdUfUbibUQ\Q^TdX_bîUdXYSQ\S_]`\UhYdYUcQ^T`bUccebUc gXU^dXUYb_g^fQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdUTgYdXgXQddXUigUbUQc[UTd_T_
c_]UÙ_`\UÂ^TceSSUccVe\gQicd_f_YSUQ^TQSd_^dXUYbfQ\eUc Y^dXUg_b[`\QSUQ^TX_gdXUiXQ^T\UTdXUcYdeQdY_^GXQdgQc
Q^TgUSQ^\UQb^Vb_]dXU]DXYcYcQc[Y\\dXQdSQ^RUTUfU\_ÙT cdbY[Y^WQR_eddXUUccQicgQcdXQdgYdXfUbiVUgUhSU`dY_^cQ\\_V
`bY^SY`Q\\iRiQ^dYSY`QdY^WdXUdiÙc_VfQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdcdXQd]YWXd dXUcdeTU^dcXQTcY]Y\Qbcd_bYUcd_dU\\¶`bUccebUcd_TYcd_bdUQb^
QbYcUQ^T`bQSdYSY^W_ebbUc`_^cUcd_dXU]DXYcQbdYS\UUh`\QY^c Y^WcbU`_bdc+`bUccebUcd_Y^ÃQdU`b_TeSdSQ`QRY\YdYUc+`bUccebUcd_
X_gd_T_dXQdQ^Q``b_QSXSQ\\UT7YfY^WF_YSUd_FQ\eUc7FF! \YUd_S_\\UQWeUc_bSecd_]Ubc+Q^Tc__^GXQdTYçUbUTgQcX_g
Q^TdXUcUfU^`bY^SY`\UcdXQd]Q[Ue`dXUQ``b_QSX dXUcdeTU^dcXQ^T\UTdXUcU`bUccebUcDXU\QbWUcdWb_e`Zecde^TUb
% ÙbSU^dcY]`\iceS[UTYde`Q^TTYTgXQddXUigUbUd_\TDXU
69>49>7=IF?935 Ûhd\QbWUcdWb_e`dbYUTd_T_c_]UdXY^WgYdXQ#!bQdY__VcdeTU^dc
7YfY^WF_YSUd_FQ\eUcWbUg_ed_VQÙbc_^Q\SbYcYc_VVQYdX1VdUb gX_VU\ddXUigUbUceSSUccVe\fUbcecdX_cUgX_VU\ddXUiVQY\UT1
cÙ^TY^W]QîiUQbcXU\`Y^WRecYÛcccSX__\VQSe\diY^dUWbQdU ]eSXc]Q\\UbWb_e`QR_ed%ÙbSU^d_VdXUd_dQ\gQcc_db_eR\UT
UdXYScY^d_=21`b_WbQ]c9RUWQ^d_g_^TUbYVdUQSXY^WRecYÛcc RidXUcYdeQdY_^dXUiU^S_e^dUbUTdXQddXUibUaeUcdUTQdbQ^cVUbd_
UdXYScgQcdbe\iUdXYSQ\=_cdRecYÛccUdXYSc`b_WbQ]cV_SecUT Q^_dXUbdUQ]_baeYddXUYbZ_R
Âbcd_^ReY\TY^WQgQbUÛcc_VdXU`b_R\U]¶_^dXUQcce]`dY_^ 9g_^TUbUTgXic_]UcdeTU^dcgUbUQR\Ud_QSd_^dXUYbfQ\eUc
dXQd]Q^QWUbcÛUTUTd_\UQb^d_bUS_W^YjUUdXYSQ\S_^ÃYSdcgXU^ gXY\U_dXUbcgUbU^_dQR\Ud_T_c_1VdUbbUbUQTY^WdXUcUUccQic9
dXUiU^S_e^dUbUTdXU]¶Q^TÛhd_^dUQSXY^W]_TU\c_VUdXYSQ\ cQgdXQddXUQ^cgUbgQc^_ddXQdc_]UcdeTU^dcXQTQTUUÙb]_bQ\
QgQbUÛcc+dXU_ÛcgX_QSdUTceSSUccVe\\iTYT^_dUh`bUcc]_bU
= Q bi 3 7U^dY\UYcQcU^Y_bbUcUQbSXcSX_\QbQd2QRc_^3_\\UWUCXUYcdXUQe
dX_b_VdXUbUSU^d\ièR\YcXUTR__[7YfY^WF_YSUd_FQ\eUc*8_gd_CÙQ[I_eb=Y^T ]_bQ\TYcS_]V_bddXQ^dXUYbÙUbcTYT1^TYdgQc^_dRUSQecUc_]U
GXUÎ_e;^_gGXQd»cBYWXdIQ\UE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc" ! cdeTU^dcgUbUQR\Ud_RUddUbQ^Q\ijUdXUcYdeQdY_^+dXUcdeTU^dcgX_
$$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

QSdUTTYT^_dcUU]d_XQfUQ]_bUc_`XYcdYSQdUTe^TUbcdQ^TY^W_VdXU _VdX_cUgX_XQfURUU^Y^c`YbUTd_f_YSUdXUYbfQ\eUcQVdUbUhÙbY
cYdeQdY_^dXQ^dX_cUgX_TYT^ºdQSdDXU_^\iTYçUbU^SUdXQd9S_e\T U^SY^WdXUSebbYSe\e]
Â^TgQcdXQdQdc_]U`_Y^dTebY^WdXUUhÙbYU^SUdXUceSSUccVe\QS
d_bcXQTcQYTc_]UdXY^Wd_c_]U_ÛQR_eddXUcYdeQdY_^DXUi_VdU^ C5F5>@B9>39@<5C
RUWQ^RicÙQ[Y^Wd_QVbYU^TQVQ]Y\i]U]RUb_bQc`_ecURedgXQd 7FFYcRQcUT_^cUfU^`bY^SY`\Uc*fQ\eUcSX_YSU^_b]Q\Ydièb
UfU^deQ\\iSXQ^WUTdXUdbQZUSd_bi_VdXUUhÙbYU^SUgQcdXQddXUi `_cU cU\V[^_g\UTWU Q^T Q\YW^]U^d f_YSU Q^T bUQc_^c Q^T
gUbUQR\Ud_cQic_]UdXY^Wd_c_]U_ÛY^cYTU_VdXUYb_bWQ^YjQdY_^ bQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^c
QR_eddXUYbTY\U]]Q¶YÛçUSdWYfY^Wf_YSUd_dXUYbfQ\eUc
DX_cUdg_`YUSUc_VTQdQ\UT]Ud_\__[TUUÙbY^d_dXUceRZUSd 4Uc`YdUSe\debQ\TYçUbU^SUcdXUbUYcQcUd_VfQ\eUc
(%MXcl\j
9^T_Y^Wc_9V_e^TQ^Y^dUbUcdY^W`YUSU_VbUcUQbSX_^Q\dbeYc] dXQdUfUbi_ÛQb_e^TdXUg_b\TcXQbUcQ^TdXQd
Q^T]_bQ\S_ebQWUdXQdXQTRUU^èR\YcXUTcUfUbQ\TUSQTUcQW_Ri gUSQ^Q`ÙQ\d_gXU^Y^dUbQSdY^WgYdX_dXUbc
4_eW\Qc8eÛ[UQ^T@Ubbi<_^T_^9^dXUbUcUQbSXdXUdg_Y^dUb DXU\YcdX_gUfUbYcQcX_bd_Û*X_ÛcdibUcÙSd
fYUgUT·bUcSeUbç¶Ù_`\UgX_XQTbYc[UTdXUYb\YfUcd_cQfU_dXUbc bUc`_^cYRY\YdiVQYbÛccQ^TS_]`QccY_^$1\dX_eWX_Û]YWXdaeYR
dXbUQdUÛTRidXU>QjYcY^5eb_Ù#?Û_VdXUS_]]_^dbQYdcdXQd R\UQR_eddXUUhQSd\Ycd_VcXQbUTfQ\eUc[^_gY^WdXQddXUbUYc_Û
bUcSeUbcbU`_bdUTgQcdXQdQdQÛQb\YUbdY]UY^dXUYb\YfUcdXUiXQT `b_fYTUcQecUVe\Q^T]Q^QWUQR\UV_e^TQdY_^V_bQTTbUccY^WfQ\eUc
XQTdXU_SSQcY_^d_bUXUQbcU_ed\_eTQ^TY^Vb_^d_Vc_]U_ÛdXUi S_^ÃYSdcY^dXUg_b[`\QSU
bUcÙSdUTgXQddXUig_e\TcQiQ^TX_gdXUig_e\TRUXQfUYVdXUi <QcdiUQb9gQcY^fYdUTd_CXQ^WXQYd_cÙQ[d_QWb_e`_VÛQb\i
U^S_e^dUbUTQ]_bQ\S_^ÃYSdDXQdYcdXUiXQT`bUcSbY`dUTdXU] ! RecYÛcccSX__\`b_VUcc_bcVb_]QSb_cc3XY^QDXU3XYÛcU
cU\fUc3_e\TRecYÛccUTeSQdY_^`b_fYTUceSXQ^_``_bde^YdiV_b W_fUb^]U^dXQTTUSYTUTdXQdRecYÛccUdXYSccX_e\TRUQ`Qbd_V
`bUcSbY`dY^WQ^TbUXUQbcQ\/3_e\TRecYÛccUTeSQdY_^]Q[UfYcYR\U dXUbUaeYbUT=21SebbYSe\e]Q^TdXYcS_^VUbU^SUgQcTUcYWÛTd_
dXUbUQ\YdidXQdf_YSY^WQ^TU^QSdY^WfQ\eUcgQc`_ccYR\UQ^TdXQd XU\`VQSe\di\UQb^X_gd_dUQSXUdXYSc9XQTRUU^gQbÛTdXQd]i
]QîcdeTU^dcXQTY^VQSdQ\bUQTiT_Ûc_/DXUcUaeUcdY_^cQ^T Q``b_QSX]YWXd^_dQ`ÙQ\d_Ù_`\UVb_]_dXUb`Qbdc_VdXUg_b\T
ceRcUaeU^dY^dUbfYUgcgYdX]Q^QWUbcgX_XQTf_YSUTdXUYbfQ\eUcQc `QbdYSe\Qb\iY^1cYQQ^TdXU=YTT\U5Qcdc_9Q``b_QSXUTdXYcUfU^d
gU\\QcSebbU^dbUcUQbSXY^c_SYQ\`ciSX_\_WiRUXQfY_bQ\US_^_]YSc gYdXdXU]Y^TQ^TXUQbd_VQ\UQbÛb
Q^TS_W^YdYfUÛeb_cSYU^SUV_b]UTdXURQcYcV_b7FF 9gQc`\UQcUTd_Â^TgYTUQWbUU]U^dgYdXdXUYTUQdXQdQ\\Ù_`\U
cXQbUSUbdQY^S_bUXe]Q^fQ\eUcQ^TdXQddXU[Y^Tc_V_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q\
79F9>7F?935D?F1<E5C `bUccebUcQ^TSXQ\\U^WUcdXQdQ^Y^TYfYTeQ\S_^Vb_^dcgXU^dbiY^W
DXUW_Q\_V7FFYcd_dbQ^cV_b]dXUgQigUdXY^[QR_edQ^TbU d_U^QSdXYcfQ\eUcQbUcY]Y\Qb1VdUbcUfUbQ\X_ebc_VU^WQWUTQ^T
c`_^Td_fQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdcgXU^gUU^S_e^dUbdXU]9dcdQbdcVb_] `_cYdYfUTYcSeccY_^X_gUfUb_Û_VdXU`b_VUcc_bccd__Te`Q^TcQYT*
dXUQcce]`dY_^dXQd]_cd_Vecg_e\T\Y[Ud_QSd_^_ebfQ\eUcYV ·9fUbi]eSXQ``bUSYQdUdXYc7FFQ``b_QSXQ^Tg_e\T\Y[Ud_ecUYd
gUdX_eWXdgUXQTQSXQ^SU_VRUY^WUçUSdYfUQ^TdXU`bY^SY`\U Y^]i_g^dUQSXY^W=iaeUcdY_^YcX_gT_i_ef_YSUi_ebfQ\eUc
dXQdgUSQ^RUS_]URUddUbQdQSdY^W_^_ebfQ\eUcYVgUWYfUf_YSU gXU^YdYcdXUW_fUb^]U^ddXQdi_egYcXd_S_^dbQTYSd/¸
d_dXU]RUV_bUXQ^TRibUcUQbSXY^WdXUcYdeQdY_^cSbQVdY^WQSdY_^ 9^dXYc]_]U^ddXUS_]]_^Q^TTUU`\iVU\dY]è\cUd_Uh`bUcc
`\Q^c`bUcSbY`dY^W_ebbUc`_^cUcQ^T`bQSdYSY^W_ebcSbY`dc _ÛºcfQ\eUcgQc`Q\`QR\UDXUbUgUbUSUbdQY^\iSe\debQ\TYçUbU^SUc
F_YSUY^dXYcS_^dUhdYcQ]UdQ`X_bV_bQgYTUfQbYUdi_VQSdY_^c dXQdUhYcdUTRUdgUUêcRedbQdXUbdXQ^WUddY^WcdeS[_^dX_cU
9dY^S\eTUccÙQ[Y^W_VS_ebcURedYdQ\c_Y^S\eTUcdXUU^dYbU`b_SUcc TYçUbU^SUcgUSQ]Ud_WUdXUbQb_e^T_ebcXQbUTS_]]Yd]U^dd_
_VQSdY_^`\Q^^Y^W*TQdQWQdXUbY^W+YTU^dYViY^WgXQdºcQdcdQ[UV_bQ\\ Ùbc_^Q\Y^dUWbYdiQ^TdXUTUcYbUd_Q``\idXU7FF]UdX_Td_dXYc
`QbdYUc+Q^dYSY`QdY^WQbWe]U^dcQ^TSbQVdY^WbUc`_^cUc+ReY\TY^WS_ `QbdYSe\QbSe\debQ\bUQ\YdiD_RUcebUdXUbUQbUfQ\eUcdXQdQbU^_d
Q\YdY_^cgXU^ÛSUccQbi+Q^TSbQVdY^WcicdU]YSbUc`_^cUcd_cicdU]YS e^YfUbcQ\\icXQbUTQ^TdXQdT_WYfUbYcUd_S_^ÃYSdC_]U]YWXdS_^
`b_R\U]c5fU^YVi_eV_\\_gdXU`bY^SY`\UcQ^T`b_SUcc_ed\YÛTY^ cYTUbdXU`b_SUccdXQd9`b_`_cUQc\UYWXd_VXQ^TQ\\_gY^WÙ_`\U
dXYcQ``b_QSXYdYc^_dUQcid_T_Q^TdXUbUYc^_WeQbQ^dUU_VceS gYdXTYçUbU^dfQ\eUcd_cYTUcdU`fQ\eUS_^ÃYSdc2edY^]iUhÙbY
SUcc>UfUbdXU\Ucc7FFYcRQcUT_^dXU`bU]YcUdXQdYdYcY]`_bdQ^d U^SUdXYc`b_SUccSbUQdUcQS_]]_^c`QSUQ^TdXUÙb]YccY_^d_dbi
d_dbiQ^TdXQdf_YSY^WQ^TU^QSdY^W_ebfQ\eUcYcQc[Y\\dXQdSQ^RU d_c_\fUQ`b_R\U]gYdX_edXQfY^Wd_QWbUU_ÛfUbidXY^WRUV_bU
TUfU\_ÙTQ^TY]`b_fUTgYdX`bQSdYSU dXU`b_SUccUfU^RUWY^c
7FFXQcRUU^`Y\_dUTY^]_bUdXQ^! cSX__\cQ^T_bWQ^YjQdY_^c
_^ÂfUS_^dYÛ^dc1\dX_eWX_bYWY^Q\\iTUcYWÛTV_b=21`b_WbQ]c =Qî_VecXQfUdXUVUU\Y^WgXUÛ^S_e^dUb
)%:_f`Z\
Y^SbUQcY^W\iYdYcRUY^WecUTY^QfQbYUdi_Ve^TUbWbQTeQdUWbQTeQdU Y^WfQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdcdXQd_ebXQ^TcQbUdYUTQ^T
Q^TUhUSedYfUUTeSQdY_^`b_WbQ]cBUSU^d\iRecYÛccQ^T^_^`b_Âd dXQdgUSQ^ºdT_QîdXY^WQR_edYd2ed7FF
_bWQ^YjQdY_^cXQfURUWe^d_UhÙbY]U^dgYdXgQicd_ecUdXUQ` U^S_ebQWUcecd_\__[RQS[Qd_eb_g^XYcd_bi
`b_QSXY^dXUYbY^dUb^Q\UTeSQdY_^`b_WbQ]c Q^T`_cYdcdXQdgUQ\\SQ^dXY^[_VdY]UcgXU^gUf_YSUT_bQSdUT
1\dX_eWXYdYcd__UQb\id_bU`_bddXUbUce\dc_VV_\\_ge`cdeTYUc _^_ebfQ\eUcY^dXUVQSU_VQSXQ\\U^WUQcgU\\QcdY]UcgXU^gU
_^dXUUèSQSi_V7FFdXUbUQbUQê]RUb_VcdeTYUcY^TUfU\_` VQY\UTd_T_c_1S[^_g\UTWY^WQ^TUhQ]Y^Y^WdXUcU`QcdSX_YSUc
]U^d¶Y^S\eTY^WU]`YbYSQ\cdeTYUcY^c_SYQ\`ciSX_\_Wi`bUQ^T SQÛh`Q^T_ebQRY\YdiQ^T\Y[U\YX__T_VSX__cY^Wd_U^QSd_eb
`_cd\UQb^Y^WQccUcc]U^dcQ^TQccUcc]U^dc_VYdcY]`QSdgXUêcUT fQ\eUcY^dXUVedebU
d_dbQY^QSS_e^dQ^dcDXUbUQbU_VS_ebcU]QîQÛST_dQ\bU`_bdc 1]QZ_bVY^Q^SYQ\cUbfYSUcVYb]XQTQS_b`_bQdUY^YdYQdYfUd_
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $%

Y^SbUQcUdXUTYfUbcYdi_VYdc`b_VUccY_^Q\cdQç1`QbdÛbQddXUÂb] XU\`Ve\2i^_b]Q\YjY^WdXYcfUbi`bUTYSdQR\UcYdeQdY_^Q^T`bU
QbWeUTgYdXc_]UbUcU^d]U^ddXQdXUXQTRUU^è^YcXUTY^dXU cSbY`dY^WXY]cU\VXUgQcQR\Ud_^QfYWQdUdXUUdXYSQ\gQdUbcgYdX
`QcdgXU^XU]QTUQÛç_bdd_XYbUQTYfUbcUcdQçQ^TU^TUTe` R_dXS_]`QccY_^Q^TY^dUWbYdi
XQfY^Wd_ÂbU_Û_VdXUÙ_`\UXUXQTXYbUT·DXUÂb]YcRUY^W
Xi`_SbYdYSQ\RUSQecU9`QiQ`bYSUYV9dQ[UQSXQ^SUdXQdVQY\çXU 9dYcUQcYUbd_f_YSUQ^TU^QSdi_ebfQ\eUcgXU^
cQYT>_dgYdXcdQ^TY^WQ\\dXUQcce]`dY_^cY^XYcQbWe]U^dQR_ed
+%Gligfj\ i_eXQfUTUÂÛTi_ebÙbc_^Q\`b_VUccY_^Q\
X_gXYbY^WQî_Û_dXUbdXQ^QgXYdU]Q\Ug_e\TbUaeYbUXY]d_ Q^Tc_SYUdQ\èb`_cUR_dXRb_QT\iQ^TUh`\YSYd\i
·dQ[UQSXQ^SU¸dXUXUQbd_VXYc`_cYdY_^gQcdXUYTUQdXQdXUTYT^_d @U_`\UgX_Â^TgQicd_RUdbeUd_dXUYbfQ\eUc
XQfUQSX_YSU2edgXU^Qc[UTgXQd`bYSUXUXQT`QYTQVdUbXYc`bUfY QbUdX_cUgX_èddXUYbTQY\iTUSYcY_^cY^d_Q\QbWUbVbQ]Ug_b[
_ecXYbUXQT^_dg_b[UT_edXUcQdY^cY\U^SUV_bQ]_]U^dRUV_bU Qc[Y^WgXUdXUbdXUQSdYcY^\YÛgYdXdXUYb_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºc]YccY_^
QS[^_g\UTWY^WdXQdXUXQT^_dY^VQSdQSdeQ\\i`QYTQî`bYSUQdQ\\ Q^TdXUbUQc_^cgXidXUiXQTcU\USdUTdXUYb`QbdYSe\Qb\YÛ_Vg_b[
UfU^dX_eWXXUXQTdbe\iRU\YUfUTdXQdXUXQT DXYc[Y^T_VdXY^[Y^WXU\`cÙ_`\UÂ^TdXUS_ebQWUd_QSd_^dXUYb
DXYcUhUSedYfUXQT]_bUSX_YSUcdXQ^XUgQcQR\U_bgY\\Y^Wd_ fQ\eUcQ^Td_Â^TÙbceQcYfUQbWe]U^dcd_U^WQWU_dXUbc
QS[^_g\UTWUUfU^d_XY]cU\Ve^dY\XUgQcY^fYdUTd_T_c_cY^ 1Ûg\i`b_]_dUTSXYUVÂ^Q^SYQ\_èSUb36?gQccdb_^W\iU^S_eb
SUbU\iQ^TgYdX_edQî]Q\YSUDXUcU]_]U^dc_VbUS_W^YdY_^¶ QWUTRiXYcÙUbcQddXUS_]`Qîd_]Q[Uc_]UQTZecd]U^dcY^dXUgQi
dXQdgUXQfU]QTUSX_YSUcY^dXU`QcdQ^TdXQdgUSQ^T_c_Y^dXU SUbdQY^Â^Q^SYQ\bUcdbeSdebY^WcgUbU`bUcU^dUTY^dXUÂb]ºcaeQbdUb\i
VedebU¶SQ^RUU]`_gUbY^WReddXUiÛUTd_RU_çUbUTQcY^fYdQ bU`_bdDXU36?VU\ddXQddXUQTZecd]U^dcQ]_e^dUTd_VQ\cYViY^WdXU
dY_^cbQdXUbdXQ^QcQSSecQdY_^c bUS_bTRedg_^TUbUTYVXUcX_e\TReS[XYcÙUbc_^XYcfUbiÂbcdTUSYcY_^
GXU^XUcdU`ÙTRQS[Q^TdX_eWXdQR_edgXQd[Y^T_V_bWQ^YjQdY_^
FQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdcQbUQbUWe\QbQ^T`bUTYSdQR\U`Qbd_V XUgQ^dUTd_RU\UQTY^WQ^TgXQdXYc`b_VUccY_^Q\S_]]Yd]U^dgQc
*%EfidXc`kp _eb`b_VUccY_^Q\\YfUc2ibUS_W^YjY^WdXU^_b]Q\Ydi QcQ36?XUTUSYTUT^_d_^\id_cQi^_d_XYcÙUbcRedQ\c_d_cUYjU
_V_ebUdXYSQ\SXQ\\U^WUcgUbUTeSUdXUdU^TU^Si dXU]_]U^d_VXYc`b_]_dY_^d_Q^^_e^SUQÛgVbQ]Ug_b[V_bÂ^Q^
d_fY\YVidX_cUgYdXgX_]gUTYcQWbUU¶Q`_cYdY_^ SYQ\bU`_bdY^WdXQdgQcRQcUT_^Y^dUWbYdiQ^Td_b_\\_edQSQ]`QYW^
dXQd_VdU^\Y]Ydc_ebUçUSdYfUÛccY^g_b[Y^WgYdXdXU]>_b]Q\YjY^W Q^TdbQY^Y^W`b_WbQ]d_`b_]_dUYd8UQSdUTÂbcdQ^TdXU^Qc[UTV_b
Q\c_bUTeSUcdXUdU^TU^Sid_`Q^YSVbUUjU_bbecXdXb_eWXdXUcUcYde ce``_bdVb_]XYc35?\QdUbDXYcQ``b_QSXg_b[UTQ^TXYcÂbcd]QZ_b
QdY_^cgYdX_edecY^WdXUVe\\bQ^WU_V_ebc[Y\\cQ^TQbWe]U^dc TUSYcY_^cUddXUcdQWUV_bQceSSUccVe\dUêbUQc36?
1S_^ce\dQ^dV_b]UbWUbcQ^TQSaeYcYdY_^cgQccYddY^WY^Q^QYb GXQdXUTYTYÛçUSdgQcd_gbYdUQÛgcSbY`dV_bdXU_bWQ^Y
`_bdgYdXdg_UhUSedYfUcVb_]QÂb]dXQdgQcd_RUQSaeYbUTDXUi jQdY_^]_fY^WRUi_^TdXU^Qbb_gbUaeUcd_VXYcÙUbcd_QRb_QTUb
Qc[UTXY]*·2UcdbQYWXdgYdXecI_eºfU[^_gêcQ^Tg_b[UTgYdX Q^T]_bUUh`\YSYdcdQdU]U^d_VfQ\eUcdXQdg_e\T^_d_^\iU]`_gUb
ecV_bcYh]_^dXc^_gQ^TgUºbUVbYU^Tc1bU_ebZ_Rc_^dXUSeddY^W XYcdUQ]d_ce``_bdXYcTUSYcY_^RedQ\c_]Q[UYd]_bUTYèSe\dV_b
R\_S[/¸DQ[U^_çWeQbTQ^TVUU\Y^Wd_b^RUdgUU^XYcVbYU^TcXY`V_b dXUUhUSedYfUcgX_gUbU`bUccY^WXY]d_SQbbi_eddXUYbQWU^TQ
dXUdg_]U^Q^TXYcbUc`_^cYRY\Ydid_XYcU]`\_iUbXUd_\TdXUUh e^TUbdXUbQTQb
USedYfUcdXQdXUTYT^_d[^_gUfU^dX_eWXdXUiQ\\[ÛgdXYcgQc
e^dbeU2icQiY^WdXYcXU^_d_^\ibYc[UTdXUdbecdXUXQTReY\de` GUg_^ºd]Q[U]eSXXUQTgQiQc[Y^W
gYdXdXUcUY^TYfYTeQ\cXUQ\c_`b_RQR\idU\UWbQ`XUTdXQddXUigUbU
,%J\c]$Befnc\[^\ c_]U_Ûd_RUR_\TQ^TcdQ^Te`V_bXYc
Xe[8c`êd\ek
Y^VQSdQdbYc[9^]iY^dUbfYUggYdXdXYcS_^ce\dQ^dXUcQYT*·=Qbi `bY^SY`\UcYVdXQdÙbc_^cUUcXY]cU\VQc
9\YUT9^cdY^SdYfU\i9\YUT¸<iY^WR_dXUbUTXY]Q^TXURUWQ^d_bU SQedY_ec_bQc[Y^Wc_]U_Ûd_RUS_^
Q\YjUdXQdYVXUcdQiUTY^dXYc\YÛ_Vg_b[XUgQcW_Y^Wd_U^S_e^dUb cUbfQdYfUYVdXQdÙbc_^fYUgcXUbcU\VQcQÂbURbQ^TDXUdbYS[Ycd_
dXYccYdeQdY_^QWQY^Q^TQWQY^8UÛUTUTd_dXY^[dXb_eWXgXQdXU ReY\TQcd_biQR_edgX_gUQbUQ^TX_ggUf_YSU_ebfQ\eUcdXQd
S_e\TX_Ûcd\icQidXQdg_e\TRUXU\`Ve\Q^T`bUcUbfUXYcg_b[Y^W YcRQcUT_^cU\V[^_g\UTWUQ^TYcY^Q\YW^]U^dgYdXX_ggUQ\bUQTi
bU\QdY_^cXY`cgYdX_edfY_\QdY^WXYc_R\YWQdY_^cd_XYcU]`\_iUb cUU_ebcU\fUcQ^TdXQd`\Qicd__ebcdbU^WdXc
C_XU`bUcSbY`dUTXY]cU\V8Yc]UccQWUgQcc_]UdXY^W\Y[U 3_^cYTUbdXUUQb\YUbcd_biQR_eddXUQ^Wbi`QbdÛbY^dXUÂ^Q^SYQ\
dXYc*·9º]c_bbi5fU^dX_eWXgUºfUg_b[UTd_WUdXUbQ^T9\Y[UQ^T cUbfYSUcÂb]gX_gQce`cUdQR_edXYbY^W`_\YSYUc9dgQcQSdeQ\\iQ
bUcÙSdi_egUR_dX[^_g9º]\UWQ\\iQ^TUdXYSQ\\iR_e^T^_dd_ TYfUbcYdiS_^ce\dQ^dgX_cQgXUbcU\VQcS_^ÃYSdQfUbcUgX_gQcQR\U
TYfe\WUY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edgX_cUZ_Rc]YWXdRU\_cd?^dXU_dXUb d_]_fUdXU`QbdÛbd_bUdXY^[XYcbUcU^dVe\cdQ^SUGXU^dXU`QbdÛb
XQ^T9gQ^dd_RUXU\`Ve\d_i_e1VdUbcUUY^WQSaeYcYdY_^cQ^T]UbW Q^WbY\iQccUbdUTdXQddXUÂb]gQcRUY^WXi`_SbYdYSQ\Q^TRU]_QÛT
Ubc]QîdY]UcRUV_bU]iUhÙbYU^SUYcdXQddXUÙ_`\UgX_VQbUT dXU`bYSUXUXQT`QYTV_bXYc`bUfY_ecS_]]Yd]U^dd_TYfUbcYdicXU
RUcdgUbUdXU_ÛcgX_d__[dXUV_\\_gY^WcdU`cd__`dY]YjUdXUYb gQccdi]YUTQdÂbcdQR_edX_gd_`b_SUUTCXU[ÛgdXQddXYcgQcQ
_`dY_^ç8Ug_e\TdXU^_ed\YÛQcUd_VSQbUUbU^XQ^SY^W]_fUc ]_]U^dgXU^cXUXQTdXUSXQ^SUd_\YfUXUbfQ\eUc_bRQS[T_g^
dXQddXUÙbc_^S_e\T]Q[U DXUbUgUbUQ\\c_bdc_VQbWe]U^dcdXQdcXU]YWXdXQfUbQYcUTd_
DXUY]`_bdQ^d]_]U^dV_bdXUS_^ce\dQ^dSQ]UgXU^XUbUS_W `_[UX_\UcY^XYcQccUbdY_^*GQc^ºdYd`_ccYR\UdXQdXYc`bUfY_ecXYbU
^YjUTdXQddXYcYc^_dQêêceQ\cYdeQdY_^Q^TdXQdYdgQcW_Y^Wd_ XQT·VQY\UT¸RUSQecUXUTYT^_dbUSUYfUdXUce``_bddXQd_dXUbXYbUc
S_]Ue`QWQY^Q^TQWQY^DXUTUSYcY_^XUVQSUTgQcgXUdXUbXUgQc bUSUYfUT/GXU^QgXYdU]Q\UXQTVQY\UTQdQZ_RXQTdXU`QbdÛb
W_Y^Wd_[UU`\iY^Wd_dXUY^TYfYTeQ\UhUSedYfUc_bd_XYcU]`\_iUb `\UTWUTd_ÛfUbQWQY^XYbUQgXYdU]Q\U/CXUTYT^ºdgQ^dd_èb
_bgXUdXUbXUS_e\TS_]Ue`gYdXQ^X_ÛcdQ^cgUbdXQdgQccdY\\ ceUdXYcQ``b_QSXRUSQecUcXUgQc^_dS_]V_bdQR\U`YddY^WXUbcU\V
$& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

QWQY^cddXYc]Q^8Yccdi\UgQcV_bSUVe\Q^TS_]RQdYfUQ^TcXUgQc U^S_e^dUbUTc_]U_VdXUcUbQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^c6_bUhQ]`\U*·5fUbi
QRYd_VQ^Y^db_fUbd9^cdUQTcXUcY]`\iQc[UTXY]¶Y^Q\\cY^SUb _ÛT_UcdXYc9dºcdXU^_b]Y^dXYcY^Tecdbi¸1ecUVe\S_e^dUbd_dXYc
YdiRUSQecUcXUbUQ\\igQ^dUTd_e^TUbcdQ^T¶·C_gXQd`bYSUTYT bQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^Ycd_`_Y^d_eddXQd·9VYdYccdQ^TQbT`bQSdYSUgXiYc
i_e`Qi/¸DXQdaeUcdY_^]QTUQ\\dXUTYçUbU^SUgXU^dXU`QbdÛb dXUbUQ`_\YSiQWQY^cdYd/¸1^_dXUbbQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^Yc·9V9cdQ^Te`
bUS_W^YjUTXUXQT^_dbUQ\\iRUU^Ù^Q\YjUTQdQ\\DXUS_^ce\dQ^d V_b]ifQ\eUcXUbU9gY\\Xebd]i]Q^QWUb¸DXUY^dUbUcdY^WdXY^W
`\QiY^Wd_XUbcdbU^WdXcQ^TUh`bUccY^WXUbfQ\eUcY^Q]Q^ÛbdXQd QR_edQ`ÙQ\cd_\_iQ\diYcdXQddXUiSQ^W_Y^QîTYbUSdY_^?Û
gQcS_^cYcdU^dgYdXXUbÙbc_^Q\YdiRb_[UdXb_eWXd_Q]_bUWUê S_e\TQ^cgUb·GXicX_e\TgUSX__cUd_RU\_iQ\d__eb]Q^QWUb
YÛS_^fUbcQdY_^gYdXXY]QR_edTYfUbcYdi _fUb_ebS_\\UQWeUc/¸2ie^]Qc[Y^WdXUbQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^YdQ\\_gcec
d_bUS_W^YjUdXQd\_iQ\did__ÛT_Uc^_dZecdYViXebdY^WQ^_dXUbQ^T
DXU]_bUgU`bQSdYSUSbQVdY^WQ^TcÙQ[Y^W_eb U^QR\Ucecd_]_fUV_bgQbTQ^TV_Sec_^`b_R\U]c_\fY^W
-%Mf`Z\ fQ\eUcQ^TTUfU\_`Y^W_eb_g^f_YSUdXU]_bU ·DXYcTUSYcY_^g_^ºdbUQ\\iXebdQîR_Ti¸YcQ^_dXUb_VdUêcUTbQdY_
\Y[U\idX_cUcSbY`dcgY\\RUS_]U_ebTUVQe\d`_cY ^Q\YjQdY_^1ecUVe\bUc`_^cUS_e\T`_Y^d_eddXQd]QdUbYQ\YdiTUÙ^Tc
dY_^cgXU^gUVQSUS_^ÃYSdcGUQbU]_bU\Y[U\i _^gXUbU_ÛcdQ^Tc+gXQdcUU]cc]Q\\d_]U]YWXdcUU]\QbWUd_i_e
d_cQidX_cUg_bTcgXU^gUXQfU`bUcSbY`dUT_ebcU\fUcQ^TXQfU DXYc[Y^T_VS_e^dUbQbWe]U^dg_b[cRUcdYVYdYcS_eSXUTQcQcd_bidXQd
bUXUQbcUTY^Vb_^d_V_ebÙUbcY^fYdY^Wce``_bdYfUVUUTRQS[Q^T Y\\ecdbQdUcdXU`_Y^dbQdXUbdXQ^_çUbUTQcQbYWXdU_ec\Ydd\UcÙUSX?b
S_^cdbeSdYfUS_QSXY^W gU]YWXdXUQb·DXYcYc^_d]ibUc`_^cYRY\Ydi¸GXU^c_]U_ÛecUcdXYc
DXYcYTUQbUQ\\iXYdX_]UcUfUbQ\iUQbcQW_gXU^9gQcdUQSXY^WQ \YÛ_VbUQc_^Y^WcXUYcQ\bUQTiS_^SUTY^WdXQddXUbU]QiRUQÛdXY
S_ebcUQd8QbfQbT2ecYÛccCSX__\_^]Q^QWY^WTYfUbcYdi9dQeWXd SQ\`b_R\U]GXQdgUÛUTd_T_dXU^Yc]_fUTYbUSd\id_c_\fY^WdXU
dXUS_ebcURUSQecU9RU\YUfUTYdgQcQ^Y]`_bdQ^dd_`YSQ^Tc[Y\\V_b `b_R\U]Ri`b_fYTY^WbUQ\c_\edY_^cbQdXUbdXQ^cÙ^TY^WdY]UdbiY^W
VedebU]Q^QWUbcRedQ\c_RUSQecU9X_ÙTdXQddXb_eWXbUcUQbSXY^W d_ÙbceQTUdXUÙbc_^dXQdcXUT_UcXQfUbUc`_^cYRY\Ydi
dXUS_ebcUQ^TWUÛbQdY^WSQcUcdeTYUc9g_e\T\UQb^X_gd_RUddUb
cdQ^Te`V_bTYfUbcYdigXU^9gYdÛccUTTYcSbY]Y^Qd_biRUXQfY_b EC9>7F1<E5CD?13895F57?1<C
1\dX_eWXdXUS_ebcUgU^dgU\\Q^TbUce\dUTY^cUfUbQ\R__[cY^dXU @U_`\Ug_b[Y^WQdQ\\diÙc_V_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQbU\Y[U\id_be^Y^d_
U^T9cdY\\VU\de^S_^fY^SUTdXQd9g_e\TRURUddUbQR\Ud_QTTbUcc UdXYSQ\S_^ÃYSdcDXY^[QR_eddXUSXQ\\U^WUc_VQ``b_`bYQdU\iQ\\_
YÛaeYdigXU^9_RcUbfUTYd SQdY^WT_^QdY_^cd_dXU`b_ZUSdcdXUigUbUY^dU^TUTd_ce``_bdgXU^
=_^dXcQVdUbdXUS_ebcUU^TUT9RUWQ^g_b[Y^WgYdXQ\QbWUS_^ dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^YcTb_g^Y^WY^_ÙbQdY^WUhÙ^cUc?bS_^cYTUbdXU
ce\dY^WÂb]Q^TV_e^T]icU\VY^Q]UUdY^WRUdgUU^]idUQ]Q^TQ êQ^SUc_VVbQ]Y^WQTf_SQSiQbWe]U^dcY^QgQidXQdQSSebQdU\i
]QZ_bS\YU^dDXUS\YU^dRUWQ^d_]Q[UUdX^YSZ_[UcdXQd]QTU]U¶ S_^fUicgXQdgU[^_ggXU^Ydg_e\TRUUQcid_Y^ÃQ]UèR\YSU]_
Q^Tc_]U_VdXUZe^Y_bS_^ce\dQ^dcY^dXUb__]gX_gUbUQTYfUbcU dY_^cQ^TbQYcUce``_bdV_b_ebSQecUgYdXc\YWXd]_TYÂSQdY_^cDXU
Wb_e`¶e^S_]V_bdQR\U=icU^Y_b`QbdÛbcQYT^_dXY^WQ^T9TYT^_d d__\cQ^TVbQ]Ug_b[cY^dXYcQbdYS\USQ^XU\ÙfUbi_ÛSbQVdfQ\eUc
gQ^dd__çU^TdXUS\YU^dGYdXQc]Y\UQ^T\YWXdXUQbdUTd_Û9cQYT* TbYfU^QbWe]U^dcd_TUQ\gYdXdXUcUdiÙc_V`bUccebUc
·@UbXQ`cgUcX_e\TWUdT_g^d_RecYÛccGU]QiXQfUcdbQiUTY^d_ 2eddXU]_bUTYcdY^SdYfUQ``\YSQdY_^_V7FFV_bc_SYQ\Y^^_fQd_bc
QbUQcgXUbUgUT_^ºdXQfUU^_eWXY^V_b]QdY_^d_ce``_bdeçDXU Ycd_dXY^[_VYd^_d_^\iQcQ]UdX_TV_bbUcYcdY^WdXU`bUccebUd_
S\YU^d^_dVUU\Y^WcY^W\UT_edSXeS[\UTgYdXbUS_W^YdY_^Q^TQWbUU RUXQfUeÛdXYSQ\\iRedQ\c_QcQcUd_Vd__\cdXQdSQ^RUecUTY^dXU
]U^d9d]Qi^_dXQfURUU^dXUÙbVUSdbUc`_^cUReddXUbUgQcQ`Q\ cUbfYSU_VQ`_cYdYfUc_SYQ\W_Q\V_bgXYSXi_egQ^dd_U^\Ycd_dXUbcº
`QR\UbU\YUVQ]_^W]idUQ] ce``_bd2iV_SecY^W_^SbUQdYfU\i`bUcSbY`dY^WQ^T`bQSdYSY^W_eb
GXQd9\QdUbbUQ\YjUTgQcdXQd9XQTcÙ^dc_]eSXdY]Ug_b[Y^W `_cYdY_^cQ^TecY^WdXU]QîVbQ]Y^Wd__\cdXQdQbUUê]UbQdUTY^
dXb_eWXdXUQbWe]U^dcQ^TS_e^dUb`_cYdY_^cQb_e^TTYfUbcYdigXY\U dXU7FFQ``b_QSX%gU^_d_^\iY^SbUQcU_ebUçUSdYfUÛccgXU^gU
TUcYW^Y^W]iS_ebcUdXQd9XQTYÛçUSd`bU`QbUT]icU\VV_bceSX Uc`_ecUdXU]RedQ\c_Y^SbUQcUdXU\Y[U\YX__TdXQdgUgY\\T_c_Y^
cYdeQdY_^c9XQT^_b]Q\YjUTdXUcUcYdeQdY_^c1^T9XQT`bQSdYSUT]i dXUÂbcd`\QSU2i]Q[Y^WfQ\eUcQXQRYdgUU^WQWU_ebS_\\UQWeUc
f_YSU]Q[Y^WdXQd]iTUVQe\d`_cYdY_^2USQecUdXUcUg_bTcSQ]U Q^T_ebS_^cdYdeU^SYUcY^T_Y^WdXUcQ]U ■
^QdebQ\\iQ^TUQcY\i9TYT^_dÛUTd_cSbUge`]iS_ebQWU_b]i
U]_dY_^Q^TdXUbUV_bU9TYT^_ddU\UWbQ`XUYdXUbR\Q]U_bQ^hYUdi >_dU c
d_]iQeTYU^SU9dQ\\cUU]UT^QdebQ\ ! 7YfY^WF_YSUd_FQ\eUc7FFgQc\Qe^SXUTgYdXdXU1cÙ^9^cdYdedUQ^TdXUIQ\U
CSX__\_V=Q^QWU]U^dQcV_e^TY^W`QbdÛbc9dYc^_gX_ecUTQdQ^TVe^TUTRi2QR
c_^3_\\UWU
>_d_^\iQbUg_b[`\QSUfQ\eUcS_^ÃYSdc
.%I\XjfejXe[ `bUTYSdQR\UdXUQbWe]U^dcgUQbU\Y[U\i
" CUUdXUVe\\bU`_bdc_VdXUcUcdeTYUc·GXUbUGY\\DXUi<UQT/¸QdXdd`*gggQcÙ^
Y^cdYdedU_bWèR\YSQdY_^cgXUbUgY\\dXUi\UQT" (UhUSedYfUce]]Qbi`TV
IXk`feXc`qXk`fej
d_XUQbgXU^gUdbid_cÙQ[e`QbU`bU # @Ubbi<_^T_^·DXUBUcSeUbc*=_dYfQdY_^Q\8i`_dXUcUc1R_ed3XbYcdYQ^cGX_
TYSdQR\UQcgU\\gXYSX]Q[UcYdUQcYUbd_ CQfUT:UgcVb_]dXU>QjYçY^1\dbeYc]Q^T8U\`Y^W2UXQfY_b*C_SYQ\@ciSX_\_WYSQ\
CdeTYUc_VC_]U1^dUSUTU^dcQ^T3_^cUaeU^SUc>UgI_b[*1SQTU]YS@bUcc!)' +Q^T
TUfU\_`Q^T`bQSdYSUUçUSdYfUbUc`_^cUcC_]U_VdXU]_cdS_] 4_eW\Qc88eÛ[UDXU=_cUc_VB_f^_*DXUCdYbbY^WCd_bi_V6bYdj7bQURUQ7Ub]Q^
]_^_VdXUcUbUQc_^cQ^TbQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^cQbUgXQd9SQ\\`bUU]`dYfU 3XbYcdYQ^GX_BYc[UT8Yc<YVUd_<UQT8e^TbUTc_V:Ugcd_CQVUdi4ebY^WdXU8_\_SQecd
>UgI_b[*4_TT=UQT!)(%
bQdY_^Q\YjQdY_^cDXUiQbUdXUbUQc_^cgUS_]Ue`gYdXRUV_bUgU
$ BecXg_bdX=;YTTUb =_bQ\3_ebQWU*DQ[Y^W1SdY_^GXUÎ_ebFQ\eUc1bU@edd_dXU
UfU^dbid_SbQVd_ebQSdY_^`\Q^Q^TdXQd`bUfU^decVb_]Q``\iY^W DUcd>UgI_b[*8QbÙb3_\\Y^c@eR\YcXUbc" %*$'
_ebVe\\SbUQdYfYdid_dXUdQc[ % CUUUcÙSYQ\\i·GQic_VDXY^[Y^W1R_ed?ebFQ\eUcY^dXUG_b[`\QSU¸Q^T·CSbY`dc
1î_Û gX_ XQc cÙ^d ]eSX dY]U Y^ Q^ _bWQ^YjQdY_^ XQc Q^TC[Y\\çQdggg7YfY^WF_YSUD_FQ\eUc_bW
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $'

EVOb
1WdWZA]QWSbg
<SSRa
?<8;C@E<$>I899@E>GIF9C<DJC@B<>CF98CN8ID@E>8E;<OKI<D<GFM<IKP>8IE<I
DFJKF=G?@C8EK?IFGPËJDFE<P8E;<E<I>P#N?@C<C<JJM@J@9C<9LKEFC<JJ@DGFIK8EK
GIF9C<DJC@B<K?<;<:C@E<F=K?<E<NJD<;@8ÇFE<F=K?<=FLE;8K@FEJF=:@M@C
JF:@<KPÇ8I<F=K<E@>EFI<;%N@K?FLK8?<8CK?P:@M@CJF:@<KP#?FN<M<I#@K9<:FD<J
;@==@:LCK@=EFK@DGFJJ@9C<KFJFCM<K?<FK?<I#DFI<I<8;@CP8GG8I<EKGIF9C<DJ%
GXU^ Qc[UT d_ \Ycd Xe]Q^Ydiºc ]_cd `bUccY^W SXQ\ ?^\iQdYîVbQSdY_^¶Qd]_cdQVUgÙbSU^d¶_V`XY\
\U^WUcY^dXU"!cdSU^debi]_cdÙ_`\Ug_e\T]U^dY_^ Q^dXb_`YST_\\QbcW_d_ce``_bdSYfY\c_SYUdiºcY^cdYdedY_^Q\
YcceUc \Y[U W\_RQ\ gQb]Y^W _fUb`_è\QdY_^ UhdbU]U cdbeSdebUcQ^Td_`b_]_dUdXUfQ\eUcQ^T^_b]c_VQÃ_ebYcX
`_fUbdiQ^TêS\UQb`b_\YVUbQdY_^¶c_SYQ\`b_R\U]cdXQd Y^WSYfY\c_SYUdiDXYcÛW\USdbU`bUcU^dcQVe^TQ]U^dQ\WQ`
T_]Y^QdUdXUVb_^d`QWUc_VÛgc`QÙbcQb_e^TdXUW\_RU Y^`XY\Q^dXb_ì¶_ÛdXQdSQê^TUb]YÛ`XY\Q^dXb_ìºc
FUbiVUgÙ_`\UX_gUfUbg_e\T]U^dY_^dXUUb_cY_^_V QRY\Ydid_èbceUYdc_dXUb`b_R\U]c_\fY^WW_Q\c6_bgYdX_ed
SYfY\c_SYUdiQ^TYdcY^cdYdedY_^cQcQêbWU^dYcceUdXQd QXUQ\dXiSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^TgXQdS_]UcQ\_^WgYdXYd¶ceSX
ÛUTc_ebY]]UTYQdUQddU^dY_^ QcQ^Y^V_b]UTQ^TU^WQWUTèR\YS¶YdYcTYèSe\dYV^_dY]
@XY\Q^dXb_`Ycdc]eSX\Y[UdXUWUÛbQ\èR\YSV_Sec `_ccYR\Ud_c_\fUdXU_dXUb`bUccY^W`b_R\U]c
]_cd_VdXUYbQddU^dY_^Q^T]_Ûi_^c_\fY^WXUQT\YÛ DXUbUQc_^dXQdYdYcebWU^dV_b`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcQ^T_dX
WbQRRY^W`b_R\U]cYÛTeSQdY_^XUQ\dXSQbUUS_^_]YS Ubcd_QTTbUccdXYcYcceU^_gYcdXQddXUbUYcQ^QSSU\UbQdY^W
TUfU\_`]U^dQ^TdXUU^fYb_^]U^d2Y\\Y_^c_V`XY\Q^ TUS\YÛY^dXUXUQ\dX_VECSYfY\c_SYUdi5fYTU^SU_VdXYc
dXb_`YST_\\QbcV_bUhQ]`\UQbUcÙ^dUfUbiiUQbdbiY^W TUS\YÛYcQ\\Qb_e^TecDXUWb_gY^WT_]Y^Q^SU_VS_]
d_Q\\UfYQdUW\_RQ\gQb]Y^WiUdbU\Q ]UbSYQ\V_bSUcY^dXUÛgc]UTYQdXU
dYfU\iVUgT_\\QbcQbUTYbUSdUTd_gQbT Ub_cY_^_VdXUèR\YSºcdbecdY^3_^WbUcc
Y]`b_fY^WdXUèR\YSTUSYcY_^]Q[ dXUTUS\Y^Y^W]U]RUbcXY`Y^SYfYS_b
Y^W`b_SUccQÛccU^dYQ\Ve^SdY_^Y^Q
2i2beSUCYUfUbc WQ^YjQdY_^cQ^TdXUcdUQTiTUdUbY_bQ
TU]_SbQdYSSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^T_ÛdXQd dY_^_VSYfY\YdiY^`_\YdYSQ\TYcS_ebcU¶
9\\ecdbQdY_^RiIQbU[GQcje\
`\QicQSbYdYSQ\b_\UY^TUdUb]Y^Y^WdXU Q\\dUcdYVid_dXUgUQ[U^Y^WRQ^TcdXQd
VedebU_VdXUU^fYb_^]U^d S_^ÛSdQ^Tce``_bdSYfY\c_SYUdi
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $)

9VSYfY\c_SYUdiYcc_Y]`_bdQ^dgXi_Û]YWXdQc[T_`XY\Q^dXb_ QSXYUfY^WS_\\USdYfUU^TcUfU^gXU^dXUbUYcS_]]_^QWbUU]U^d
`Ycdc`Qic_\Ydd\UQddU^dY_^d_YdcgU\\RUY^W/DXUbUQc_^YcdXQd]_cd Qcd_gXQddX_cUU^TcQbUY^dXUVQSU_VY^TYfYTeQ\cºcU\VY^dUbUcdUT
`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcecUQ^Y^cdbe]U^dQ\YcdQ``b_QSXd_c_\fY^Wc_SYQ\ RUXQfY_b1ÛhQ]`\U_VdXYcYcdXU·dbQWUTi_VdXUS_]]_^çQdUb]
`b_R\U]c_ÛRQcUT_^Q``\YUTcSYU^SUQ^TRecYÛccY^fUcdY^WdXQd _bYWY^Q\\iecUTd_Uh`\QY^gXiWb_e`c_VY^TYfYTeQ\cUQSXecY^WdXU
SQ^`b_TeSU]UQcebQR\UQ^TS_^SbUdUbUce\dc1\dX_eWXc_]UTYc cQ]US_]]_^\iXU\TÂU\Td_WbQjUS_gc_VdUÛ^Te`_fUbWbQjY^W
SbUdUQ^TUQcid_]UQcebU`b_R\U]c¶ceSXQcReY\TY^WQç_bTQR\U dXU\Q^TDXUdUb]Yc^_gecUTd_Uh`\QY^gXibUc_ebSUcXU\TY^
X_ecY^W_b`b_fYTY^WZ_RdbQY^Y^W¶SQ^RUc_\fUTecY^WdXYcQ``b_QSX S_]]_^RiXe]Q^YdiceSXQcdXUQYbQ^TdXU_SUQ^cQbUe^YfUbcQ\\i
]Qî_dXUb`b_R\U]cSQ^^_d1^TYdYcdX_cUdiÙc_VY^dQ^WYR\UQ^T QRecUTSQecY^WW\_RQ\gQb]Y^WQ^T_SUQ^`_\\edY_^
XQbTd_]UQcebU`b_R\U]c¶ceSXQcY^SbUQcY^WSYfYSU^WQWU]U^d_b DXUcUS_^T`b_R\U]fQ\eU`\ebQ\Yc]XQcd_T_gYdXdXUQSXYUfU
U^XQ^SY^Wc_SYQ\dbecd¶dXQdSXQbQSdUbYjUSYfY\c_SYUdi ]U^d_VS_]]_^èb`_cUcY^Qg_b\T_VS_]ÙdY^WQ^T_VdU^Y^S_]
`QdYR\Ue^TUbcdQ^TY^Wc_VgXQddX_cUèb`_cUcQbU6_bUhQ]`\U
6?E>41D9?>C?639F9<C?395DI c_]Ug_e\TSXQbQSdUbYjUQW__Tc_SYUdiQc_ÛY^gXYSXQîbQdY_^Q\
2UV_bUTU\fY^WVebdXUbY^d_gXi`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcXQfUYW^_bUTSYfY\c_ Ùbc_^SQ^SX__cUdXUdY]UQ^T]Q^Ûb_VXYcTUQdXQ^TUfU^XQfU
SYUdiQ^TgXQdSQ^RUT_Ûd_bUfUbcUS_ebcUYdYcY]`_bdQ^dd_Âbcd Q`XicYSYQ^QYTXY]Y^dXU`b_SUcc?dXUbcg_e\TcUUceSXQc_SYUdi
e^TUbcdQ^TgXQdSYfY\c_SYUdiYc1\dX_eWXdXUYTUQ_VSYfY\c_SYUdiXQc QcQfY_\QdY_^_VVe^TQ]U^dQ\bU\YWY_ec_bUdXYSQ\`bY^SY`\UcCeSX
Q^SYU^db__dcYdÂbcdQ`ÙQbUTY^YdcS_^dU]`_bQbiV_b]RUdgUU^dXU Ve^TQ]U^dQ\fQ\eUS_^ÃYSdcQbUVQ]_ec\iTUcSbYRUTY^`XY\_c_`XUb
!&dXQ^T!(dXSU^debYUcY^5eb_ÙDXYcgQcdXUÙbY_T_VdXUWb_gdX 9cQYQX2Ub\Y^ºcS\QccYSce]]QdY_^·dXUU^Tc_V]U^QbU]QîQ^T
_VY^TYfYTeQ\Yc]Q^TQddU^dY_^d_Y^TYfYTeQ\bYWXdcUcÙSYQ\\i_VdXU ^_dQ\\_VdXU]QbUY^`bY^SY`\US_]`QdYR\UgYdX_ÛQ^_dXUb¸ #
bYWXdc_VRU\YUVQ^TVbUUUh`bUccY_^Q^T_VY^SbUQcY^WTU]QbSQdY_^ BUc_\fY^WdXUdU^cY_^Q]_^WdXUS_]ÙdY^WY^dUbUcdcW_Q\cQ^T
RUdgUU^dXUbUQ\]c_VSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^TdXUcdQdU5^\YWXdU^]U^d fQ\eUcicdU]c_VY^TYfYTeQ\cY^SYfY\c_SYUdiY^QgQidXQdY^SbUQcUc
dXY^[UbcceSXQc8eW_7b_dYec2QbeSXC`Y^_jQ:_X^<_S[U2Ub^QbT èR\YSW__TcQ^TbUTeSUcèR\YSRQTcYcQS_]`\UhdQc[]eSX]_bU
=Q^TUfY\\UQ^T1TQ]6UbWec_^QbdYSe\QdUTU\U]U^dc_VdXUcUUQb\i S_]`\YSQdUTdXQ^dXUSXQ\\U^WUc_ÛVQSUcY^RecYÛccgXUbU`b_Âd
fYcY_^c_VSYfY\c_SYUdi6_\\_gY^WdXYcRebcd_VY^dUbUcddXUbUgQc YcQS\UQbQ^TcY^W\UdUcd_VceSSUcc_bY^^QdebQ\cSYU^SUgXUbUfQbY
Q\_^WÙbY_T_VbU\QdYfUÛW\USd_VdXUS_^SU`dBUSU^d\iX_gUfUb QR\UcSQ^RU\Y]YdUTQ^TS_^db_\\UT
dXUbUXQcRUU^QbUcebWU^SU_VY^dUbUcdY^SYfY\c_SYUdi
C_]US_^dU]`_bQbi_RcUbfUbcXQfUQ^Qbb_gTUÂ^YdY_^_VSYfY\ 3?==9D=5>DD?D853?==?>7??4
c_SYUdidXQdUaeQdUcYdd_dXU^_^`b_ÂdcUSd_b_b^_^W_fUb^]U^dQ\ DXUbUQbUdg_UccU^dYQ\VUQdebUc_VECSYfY\c_SYUdidXQdXQfUUhÙ
_bWQ^YjQdY_^c9TbQge`_^Q]_bUUh`Q^cYfUTUÂ^YdY_^_VSYfY\c_SYUdi bYU^SUTcYW^YÂSQ^dUb_cY_^Y^bUSU^dTUSQTUc¶dXUY^TYfYTeQ\ºcS_]
dXQdY^S\eTUcdXUcU`bYfQdUQcc_SYQdY_^cQ\_^WgYdXdXUY^cdYdedY_^c ]Yd]U^dd_dXUS_]]_^W__TQ^TdXUSYfYSVe^SdY_^_VdXU]UTYQ
_VdXUbe\U_V\Qg`XY\Q^dXb_ìQcicdU]_VVbUUUh`bUccY_^Q^TdXU DXUbUYcQWbUQdTUQ\_VS_^fY^SY^WUfYTU^SUcX_gY^WdXQddXUTUS\YÛ
^_b]c_VY^TYfYTeQ\bYWXdcdXUS_]]_^W__TQ^Td_\UbQ^SU!=iTUÂ _VdXUcUdg_VUQdebUcXQcgUQ[UÛTSYfY\c_SYUdiºcQRY\Ydid_ÙbV_b]
^YdY_^YccY]Y\Qbd_dXUceSSY^Sd_Û_çUbUTRiE^YfUbcYdi_V3Q\YV_b^YQ YdcfYdQ\b_\U_VSbUQdY^WU^WQWUTQ^TY^V_b]UTSYdYjU^c$
Qd<_c1^WU\Uc`b_VUcc_b8U\]ed1^XUYUb*·3YfY\c_SYUdiYcdXUQbU^Q ?Û_VdXUV_e^TQdY_^c_V1]UbYSQ^SYfY\c_SYUdiYcdXUS_]]Yd
_edcYTUVQ]Y\iW_fUb^]U^dQ^T]Qb[UdgXUbUÙ_`\Uf_\e^dQbY\iQc ]U^d_VY^TYfYTeQ\cd_dXUèbceYd_VdXUS_]]_^W__T6b_]:_X^
c_SYQdUd_QTfQ^SUS_]]_^Y^dUbUcdcRQcUT_^SYfY\Ydi¸ " GY^dXb_`ºc·3Ydie`_^Q8Y\\¸Y^f_SQdY_^Y^!&# d_@bUcYTU^d2Q
1^Y]`_bdQ^dU\U]U^d_V1^XUYUbºcTUÂ^YdY_^YcYdcU]`XQcYc_^ bQS[?RQ]QºccdbUcc_^dXUY]`_bdQ^SU_V·dXUS_]]_^W__T¸Y^
SYfY\c_SYUdiºcQY]d_·QTfQ^SUS_]]_^Y^dUbUcdç1^_dXUbgQi_V XYcY^QeWebQ\QTTbUccS_^SUb^V_bdXUgU\\RUY^W_VdXUS_]]e^Ydi
cdQdY^WdXYcYcd_cQidXQdSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^T`XY\Q^dXb_ìQcQ`Qbd_V Q^TV_bVedebUWUÛbQdY_^cXQcRUU^QcecdQYÛTdXU]UY^1]UbYSQ^
YdYcQ]UTYe]dXQdS__bTY^QdUcY^TYfYTeQ\Uç_bdcd_`b_fYTUèR\YS TYcS_ebcU1T]YddUT\idXUbUXQcQ\gQicRUU^QdU^cY_^Y^1]UbYSQ^
W__TcQ^TTY]Y^YcXèR\YSRQTc9^TUUT`bQSdYdY_Ûbc_V`XY\Q^dXb_ì c_SYUdiRUdgUU^dXUèbceYd_VY^TYfYTeQ\Y^dUbUcdcQ^TdXUèbceYd
fYUgdXU]cU\fUcQcY^f_\fUTY^dXUSbUQdY_^_b`bUcUbfQdY_^_VèR\YS _VdXUS_]]_^W__TQ^TdXURQ\Q^SURUdgUU^dXUcUdg_^_b]c
W__Tc¶ceSXQcèR\YSUTeSQdY_^S\UQ^QYbQ^TgQdUbQ^TSe\debQ\ XQcSXQ^WUTdXb_eWX_edECXYcd_biRedUfYTU^SU`_Y^dcd_QS\UQb
Uh`bUccY_^¶Q^TdXUbUTeSdY_^_VèR\YSRQTc¶ceSXQcW\_RQ\S\Y `QddUb^_VTUS\Y^Y^WS_]]Yd]U^dd_dXUUdX_c_VdXUS_]]_^W__T
]QdUSXQ^WUY^dUb^QdY_^Q\fY_\U^SUQ^T`_fUbdi cY^SUdXU]YT" dXSU^debi
?Û_VdXUbUQc_^cYdYcTYèSe\dV_b`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcQ^T_dXUbc 8QbfQbTE^YfUbcYdi`b_VUcc_bB_RUbd@ed^Q]QedX_b_V2_g\Y^W
d_Ve\Â\\dX_cU^_R\UW_Q\cYcdXQddXUbUYcQS_^dYêQ\dU^cY_^gYdXY^ 1\_ÛXQcT_Se]U^dUTQTbQ]QdYSTb_`Y^SYfYS`QbdYSY`QdY_^Q^Tc_
SYfY\c_SYUdiRUdgUU^Y^TYfYTeQ\cºTUcYbUd_èbceU`QbdYSe\QbY^dUb SYQ\dbecdQ^TQS_bbUc`_^TY^WY^SbUQcUY^dXUèbceYd_VY^TYfYTeQ\
UcdcQ^TdXUTUcYbUd_èbceUdXUS_]]_^W__TDXYcdU^cY_^`_cUc U^TcQ^TS_]ÙdYdY_^@ed^Q]Q^TXYcS_\\UQWeUcTUfU\_ÙTQcUbYUc
dg_Ve^TQ]U^dQ\SXQ\\U^WUc*dXU`b_R\U]_VS_\\USdYfUQSdY_^Q^TdXU _VbUS_]]U^TQdY_^cTUcSbYRUTY^dXU2UddUbD_WUdXUbbU`_bd_VdXU
`b_R\U]_VfQ\eU`\ebQ\Yc]DXUÂbcdXQcd_T_gYdXdXUTYèSe\di_V CQWeQb_CU]Y^Qbd_XU\`WUÛbQdUÛgV_b]c_Vc_SYQ\SQ`YdQ\Y^dXU
E^YdUTCdQdUc%Dg__VdXUcUbUS_]]U^TQdY_^cQbUgYTU\iU^T_bcUT
2beSU CYUf UbcYcQfYcYdY^WcSX_\QbQdCdQ^V_bTE^YfUbcYdiºc3U^dUb_^@XY\Q^ RicSX_\QbcQ^TèR\YSS_]]U^dQd_bcQSb_ccdXU`_\YdYSQ\cÙSdbe]*
dXb_ìQ^T3YfY\C_SYUdi8UgQcdXUV_e^TY^W35?_VdXU3Q\YV_b^YQ3_e^SY\V_b cdbU^WdXU^Y^WSYfYSUTeSQdY_^Q^TU^XQ^SY^WSYfYSU^WQWU]U^d
dXU8e]Q^YdYUcQ^TdXUUhUSedYfUTYbUSd_b_VdXUGQ\dUb5\YcU8QQc6e^T
CYUfUbcYcdXUQedX_b_VdXUbUSU^d\ièR\YcXUTR__[3YfY\C_SYUdi@XY\Q^dXb_ìQ^T DXU2b__[Y^Wc9^cdYdedY_^ºcGY\\YQ]7Q\cd_^`_Y^dcd_c_\YTUfY
dXU6QdU_VdXU3_]]_^c TU^SUdXQdSYfYSUTeSQdY_^\UQTcd_U^XQ^SUTce``_bdV_bTU]_SbQdYS
% STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

fQ\eUcd_\UbQ^SUSYfYS`QbdYSY`QdY_^Q^Tc_SYQ\dbecd*·DXU]_bU f_\e^dUUbYc]Q^TS_]]e^YdicUbfYSU+Q^TY^TYbUSd\idXb_eWXce`
[^_g\UTWUgUXQfU_VSYfYSQçQYbcdXU\UccgUXQfUQc_bd_VWU^ `_bd_VSYfYSUTeSQdY_^
UbQ\YjUT]YcdbecdQ^TVUQb_VèR\YS\YVU9W^_bQ^SUYcdXUVQdXUb_V
VUQbQ^T[^_g\UTWUYcdXU]_dXUb_Vdbecd¸ &DXUY]`_bdQ^dSXQb 39F936E>3D9?>?6D85=5491
QSdUbYcdYS_VUçUSdYfUSYfYSUTeSQdY_^YcQÛ]`XQcYc_^YTUQ\cQ^T 1XUQ\dXicicdU]_VVbUUUh`bUccY_Ûh`bUccUT]_cdS_^SbUdU\iQc
`bY^SY`\UcdXQdXQfUTYbUSdbU\UfQ^SUQ^TS_^cUaeU^SUcV_bdXU`Qb Q^Y^TUÙ^TU^dQ^Te^bUWe\QdUT]UTYQY^TecdbiYcQfYdQ\U\U]U^d
dYSY`Q^dc1\dX_eWXQVUgV_e^TQdY_^cXQfUc`_^c_bUTbUcUQbSXQ^T _VSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^T_ÛdXQdXQcRUU^Y^dY]QdU\iS_^ÛSdUTd_Ydc
UTeSQdY_^`b_ZUSdcY^dXYcQbU^Q^_dQR\idXU3QbÛWYU3_b`_bQdY_^ XYcd_bYSQ\TUfU\_`]U^dDXU]UTYQQbUR_dXQV_b]QdYfUY^ÃeU^SU
_V>UgI_b[dXUB_S[UVU\\Ub2b_dXUbc6e^TQ^TdXU@Ug3XQbY _^SYdYjU^cºQddYdeTUcQR_edèR\YSQçQYbcQ^TdXU`bY]QbifUXYS\U
dQR\UDbecdcU^_b]_ec_``_bde^YdYUcUhYcdV_bWbUQdUbV_e^TQdY_^ V_bdXUUh`bUccY_^_VdXUYb`bUVUbU^SUc
ce``_bdV_bSYfYSUTeSQdY_^ DXUTUS\Y^Y^WfYQRY\Ydi_V]QZ_bÛgc`QÙbcYcQ`QbdYSe\Qb\icdQb[
1cUS_^TQ``b_QSXd_cdbU^WdXU^Y^WdXU^_b]_VdXUS_]]_^ UhQ]`\U_VdXU`bUSQbY_eccdQdU_VdXUSYfYS]UTYQQ^TdXUÛUTV_b
W__TYc`b_]_dY^WSYfYSU^WQWU]U^dgXYSXU^S_]`QccUcQRb_QT `XY\Q^dXb_`YSY^dUbfU^dY_^>Ugc`QÙbc^_d_^\icUbfUQcfYdQ\S_^
bQ^WU_VQSdYfYdYUcY^S\eTY^W`_\YdYSQ\Y^f_\fU]U^df_dY^WQTf_SQSi TeYdcV_bdXUTYccU]Y^QdY_^_VY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edèR\YSYcceUcRedQ\c_
f_\e^dQbYc]Q^TQSdYfUTYcSeccY_^_VèR\YSQçQYbc9dcUÛ]YUcQbU WUÛbQdUdXUZ_eb^Q\Yc]dXQdReY\TcQRQcU_V[^_g\UTWUQR_edèR\YS
Q`QdXiQ^T_Ù^X_cdY\Ydid_Y^f_\fU]U^dY^dXUèR\YSQbU^Q4US\Y^ `_\YSiDXUYbS_^dYêUTTUS\YÛ`_cUcQTYcdY^SddXbUQdd_dXUXUQ\dX_V
Y^WSYfYSU^WQWU]U^dYcQ]QîVQSUdUT`XU^_]U^_^dXQdYcTYèSe\d SYfY\c_SYUdi1cdXUS_]]UbSYQ\]Qb[Ud`\QSUQ`ÙQbc^_\_^WUbQR\U
d_YTU^dYVigYdX`bUSYcY_^_bd_QTTbUccY^QgQidXQdiYU\TcaeYS[\i d_cecdQY^Ûgc`QÙbcQ^TW_fUb^]U^dc`_^c_bcXY`YcY^Q``b_`bYQdU
TU]_^cdbQR\UbUce\dcIUddXYcTUS\YÛ`_cUcQ]QZ_bdXbUQdd_dXU V_b_RfY_ecbUQc_^c`XY\Q^dXb_ìg_e\TcUU]dXU\_WYSQ\c_ebSU_V
Ve^SdY_^Y^W_VSYfY\c_SYUdi S_^dYêUTce``_bd1\dX_eWXc_]U`b_`_cQ\cXQfUU]UbWUTV_bUh
DXUU\U]U^dc_VSYfYSUTeSQdY_^SYfYSU^WQWU]U^dQ^Tc_SYQ\ `\_bY^WdXYc_`dY_^^_cYW^YÂSQ^dcdU`cXQfUiUdRUU^dQ[U^
dbecdSQ^]_fUYÛYdXUbfYbde_ec_bfYSY_ecSYbS\Uc9^dXU`_cYdYfU @XY\_c_`XUb:bWU^8QRUb]QcY^DXUCdbeSdebQ\DbQ^cV_b]QdY_^
]_TUdXUiSbUQdU]edeQ\bUY^V_bSU]U^d9^dXUÛWQdYfU]_TUdXUi _VdXU@eR\YSC`XUbUgQc_Û_VdXUÂbcdd_TUcSbYRUX_g`bYfQdYjQdY_^
WUÛbQdUQTUcdbeSdYfUSiS\UdXQde^TUb]YÛcSYfY\c_SYUdi Ub_TUcdXUèR\YSc`XUbUY^GUcdUb^TU]_SbQSYUcY^XYRYdY^WdXUQRY\
1" $cdeTi_VQ\\V_b]c_VU^WQWU]U^dQSb_ccWUÛbQdY_^cS_^ Ydi_VSYdYjU^cd_S_]]e^YSQdUgYdXUQSX_dXUbQR_edYcceUcQçUSd
S\eTUcdXQddXUbUYcQTbQ]QdYS`QddUb^_VTUS\YÛY^`QbdYSY`QdY_^Y^ Y^WS_]]_^S_^SUb^c9^dXUS_^dU]`_bQbig_b\T_VdXU]UTYQY^
èR\YS\YVUUcÙSYQ\\iQ]_^WdXUi_e^WQ^TgQb^cdXQd·dXUY]`\YSQ gXYSXS_]]UbSYQ\`b_ÂdcXQfURUS_]UQ^_fUbgXU\]Y^WY^ÃeU^SU
dY_^c_VdXYccXYVd¯QbU_]Y^_eçDXUQedX_bcV_e^TdXQdQ\dX_eWX cUW]U^dc_VdXUèR\YS·]Y^TcXQbU¸QbUR_eWXdQ^Tc_\TQ^TdX_cU
dXU4_d>UdQWUc!%d_"(Q^T7U^HQWUc")d_$ WUÛbQdY_^c gX_S_^db_\]QZ_b`_\YdYSQ\Q^TUS_^_]YSbUc_ebSUccUU[d_]Q^QWU
dU^Td_cX_gS_]]e^Q\Y^f_\fU]U^dQd\UfU\cUaeYfQ\U^dd_dX_cU_V èR\YS_`Y^Y_^dXb_eWX`_\\Y^WQ^TQTfUbdYcY^WDXUbUce\dYcQSYfYS
_\TUbWb_e`c_V1]UbYSQ^cdXUYbY^f_\fU]U^dY^dXU`_\YdYSQ\`b_SUcc Y^V_b]QdY_^`b_SUccY^SbUQcY^W\iS_^db_\\UTRi]Qb[UdV_bSUc
YcTbQcdYSQ\\i\_gUbDXUQedX_bcS_^S\eTUdXQd·gU]QiRUgYdÛcc C_]U_VdXUQbU^QcY^ÛUT_VWbUQdUb`XY\Q^dXb_`YSce``_bdQbU
Y^WQceRd\URedY]`_bdQ^dcXYVdY^SYdYjU^cXY`QgQiVb_]QV_Sec_^ cdbU^WdXU^Y^WdXU`bQSdYSU_V`b_VUccY_^Q\Z_eb^Q\Yc]U^S_ebQWY^W
W_fUb^]U^dQ^TU\USdY_^cQcdXU]USXQ^Yc]cV_bTUdUb]Y^Y^WdXU W_fUb^]U^dd_RU]_bUdbQ^c`QbU^dRi]Q[Y^W]_bU_VdXUY^V_b]Q
èR\YSW__TQ^Td_gQbTQ\dUb^QdYfUQfUêUcceSXQcdXU`bYfQdUcUS dY_^YdSbUQdUcUQcY\iQfQY\QR\UVe^TY^W_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdT_TU\YRUbQ
d_bQ^TdXU^_^W_fUb^]U^dQ\èR\YScUSd_b¸ ' dYfU`_\\Y^WQ^TUh`\_bY^WgQicd_ecUÛgS_]]e^YSQdY_^dUSX^_\_
C_]UQ^Q\icdccUUQ`_ccYR\US_e^dUbdbU^TY^dXUbQ`YT\ibYcY^W WYUcd_TYccU]Y^QdUY^V_b]QdY_^Q^TV_cdUbèR\YSTU\YRUbQdY_^
`QbdYSY`QdY_^Y^fYbdeQ\S_]]e^YdYUc]Qî_VgXYSXY^f_\fUTYcSec DXU`_dU^dYQ\Q^T\Y]Ydc_VdXUÛg]UTYQdXU9^dUbÛdSU\\
cY_^_VQ^TQSdY_^_^SYfYSd_`YSc=_fU?^_bWYcQ`bY]UUhQ]`\U `X_ÛcY@QTcQ^T_dXUb]UQ^c_VU\USdb_^YSS_]]e^YSQdY_^V_b
_VdXYcV_b]_VSYfYSY^f_\fU]U^d+dXUXeWU\i`_è\Qb`bQSdYSUc_V ReY\TY^WQ^TcecdQY^Y^WSYfY\c_SYUdiQbUcdY\\e^S\UQb9VdXUQc`YbQ
R\_WWY^WQ^TdXUSYfYSecU_Vc_SYQ\]UTYQQbU_dXUbc(1ê]RUb_V dY_^c_VÛg]UTYQ_`dY]YcdcRUWY^d_RUbUQ\YjUTdXU`b_cÙSdcV_b
bUcUQbSXUbcgX_XQfU\__[UTSQbUVe\\iQddXUbU\QdY_^cXY`RUdgUU^ dXUWb_gdX_VSYfYSS_]]e^YSQdY_^dXb_eWXdXU9^dUbÛdQbUceRcdQ^
U\USdb_^YSQ\\i]UTYQdUTS_]]e^YSQdY_^Q^T`_\YdYSQ\`QbdYSY`QdY_^ dYQ\1]_TUcdY^fUcd]U^dRiV_e^TQdY_^cY^dXUUh`\_bQdY_^_VdXU
X_gUfUbQbU\UcccQ^WeYÛQR_eddXU`b_cÙSdcV_bdXUVedebUDXUi bU\QdY_^cXY`RUdgUU^SYfY\c_SYUdiQ^TdXU9^dUbÛd¶R_dXdXU`_ccY
ceWWUcddXQdTUSbUQcUTVQSUd_VQSUc_SYQ\YjY^W\UQTcd_TUSbUQcUT RY\YdYUcQ^TdXU\Y]YdQdY_^c¶S_e\TSbUQdUWbUQd\UfUbQWUY^dXUVedebU
`_\YdYSQ\Y^f_\fU]U^d) TUfU\_`]U^d_V]QccS_]]e^YSQdY_^cgYdXQSYfYSèb`_cU
1SdYfUSYdYjU^cXY`Y^QTU]_SbQSibUaeYbUcÙ_`\UgX_QbUUTe 9^" )dXU8U\\]Q^6Q]Y\i6_e^TQdY_^Q^^_e^SUTQ%]Y\\Y_^
SQdUTQ^TU^WQWUTY^SYfYSQçQYbcE^V_bde^QdU\idXUbUQbUfUbiVUg WbQ^dd_SbUQdUQ^_^`b_ÂdÛgcfU^debUY^f_\fY^WdXUE^YfUbcYdi
UhQ]`\Uc_VV_e^TQdY_^c_b`XY\Q^dXb_`Ycdcce``_bdY^WQSdYfYdYUc _V3Q\YV_b^YQQd2Ub[U\Ui7bQTeQdUCSX__\_V:_eb^Q\Yc]DXU>Ug
dXQdU^S_ebQWUdXUcUQSdYfYdYUcDXU3XQb\Uc6;UddUbY^W6_e^TQ I_b[DY]UcQ^T_dXUb`QbdÛbcd_`b_fYTUbUWY_^Q\ÛgcS_fUbQWU
dY_^ºc\_^WcdQ^TY^Wce``_bd_VSYfYSTU\YRUbQdY_^Q^TU^WQWU]U^d Y^CQ^6bQ^SYcS_Q^TVUUTcd_bYUcd_]UTYQ`QbdÛbc1\dX_eWX`XY
YcQbQbUUhQ]`\U_V`XY\Q^dXb_ìQTTbUccY^WdXYcYcceU?dXUbV_e^ \Q^dXb_`YcdcXQfUVe^TUT_dXUb^_^`b_ÂdÛgcfU^debUcceSXQc
TQdY_^cSQ^ce``_bddXUUh`Q^cY_^_VSYfYSU^WQWU]U^ddXb_eWX @b_@eR\YSQQ^T;QYcUb8UQ\dX>UgcdXUd_dQ\Q]_e^d_VV_e^TQ
`b_WbQ]cdXQdTbQgÙ_`\UY^d_èR\YSTUSYcY_^]Q[Y^W`b_SUccUc dY_^ce``_bdV_bdXYcY]`_bdQ^dS_]`_Û^d_VcdbU^WdXU^Y^WSYfY\
ceSXQcTU\YRUbQdYfU`_\\Y^WèR\YSV_be]cS_]]e^Ydi_bWQ^YjY^W c_SYUdibU]QY^c]_TUcd
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %!

CUfUbQ\V_e^TQdY_^ccdQ^T_edV_bdXUYbÂ^Q^SYQ\ce``_bd_VdXU Y^bUSU^dTUSQTUcd_Y]`b_fUèR\YSUTeSQdY_^bU\iY^WXUQfY\i_^
]UTYQ*dXU6\_bU^SUQ^T:_X^CSXe]Q^^6_e^TQdY_^ºcg_b[_^dbQ^c bYW_b_ec]UdbYScceSXQccdQ^TQbTYjUTdUcdY^WcS_bUcQ^TcdeTU^d
`QbU^Si_VèR\YSTUSYcY_^]Q[Y^W`b_SUccUcdXU:_X^CQ^T:Q]Uc bUdU^dY_^bQdUcDXUbUce\dc_VdXYccSYU^dYÂSQ``b_QSXX_gUfUb
<;^YWXd6_e^TQdY_^ºcQ^T3QbÛWYU6_e^TQdY_^ºc`b_WbQ]cd_Y] XQfURUUê^Y]`bUccYfUDXUbUQbUcY]`\id__]QîfQbYQR\UcQ^T
`b_fUZ_eb^Q\Yc]dXU@Ug3XQbYdQR\UDbecdcº\_^WcdQ^TY^Wce``_bd d__]eSXbQ^T_]ÛccY^dX_cUfQbYQR\Uc¶Se\debQ\`_\YdYSQ\US_
V_b_RZUSdYfU`_\\Y^W_^`_\YSiYcceUcdXU2U^d_^6_e^TQdY_^ºc]UTYQ ^_]YSQ^TU^fYb_^]U^dQ\¶V_bQcSYU^dYÂSQ``b_QSXd_g_b[DXU
`_\YSiY^YdYQdYfUcQ^TdXUGQ\\QSU1\UhQ^TUb7UbR_TU6_e^TQdY_^ºc cQ]USQ^RUcQYT_VÂU\TcceSXQci_edXTUfU\_`]U^dS_]]e^Ydi
S_^dYêY^Wce``_bdV_bT_Se]U^dQbiÂ\]`b_TeSdY_^ _bWQ^YjY^WSQbU_VdXUQWY^WdXUQbdc`_\YSiQTf_SQSiQ^T]_cd
_dXUbQbU^QcY^gXYSX`XY\Q^dXb_ìYcQSdYfU
@89<1>D8B?@IºC2<9>4C@?DC 1cUS_^T`_gUbVe\Y^ÃeU^SUdXQdXQccXQÙTdXUTUfU\_`]U^d_V
@XY\Q^dXb_`Ycdcg_e\TcUU]d_XQfUQW_\TU^_``_bde^Ydid_QTTbUcc Y^cdbe]U^dQ\`XY\Q^dXb_ìXQc`_\YdYSQ\_bYWY^c6b_]dXURUWY^^Y^W
dXUcUgUQ[UÛTQbUQc_VS_^dU]`_bQbiSYfY\c_SYUdi2eddg_dU^ _VdXUbUèR\YSdXUbUXQcRUU^Q\_^WcdQ^TY^WQbWe]U^dRUdgUU^dXU
TU^SYUcdXQdRUSQ]U`b_]YÛ^dY^" dXSU^debi1]UbYSQ^`XY\Q^ :UçUbc_^YQ^cQ^TdXU6UTUbQ\Ycdc_fUbdXUb_\U_V`bYfQdUWb_e`cY^cUd
dXb_ìXQfU]QTUYdTYèSe\dd_T_c_*QWb_gY^WY^cdbe]U^dQ\Yc] dY^Wc_SYQ\`_\YSiDXUTU]_SbQdYSY]è\cUd_UhUbdèR\YSS_^db_\_fUb
Q^TQS_bbUc`_^TY^W^Qbb_gY^W_VfYcY_^dXQd\Y]Ydc`XY\Q^dXb_`Ycdcº dXUY^ÃeU^SU_V`bYfQdU`_gUbcebVQSUTgYdXVbUcXV_bSUY^dXU`b_
QRY\Ydid_QTZecdd_dXUbUÃUhYfU^QdebU_Vc_SYQ\`b_R\U]cDXUe^ WbUccYfUUbQ2UWY^^Y^WgYdXQ^Y^fUcdYWQdY_^_V:_X^4B_S[UVU\\Ubºc
V_bde^QdUbUce\d_VdXUcUdg_dbU^TcYcdXQd`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcY^SbUQc `XY\Q^dXb_ìY^dXUUQb\i!) ccec`YSY_^QR_edQ^dYTU]_SbQdYSQ^T
Y^W\iQ``b_QSX`b_R\U]cQcYVdXUigUbUdbiY^Wd_`bQSdYSUc_SYQ\ e^QSS_e^dQR\UUh`Q^cY_^_VdXU`_gUb_VdXUgUQ\dXigQcQbUSebbU^d
U^WYÛUbY^W_b]QhY]YjUdXUYbbUdeb^_^dXUYbY^fUcd]U^d dXU]UY^`_\YdYSQ\\YVUdXb_eWX_eddXU" dXSU^debi
BUSU^d\idXUUç_bdd_]Q[U`XY\Q^dXb_`Ycdc]_bUQSS_e^dQR\U
9^cdbe]U^dQ\Yc]lDXUY^cdbe]U^dQ\YcddU^TU^SiYcb__dUTY^Q^ XQc]_fUTY^QTYçUbU^dQ^T]_bU`b_R\U]QdYSTYbUSdY_^GXQd
U`YcdU]_\_WYSQ\_bYU^dQdY_^dXQdRUWQ^d_cXQÙ1]UbYSQ^`XY\Q^ cdQbdUTQcQ\UWYdY]QdUèR\YSY^dUbUcdY^Qf_YTY^W_edbYWXdVbQeT_b
dXb_ìY^dXU\QdU!)dXSU^debi9^dU^TUTd_S_e^dUbdXU]UccYÛcc dXU]YcTYbUSdY_^_V`XY\Q^dXb_`YSbUc_ebSUcd_gQbT`bYfQdURUÛÂd
YÛèSYU^SiQ^TQbRYdbQbYÛcc_VdbQTYdY_^Q\SXQbYdidXUUç_bdc XQcRUS_]UQê^bUQ\YcdYSUhÙSdQdY_^V_b`XY\Q^dXb_ìd_iYU\Tc_
_VdXUWbUQdV_e^TQdY_^cdXQdQb_cUY^dXQdUbQ¶dX_cUSbUQdUT SYQ\RUÛÂdcX_gUfUbdXUcUQbUd_RU]UQcebUTUaeQ\d__bWbUQdUb
Ri1^TbUg3QbÛWYU:_X^4B_S[UVU\\Ub:_X^4B_S[UVU\\Ub:b dXQ^dXUS_cdc_VdXUdQhRUÛÂdcbUSUYfUTDXQdY^deb^XQc\UTd_
Q^T=QbWQbUd?\YfYQCQWU¶gUbUWUÛbQ\\iWeYTUTRiQcUd_VQc Wb_gY^WY^dUbUcdY^Q^Y^cdbe]U^dQ\YcdQ``b_QSX
ce]`dY_^cdXQdSQ^RUSXQbQSdUbYjUTRb_QT\iQcdXUU`YcdU]_\_Wi 1dXYbT]QZ_bY^ÃeU^SUdXQdXQccXQÙTdXUbYcU_VY^cdbe]U^dQ\
_VQ``\YUTcSYU^SUDXUYb\QbWUcSQ\UY^YdYQdYfUcecXUbUTY^dXUQWU `XY\Q^dXb_ìYcdXU]_fU]U^dd_Q``\id_`XY\Q^dXb_ìdXUcQ]U
_V·cSYU^dYÂS`XY\Q^dXb_ì¸R\U^TY^WcSYU^SUQ^T`XY\Q^dXb_ìY^ ]UdbYScQ^T]UdX_TcecUTRiV_b`b_ÂdRecYÛccUc9dYcUh`bUccUT
Q`QbdYSe\QbgQidXQdgQcRQcUTY^`Qbd_^ceSSUccVe\QTfQ^SUc_V Y^`b_`_Û^dcºQddU]`dcd_S_^ÛSdcÙSYÂS_edS_]UccdQdUTQdRUcd
dXUÛg\iU]UbWY^WcSYU^SU_V]UTYSYÛ Y^]_ÛdQbidUb]cd_`QbdYSe\QbÂ^Q^SYQ\Y^èdc_VdU^V_b]e\QdUT
CSYU^dYÂS`XY\Q^dXb_ìèbceUTdXUTYcS_fUbi_VSQecQ\QWU^dc Qcc_SYQ\bUdeb^_^Y^fUcd]U^dQ^Td_`b_fYTUQccebQ^SUd_T_^_bc
RUXY^TÛWQdYfUc_SYQ\`QddUb^cQWU^dcgYdXQb_\UQ[Y^d_dXQd_V dXQddXUYbY^fUcd]U^dcQbU`b_TeSY^WTU]_^cdbQR\UQ^TYTUQ\\i
WUb]cY^TYcUQcUQ^TdXU^c_eWXdd_UbQTYSQdUdXU]RiecY^WdXU aeQ^dYÂQR\UbUce\dc1\dX_eWXYdYc^_de^bUQc_^QR\UdXQdT_^_bc
`b_ÙbbU]UTYUcUaeYfQ\U^dd_]UTYSQ\Q^dYT_dUcDXUVe^TQ]U^dQ\ cX_e\TRU`b_fYTUTgYdXUfYTU^SUdXQddXUYbT_^QdY_^cXQfUiYU\TUT
Qcce]`dY_^RUXY^TcSYU^dYÂS`XY\Q^dXb_ìYcdXQdYdcX_e\TQc`YbUd_ RUÛÂSYQ\bUce\dcQÛhQWWUbQdUTU]`XQcYc_^]UdbYScYcRUS_]Y^W
WQY^dXU_bUdYSQ\[^_g\UTWUQ^TQ``\iYddXb_eWXdUSX^YSQ\Y^dUbfU^ QTbYfY^WV_bSUY^dXUÂU\TSbUQdY^We^bUQ\YjQR\UUhÙSdQdY_^cQ^T
dY_^bQdXUbdXQ^d_WQY^`bQSdYSQ\XQ^Tc_^[^_g\UTWUQSaeYbUTVb_] QTYcd_bdY_^_V_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q\`bY_bYdYUcDXYc·XeWUècXd_gQbT
UhÙbYU^SUQ^TQ``\iYdecY^WZeTW]U^dbQdXUbdXQ^SQ\Se\QdY_^ ]UQcebQRY\Ydi¸QcTUcSbYRUTRi9^dU\3_b`S_V_e^TUbQ^T`XY\Q^
:Q]UcCS_ddRbY\\YQ^d\iQ^Q\ijUcdXYc`b_R\U]Y^XYcR__[CUUY^W dXb_`Ycd7_bT_^=__bUc[UgcdXUg_b[_V^_^`b_ÂdcdXb_eWXYdc
<Y[UQCdQdUgXUbUXUTUcSbYRUcdXUceÙbY_bYdi_V`bQSdYSQ\XQ^Tc_^ ^Qbb_gcdbYSdebUcQ^TXYWX\iTYbUSdYfUbUaeYbU]U^dc_V_edS_]U
[^_g\UTWUXUecUcdXU7bUU[dUb]]}dYcd_e^TUbcdQ^TQ^TY^dUb _bYU^dUTVe^TY^W!!
fUÛY^c_SYUdi8YcecU_V]}dYcQ``\YUcQc]eSXd_dXU`bQSdYSU_V DXUSe]e\QdYfUUçUSd_VdXUcUV_bSUc¶dXUU`YcdU]_\_Wi_VdXU
`XY\Q^dXb_ìQcYdT_Ucd_dXU\Y]Ydc_VcSYU^dYÂSQ\\iWeYTUTcdQdUQS cSYU^dYVYS]UdX_TQSS_e^dQRY\YdiY^dUb`bUdUTQcQSS_e^dY^WV_b
dY_^*·K=}dYcMYcdXU]_TU_VbUQc_^Y^W]_cdQ``b_`bYQdUd_S_]`\Uh aeQ^dYdQdYfUfQ\eUTU\YfUbUTQ^TQ^_fUbU]`XQcYc_^c_SYQ\bUdeb^
]QdUbYQ\Q^Tc_SYQ\dQc[cgXUbUdXUe^SUbdQY^dYUcQbUc_TQe^dY^WdXQd _^Y^fUcd]U^d¶XQcSbUQdUTQ`_gUbVe\V_bSU]_fY^W`XY\Q^dXb_ì
gU]ecddbecd_ebUhÙbYU^SUTY^deYdY_^Q^TVUU\_ebgQi¸ ! d_V_Sec_^XYWX\iTYcSbUdUY^cdbe]U^dQ\_RZUSdYfUcQ^Tc_\fU^Qbb_g
9^TUUT]_cd_VdXUc_SYQ\`b_R\U]cdXQd`XY\Q^dXb_ìcUU[cd_ QcÙSdc_Vc_SYQ\`b_R\U]cdXQd\U^TdXU]cU\fUcd_]UQcebU]U^dDXYc
c_\fUQbUTUÂÛTRiSXQbQSdUbYcdYSc_VbQ^T_]ÛccY^ê]UbQR\U ]_TU\XQcgYTUQ`ÙQ\UcÙSYQ\\iQ]_^W`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcgX_XQfU
fQbYQR\UcdXUQRcU^SU_VdXUS_^TYdY_^c_VS_^db_\\UTUhÙbY]U^ RUU^ceSSUccVe\Y^dXURecYÛccg_b\TRedYdYcVe^TQ]U^dQ\\iÃQgUT
dQdY_^Q^TY^TUdUb]Y^QdUdY]UX_bYj_^cQ\\_VgXYSXbeÛhQSd\i Y^YdcQRY\Ydid_`b_fYTUèR\YSW__TcQ^TYdcS_^SU`deQ\cdbeSdebUYc
S_e^dUbd_dXUcSYU^dYÂS]UdX_TgXYSXbU\YUc_^`bUTYSdY_^\Y]YdUT cUbY_ec\i\Y]YdUTY^YdcSQ`QSYdid_QTTbUccdXUfQcd\iS_]`\Uh]e\
fQbYQR\UcbUÙQdQR\UUhÙbY]U^dcQ^TS_^db_\6_bUhQ]`\UW_fUb^ dYfQ\U^dQ^TY^dUbQSdYfU`b_R\U]c_VXe]Q^c_SYUdigXYSXT_^_d
]U^dQWU^SYUcQ^T`XY\Q^dXb_`YcdcXQfUcÙ^dfQcdce]c_V]_Ûi UQcY\iS_^V_b]d_\YÛQbTU]Q^TTbYfU^c_\edY_^c
%" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

DXU@b_R\U]_VBUÃUhYfYdil@XY\Q^dXb_ìQ\c_XQcd_S_^Vb_^d \_^WTU\QiUTRedXeWU\iY]`_bdQ^d_edS_]U_VUQb\YUb`XY\Q^dXb_`YS
dXUTUUÙbYcceU_VbUÃUhYfYdiQ`b_R\U]dXQdW_Ucd_dXUfUbiXUQbd S_^dbYRedY_^cgQcdXUbUce\d_VfYcY_^Qbice``_bd_VÙ_`\UQ^TYTUQc
_VgXQdYd]UQ^cd_e^TUbcdQ^TXe]Q^QSdY_^Q^Tc_SYQ\SXQ^WU dXQdUf_\fUTY^Y^dUbQSdY_^gYdX]Qî_dXUb`\QiUbc^_d_VY^fUcd]U^dc
BUÃUhYfYdibUVUbcd_dXUY^dUbQSdYfU^QdebU_Vc_SYQ\[^_g\UTWU dQbWUdUTd_`b_TeSUcÙSYÂSY]`QSdcdXQd]YWXdRUSQ\YRbQdUTQWQY^cd
Q^TQSdY_^¶dXUVQSddXQddXUdX_eWXdQ^TQSdY_^_V_ÛÙbc_^Y^ Q\dUb^QdYfUY^fUcd]U^dcY^QWYfU^dY]UÙbY_T
Qc_SYQ\cYdeQdY_^QçUSdcQ^TYcQçUSdUTRidXUdX_eWXdQ^TQSdY_^
_VQcUS_^TÙbc_^Y^dXQdcQ]UcYdeQdY_^6Y^Q^SYUbQ^T`XY\Q^ D85D1C;18514
dXb_`Ycd7U_bWUC_b_cXQc`_Y^dUT_eddXUcUfUbU\Y]YdQdY_^c_VdXU @XY\Q^dXb_ìVQSUcQTY\U]]QDXU]_cdÙbfQcYfU`b_R\U]cc_SY
cY]`\YcdYS]Qb[Ud]_TU\Yê^TUbcdQ^TY^WQ^T`bUTYSdY^WS_]`\Uh UdiVQSUc¶dXUÛUTV_baeQ\YdiUTeSQdY_^Y]`b_fUTèR\YSXUQ\dX
c_SYQ\Y^dUbQSdY_^c!" U^fYb_^]U^dQ\`b_dUSdY_^Y^dUbSe\debQ\e^TUbcdQ^TY^WQ^TW\_RQ\
C_b_c`_Y^dcd_dXU1cYQ^VY^Q^SYQ\SbYcYc_V!))'))QcQ^Y^ cUSebYdi¶QbUèR\YSW__Tc`b_R\U]cdXQdSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^T`XY\Q^
cdQ^SU_VbUÃUhYfYdiQdg_b[Y^dXUÂ^Q^SYQ\cicdU]DXUUS_^_]YS dXb_ìcX_e\TRU]_cdQR\Ud_c_\fUIUdRUSQecU_VYdcY^SbUQcY^W
]U\dT_g^bUce\dY^WVb_]dXU]edeQ\\ibUY^V_bSY^WZeTW]U^dcQ^T dU^TU^Sid_èbceU^Qbb_g\iV_SecUTcU\VTYbUSdUT`b_WbQ]cdXQd
WQ]Uc]Q^cXY`_VW\_RQ\`\QiUbce^TUb]YÛTgXQd]YWXd_dXUbgYcU `b_]YcU]Qb[Ud\Y[UbUce\dc]_TUb^`XY\Q^dXb_ìÂ^TcYdcU\V\Y]
XQfURUU^QcU\VS_bbUSdY^W]Qb[UdbUQSdY_^9^dXUc_SYQ\c`XUbU YdUTY^YdcQRY\Ydid_QTTbUccZecddX_cU`b_R\U]c
S_e^d\UccQ]RYdY_ec`b_WbQ]c_V`_\YSiSXQ^WU¶ceSXQc@b_XYRY DXUe\dY]QdUfUXYS\UV_bdXUQddQY^]U^d_VèR\YSW__TcY^QTU]_S
dY_^dXU3QbdUbQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^ºcUÛbWi`b_WbQ]Q^T·QRcdYÛ^SU bQSiYcdXUTU]_SbQdYS`b_SUccYdcU\V2ed]_TUb^\YRUbQ\TU]_SbQSi
_^\i¸`b_WbQ]c¶XQfUV_e^TUbUT_^dXUVQY\ebUd_dQ[UQTUaeQdU bUcdc_^Q`\QdV_b]_VSYfY\c_SYUdiQ^TSYfY\c_SYUdiR_dXS_^dQY^c
QSS_e^d_VdXUQddYdeTUcQ^TbUc`_^cUc_VdX_cU_^dXUbUSUYfY^W dXUdU^cY_^RUdgUU^dXU`bYfQdUQ^TdXUèR\YSQ^TbU`bUcU^dcdXU
U^T_VdXU`_\YSiY^YdYQdYfUc `_ccYRY\Ydi_VRQ\Q^SY^WdX_cU`_\QbV_bSUcY^dXUcUQbSXV_bc_\edY_^c
DXUdU^TU^Si_V`XY\Q^dXb_`YSV_e^TQdY_^cd_YW^_bUbUÃUhYfYdi d_èR\YSW__Tc`b_R\U]c3YfY\c_SYUdiQYTUTRi`XY\Q^dXb_ìYcdXU
Q^T`\QSUUfUbWbUQdUbU]`XQcYc_^^Qbb_g\iTYbUSdUTVe^TY^WdQbWUdc \_WYSQ\fUXYS\Ud_èbceUèR\YSW__TcRUSQecUYdbU`bUcU^dcR_dX
Q^TaeQ^dYdQdYfUQccUcc]U^dccY]Y\Qb\i`b_Ù\c`XY\Q^dXb_ìd_gQbT cYTUc_VdXUUaeQdY_^¶dXUVbUUT_]Q^TSbUQdYfYdi_VY^TYfYTeQ\QS
QS_^SU`deQ\]_TU\dXQdVQY\cd_T_ZecdYSUd_dXUS_]`\UhYdi_Vc_SYQ\ dY_^Q^TdXUS_^cSYU^SU_VèR\YSbUc`_^cYRY\Ydi
\YVUDXUcSYU^dYÂS`XY\Q^dXb_ì_VdXUB_S[UVU\\Ub3QbÛWYUQ^TBec @XY\Q^dXb_`YST_^_bcR_dXY^TYfYTeQ\cQ^TV_e^TQdY_^ccX_e\T
cU\\CQWUV_e^TQdY_^cY^dXUUQb\i" dXSU^debi]Qb[UTdXURUWY^^Y^W fYUg_Û_VdXUYb`bY]QbibUc`_^cYRY\YdYUcQccdbU^WdXU^Y^WdXU
_VdXYcdbU^TRedYdRUSQ]UQÛfU^WbUQdUbY^ÃeU^SUY^dXU\QcdTU cdbeSdebUc_VSYfY\c_SYUdiDXUaeUcdY_^bU]QY^cgXUdXUbceSXQ^
SQTUc_VdXUSU^debiBUSU^dUhQ]`\UcQbUdXUY^ê]UbQR\UV_bUYW^ Qc`YbQdY_^Q\W_Q\YcQSXYUfQR\UY^QÛbQgXU^c_]Qîc_SYQ\V_bSUc
QYT`b_ZUSdcdXQdXQfUVQY\UTRUSQecU_VdXUTYcS_^ÛSdY_^RUdgUU^ QbU]_fY^WY^dXU_``_cYdUTYbUSdY_^DXUQ^cgUbYce^S\UQbRed_Û
T_^_bcºfYcY_^cQ^TbUSY`YU^dcºÛUTcCY]Y\Qb\idXUXeWUY^fUcd]U^d dXY^WYcSUbdQY^*GYdXc_]eSXQdcdQ[UU^_b]_ecS_^cUaeU^SUcbUcd
RiQê]RUb_VV_e^TQdY_^cY^cdQ^TQbTcTbYfUÛTeSQdY_^Q\bUV_b] _^`XY\Q^dXb_ìºcQRY\Ydid_dQ[U_^dXYcdQc[ ■
Y^bUSU^diUQbcXQcXQTTYcQ``_Y^dY^WbUce\dcTeUY^\QbWU`QbdQc
>UgI_b[E^YfUbcYdi`b_VUcc_b4YQÛBQfYdSXXQcV_bSUVe\\iQbWeUT >_dU c
d_dXUVQY\ebU_V\QbWUcSQ\U`XY\Q^dXb_ìd_dQ[UQTUaeQdUQSS_e^d ! 2beSUBCYUfUbc 3YfY\C_SYUdi@XY\Q^dXb_ìQ^TdXU6QdU_VdXU3_]]_^c8Q^_fUb
>8*E^YfUbcYdi@bUcc_V>Ug5^W\Q^T" !
_VdXUfYUgc_VdUQSXUbc`QbU^dcQ^TcdeTU^dc!#
" 8U\]ed1^XUYUb·DXU39F93EC3YfY\C_SYUdi9^TUh*@b_`_cQ\cV_b6edebU4YbUS
9^dXUV_b`b_ÂdRecYÛcccUSd_bdXUbUYcQcY^W\Uèb`_cUQ^T dY_^çY^39F93EC7\_RQ\CebfUi_VdXUCdQdU_V3YfY\C_SYUdiF_\e]U!*3_e^dbi@b_Ã\Uc
QcY]`\UdUcd_VceSSUcc*4_UcYd]Q[U]_Ûi_b^_d/DXUbUYc^_ GUcd8QbdV_bT3_^^*;e]QbYQ^@bUcc" '
UaeYfQ\U^de^YdQbidUcdY^dXUc_SYQ\cUSd_bD_Y]`_cU_ÛY^_bTUb # 9cQYQX2Ub\Y^ 6_eb5ccQic_^<YRUbdi?hV_bT*?hV_bTE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc!)&)*!&)
d_ZecdYViT_\\QbcY^fUcdUTY^c_\fY^Wc_SYQ\`b_R\U]cTYcd_bdcdXU^Q $ B_RUbd@ed^Q] 2_g\Y^W1\_Û*DXU3_\\Q`cUQ^TBUfYfQ\_V1]UbYSQ^3_]]e^Ydi>Ug
I_b[*CY]_^Q^TCSXecdUb" +Q^TGY\\YQ]7Q\cd_^DXU@bQSdYSU_V<YRUbQ\@\ebQ\
debU_VSYfY\c_SYUdi3YfY\c_SYUdiºcW_Q\c_VdU^Y^S\eTUQgYTUbQ^WU Yc]3Q]RbYTWU*3Q]RbYTWUE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc" %
_VceRZUSdYfU\ie^TUbcd__TQSdY_^cRUXQfY_bcQ^TfQ\eUcdXQdQbU % DXUbU`_bdYcQfQY\QR\UQdXdd`*gggRUddUbd_WUdXUb_bWdXUbU`_bdXd]
TYçUbU^dYQ\\iZeTWUTRiT_^_bc`b_fYTUbcbUSY`YU^dcQ^TdXUèR\YS & GY\\YQ]7Q\cd_^·3YfYS5TeSQdY_^Q^T@_\YdYSQ\@QbdYSY`QdY_^¸ @C*@_\YdYSQ\CSYU^SU
9dYc`bUSYcU\iRUSQecUS_]]UbSYQ\dbQ^cQSdY_^cVQY\d_`b_TeSU_bQT @_\YdYSc#'"1`bY\" $*"&#&&
UaeQdU\iQSS_e^dV_bdXUbUÃUhYfYdi_VèR\YSW__TcdXQdSYfY\c_SYUdi ' 3\YçJe[Y^CS_dd;UUdUb=_\\i1^T_\Y^QUdQ\ 1>Ug5^WQWU]U^d/@_\YdYSQ\@QbdYSY

`QdY_^3YfYS<YVUQ^TdXU3XQ^WY^W1]UbYSQ^3YdYjU^?hV_bT*?hV_bTE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc
XQcTUfU\_ÙTQcQ^Q\dUb^QdYfUgQid_QTTbUccèR\YSÛUTc " &*(&'
DXUSbYdYSQ\ÛUTd_dQ[UbUÃUhYfYdiY^d_QSS_e^dYcY\\ecdbQdUTRi ( =_b\UiGY^_WbQTQ^T=YSXQU\8QYc =Y\\U^^YQ\=Q[U_fUb*=iC`QSUI_eDeRUQ^TdXU
dXUV_\\_gY^WUhQ]`\UY^dXUQbU^Q_V`_\YSiQTf_SQSi6_b]_bUdXQ^ 6edebU_V1]UbYSQ^@_\YdYSc@YcSQdQgQi>:*BedWUbcE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc" (
QTUSQTUdXUGQ\\QSU1\UhQ^TUb7UbR_TU6_e^TQdY_^ce``_bdUTdXU ) >_b]Q^>YUQ^T4Ce^cXYÛ8Y\\iWec·DXU9]`QSd_V9^dUbÛdEcU_^C_SYQRY\Ydi*
DY]U4YQbi6Y^TY^Wç9DDQ^TC_SYUdi!!Ce]]Ub" "*!"
g_b[_V3_]`QccY_^3X_YSUcQ^_bWQ^YjQdY_^gX_cUQY]Ycd_Q\\_g
! :Q]UcCS_dd CUUY^W<Y[UQCdQdU*8_g3UbdQY^CSXU]Ucd_9]`b_fUdXU8e]Q^3_^TYdY_^
dUb]Y^Q\\iY\\Ù_`\Ud_XQfUdXUbYWXdd_`XicYSYQ^QccYcdUTTUQdX<Qcd 8QfU6QY\UT>Ug8QfU^3_^^*IQ\UE^YfUbcYdi@bUcc!))(*#"'
iUQbdXU^_^`b_ÂdTbUge`_^\Q^WeQWU_^Xe]Q^TYW^YdidXQdXQTRUU^ !! Ae_dUTY^:_X^8USXY^WUbQ^T4Q^YU\7_\TU^·DXU7bUQd7YfUQgQi¸ DXUGQ\\CdbUUd
Y^cUbdUTY^dXUS_^cdYdedY_^_VdXUcdQdU_V=_^dQ^QY^dXUUQb\i!)' c :_eb^Q\:e\i(" &*!
!" 7U_bWUC_b_c ?Ù^C_SYUdi*BUV_b]Y^W7\_RQ\3Q`YdQ\Yc]>UgI_b[*@eR\YS1çQYbc
Q\_^WgYdXc_]U\QdUb\UWYc\QdYfU\Q^WeQWUd_QbWeUceSSUccVe\\iQSQcU " +hhYYhhYYY&)#($%
RUV_bUdXU=_^dQ^QCe`bU]U3_ebd_^RUXQ\V_VdXU·bYWXdd_TYU¸DXU !# 4YQÛBQfYdSX DXU4UQdXQ^T<YVU_VdXU7bUQd1]UbYSQ^CSX__\CicdU]*8_gDUcdY^WQ^T
S_ebdºcbe\Y^WgY\\XQfU^QdY_^Q\Q^TY^dUb^QdY_^Q\S_^cUaeU^SUcDXYc 3X_YSU1bUE^TUb]Y^Y^W5TeSQdY_^>UgI_b[*2QcYS2__[c" !
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %#

Center for Social Innovation
Breakthrough idea
ideas to
reinvent the world
or
sic.conversationsnetwork.org
A production of the Center for Social Innovation in
partnership with the Conversations Network.
Your Hosts:
FREE PODCASTS
Kriss Deiglmeier, Executive Director, Stanford Center for Social Innovation
Eric Nee, Managing Editor, Stanford Social Innovation Review
Social Innovation
Conversations
“Without Social Innovation Conversations,
only the gifted few would have the opportunity to
immerse themselves in this magical environment.
But thanks to the Conversations Network, my
heart and mind sit in the lecture hall, listening to
Yvon Chouinard explain why he refused to use
industrial cotton, as my body bounces to work
on a bus bound for the suburbs of Berlin!”
— A Listener
Center for
Social Innovation
8Zk`feN_XkËjE\ok N_XkNfibjG%+/
:Xj\Jkl[pG%,,
2i CejYU2_cc
?LD8E I@>?KJ dQ^SUd_Y^d_\UbQ^SUYcUfUb ^YjUTdXQdgUÛUTd_XQfUTYcXQdUº¸XUQTTc2edRiWQdXUbY^W

Ûg¸cQic@QdbYSU?º>UY\\QT_S SeccY_^cQR_edX_ggUdbUQd UhQ]`\Uc_VSYdYjU^cgX_T_
;ifneè^ e]U^dQbiÂ\]]Q[UbgX_cU UQSX_dXUb¸ cÙQ[e`gXU^S_^Vb_^dUTgYdX
Flk?Xk\ g_b[XQcc`Qb[UTdXYcWbQccb__dc 6_b]_cdÂ\]]Q[UbcdXQd Y^d_\UbQ^SUdXU>_dY^?eb
]_fU]U^dQWQY^cdXQdU g_e\TXQfURUU^QcQdYcViY^W D_g^GURcYdU·XQc]QTUdXYc

GUcdFYbWY^YQ^cXQTcSQbSU\i DXU>_dY^?ebD_g^GUR S_^S\ecY_^d_Q`b_ZUSd2eddXYc
Y^d_Q^QdY_^Q\YTUQ3_]]e^Y
Â^YcXUTbUS_fUbY^WdXUYbTUQT cYdU\Qe^SXUTY^1`bY\Red cd_big_e\T^ºdW_QgQi?º>UY\\
dYUcSQ^cUUX_gd_ecUdXUcU
Vb_]_Û_VdXU^QdY_^ºcg_bcd ?º>UY\\Q^TS_\\UQWeUcQddXU c__^V_e^TXUbcU\VÂU\TY^WSQ\\c
UfU^dcd_SbUQdUTYcSeccY_^cdXQd
S_Q\]YÛTYcQcdUbcgXU^]_bU G_b[Y^W7b_e`Q^_^`b_Âd Vb_]2\__]Y^Wd_^9\\gXUbU g_e\TÛfUb_SSeb_dXUbgYcU¸
RQTÛgcSQ]Ud_SQ\\9^1`bY\ ]UTYQS_]`QîY^?Q[\Q^T SYdYjU^cgUbU_bWQ^YjY^WQ\_SQ\
XUQTTcDXU2Y\\Y^Wccd_bi
XQdU]_^WUb6bUT@XU\`c 3Q\YVXQfUQ\_^WXYcd_bi_V`b_ SQ]`QYW^Y^ce``_bd_V1VbYSQ^cdQ^Tc_edXUQTTc·Qc_Û_V
Q^^_e^SUT`\Q^cd_`YS[UdcYdUc TeSY^WQ^dYXQdU]UccQWUc9^ 1]UbYSQ^SXebSXUc·DXUiXQT dXU]_cdRbY\\YQ^dX_]UWb_g^
QSb_ccdXUcdQdUQSS_]`Q^YUTRi !))%@2CQYbUTdXUYbÂbcd>_dY^ SbUQdUTQgX_\UcUbYUc_VUfU^dc
bUc`_^cUcd_XQdUdXYcS_e^dbi
XQcUfUbcUU^¸
1cQWbQccb__dc]_fU]U^d
>_dY^?ebD_g^XQcUf_\fUTY^
`QbQ\\U\gYdXdXU9^dUbÛd1d
ÂbcdbUc_ebSUcgUbUcY]`\i
cXQbUT_^dXU@2CGURcYdU1c
dXU9^dUbÛdRUSQ]U]_bUY^dUb
QSdYfUdXUG_b[Y^W7b_e`bUQ\
YjUTdXUiÛUTUTd_XQfUdXUYb
_g^GURcYdUDXUicdQbdUTSbU
QdY^WdXUÛgcYdUgYdXXU\`Vb_]
dXU2Qi1bUQFYTU_3_Q\YdY_^
CUfUbQ\V_e^TQdY_^cS_^dbYRedUT
]_Ûid_XU\``QiV_bReY\TY^W
dXUcYdUDXUÛhdSXQ\\U^WU
?º>UY\\cQicgY\\RUdUQSXY^W
S_]]e^Ydi]U]RUbcX_gd_
ecUTYWYdQ\d__\cd_T_Se]U^d
Q^TcXQbUdXUYb_g^cd_bYUc
XYcRQ^T_VQ^dYWQiV_\\_gUbc @b_dUcdUbcTU^_e^SU Qb_e^TdXUT_Se]U^dQbi¸ 9^f_\fU]U^dY^dXU>_dY^
Vb_]GUcdR_b_2Q`dYcd3XebSX GUcdR_b_2Q`dYcd ?º>UY\\bUSQ\\c·Q^Tc_gUgU^d ?ebD_g^GURcYdU·XQcSXQ^WUT
3XebSX»c`bUcU^SUQd
@XU\`cRU\YUfUcdXQddXU]YÛbc 7e^^8YWXCSX__\Y^ dXUbUgYdX_ebSQ]UbQçCY]Y\Qb ]UQcQÂ\]]Q[Ub¸?º>UY\\cQic
TYUTRUSQecU7_TYcè^YcXY^W @Q\_1\d_3Q\YV UfU^dc`\QiUT_edY^;_[_]_ Q^TXQcQ\c_cXYVdUTdXUV_Sec_V
1]UbYSQV_bd_\UbQdY^WWQic 9^TQ^T3_\e]Rec?XY_·@U_ dXUG_b[Y^W7b_e`d_gQbTQTf_
GUcdFYbWY^YQ^cgUbU^ºdQR_edd_ ?ebD_g^T_Se]U^dQbiQR_ed `\UgUbUbUQTid_dQ[UdXU>_dY^ SQSi·DXUbUQbU\_dc_VgQicgU
cdQ^TRigXY\U@XU\`cQ^TS_] dXUSYdYjU^c_V2Y\\Y^Wc=_^d ?ebD_g^cd_biQ^T]Q[UYddXUYb S_e\TS_fUbXQdUSbY]UcGUV_
`QîcÙgUTY^fUSdYfUDXUi bQ\\iY^Wd_bUcYcdgXYdUce`bU]Q _g^DXUbUgUbUY^SbUTYR\i Sec_^Y^TYfYTeQ\cQ^TS_]]e^Y
G?FKF>I8G?9PD@:?<CC<C<#G8CF8CKFN<<BCP
cdQWUTQcUbYUc_Ve`RUQdS_e^dUb SYcdc1cQV_\\_ge`d_dXU Y^^_fQdYfUQSdY_^cdQ[Y^W`\QSU dYUcgX_QbUdbiY^Wd_SbUQdURUd

bQ\\YUcS_]`\UdUgYdXÃQcX]_Rc Rb_QTSQcdÂ\]]Q[Ubc_çUbUTd_ _^dXUWb_e^TQ^TYdgQcY]`_b dUbcQVUb]_bUY^S\ecYfU
TQ^SY^Wd_QTYcS_fUbcY_^_V X_cdd_g^XQ\\]UUdY^WcgYdX dQ^dV_becd_T_Se]U^ddX_cU U^fYb_^]U^dçcXUcQic2iY^
·DQ[U=U8_]U3_e^dbi Y^dUbUcdUTS_]]e^YdYUcecY^W QSdY_^cQ^TbUdU\\dX_cUcd_bYUç S_b`_bQdY^WSYfYSU^WQWU]U^d
B_QTç dXU2Y\\Y^Wccd_biQcQcdQbdY^W =Qb[@_d_[gX_TYbUSdcdXU Y^d_dXUYbg_b[Q^TUh`Q^TY^W
GUcdFYbWY^YQºcc`YbYdUT `_Y^dV_bS_^fUbcQdY_^·GU 9^dU\\YWU^SU@b_ZUSdV_bdXU dXUYbbUQSXdXb_eWX_^\YÛd__\c
bUc`_^cUYcQ]_^WQWb_gY^W UhÙSdUTd__bWQ^YjU! Kd_g^ C_edXUb^@_fUbdi<Qg3U^dUb ·dXUbUYcQ]_bUb_Recd\YVUV_b
S_\\USdY_^_VQ^dYXQdUcd_bYUc ]UUdY^WcMDXUbUgUbU]_bU S_^cYTUbc?º>UY\\ºcg_b[·dUbbY _ebcd_bYUçQTTc?º>UY\\·@U_
cXQbUT_^QGURcYdUSQ\\UT>_d dXQ^! QSb_ccdXUS_e^dbi¸ R\iY]`_bdQ^d>_d_g^gQ^dcd_ `\UÂ^TdXUYb_g^Y^^_fQdYfU
Y^?ebD_g^·DXUcd_bi_VbUcYc ?º>UY\\bUSQ\\c·@U_`\UbUS_W cQi¹GUXQfUQ`b_R\U]gYdX gQicd_ReY\T_^dXU]¸ ■
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %%

8Zk`fe N_XkËjE\ok
SQ`YdQ\Vb_]V_e^TQdY_^cQ^T
J F : @ 8 C CP I < J G F E J @ 9 C < ÙSYQ\\iV_b^_fU\YTUQcDXYc JF:@8C D<;@8
@EM<JK@E> XYWXÛdg_bdXÙ_`\Ud_Ve^TQ ]_TU\·SbUQdUcb__]V_bY^^_fQ
cÙSYÂSc_SYQ\`b_WbQ]DXQd dY_^¸2_\d_^cQicRi_Ù^Y^WQ EfegifÔkj
LecfZbè^ ]_ÛiYcYÛçUSddXUR_^Tºc ÛgVe^TY^WcdbUQ] G`g\Lg
=lkli\JXmè^j `bY^SY`Q\9VdXU`b_WbQ]T_Uc^_d C_SYQ\9]`QSd2_^Tc]QiRU
]UUdYdcW_Q\cY^fUcd_bcbUSUYfU ·dXUcdQbd_VQVe^TY^WbUf_\edY_^
9Vi_eg_b[V_bQc]Q\\^_^
GXQdcX_e\Ti_eUhÙSdYV ^_dXY^W9VdXU`b_WbQ]]UUdcYdc V_b_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdcÙSYQ\YjU `b_ÂdSXQ^SUcQbUi_eºbUQ\bUQTi

i_eºbUQi_e^W5^W\YcX]Q^_^ W_Q\cdXUW_fUb^]U^d`QicdXU Y^`bUfU^dQdYfUg_b[¸cQicB_R ReciReY\TY^WcSX__\cfQSSY^Qd
dXUgb_^WcYTU_VdXU\Qg/ Y^fUcd_bcdXUYb`bY^SY`Q\`\ecQ ?gU^SXYUVUhUSedYfU_VCd Y^WY^VQ^dc_b`b_fYTY^WU]Ub
3XQ^SUcQbUi_eº\\WUdQcX_bdZQY\ cXQbU_VdXUcQfY^Wc 7Y\UcDbecd8Yc_bWQ^YjQdY_^gY\\ WU^Si]UTYSQ\bU\YUV·I_eT_^ºd
cU^dU^SU¶Red^_d]eSXU\cU DXUÂbcdR_^TYcceUTY^ RUTU\YfUbY^WcUbfYSUcQd@UdUb XQfUdY]Ud_cd_`Q^TcQi¹GXQd
@bYc_ÛbccUbfY^W\UccdXQ^QiUQb =QbSXbQYcUc%]Y\\Y_^V_bQcYh R_b_eWX@bYc_^gXUbUXU`bU cX_e\TgURUT_Y^W_^6QSUR__[
di`YSQ\\ibUSUYfU\Ydd\UY^dXUgQi d_TQi/º¸cQic3XbYc8eWXUcDXQd
_VZ_RdbQY^Y^W_b_dXUbc_SYQ\cUb ]Qic_e^T\Y[UQRbedQ\\iVbQ^[
fYSUcGXU^dXUYbdUb]ºce`dXUi QT]YccY_^Vb_]dXUWeigX_S_
dU^Td_S_]]YdSbY]UcQdQXYWX V_e^TUT6QSUR__[Red8eWXUc
bQdUgYdX& ÙbSU^dRQS[Y^dXU Yc^ºdceWWUcdY^WdXQd^_^`b_Âdc
Ù^gYdXY^QiUQb?^SUdXUiRU WYfUe`_^c_SYQ\]UTYQ6QbVb_]
S_]USQbUUbSbY]Y^Q\c·dXU^dQh YdGXQdc]Q\\Ub^_^`b_ÂdcÛUT
`QiUbc]Q[UQXeWUY^fUcd]U^d XUQbWeUcYcQÛg`\QdV_b]dXQd
Y^dXU]¸cQic5]Y\i2_\d_^Qc gY\\]Q[UYdUQcYUbV_bdXU]d_
c_SYQdUTYbUSd_b_VdXU<_^T_^ S_^ÛSd_^\YÛgYdXdXUÙ_`\U
RQcUT_bWQ^YjQdY_^C_SYQ\6Y ]_cd\Y[U\id_SQbUQR_eddXUYb
^Q^SU·9V_^\ic_]U_VdXQd W__Tg_b[
]_ÛiS_e\TXQfURUUêcUTUQb 8USQ\\cXYcÛgYTUQ:e]_
\YUbc_SYUdiS_e\TUhÙSdcYW^YÂ gXYSX]UQ^c·d_WUdXUbY^S_^
SQ^dS_cdcQfY^Wç SUbd¸YÎ_beRQ4eUd_\Qe^SXY^
Deb^Y^WdX_cUY]QWYÛTVe iUQbQ^dYbUSYTYfYc]Y^YdYQdYfUQd TYSdcQ·gY^gY^gY^cYdeQdY_^ \QdUVQ\\dXUcYdUgY\\S_^ÛSd
debUcQfY^WcY^d_QÂ^Q^SYQ\QccUd @UdUbR_b_eWX@bYc_^Y^dXUUQcd C_SYUdigY^cQcdXUbUQbUVUgUb ·UfUbiTQiÙ_`\U¸gYdXQcdUQTi
YcdXUW_Q\_VQÛgdiÙ_VR_^T _V5^W\Q^T5Qb^Y^Wc[YS[Y^YV fYSdY]c_VSbY]UdXUdQh`QiUb cdbUQ]_VY^V_b]QdY_^QR_eddXU
dXQdC_SYQ\6Y^Q^SUXQccÙ^d dXUY^dUbfU^dY_^bUTeSUcbUSYTY gY^cQc\Ucc]_ÛiYccÙ^d_^ _bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdQbU·XYWX\i
dXbUUiUQbcTUfU\_`Y^WC_SYQ\9] fYc]RiQd\UQcd'%ÙbSU^d9^ `bYc_^cQ^TS\YU^dcgY^RUSQecU bU\UfQ^dd_dXU]¸8eWXUccQic
`QSd2_^TcbQYcUY^fUcd]U^dSQ` fUcd_bcUQb^]_bUgYdXWbUQdUb dXUiQbUWYfU^dXUSXQ^SUd_deb^ 1\dX_eWX:e]_Yc\Y[U\id_VUQ
YdQ\V_b`b_]YcY^Wc_SYQ\`b_ `b_WbQ]ceSSUccgYdXUQb^Y^Wc dXUYb\YfUcQb_e^T¸ debU·WYfU^_g¸gYTWUdcV_b
WbQ]cceSXQcQ^Q^dYbUSYTYfYc] SQ`ÙTQd!#ÙbSU^d 9^fUcd_bcS_e\TgY^QcgU\\ SXQbYdYUcdXUW_Q\Ycd_V_cdUb
Y^YdYQdYfUV_bi_e^W_çU^TUbc9V 6_bc_SYQ\cUSd_b_bWQ^YjQ ?^SUC_SYQ\9]`QSd2_^TcUc \_^WUbdUb]bU\QdY_^cXY`cbQdXUb
dXUY^dUbfU^dY_^QSdeQ\\iSedcbU dY_^cdXUÛgÂ^Q^SY^W]_TU\ dQR\YcXQdbQS[bUS_bT·gUS_e\T dXQ^_ÛcX_dT_^QdY_^c_b
_çU^TY^WbQdUcY^fUcd_bcgY\\RU `b_]YcUcd_TU\YfUb]_bUbU\Y cUUQ`__\_VSQ`YdQ\e`d_Xe^ cX_bddUb]QddU^dY_^
`QYTQcXQbU_VdXQdcQfY^WcRidXU QR\UVe^TY^W2_\d_^TUcSbYRUc TbUTc_V]Y\\Y_^cK_V`_e^TcM¸ <QbWUb^_^`b_ÂdcXQfURUU^
E;=Y^Ycdbi_V:ecdYSU SebbU^d^_^`b_ÂdVe^TY^W]USX `bUTYSdc5SS\Uc6edebUR_^Tc aeYS[Ubd_dQ[UQTfQ^dQWU_Vc_
DXUYTUQ_V`QiY^WY^fUcd_bc Q^Yc]cQc·YbbQdY_^Q\¸7bQ^dc S_e\TV_Sec_^Y]`b_fY^W`bU SYQ\]UTYQ8eWXUccQic·RU
V_bVedebUcQfY^Wc]Qic_e^T dU^Td_RUcX_bddUb]gYdX]Ud fU^dYfUSQbUd_SXY\TbU^Y^cdQdU SQecUdXUiXQfUdXUbUc_ebSUc
cY]`\URedg_b[Y^W_eddXUTU bYScV_SecUT_^·X_g]QîÙ_ SQbUU\TUb\i`_è\QdY_^c_bdXU d_dU\\dXUYb_g^cd_bYUcDXUi
dQY\cXQcRUU^QS_]`\Uh`b_SUcc `\UW_dXb_eWXQ`b_WbQ]bQdXUb ]U^dQ\XUQ\dXS_]]e^Ydi XQfUcdQçcdXQdSQ^cÙSYQ\YjUY^
G?FKF>I8G?9P@JKF:BG?FKF%:FD&AFE8K?8EG8IIP
cQicD_Ri5SS\UcV_e^TUbQ^T dXQ^dXUbUQ\SXQ^WUdXUi]QTU 1\bUQTiC_SYQ\9]`QSd2_^Tc ecY^WdXUcUÛgUbdUSX^_\_

TUfU\_`]U^dTYbUSd_b_VC_SYQ\ Y^dXUg_b\T¸cXUcQic·1^TZecd QbUQddbQSdY^WQddU^dY_^C_SYQ\6Y WYUçceSXQc6QSUR__[_bDgYd
6Y^Q^SU·6_bW_fUb^]U^dQ^T Qci_eWUdQ`b_WbQ]e`Q^Tbe^ ^Q^SUgU\S_]UcY]YdQdY_^Q^T dUbC]Q\\Q^T]UTYe]cYjUT
Y^fUcd_bcdXYcYcceSXQÛggQi ^Y^WQ^Ti_eºbUbUQTid_Y] `\Q^cd_cXQbUgXQdYd\UQb^c2ed >7?cQ\c_XQfUS_]Ù\\Y^W
_VdXY^[Y^W¸XUcQic·GUXQTd_ `b_fU_^YddXUVe^TY^WSedc 2_\d_^_çUbcQg_bT_VSQedY_^ cd_bYUcd_cXQbURed\QS[dXU
S_^fY^SUW_fUb^]U^dd_cYWê` _ç¸C_SYQ\9]`QSd2_^TcReY\T C_SYQ\9]`QSd2_^TcbUaeYbUQ^ dY]U·d_XQfUQ]_bUb_Recd
V_bQS_^dbQSdgXUbUdXUigUbU Y^Q\_^WUbdY]U\YÛ·c_i_e _RZUSdYfU]UQcebU]U^d_V_ed `bUcU^SU¸XUcQic
`QiY^WèbU\i_^dXUQSXYUfU XQfUdXUQRY\Ydid_\UQb^Q^TY] S_]Uc·Q^TdXQdT_Uc^ºdg_b[Y^ DY]UYc^ºddXU_^\idXY^W
]U^d_Vc_SYQ\_edS_]U¸ `b_fU_^gXQdg_b[ç UfUbicYdeQdY_^¸cXUcQic·GU cdQ^TY^WRUdgUU^c]Q\\_bWQ^Y
E^TUbdXUdUb]c_VdXUS_^ DYWXdW_fUb^]U^dReTWUdc dXY^[dXYcYcW_Y^Wd_RU_ÛQ^ jQdY_^cQ^TQcdb_^WUb_^\YÛ
dbQSdC_SYQ\6Y^Q^SUbQYcUcdXU eceQ\\i]UQ^`b_WbQ]SedcUc cgUb¶^_ddXUQ^cgUb¸ ■ `bUcU^SUcQic2UdX;Q^dUbS_
%& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

QedX_b_VDXU>Udg_b[UT>_^ ^_^`b_ÂddXQdce``_bdcU^dbU`bU [^_g\UTWUGUºfUS_]Ue`gYdX ]U^dcQbUae_dUTQ\_^WcYTUbUS
`b_ÃdQ^TVbUaeU^dcÙQ[Ubd_ ÛebcY^TUfU\_`Y^WS_e^dbYUc1 Q\_gS_cdgQid_UhdbQSdYd _]]U^TUT^_^`b_ÂdcDUQSX
^_^`b_ÂdQeTYU^SUc=Qî_bWQ XQ^TVe\_VY^TYfYTeQ\T_^_bcXQfU S_]`Y\UYdQ^TSbUQdU]UQ^Y^W V_b1]UbYSQV_bY^cdQ^SUYc
^YjQdY_^c\QS[QÛçUSdYfUS_] S_^dbYRedUTVe^TY^W5fU^deQ\\i Ve\bUS_]]U^TQdY_^cRQcUT_^ `bQYcUTRiUTeSQdY_ÛhÙbdcV_b
]e^YSQdY_^c`\Q^cXUcQic·c_ :e]_QY]cd_RUcU\VcecdQY^Y^W gXQddXUUhÙbdc[^_g¸ ·TbQ]QdYSQ\\iY^SbUQcY^WdXU
gXU^dXUidbid_ecUc_SYQ\]U gYdXbUfUêU\Y[U\id_S_]UVb_] @XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQecUcYdcbU ê]RUbQ^TaeQ\Ydi_VÙ_`\U
TYQYdT_Uc^ºdg_b[gU\\RUSQecU _^\YÛT_^QdY_^cQ^TQTfUbdYcY^W cUQbSXd_QccU]R\UQ`_bdV_\Y_ gX_W_Y^d_dXUdUQSXY^W`b_VUc
dXUiT_^ºdXQfUSQ`QSYdiS_] ;Q^dUbgQb^cdXQd^_^`b_Âdc V_bUQSXSQecU<Y[U]edeQ\ cY_^¸RedQ\c_SbYdYSYjUTV_bXYWX
V_bd_bS_^dU^d¸ gY\\cdY\\XQfUd_g_b[cdbQdUWY Ve^Tc`_bdV_\Y_c\YcdcUfUbQ\ deb^_fUbbQdUcQ]_^WdXUdUQSX
GXUbUYcQ\\dXUbU\UfQ^dS_^ SQ\\id_WUd_eddXUYb]UccQWU ^_^`b_ÂdcQ\_^WgYdXQbUS_] UbcYd`\QSUc1cUS_^TcebfUi
dU^ddXQd8eWXUcYc`b_]YcY^W ·5fU^YVdXUbUºcQd__\dXQd]Q[Uc]U^TUTQccUdQ\\_SQdY_^DXUS\Y Qc[cdXUcQ]UUhÙbdcd_gUYWX
W_Y^Wd_S_]UVb_]/>_dVb_] ]QdUSXQ^WU`_bdV_\Y_V_bY^
YdUQcYUb_bcQfUcdY]U¸cXUcQic Y^_^dXU^Q]UcdXQdcebVQSUT
:e]_·GUºbUQR_edReY\TY^WdXU ·Ù_`\UgX_g_b[Qd^_^`b_Âdc cdQ^SUSebbU^d\iY^S\eTUc!% ]_cdVbUaeU^d\iY^dXUÂbcd
`YÙçXUcQic·^_dSbUQdY^W XQfUd_]Q[UQSXQ^WUY^XQRYd¸ ^_^`b_ÂdcDXU>QdebQ\BU b_e^TDXUgX_\U`b_SUccdQ[Uc
S_^dU^d_bSebQdY^WY^V_b]Q YVdXUiX_Ùd_dQ`dXURUÛÂdc c_ebSUc4UVU^cU3_e^SY\WUdc QVUg]_^dXcV_bUQSXSQecU
dY_^¸:e]_gY\\S_\\USdQ\\dXU _Vc_SYQ\]UTYQ ■ dXURYWWUcdcXQbU¶!$ÙbSU^d_V @XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQRUWQ^gYdX
]UTYQèR\YcXUTUQSXTQibU\Qd dXU`YU¶gXY\UÛgUb!C[iWUdc dXbUUVUQdebUTSQecUc_^YdcGUR
UTd_cÙSYÂSYcceUcceSXQc89F G?@C8EK?IFGP Zecd#ÙbSU^d·4_^_bcQbUgU\ cYdUQ^T`\Q^cd_Uh`Q^Td_Q
_bS\Y]QdUSXQ^WUVb_]R\_Wc S_]Ud_V_\\_gdXUUhÙbdbUS T_jU^RiUQb\iVQ\\DXUi_e^W
ÛgccYdUc6QSUR__[DgYddUb N`j[fdf]X _]]U^TQdY_^_bSbUQdUdXUYb ^_^`b_ÂdYcQ\c_cXQbY^WYdcbU
Q^T_dXUbc_ebSUcEcUbcgY\\ JdXcc\i:ifn[ _g^Ve^TçFYdQ^_fcQic·9dºc cUQbSXgYdX_dXUb_bWQ^YjQdY_^c
Q\c_RUQR\Ud_Â^TQ^TS_^ÛSd e`d_i_ed_SX__cUgXYSX 7eYTUCdQbV_bY^cdQ^SUXQc
gYdX_bWQ^YjQdY_^cVb_]Qb_e^T
<UdºccQii_eSQbUU^_eWX SQecUci_eSQbUQR_edQ^TX_g cdQbdUTVUQdebY^WU^T_bcU]U^dc
dXUg_b\TT_Y^Wg_b[_ÛQSX QR_edQ`QbdYSe\QbYcceUd__Ù^ i_egQ^dd_S_^dbYRedU¸ Vb_]@XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQQcgU\\Qc
VUQdebUTYcceU:e]_gY\\`b_fYTU i_ebgQ\\Ud8_gT_i_eSX__cU 9^SeRQdUTgXY\UFYdQ^_fQ^T Vb_]Q^_dXUbÛgSXQbYdibQdUb
c_]UfUddY^Wd_U^cebUdXQd·dXU dXURUcdbUSY`YU^dV_bi_ebT_^Q S_V_e^TUb8_gQbT2_b^cdUY^ SQ\\UT7YfUGU\\gXYSX`b_fYTUc
RUcd_bWQ^YjQdY_^cQbUcebVQSUT dY_^/6_bQ^Y^TYfYTeQ\T_^_b gUbUS\Qcc]QdUcQddXUCdQ^V_bT Y^TU`dXQ^Q\icYc_VQ\Y]YdUT
Y^Vb_^d_VÛgecUbcQcaeYS[\i dXYcSQ^RUQceb`bYcY^W\iXQbT 7bQTeQdUCSX__\_V2ecYÛcc ê]RUb_V^_^`b_Âdc
Qc`_ccYR\U¸8eWXUccQic aeUcdY_^d_Q^cgUb·6Y^Q^SYQ\ @XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQ\Qe^SXUTY^ ·@XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQXQcXYd_^Q
D_Wb_gXYc_g^cdQbde` Y^V_b]QdY_^QR_ed^_^`b_ÂdcYc " )gYdXQ# WbQ^d S_^cdbeSdYfUgQid_bQdU^_^
^_^`b_Âd8eWXUcYcTbQgY^W_^ QfQY\QR\URed^_d]eSXU\cU¸ Vb_]dXUGY\\YQ]Q^T6\_bQ `b_ÂdçcQicCUQ^CdQ^^QbT
\Ucc_^c\UQbÛTQd6QSUR__[Qc cQic4UiQ^FYdQ^_f35?_VdXU 8Ug\Udd6_e^TQdY_^?Û_VdXU Cd_S[d_^35?_VDQSdYSQ\@XY
gU\\QcY^cYWXdcWQYÛTVb_]RU cdQbde`@XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQ ÛgUcdU^dbQ^dcY^dXUSXQbYdi \Q^dXb_ì1TfYc_bc·DXUS_cdYc
Y^Wc_SYQ\]UTYQcdbQdUWYcdV_b ·DXUbUºc^_UQcigQid_Â^T_ed bQdY^WÂU\T@XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQ \_gU^_eWXd_aeYS[\ibUcUQbSXQ
dXU2QbQS[?RQ]Q`bUcYTU^dYQ\ QR_edY]`QSdQ^TdXQdºcgXQd dQ[UcQTYçUbU^dQ``b_QSXVb_] ê]RUb_VSQecUcQ^T_bWQ^YjQ
SQ]`QYW^·?Û_VdXURYWWUcd ]QddUbc]_cd¸8YcÛg_bWQ^Y dXURUddUb[^_g^3XQbYdi>QfY dY_^cReddXUY^V_b]QdY_^\UfU\
\Ucc_^cQ\_d_Vecd__[QgQi jQdY_^QY]cd_RbY^WT_^_bcUh WQd_bgXYSXRQcUcYdcV_ebcdQb YcbUQ\\iaeYdUXYWX¸4_^_bcQbU
KVb_]dXUSQ]`QYW^MgQcdXUY] Ùbd_`Y^Y_^QR_edgX_ºcT_Y^W cicdU]_^Q^Q\icYc_VÂ^Q^SYQ\ UQWUbd_[^_g]_bUQR_eddXU
`_bdQ^SU_VbU\QdY_^cXY`cY^ dXURUcdg_b[Y^SbYdYSQ\QbUQc bU`_bdcVb_]^_^`b_Âdc UçUSdYfUÛcc_V_bWQ^YjQdY_^c
ReY\TY^WQ]_fU]U^dBUQTY^W \Y[UUTeSQdY_^S\Y]QdUSXQ^WU ?bWQ^YjQdY_^cT_^ºdQ``\i_b XUcQic1VdUbdXU9^TYQ^?SUQ^
Q^QbdYS\UQR_edQ^Y]`_bdQ^d Q^T]YSb_Â^Q^SU Qc[d_RUbUfYUgUTRi@XY\Q^ dce^Q]YSQecUTgYTUc`bUQTTU
SQecUYc^_dU^_eWX7UddY^WQ^ 9^cdUQT_VSb_gTc_ebSY^W dXb_ÙTYQ>_bYcdXUbUQcY^W\U cdbeSdY_^Y^" $·dXU]U]UY^
U]QY\gYdXQRYWbUT¹T_^QdUº dXYcQTfYSU@XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQRQc UfQ\eQdY_^V_b]e\QQ``\YUT dXU]UTYQgQc¹7YfUº¸cQicCdQ^
Redd_^Yc^_daeYdUYdUYdXUb¸ UcYdcbUS_]]U^TQdY_^c_^gXQd QSb_ccQ\\SQecUc9^cdUQT ^QbTCd_S[d_^·1VdUbdXUUQbdX
8eWXUccQic·9dºcQR_edcÙ^T FYdQ^_fSQ\\c·UhÙbdc_ebSY^W¸ @XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQ_çUbcdXUUh aeQ[UY^8QYdYKdXYciUQbMYdgQc
Y^WdY]Ud_WUdd_[^_gQ^YcceU =_bUdXQ^! e^`QYTUhÙbdc ÙbdcQR\Q^[c\QdUQ^TY^fYdUc ¹7YfUgU\\º¸
_b_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q^Te^TUbcdQ^T XQfUcYWÛT_^d_XU\`RibU dXU]d_^Q]UXYWX\iUçUSdYfU 6_bdX_cUgX_XQfUdXU
Y^WgXiYdcg_b[YcY]`_bdQ^d¸ c`_^TY^Wd_@XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQºc ^_^`b_ÂdcY^Q`QbdYSe\QbcUSd_b ]UQ^cd_Q\c_WYfUWUÛb_ec\i
DXU"&iUQb_\T8eWXUcYc cebfUicDXUiY^S\eTU`b_WbQ] ·1^TdXU^gUQc[gXi¸FYdQ^_f @XY\Q^dXb_ÙTYQ`\Q^cd__çUb
Q\c_WUddY^Wc_]US_QSXY^WVb_] _èSUbcVb_]V_e^TQdY_^c`b_ cQic·?^dXURQcYc_VgXQdUfY Q^QTTYdY_^Q\cUbfYSUSQ\\UT5h
·c]QbdÙ_`\UY^dXUÂU\T¸XU VUcc_bc`_\YSi]Q[UbcZ_eb^Q\ TU^SU_VY]`QSdQbUi_ebUS_] ÙbdYcU_^4U]Q^TDXYcgY\\
cQicY^S\eTY^W3_\e]RYQE^YfUb YcdcQ^T_dXUbc·gX_XQfUQ\\ ]U^TY^W/¸6_bUQSX_bWQ^YjQ S_^ÛSd]QZ_bT_^_bcQ^T`XY\
cYdi`b_VUcc_bQ^TW\_RQ\`_fUbdi dXYcY^V_b]QdY_^Y^dXUYbXUQTç dY_^\YcdUTUhÙbdcQbUQ\c_Qc[UT Q^dXb_`YSQTfYc_bcgYdX@XY\Q^
UhÙbd:UçbUiCQSXcQ^T<Y^TQ FYdQ^_fcQic·DXUQfUbQWUÙb d_SYdUR_dXcdbU^WdXcQ^TQbUQc dXb_ÙTYQºccdQR\U_VUhÙbdcV_b
B_ddU^RUbW35?_V5^TUQf_bQ c_^T_Uc^ºdXQfUQSSUccd_dXYc V_bY]`b_fU]U^dDX_cUS_] Y^TU`dXS_^fUbcQdY_^c■
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %'

Missed any of our SSIR Live! webinars? No problem, you can
new! now listen to them at your convenience. Each webinar is
archived at wwww.ssireview.org/webinars, and your pay-
keep per-view registration includes unlimited access for one year

from the original recording—plus downloadable slides.
current •
•
Ten Nonprofit Funding Models
The Nonprofit Starvation Cycle
with •
•
Working Wikily: Social Networks for Social Change
Catalytic Philanthropy: A New Approach in Uncertain Times
SSIR • From Nonprofit Partnerships to Mergers: How to

Restructure for Success
Live!
hot topics & powerful ideas
8Zk`feN_XkNfibj
BVS:Oe]T<Sbe]`Ya
DXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[Wb_gcbQ`YT\i
Q^TÃUhYR\i
9PJ8DJ:FKKA<JJ@<JG<<I
:Q]Uc 2QY^»c #%iUQb ^YWXd]QbU RUWQ^Qcc_]Qî

gb_^WVe\S_^fYSdY_^cT_¶gYdXQÛiUgYdÛccYTU^dYÂSQdY_^W_Û
Qgbi?^=QbSX$!)'$c_]U_Ûc^QdSXUTQc\UU`Y^W)iUQb_\T
Vb_]QX_]UY^<Q[UGQ\Uc6\QbQ`Y^WdXUR_iY^QÛQbRiÂU\T
GXU^dXUSXY\TbUdebÛTXUS_e\T_çUb_^\iQc[UdSXiY\\ecdbQdY_^
_VXYcQddQS[Ub8UgQcQi_e^W]Q^gYdXRecXicYTUReb^cQ^TVQSYQ\
XQYb2eddXQdgQcU^_eWXV_bdXUR_iºce^S\UgX_dX_eWXdXUbUS
_W^YjUT2QY^Y^dXUTUdQY\c
GYdX`_\YSU`bUccY^WV_bQS_^Âb]QdY_^dXUR_iYTU^dYÂUT2QY^
QcXYcQddQS[Ub¶QS\QY]dXQdg_e\T\QdUbdbe]`TUVU^cUdUcdY]_î
dXQd2QY^ºcR\__TdiÙbe\UTXY]_edQcdXUbQ`Ycd9^1eWecd!)'$
2QY^Zecd!)gQccU^dU^SUTd_\YVUY^`bYc_^1^TY^`bYc_^2QY^
\Y[U\ig_e\TXQfUTYUT2edY^dXUc`bY^W_V" )XYcSQcUSQeWXd
dXUQddU^dY_^_VdXU6\_bYTQQè\YQdU_VdXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[Q^
Y^dUb^QdY_^Q\S_\\QR_bQdY_^_V`b_R_^_\UWQ\Q^TY^fUcdYWQdYfU_bWQ 6_\\_gY^WXYcUh_ÛbQdY_^
^YjQdY_^cTUTYSQdUTd_bYWXdY^Wgb_^WVe\S_^fYSdY_^c :Q]Uc2QY^\UVdQ^TXYc
Qdd_bÛic=U\YccQ=_^d\U
DXU9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSd_V6\_bYTQXQT^_YTUQYV2QY^gQcY^^_ Q^TCUdX=Y\\UbdQ[UaeUc
SU^dcQicCUdX=Y\\UbYdcUhUSedYfUTYbUSd_bDXUiRU\YUfUT_^\idXQd dY_^cVb_]dXU]UTYQ
XUXQTdXUbYWXdd_QdUcddXQdg_e\TQTTSUbdQY^did_dXUfUbTYSd
GYdXdXU`b_ZUSdºcQdd_bÛicRUXY^TXY]2QY^ºciUQbc\_^WaeUcdV_b SbY]Y^Q\ZecdYSUYcceUc_V_ebdY]U2ed\UccQddU^dY_^XQcRUU^`QYT
4>1dUcdY^WgQcWbQ^dUT9^?Sd_RUb" )Q\QRUhQ]YÛTcÙb] d_dXUÛdg_b[ºc_bWQ^YjQdY_^Q\cdi\UgXYSXXQcU^QR\UTYdd_Wb_g
Vb_]dXUfYSdY]ºce^TUbgUQb2i4USU]RUbbUce\dcgUbUY^2QY^ bQ`YT\iQ^TÃUhYR\i?fUbdXU`QcdTUSQTUdXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[
gQc^_ddXUbQ`YcdDXYbdiÂfUiUQbc_Vgb_^WVe\Y]`bYc_^]U^d XQc]e\dY`\YUTVb_]UYWXd`b_ZUSdcd_QS_\\USdY_^_VÛQb\i& `b_Z
gUbUQR_edd_U^TdXQ^[cd_QdUcddXQdd__[dg_]_^dXcd_`b_SUcc USdcc`Q^^Y^WdXbUUS_^dYÛ^dc
?^4US!'" )2QY^gQ\[UT_ed_VS_ebdQVbUU]Q^gYdXQcY^ DXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[cdQ^Tc_edQc_Û_VdXU]_cdceSSUcc
We\QbdYd\U¶dXUÙbc_^gX_XQTcUbfUT]_bU`bYc_^dY]UdXQ^Qî Ve\UhQ]`\Uc_VdXUQè\YQdU]_TU\_V^_^`b_ÂdWb_gdX=_cd^_^
_ÛiUdUh_ÛbQdUTRi4>1dUcdY^W?dXUbgYcU2QY^ºccd_bigQc `b_ÂdcV_\\_gdXURbQ^SX]_TU\gXYSXS_^SU^dbQdUcS_^db_\QdQ
Q\Qb]Y^W\iS_]]_^CY^SUdXUÂbcd4>1Uh_ÛbQdY_^Y^!)()]_bU SU^dbQ\XUQTaeQbdUbcDXU\Ucc`_è\QbQè\YQdU]_TU\VQf_bcTUSU^
dXQ^"% Ù_`\US_^fYSdUTY^dXUE^YdUTCdQdUcXQfURUU^S\UQbUT dbQ\YjQdY_ê^YdY^W\__cU\iR_e^TWb_e`ce^TUbQS_]]_^SQecU
Ri4>1dUcdcQê]RUbdXQdXQcbYcU^VQcdUbQcdUSX^_\_WiXQc C_]UÛdg_b[]U]RUbcQbU% !S#_bWQ^YjQdY_^cC_]UQbU
Y]`b_fUT9^" )Q\_ÛdXUbUgUbU""4>1RQcUTUh_ÛbQdY_^c \_SQdUTgYdXY^èR\YSTUVU^TUbc_èSUc_b`bYfQdU\QgÂb]c=_cd
·@U_`\UQbUc_bd_VU^Q]_bUTgYdXdXU2QY^SQcU¸=Y\\UbcQic QbU`Qbd_V\QgcSX__\cC_]UdQ[U_^\iSQcUcgYdX4>1UfYTU^SU+Q
·2ed9T_^ºd[^_gdXQdXYcSQcUYcbU]Qb[QR\UY^Qî_dXUbgQi_dXUb VUgdQ[U_^\idX_cUgYdX_edYd=_cdèbceUSQcUcdXb_eWX\UWQ\cUb
dXQ^dXU\U^WdX_VY^SQbSUbQdY_^¸ fYSUcdX_eWXQS_e`\UQ``b_QSXdXU]QcY^fUcdYWQdYfUZ_eb^Q\Ycdc
·DXYc]_TU\Q\\_gcUQSX`b_ZUSdd_QTQ`dYdccUbfYSUTU\YfUbi
Q^ QTQ`dQR\U ]_TU\
G?FKF>I8G?9PKP<GGJK<@E<I
]UdX_Td_dXUbUc_ebSUcQ^TÛUTc_VUQSX\_SQ\S_]]e^Ydi¸cQic
5h_ÛbQdY_^c\Y[U2QY^ºcXQfU]QTUdXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[Q]U ;UYdX6Y^T\Ui`bUcYTU^d_VdXUÛdg_b[Q^TQ\Qg`b_VUcc_bQddXU
TYQTQb\Y^W2__[cÂ\]cQ^TDFcX_gcXQfUS_fUbUTYdcTbQ]QdYS E^YfUbcYdi_VGYcS_^cY^
g_b[]Q[Y^Wgb_^WVe\S_^fYSdY_^c_Û_VdXU]_cddQ\[UTQR_ed DXUÛdg_b[ºcQè\YQdUQ``b_QSXYc\UccdXUbUce\d_VgU\\X_ÛT
cdbQdUWidXQ^_VXQ`Ù^cdQ^SUY^dXU_bWQ^YjQdY_^ºcUQb\YUcdRUWY^
CQ]CS_ddYcQCQ^6bQ^SYcS_RQcUTVbUU\Q^SUZ_eb^Q\Ycd8UgQcV_b]Ub\iQ
bU`_bdUbV_bdXU>UgI_b[DY]UcBUWY_^Q\=UTYQ7b_e` ^Y^Wc6Y^T\UicQic9^!))"=Q^XQddQ^TUVU^cUQdd_bÛic2Qbbi
:UccYUCÙUbYcQ^Qdd_bÛiQ^TVbUU\Q^SUgbYdUbRQcUTY^DeSc_^1bYj CSXUS[Q^T@UdUb>UeVU\TV_e^TUTdXUÂbcd9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdQd
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %)

8Zk`fe N_XkNfibj
dXU2U^ZQ]Y^>3QbT_j_CSX__\_V<QgY^ >IFNPFLIE<KNFIB bQYcY^WYdc_g^]_Ûi<QgcSX__\cgYdX
>UgI_b[dQ``Y^WY^d_dXUUÛbWYUc_Vcde dXUYbY^cdYdedY_^Q\ce``_bdQ^TdbQTYdY_^_V
TU^dcUQWUbd_XU\`QdQ\QgS\Y^YSV_SecUT
7\a^W`SObOZZ^`]TSaaW]\OZ \UWQ\S\Y^YScXQfU]QTU^QdebQ\X_]UcV_b
_êcY^WcSYU^SUd_VbUUdXUS_^fYSdUT
ZSdSZa 9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdc2ed_dXUb]_TU\cQ\c_
1ddXUdY]UV_bU^cYS4>1gQccdY\\QÃUTW CaSOdOWZOPZSW\abWbcbW]\OZ XQfUdXbYfUTDXU>Ug?b\UQ^c`b_ZUSdQ^
\Y^WYTUQ2eddXU]U^cQgYdce^`QbQ\\U\UT `Sa]c`QSa e^Qè\YQdUT^_^`b_ÂdXQcVbUUT!%`bYc_^
`_gUb^_d_^\id_e^T_Y^ZecdYSUY^Y^TYfYT Ubc_Û_VdXURUcdbUS_bTcY^dXUÛdg_b[
eQ\SQcUcRedQ\c_d_Uh`_cUcicdU]YSS_^fYS E]`YQ]ZZSQbWdSZgO\ROQ`]aa IUdTU<_ÛcQicdXQdcdQbdY^WceSXY^TUÙ^
dY_^`b_R\U]cDXUYbXe^SXgQcbYWXd1iUQb US]UÒ^VWQZW\Sa TU^dWb_e`cSQ^RUÂ^Q^SYQ\\id_eWX
QVdUbdXU9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdºccdQbd;Yb[ ·9Vi_eSQ^cdQbdQ`b_ZUSdQdQ\QgcSX__\
2\__Tcg_bdXQ=Qbi\Q^T]Q^S_^fYSdUT_VbQ`Y^WQ^T]ebTUbY^WQ gYdXdXUce``_bd_VdXUQT]Y^YcdbQdY_î_eQbUXQ\VgQidXUbU¸cXU
)iUQb_\TWYb\RUSQ]UdXUÂbcdTUQdXb_gY^]QdUUh_ÛbQdUTRi4>1 cQic·9Vi_eQbUS_^cdQ^d\ibQYcY^Wi_eb_ÙbQdY^WReTWUdYdºcèd
Â^WUb`bY^dY^W4>1^_d_^\iVbUUT2\__Tcg_bdXYd\QdUbUcdQR\YcXUT dY^WQRebTU^_î_ebcU\VRUV_bUi_e_Ù^Q\UddUbVb_]dXUÂbcd
dXUbUQ\]ebTUbUbQ]Q^2\__Tcg_bdXXQTS_]Ud_[^_gY^`bYc_^ S\YU^d¸
1cQgQbUÛcc_V4>1ºc`_gUbd_Uh`_cUgb_^WVe\S_^fYSdY_^c E\dY]QdU\iÛgQ``\YSQ^dc]ecdcQdYcVidXUÛdg_b[ºcR_QbT_V
Uh`Q^TUTCSXUS[Q^T>UeVU\TbUS_W^YjUTdXUiS_e\T^ºddQ[U_^ TYbUSd_bcdXQddXUiXQfUdXUÛSUccQbibUc_ebSUc9VQe^YfUbcYdi
SQcUcQSb_ccdXUS_e^dbiQ^TRUWQ^QccYcdY^W_dXUbcd_V_b]cY]Y gQ^dcd_cdQbdQ`b_ZUSdV_bUhQ]`\UdXUbUXQcd_RUVQSe\dice``_bd
\QbWb_e`c9^" UYWXd_VdXUWb_e`c¶Y^S\eTY^WdXU9^^_SU^SU dXQdgY\\_ed\QcddXUY^dUbUcd_VQî_ÛWb_e`_VcdeTU^dc>Ug
@b_ZUSdY^>UgI_b[Q^Tdg_ceSSUccVe\`b_ZUSdcQd>_bdXgUcdUb^ ]U]RUbcQ\c_]ecdbUQSXQWbUU]U^dcgYdXUhYcdY^W`b_ZUSdcY^dXUYb
E^YfUbcYdi¶V_b]UTdXU9^^_SU^SU>Udg_b[QS_\\QR_bQdY_^_V bUWY_^d_TUdUb]YÛX_gdXUigY\\TYffie`SQcUc1``\YSQ^dc
\Y[U]Y^TUT_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdS_e\T\UQ^_ÛQSX_dXUbV_bQccYc bUSUYfU`b_fYcY_^Q\]U]RUbcXY`QdÂbcd+dXU^QVdUb!(]_^dXcdXU
dQ^SUQ^T[^_gX_gQSb_cc`b_VUccY_^Q\Q^TWU_WbQ`XYS\YÛc R_QbTSQ^f_dU_^Q`b_ZUSdºcÙb]QÛ^dcdQdec
=U]RUbcXY`cY^SUdXU^XQcUh`\_TUTDXUÛdg_b[SU\URbQdUTYdc
! dXQ^^YfUbcQbiY^1`bY\gYdXWb_e`cY^`bQSdYSQ\\iUfUbicdQdUQ\_^W Q S_\\USdYfU f_YSU
gYdX3Q^QTQ7bUQd2bYdQY^1ecdbQ\YQQ^T>UgJUQ\Q^TDXUWb_gdX DXUÛdg_b[ºcR_QbTQ\c_èdcYdcS_]RYÛTXUVdY^d_Â\Y^W·VbYU^T
XQccdU]]UTY^`QbdVb_]CSXUS[Q^T>UeVU\Tºc:_X^î1``\UcUUT _VdXUS_ebd¸_bQ]YSecRbYUVcecY^WQS_\\USdYfUf_YSUd_Qc[ZeTWUc
Q``b_QSXY^gXYSXdXUiU^S_ebQWUT`b_VUcc_bcèR\YSTUVU^TUbc d_S_^cYTUbYcceUcY^QSQcUºcRQS[Wb_e^TceSXQcdXUVQ\\YRY\Ydi_V
Q^TcdeTU^dcd_WUdY^f_\fUTDXUbUcQ>Ug]Q^QS\Y^YSQ\`b_VUcc_b_V S_^VUccY_^c@UbXQ`cdXUÛdg_b[ºcWbUQdUcdY]`QSdXQcRUU^d_
\QgQd4e[UE^YfUbcYdiQ^TV_b]Ub`bUcYTU^d_VdXUÛdg_b[cQicdXU YTU^dYViUbb_bcRUV_bUdXUiRUS_]US_ebdb__]UfYTU^SU5iUgYd
>_bdX3Qb_\Y^QUç_bdRUWQ^QVdUbCSXUS[Q^T>UeVU\T\USdebUTRUV_bU ÛccYTU^dYÂSQdY_^V_bUhQ]`\UYc`QbdYSe\Qb\i`b_R\U]QdYS2QY^
\QgcdeTU^dcgX_dXU^bQ\\YUT`b_VUcc_bcd_dXUSQecU gU^dd_ZQY\V_bdXbUUTUSQTUcRUSQecU_VQÛiUgYdÛcc]YcdQ[U
9^_dXUbY^cdQ^SUcÛg\QgcQ^TY^SbUQcY^WTU]Q^TV_b4>1 2\__Tcg_bdXQ\]_cdTYUTRUSQecU_VYd1SS_bTY^Wd_dXU9^^_SU^SU
dUcdY^W`bQSdYSQ\\iV_bSUTdXUSbUQdY_^_VQ\_SQ\9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSd >Udg_b[Ubb_Û_ecUiUgYdÛccYTU^dYÂSQdY_^cS_^dbYRedUTd_]_bU
DXU6\_bYTQ`b_ZUSddXQdXU\ÙTUh_ÛbQdU2QY^V_bUhQ]`\UcdQbdUT dXQ^'%ÙbSU^d_VS_^fYSdY_^c\QdUb_fUbdebÛTRi4>1UfYTU^SU
Y^" #gYdXWeYTQ^SUVb_]>UgI_b[d_XQ^T\UQ^_^c\QeWXd_V <UTRidXU9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdY^>UgI_b[dXUÛdg_b[ecUc
ÙdYdY_^cd_]UUdQcdQdU]Q^TQdUTTUQT\YÛV_b`_cdS_^fYSdY_^ dXUcUTQdQd_ècXV_bbUV_b]cceSXQcR\Y^TQT]Y^YcdbQdY_^c_V
4>1dUcdY^WCdY\\Ûdg_b[]U]RUbcQbU_^\i\__cU\idYUT9dgQc^ºd `_\YSU\YÛe`cY^gXYSXdXU_èSUbY^SXQbWUYce^QgQbU_VdXUcec
e^dY\" %dXQddXUÛdg_b[SbUQdUTQR_QbT_VTYbUSd_bcgX_cU!( ÙSdºcYTU^dYdiQ^TdXUbUV_bUSQ^ºdQSSYTU^dQ\\icdUUbbUce\dcCY^SU
]U]RUbc]UUddgYSUQiUQb]QY^\id_TYcSecc_^W_Y^WSQcUcbUfYUg " Ûdg_b[]U]RUbcXQfUXU\ÙTS_^fY^SU\UWYc\Qd_bcY^>Ug
Ûg]U]RUbcQ^T`\Q^Q^Q^êQ\S_^VUbU^SUcQic=QTTiTU<_Û :UbcUi?XY_>_bdX3Qb_\Y^Q=Qbi\Q^TGUcdFYbWY^YQGYcS_^cY^
UhUSedYfUTYbUSd_b_VdXU9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdY^>UgI_b[>_Wb_e` Q^T7U_bWYQd_Y]`\U]U^dSXQ^WUcYÛiUgYdÛcc`_\YSYUc
Yc\UWQ\\iR_e^Td_Q^_dXUb 1cY]`_bdQ^ddXUÛdg_b[ºc\_RRiY^WUç_bdc¶Q^TYdcdbQS[
IUddXUbUºc^_T_eRddXUWb_e`cXU\ÙQSX_dXUbDXUÛdg_b[ bUS_bT_VceSSUcc¶XQfUècXUTcdQdUcd_`Qcc\QgcWbQ^dY^WQSSUcc
cUbfUcQcQgQid_`__\bUc_ebSUcS_^ÛSdY_^cQ^TUhÙbdYcU d_`_cdS_^fYSdY_^4>1dUcdY^W9^" _^\idg_cdQdUcXQTceSX
@b_VUcc_bccXQbU\Ucc_^`\Q^c1dd_bÛicdbQS[Y^WT_g^gYdÛccUc \QgcQSS_bTY^Wd_5bYS6UbbUb_TYbUSd_b_VS_]]e^YSQdY_^cV_bdXU
]QiQc[V_bbUS_]]U^TQdY_^cV_bY^fUcdYWQd_bc1^TY^Sbe^SX 9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdY^>UgI_b[9^" ! $%cdQdUcQ^TGQcXY^Wd_^
dY]UcdXUÛdg_b[SQ^_çUbRQS[e`ce``_bd:Uç3XY^^QccYcdQ^d 43XQfUceSXcdQdedUc
TYbUSd_b_VdXU3Q\YV_b^YQ9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSdY^CQ^4YUW_bUSQ\\c DXUYTUQ\dX_eWXg_e\TRUd_W__ed_VRecYÛcc_ÛTQicQic
gXU^9^^_SU^SU@b_ZUSd>Ug?b\UQ^ccU^dQÛ]UbWU^SibUaeUcd 6Y^T\Ui2edY]`b_fU]U^dcY^dUSX^_\_Wi]UQ^dXUbUgY\\Q\gQicRU
V_bXU\`]UUdY^WQÂ\Y^WTUQT\YÛgYdXdXU<_eYcYQ^QCe`bU]U SQcUcgXUbU4>1SQ^RUdUcdUTgXU^_^SUYdS_e\T^ºdDXUbUgY\\
3_ebdDXU3Q\YV_b^YQ`b_ZUSdbU\QiUTdXUSQ\\d_dg_CQ^4YUW_ Q\gQicRUSQcUcgXUbUdXUTUVU^cUTYT^ºddXY^[d_\__[V_b4>1Y^dbYQ\
Q`Ù\\QdU\QgiUbcgX_Ze]ÙTY^·9SQ^ºdY]QWYÛT_Y^WdXYcg_b[ 1^TdXUbUgY\\Q\gQicRU]YcdQ[UcdXQdXQfU^_dXY^Wd_T_gYdX4>1
Y^dXUbU\QdYfUTQb[Ûcc_V_ebX_]UcdQdUcgYdX_edS_]]e^YSQdY_^ ·1c]eSXQcgUºT\Y[Ud_g_b[_ebcU\fUc_ed_VQZ_RQ^TXQfUQ
gYdXUQSX_dXUb¸cQic>Ug]Q^ ÙbVUSdcicdU]YdºcQXe]Q^cicdU]Q^TXe]Q^c]Q[U]YcdQ[Uç
1\dX_eWXS_\\QR_bQdYfUUQSXÛdg_b[]U]RUbYcbUc`_^cYR\UV_b 6Y^T\UicQic·DX_cU]YcdQ[UcgY\\S_^dYêU¸ ■
& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

8Zk`feN_XkNfibj
BVWa=ZR5`SS\6]caS Â^Q^SY^WV_bUÛbWibUdb_Âdcg_b[UbdbQY^Y^WV_bVQ]Y\igQWUWbUU^
Z_RcQ^TS_^ce]UbQTf_SQSid_UQcUX_]U_gÛbcdXb_eWXdXU
c_]UdY]UcS_^VecY^W`b_SUcc_VcU\USdY^WVb_]gUQdXUbYjQdY_^
3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c@_bd\Q^TWUdcS_^ _`dY_^c@XQUTbQ5\\Yc<Q][Y^c35?_VdXU?Q[\Q^T3Q\YVRQcUT
ce]Ubc¶Q^TdXUg_b[V_bSU¶UÛbWYjUT WbUUÛS_^_]iQTf_SQdU7bUU^V_b1\\cQic_VdXU@_bd\Q^T`b_
QR_edgUQdXUbYjQdY_^9PJLQ@<9FJJ WbQ]·9V^_dQcY\fUbRe\\UdYdºcS\_cU¸
B_RUbdQ 8e^dU Yc QSQbUUbS_e^cU\_bY^@_bd\Q^T?bUgX_ `QbdÛbc WQ\_bU

cÙSYQ\YjUcY^XU\`Y^Wg_]U^Â^TdXUYbgQiY^d_dXUReY\TY^WdbQTUc @_bd\Q^TQX_dRUT_VcecdQY^QR\UTUfU\_`]U^dgQc`bY]UTd_
1VdUbg_b[cXUXUQTcX_]Ud_Q·X_bbYR\iTbQVdi¸X_ecUReY\dY^ ]_fUVQcd_^dXUX_]UgUQdXUbYjQdY_^Vb_^d13\Y]QdU1SdY_^@\Q^
!)"$·9dºcS_\TY^dXUgY^dUbQ^TdXUbUQbU]_\Ti`\QSUçcXUcQic QT_`dUTRidXU@_bd\Q^T3Ydi3_e^SY\Y^" )cUdcQW_Q\_VSeddY^W
DXb_eWXXUbZ_RQd?bUW_^DbQTUcg_]U^8e^dUb_edYÛ\i]UUdc \_SQ\WbUU^X_ecUWQcU]YccY_^cRi( ÙbSU^dRi" % 1TTY^Wd_
Ù_`\UaeQ\YÂUTd_ÂhfU^dY\QdY_^Q^TY^cdQ\\Y^ce\QdY_^2edUfU^ dXUebWU^SieÛ]`\_i]U^dbQdUcY^dXYcWbUU^]Udb_`_\YcXQfU
dX_eWXcXU[^_gccXUS_e\TSedXUbUÛbWiRY\\RigUQdXUbYjY^WXUb RUU^cdeS[Y^dXUT_eR\UTYWYdcdXb_eWX_eddXUbUSUccY_^8_]U
X_ecUcXUXQcXUcYdQdUTd_Y^fUcd·DbedXVe\\i¸cXUQT]Ydc·gXU^9 UÛbWibUdb_Âdc_çUbUTdXUSYdiQ`bQSdYSQ\gQid_]Q[U`b_WbUcc
dXY^[QR_edX_]UY]`b_fU]U^dc9dXY^[QR_ed`QY^dS_\_bç d_gQbTS\UQÛÛbWiW_Q\cQ^TcY]e\dQÛ_ec\iUh`Q^TZ_R_``_bde
DXQdSXQ^WUTbUSU^d\igXU^8e^dUd__[`QbdY^Q`Y\_d`b_ZUSd ^YdYUcUcÙSYQ\\iV_bdX_cUXYdXQbTUcdRidXU`__bZ_R]Qb[Ud
SQ\\UT3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c@_bd\Q^TDXU`b_WbQ]XU\`cX_]U_g^ D_TUcYW^dXU`b_WbQ]dXUSYdiè\\UTd_WUdXUbTYfUbcUcdQ[UX_\T
UbcÂ^Q^SUQ^TY^cdQ\\UÛbWie`WbQTUc\Y[UXYWXUèSYU^SiVeb^QSUc Ubc¶WbQccb__dcQSdYfYcdce^Y_^\UQTUbcÂ^Q^SYQ\`QbdÛbcedY\YdiUhUS
X_dgQdUbXUQdUbcQ^TY^ce\QdY_^8e^dUcÙ^d^_dXY^We`Vb_^dd_ edYfUcQ^TRebUQeSbQdcVb_]VUTUbQ\SYdiQ^TS_e^diQWU^SYUc·DXUi
XQfUXUbX_]UgUQdXUbYjUTVb_]d_`d_R_dd_]9^cdUQTcXUYcbU`Qi T_^ºdÛSUccQbY\iS_\\QR_bQdU_bUfU^[^_g_ÛQ^_dXUb¸cQic4UbU[
Y^WdXU\_gY^dUbUcd" iUQb\_Q^_^XUbedY\YdiRY\\5ÛbWicQfY^Wc C]YdXdXUSYdiºc`_Y^dÙbc_^V_b3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c@_bd\Q^T
Q^TbURQdUcQbUVQSd_bUTY^c_XUb]_^dX\i_ed\QiXQc^ºdY^SbUQcUT 2UV_bUS_]Y^Wd_3Ydi8Q\\Y^" (C]YdXTYbUSdUTcecdQY^QRY\
·GXQdºcSXQ^WUTYcgXUbUdXU]_ÛiW_UçcXUcQic·1\_d\Ucc_VYd YdiUç_bdcV_b>_b]DX_]`c_^QTYbUSd]Qb[UdY^WS_]`QîGYdX
W_Ucd_]iWQcRY\\^_g¸
3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c@_bd\Q^TQ\c_TU\YfUbcc_SYQ\RUÛÂdcdXQd 1gUQdXUbYjQdY_^dUSX^Y
8e^dUQ``bUSYQdUcDXUg_b[SbUg_^XUbX_ecUY^S\eTUTQg_]Q^ SYQ^R\_gcY^ce\QdY_^
Y^d_Q^QddYS`Qbd_VQ
cXUXQTbUSU^d\i`\QSUTY^Q`bUQ``bU^dYSUcXY`dbQY^Y^W`b_WbQ] 3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c
·CY^SUcXUg_b[UT_^]iX_ecUcXUºcQ\bUQTiRUU^`b_]_dUT>_g @_bd\Q^TX_]UbUdb_Ãd
cXUºcdbQY^Y^Wd_RUQÛÛbWiQeTYd_b5fU^Y^dXYcdUbbYR\U
US_^_]i¸8e^dUQTTc·cXUºc_^QSQbUUbdbQS[¸
<_SQ\\iQTQ`dUTfUbcY_^c_V3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c
@_bd\Q^TS_e\Tc__^RUS_]Y^Wd_ÛYWXR_bX__TcQ\\_fUb
dXUS_e^dbiDXU@_bd\Q^T`Y\_d\Qe^SXUTY^" )gYdX
"%]Y\\Y_^Y^VUTUbQ\cdY]e\ecQ^T]e^YSY`Q\]_Ûi
gQcTUcYWÛTd_bUQSX% X_]UcQ^TaeYS[\icSQ\Ue`
G?FKF>I8G?9PIP8E;<OK<I#:FLIK<JPF=>I<<E=FI8CC
1^_dXUb" ]Y\\Y_^Vb_]dXUEC4U`Qbd]U^d_V5ÛbWi
gQcQ``b_fUTY^1`bY\d_VeU\Uh`Q^cY_^cdQdUgYTUQ^T
\UfUbQWUTVe^TcVb_]QfQbYUdi_Vc_ebSUcgY\\RbY^WdXQd
d_!" ]Y\\Y_^9^! iUQbc3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c?bUW_^
QY]cd_bUdb_Âd! X_]UcSbUQdY^We`d_!
\_SQ\Z_Rc3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[cT_Uc^_decU@135
R_^TcQVUTUbQ\`b_WbQ]d_Â^Q^SUX_]UbUdb_ÂddY^W
dXQdbUSU^d\igQcSQ^SU\\UT
DXUèR\YS`bYfQdU`QbdÛbcXY`]_TU\Y^S_b`_bQdUc
cUfUbQ\cdbQdUWYSS_]`_Û^dcY^S\eTY^WcecdQY^QR\U
CejYU2_ccYcQZ_eb^Q\YcdVb_]@_bd\Q^T?bUgX_gbYdUcQR_ed
c_SYQ\SXQ^WUQ^TUTeSQdY_^CXUS_^dbYRedUcd_5Ted_`YQQ^TG_b\T
SXQ^WY^WQ^TYcS_QedX_b_VBUY^fU^dY^W@b_ZUSd2QcUT<UQb^Y^W
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &!

8Zk`fe N_XkNfibj
^_`bUS_^SU`dY_^cQR_eddXU`QSU_VW_f =@E8E:@E>>I<<E e^\UQcXY^W·QdYTQ\gQfU_VVUTUbQ\Y^fUcd
Ub^]U^dg_b[XUècXUTQXUQTgYdXQ^ ]U^dcd_Ve^T]_TU\cdXQdSQ^RbY^WdXYc
Q]RYdY_ecdY]U\YÛ·GUY^fYdUTUfUbi_Û¶
;OYSV][S`Sb`]½ba[]`S KWbUU^MY^Tecdbid_cSQ\U¸C]YdXcQic
]_bUdXQ^% cdQ[UX_\TUbc¶d_dXUdQR\U O^^SOZW\Ub]Q]\ac[Sà @_bd\Q^TQ\\_SQdUT"%]Y\\Y_^Vb_]Ydc
Q^TbU\YUT_^dXU]d_XU\`cXQÙdXYc CaScbWZWbgPWZZaT]`Q]\dS\WS\b cXQbU_VcdY]e\ecVe^Tcd_cdQbdQbUf_\fY^W
>_R_TigQcQ^QVdUbdX_eWXd¸XUcQic·Q^T Z]O\`SÔg[S\b \_Q^Ve^TV_bbUdb_ÂdcT_eR\Y^WdXU`_d
UfUbi_ÛZecdb_\\UTe`XYcc\UUfUcQ^T]QTU gYdXce``_bdVb_]V_e^TQdY_^cQ^TdXU
YdXQ`Ù^¸DXbUU]_^dXcQ^TÂfU]UUdY^Wc 1`SObSacabOW\OPZSTc\RW\U <YfY^W3YdYUc3QdQ\icd6e^T·DXU^gUgUbU
\QdUb·gUXQTQ^QWbUU]U^d¸C]YdXcQic T]``Sb`]½b[]`bUOUSa _çd_dXUbQSUçC]YdXcQic·gYdX^_TURd
:UbU]i8QicTYbUSd_b_VcÙSYQ\`b_ZUSdc _^_ebcX_e\TUbç
V_b7bUU^V_b1\\XU\ÙTWeYTUdXUS_^fUbcQ 1^_dXUb`YUSUVU\\Y^d_`\QSUgXU^
dY_^·GUdQ\[UTQR_edgXQdYdgY\\dQ[Ud_ReY\TdXYcÛg1]UbYSQ^ CX_bU2Q^[5^dUb`bYcU3QcSQTYQQ^_^`b_ÂdcYWÛT_^d_]Q^QWU
US_^_]i¸XUcQic·Y^S\eTY^WQ^X_ÛcdTYcSeccY_^_VdbQTU_çc Â^Q^SY^WDXbUU@_bd\Q^TedY\YdYUcQWbUUTd_ecUdXUYb]_^dX\iRY\\cV_b
gXUî_e\__[QddXUdXbUU5ºc*U^fYb_^]U^dUaeYdiUS_^_]i¸ \_Q^bU`Qi]U^dVebdXUbcdbUQ]\Y^Y^WdXU`b_SUccV_bS_^ce]UbcDXU
?ed_VdXQd`b_SUccU]UbWUTQ3_]]e^YdiG_b[V_bSU \_^WdUb]W_Q\Ycd_Re^T\US_^ce]Ub\_Q^cQ^TSbUQdUQ`bUTYSdQR\U
1WbUU]U^ddXQdcUdcUhÙSdQdY_^cV_bS_^dbQSdY^WdbQY^Y^WQ^T cUS_^TQbi]Qb[UdV_bX_]UbUdb_Âd]_bdWQWUc·DXU^dXUT_\\QbcSQ^
U]`\_i]U^d@_bd\Q^Tºc`_è\QdY_^Yc'(ÙbSU^dgXYdURedÙ_`\U RUbU`\U^YcXUTY^d_dXUVe^TQ^TbUTU`\_iUT\_SQ\\i¸C]YdXcQic
_VS_\_bg_]U^Q^T_dXUbce^TUbbU`bUcU^dUTY^dXUReY\TY^W ·U^cebY^WdXQddXUcUZ_RcT_^ºdW_QgQigXU^dXUVUTUbQ\]_ÛiTbYUc
dbQTUcQbUUhÙSdUTd_QSS_e^dV_b# ÙbSU^d_Vg_b[UbX_ebc_^ e`¸DXUSYdi_V@_bd\Q^TYcWQdXUbY^WTQdQ_^\_Q^bU`Qi]U^dbQdUc
X_]UgUQdXUbYjQdY_^`b_ZUSdc Q^TQSdeQ\UÛbWicQfY^Wcd_]Q[UdXUSQcUV_bQcUS_^TQbi]Qb[Ud
DXUSYdicX_e\TXQfU^_db_eR\U]UUdY^WdXUcUTYfUbcYdiW_Q\c
`bUTYSdc:_X^7QbTÛb_VG_b[cicdU]c9^SQ@_bd\Q^T^_^`b_Âd Wb_gY^W dXU ]Qb[Ud
V_SecY^W_^g_b[V_bSUbUQTYÛcc·GUQdXUbYjQdY_^YcQWbUQd`QdX CSQ\Y^We`Q\_SQ\WbUUÛS_^_]i]UQ^cWb_gY^WQÛ^dYbUcicdU]
gQiY^d_dXUdbQTUcI_eºbUW_Y^Wd_cUUQXYWXUbÙbSU^dQWU_V 3_^ce]UbcXQfUd_gQ^dX_]UUÛbWiY]`b_fU]U^dc3_^dbQSd_bc
g_]U^Q^TÙ_`\U_VS_\_bSeddY^WdXUYbdUUdXXUbU¸XU`bUTYSdc XQfUd_RUbUQTid_bUc`_^Td_TU]Q^T2\eUS_\\Qbg_b[UbcÛUT
1VdUbS_]`\UdY^WQÂfUgUU[dbQY^Y^W`b_WbQ]U^dbi\UfU\gUQdXUb dbQY^Y^WSUbdYÂSQdY_^Q^TUhÙbYU^SU·Y^Ûg`b_SUccUc]QdUbYQ\c
YjQdY_^Y^cdQ\\UbcSQÛhÙSdd_UQb^QR_ed!%ÙbX_eb7QbTÛbYc Q^T`b_SUTebUçcQic7QbTÛb1dG_b[cicdU]c7QbTÛbV_SecUc_^
Q\c_cUUY^W]_bUcUQc_ÛTg_b[UbccYW^_^V_bdbQY^Y^W·9Vi_eºfU `bU`QbY^Wg_b[UbcV_bSebbU^d\iQfQY\QR\U^_dVedebUZ_Rc·GXQdU^
T_ÛS_^cdbeSdY_^RedRUU^_ed_Vg_b[V_bcYh]_^dXc]QiRUWUd dbi\UfU\]YT\UfU\XYWX\UfU\Z_RcSQ^gU`bU`QbUV_\[cV_bd_TQi/
dY^WgUQdXUbYjQdY_^SUbdYÂSQdY_^WUdci_eY^d_dXYcÛggQfU_V GUT_^ºdgQ^dd_dbQY^QWb_e`Q^TdXU^XQfUdXU]cYdQb_e^TV_bcYh
S_]]UbSYQ\Q^TbUcYTU^dYQ\bUdb_ÂdcgUºbUQ\\UhÙSdY^W¸ ]_^dXcDbQY^Y^WÛUTcd_bUÃUSdQSdeQ\XYbY^W¸XUcQic
@_bd\Q^T=Qi_bCQ]1TQ]c`bUTYSdcdXU`b_WbQ]gY\\`QfUdXU DY]Y^WXQcRUU^QSXQ\\U^WUY^_dXUbS_]]e^YdYUcdXQdXQfU
gQid_·\_^WbQ^WUc_SYQ\dbQ^cV_b]QdY_^RiSbUQdY^WQcSQ\QR\U c_eWXdd_SQdSXdXUWbUU^Z_RcgQfUC_\QbBYSX]_^TY^BYSX]_^T
]_TU\V_bUÛbWiUèSYU^Si`b_WbQ]cdXQdY^S\eTUQÛaeYdQR\UZ_R 3Q\YVRUWQ^_çUbY^WSQbUUbdbQY^Y^WY^c_\QbY^cdQ\\QdY_^Y^" '
SbUQdY_^S_]`_Û^dDXYcYcQÛç_bddXQdgUX_Ù]_bUSYdYUcgY\\ 2eddXUZ_RcgUbU^ºdÛSUccQbY\igQYdY^W_^dXU_dXUbU^T2idXYc
S_^cYTUbd_XU\`SbUQdUWbUU^Z_Rç c`bY^W"#_V) WbQTeQdUcXQTV_e^TÙb]QÛ^dZ_RcY^c_\QbY^cdQ\
9^dUbUcdVb_]_dXUbbUWY_^cYcY^TUUT·cebWY^W¸8QiccQic \QdY_^Q^TQ^_dXUb#"XQTdU]`_bQbiZ_RcQSS_bTY^Wd_QCQ^
DgU^diÂfUS_]]e^YdYUcgUbUbUSU^d\iQgQbTUTQcXQbU_V$%" 6bQ^SYcS_3Xb_^YS\UbU`_bd
]Y\\Y_^Vb_]dXUEC4U`Qbd]U^d_V5ÛbWiºcBUdb_ÂdBQ]È` D_Wb_gTU]Q^T3\UQ^5ÛbWiG_b[c@_bd\Q^TXQcc_eWXdd_
Y^YdYQdYfUY^QS_]ÙdYdYfU`b_SUcc·Q^TdXUiQ\\gQ^dd_T_gXQd ]Q[UdXU`b_SUccUQci_^S_^ce]UbcGXU^X_]U_gÛbccYWê`V_b
@_bd\Q^TYcT_Y^W¸ QbUdb_ÂddXUiQbUQccYWÛTQaeQ\YÂUTS_^dbQSd_bQ^TQ^QTf_SQdU
Vb_]5ÛbWiDbecd_V?bUW_^DXUQTf_SQdUcdYS[cgYdXdXU]¶cdQbd
bUSiS\Y^W T_\\Qbc Y^WgYdXQgX_\UX_ecUUÛbWiQeTYdQ^TS_^dYêY^WgYdXS_]`QbYc_^
2eY\TY^WcQSS_e^dV_b$ ÙbSU^d_VECUÛbWiecUQ^T]Q[Y^W _Ve`WbQTUcQ``\YSQdY_^V_bÂ^Q^SY^WQ^TÂ^Q\Y^cdQ\\QdY_^Q^TdUcdY^W
dXU]]_bUUèSYU^d·Ycdbe\i\_gXQ^WY^WVbeYd¸5ÛbWiCUSbUdQbi 5fU^gYdXdXUV_Sec_^]Q[Y^WgUQdXUbYjQdY_^`QY^\UccTU]Q^T
CdUfU^3Xe^_dUTY^QbUSU^d_ÙT`YUSUV_bdXUG_b\T5S_^_]YS XQcRUU^·\UccdXQ^gUUhÙSdUT¸C]YdXQT]YdcDXUSYdi`\Q^cd_
6_be]8_]UbUdb_Âd`b_WbQ]cQbU]_cdceSSUccVe\Y^QSXYUfY^WcQf U^WQWUYdcÛdg_b[_VS_]]e^YdiRQcUT_bWQ^YjQdY_^cd_c`bUQT
Y^WcXUQTTUTgXU^dXUidQbWUddXU\UQcdUèSYU^dX_ecUcQ^TS_^ dXUg_bTG_bT_V]_edXVb_]cQdYcÂUTS_^ce]Ubc\Y[U8e^dU
SU^dbQdU_^dXU]_cdVe^TQ]U^dQ\g_b[*QYbdYWXdTeSdcgY^T_gcQ^T S_e\TXU\`c`Qb[Y^dUbUcd8UbRYWWUcdceb`bYcUVb_]gUQdXUbYjY^W
T__bcY^ce\QdY_^Q^TSQe\[Y^WDXUSXQ\\U^WUYc]Q[Y^WdX_cUe^cUhi cXUcQic·YcX_g]eSX]_bUS_]V_bdQR\U]iX_ecUYc^_g¸
bU`QYbcQ`ÙQ\Y^Wd_X_]U_gÛbcgX_gY\\\Y[U\iXQfUd_R_bb_gd_ 3_^ce]Ub_edbUQSXÛUTcd_S_^fY^SUÙ_`\UdXQd·dXUbUºcQ
`QiV_b]QZ_bbUdb_ÂdcdXQd_^_\TUbX_ecUcSQÛhSUUT! RUÛÂd_VS_]V_bdcQfY^WcQ^T`bUTYSdQR\US_^ÂTU^SUdXQdi_eº\\
D__fUbS_]UdXUÂ^Q^SY^WRQbbYUbC]YdXcdQbdUT\__[Y^WV_b WUdfQ\eU_ed_VdXYcY^fUcd]U^dYVi_ecU\\i_ebX_]U¸C]YdXcQic
\_gS_cdc_ebSUc_VSQ`YdQ\d_Ve^T\_gY^dUbUcd\_Q^cDXU]_Ûi 9^dXUcX_bddUb]XUQTTc·gUXQfUd_ÂWebU_edX_gd_]Q[UbUd
QbbYfUTeÛhÙSdUT\igXU^dXUVUTUbQ\cdY]e\ecRY\\`QccUT b_ÂdcQcQ`ÙQ\Y^WQcÛg[YdSXU^S_e^dUbd_`ç ■
&" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

8Zk`feN_XkNfibj
;WQ`]TW\O\QSµa<Sfb4`]\bWS`
<UQ`6b_W9^fUcd]U^dcQY]cd_Y^cebUdXU`__b_^QWbQ^TcSQ\U
9PD<I<; @K? D8P
1 ceRcYcdU^SU VQb]Ub Y^C_edX1VbYSQWUdcbUWe\QbdUhd

]UccQWUc_^XYcSU\\`X_ÛbU]Y^TY^WXY]d_dQ[UXYcQ^dYbUdb_fYbQ\
]UTYSQdY_^c_XYc89F[UU`cVb_]R\_cc_]Y^WY^d_Ve\\R\_g^
194C9ÛhSXQ^WUXUWUdc\YVUY^cebQ^SUV_bdXUUaeYfQ\U^d_V
QR_ed#%Q]_^dXGYdXXYc#% \YVUY^cebQ^SU`_\YSiY^XYc
`_S[UddXUVQb]UbSQ^Â^Q\\iaeQ\YViV_bQ]_bdWQWU_bRecYÛcc
\_Q^C\_g\idXUÂ^Q^SYQ\g_b\TdXQdgQcS\_cUT_çd_XY]cdQbdcd_
e^Veb\QbYRR_^_V`_ccYRY\Ydi
8UºcWUddY^WQXUQTV_bdXUÂbcddY]URUSQecUXUXQc]YSb_Y^ceb
Q^SU¶dXUÛhdVb_^dYUbY^dXU]YSb_Â^Q^SU]_fU]U^d6b_]
_^\YÛT_^QdY^WdXb_eWX^_^`b_ÂdcceSXQc;YfQ_bWd_]YSb_SbUTYd
_bWQ^YjQdY_^cceSXQc7bQ]UU^2Q^[dXU`bQSdYSU_V\U^TY^WdXU
g_b\Tºc`__bUcdQRYd_V]_Ûid_WUd_^dXUYbVUUdXQcWb_g^dU^
V_\TY^dXU\QcdTUSQTUD_TQi]_bUdXQ^!% ]Y\\Y_^\_gY^S_]U
Ù_`\UY^TUfU\_`Y^WS_e^dbYUcQbUY]`b_fY^WdXUYbVQ]Y\YUcºVedebUc
dXb_eWX]YSb_\_Q^cQSS_bTY^Wd_dXUG_b\T2Q^[gYdXdXUfQcd
]QZ_bYdi_VR_bb_gUbcbU`QiY^WdXUYb^_dUc
1^TQcg_b[UbcWb_gdXUYb]YSb_RecYÛccUcdXUigQ^dY^ceb
Q^SU1\\Ydg_e\TdQ[UYcQÃ__TQVUeTQ\gQb_bdXUTUQdX_VQ
RbUQTgY^Ûbd_gYÙ_edRQ^[QSS_e^dc2ed]_bUdXQ^) ÙbSU^d
_VÙ_`\UY^dXUg_b\Tºc! `__bUcdS_e^dbYUcT_^_dXQfUQSSUccd_
Y^cebQ^SU<UQ`6b_W9^fUcd]U^dcdXUÂbcdV_b`b_Âd`bYfQdUUaeYdi
Ve^TTUTYSQdUTd_`b_fYTY^W]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUYc_edd_SXQ^WUdXQd
9^S_b`_bQdUTY^" 'RiQWb_e`_VC_edX1VbYSQ^cgYdX3Q]RbYTWU
E^YfUbcYdi@X4cdXUVe^TXQcdYUcd_c_]U_VdXUg_b\Tºc]_cd
Y^ÃeU^dYQ\\UQTUbcY^S\eTY^W7bQ]UU^2Q^[V_e^TUb=eXQ]]QT
Ieêc2Q^W\QTUcXBebQ\1TfQ^SU]U^d3_]]YddUUV_e^TUb6Qj\U
1RUTQ^TV_b]Ub@bUcYTU^d2Y\\3\Y^d_^ 3bQVdg_b[UbcceSXQc
·5fUbi^YWXdQb_e^TdXUg_b\TdXU`__b\YUQgQ[Ug_bbYUTdXUi :eRQ\Q^YY^;gQJe\e
>QdQ\C_edX1VbYSQ
QbUW_Y^Wd_\_cUUfUbidXY^WRUSQecUdXQdºcgXQdRUY^W`__bYc¶Ydºc cdQ^Td_RUÛÃdVb_]
RUY^W_^dXUUTWU¸cQic<UQ`6b_WV_e^TUb1^Ti;eÙb ]YSb_Y^cebQ^SU
1ddXU3\Y^d_^7\_RQ\9^YdYQdYfUY^" (dXUV_b]Ub`bUcYTU^d
Y^db_TeSUT;eÙbd_dXUSb_gTQcdXU·9^cebUbd_dXU@__b¸Q^T V_bTQR\U]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUd_S_fUbXUQ\dX\YVUQ^T`b_Ùbdi`b_dUSdY_^
S_]`QbUTXYcV_bUcYWXdd_dXQd_VIeêcgX_YcSbUTYdUTgYdXSbUQd Y^1cYQQ^T1VbYSQDXUidQbWUdUT9^TYQ@Q[YcdQ^C_edX1VbYSQ7XQ^Q
Y^WdXU]YSb_\_Q^cicdU]·9gQccdQ^TY^WRUdgUU^3\Y^d_^Q^T EWQ^TQ;UîQQ^TdXU@XY\Y``YÛcgXUbUc]Q\\Y^cebQ^SUS_]`Q
D_î2\QYb¸;eÙbcQic·3\Y^d_^cQYTgUºTbQYcU! ]Y\\Y_^Y^! ^YUcSXebSXUcQ^TRQ^[cgUbUQ\bUQTi_çUbY^WQVUgY^cebQ^SU`b_
G?FKF>I8G?9PC8LI<E98IBLD<
iUQbc9dX_eWXd¹^_`bUccebUº¸ WbQ]c<UQ`6b_WV_e^T_^QfUbQWUdXQd]YSb_Y^cebQ^SU`_\YSYUcS_cd
!Ùb]_^dXQ^T`b_fYTU"% Y^RUÛÂdcd_Secd_]Ubc1\dX_eWX
RbUQ[Y^W dXU \__` dXU`Qi_edYcaeYdUc]Q\\YdºcQcYW^YÂSQ^dce]V_bQ`__bVQ]Y\i
DXU<UQ`6b_WdUQ]ºc`\Q^gQcd_Qc[RYWY^fUcd_bcd_SXY`Y^c_dXU ;eÙbgX_bQ^dXU7\_RQ\1SQTU]iV_bC_SYQ\5^dbU`bUÛebcXY`
Ve^TS_e\TY^fUcdY^c]Q\\S_]`Q^YUcdXQdQ\bUQTigUbU`b_fYTY^WQV Qd1cX_[QcQic`_fUbdiYcQS\_cUTSYbSeYd\__`*Q\gQicR_bb_gY^W
=UbUTYdX=QiYcQ^QgQbTgY^^Y^WVUQdebUgbYdUbV_bdXUCQ^6bQ^SYcS_3Xb_^YS\U
Vb_]_ÛÙbc_^d_`QiQ^_dXUbcSbY]`Y^WQ^TcQfY^WQ^TS_\\USdY^W
CXUQ\c_dUQSXUcZ_eb^Q\Yc]Qd=Y\\c3_\\UWUY^?Q[\Q^T3Q\YV ]_ÛiQdQc^QY\ºc`QSU·DXU`__bQbUS_^cdQ^d\iY^f_\fUTY^]e\dY`\U
Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &#

8Zk`fe N_XkNfibj
Â^Q^SYQ\dbQ^cQSdY_^cQ^TgXU^dXUic\_g\i >IFNK?8E;FGGFIKLE@KP@E Ve^Td_TUTYSQdUYdcU\Vd_Y^cebY^WdXU`__b
Sb_ccdXU`_fUbdi\YÛQ\\YddQ[UcYc_Û D@:IF@EJLI8E:< _^Q\QbWUcSQ\UY^dU^TY^Wd_Y^cebU"%]Y\
QTfUbcUUfU^dQTUQdX_bQÃ__TQ^TdXUiWUd :]]YT]`c\bO^^SR[O`YSba \Y_^gYdX]Y^Y`_\YSYUcD_`b_dUSddXU`__b
cX_S[UTRQS[Y^d_dXQdSiS\U_V`_fUbdi¸XU Vb_]VbQeT<UQ`6b_WTUfU\_ÙTQ·c_SYQ\
cQic·CdeTYUccX_gdXUiT_^ºdUfUbbUQ\\i 3[^]eSà[OZZaQOZS Q^TU^fYb_^]U^dQ\]_^Yd_bY^WcicdU]¸
bUS_fUbVb_]dXQdcX_S[=YSb_Y^cebQ^SUSQ^ S\b`S^`S\Scàb]bOYS gYdXY^èdVb_]dXbUU\UQTY^WW\_RQ\TUfU\
RbUQ[dXQd\__`¸ PcaW\Saa`WaYa _`]U^dRQ^[cdXQdbUaeYbUcY^cebQ^SUS_]
=YSb_Y^cebQ^SU`b_fYTUcQcQVUdiÛdRed `Q^YUcd_ceR]YdTQdQaeQbdUb\i
CaSW\QS\bWdSab]ZW\Y
YdQ\c_WYfUcdXUY^cebUTdXUS_^ÂTU^SUd_
dQ[URecYÛccbYc[cdXUi]YWXd_dXUbgYcU
W\acÒ\QSb]PSbbS`VSOZbV ^_ èb`_cU `b_VYd dbQTU_VVc
Qf_YT·1cdbeWW\Y^WVQb]UbY^9^TYQdi`YSQ\\i ?^G_b\T194C4Qi4US!" )<UQ`6b_W
g_^ºd`\Q^dQÛhÙbY]U^dQ\Sb_`RUSQecUXUgY\\RUbYc[Y^WQ_Û Q^^_e^SUTYdcÂbcdY^fUcd]U^d&']Y\\Y_^Y^1\\<YVUY^C_edX
Y^" SXQ^SU_VVQY\ebUYVdXUbUºcQÃ__T¸;eÙbcQic·8YcVQ]Y\i 1VbYSQd_`b_fYTU\YVUY^cebQ^SUd_Ù_`\U`bUfY_ec\ibUWQbTUTQce^
gY\\cdQbfU?bQg_]Q^gQ^dcd_cU^TXUbTQeWXdUbd_cSX__\RedYc Y^cebQR\U¶89F`QdYU^dcQ^TTYQRUdYSc9^Qe^YaeUQbbQ^WU]U^d
QVbQYTd_\_cUXUbRecYÛccc_cXU[UU`cXUbSXY\TX_]Ud_g_b[ S\YU^dc`b_]YcUd_]Q^QWUdXUYbXUQ\dXRiXUUTY^WdUhdU]QY\Q^T
9^cebQ^SU`b_fYTUcQÃ__bV_bbYc[dQ[Y^WQ^TVUUTcY^^_fQdY_^DXYc `X_ÛbU]Y^TUbcQR_edT_Sd_bfYcYdcQ^T]UTYSQdY_^cQ^T`b_fYTU
SbUQdUcQ]QSb_US_^_]YSY]`QSddXQdºcTUU`\ie^TUbQ``bUSYQdUT¸ dXUY^cebQ^SUS_]`QîgYdXS_`YUc_VdXUYbR\__Tg_b[bU`_bdc
1dÂbcdY^fUcd_bcgUbU^ºdReiY^W;eÙbºc`YdSX6UgXQTXUQbT_V <QcdiUQb]U]RUbcXY`Y^1\\<YVUWbUgRi"% ÙbSU^dQ^TdXUbU
]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUQ^TdXUigUbU^ºdcebUX_gbYc[iYdgQc·GUgUbU QbU^_g% S\YU^dcgX_cU]_^dX\i`bU]Ye]cbQ^WUVb_]e^TUb
QdQTYcQTfQ^dQWU¸;eÙbcQic·GUTYT^ºdÂdY^Qî_ÛºcR_hUc1 " d_! TUÙ^TY^W_^dXUYbQWUQ^TWU^TUbGYdXdXU<UQ`6b_W
\_d_Vg_b[XQTd_RUT_ÛQbdYSe\QdY^WdXUfQ\eUd_Ù_`\U¸5fUbi SQ`YdQ\1\\<YVUYcXYbY^W]_bUg_b[UbcQ^TUhÙSdY^Wd_bUQSX
dXY^WSXQ^WUT_^SU3\Y^d_Û^T_bcUT<UQ`6b_WY^CU`dU]RUb" ( " ]_bUS\YU^dcDXUS_]`QîbU`_bdcQ!%ÙbSU^dY]`b_fU
GYdXY^!(]_^dXc<UQ`6b_WXQTbQYcUT!#']Y\\Y_^¶bYWXdY^dXU ]U^dY^YdcS\YU^dcºXUQ\dXcY^SU" %gXU^YdRUWQ^Y^cebY^WÙ_`\U
]YTT\U_VQW\_RQ\US_^_]YSSbYcYc9^fUcd_bcY^S\eTUT:@=_bWQ^ gYdX89FQSS_bTY^Wd_1\\<YVUS_V_e^TUbB_cc2UUb]Q^
D9113B566\QWcd_ÛBUY^cebQ^SUdXUC_b_c5S_^_]YS ·GUT_c_]UdXY^W^_R_TiU\cUY^dXUg_b\TT_Uc¶gUT_^ºd
4UfU\_`]U^d6e^TdXU9^dUb^QdY_^Q\6Y^Q^SU3_b`;VG2Q^[ \__[RQS[¸2UUb]Q^cQic·9^dXU^_b]Q\\YVUY^cebQ^SU]_TU\i_eb
2=J@b_`QbS_dXUGQdUb\__6_e^TQdY_^Q^TdXU1357b_e` `QcdRUXQfY_bYcS_^cYTUbUTY^TYSQdYfU_VVedebURUXQfY_bQ^Ti_e
gY\\RU`bYSUTQSS_bTY^W\iGUT_^ºdSQbUX_gi_eecUTd_RUXQfU
Q cY]`\U ^Q`[Y^ UaeQdY_^ RUSQecUi_egY\\S_]]Ydd_RUXQfUQ``b_`bYQdU\iW_Y^WV_bgQbT¸
1\dX_eWXYd]QicUU]bYc[id_Y^cebUdXUg_b\Tºc`__bUcdgX_XQfU GXU^QV_b`b_ÂdS_]`QîdQ[UcQÂ^Q^SYQ\bYc[_^dXUcYTU_V
W_ÛgYdX_edXUQ\dXSQbUV_b]eSX_VdXUYb\YfUcY^fUcd_bcQbUQSde VedebUXUQ\dXS\YU^dcgYdX89FcdQbdd_`\Q^V_bdXUYbVedebUc
Q\\iS\Q]_bY^Wd_WUdY^f_\fUTgYdX]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUY^YdcY^VQ^Si 2UUb]Q^XQccUU^`_\YSiX_\TUbcU^b_\\dXU]cU\fUcY^cSX__\Y^fUcd
cQic<UQ`6b_WR_QbT]U]RUb:Y]B_dXV_b]UbfYSU`bUcYTU^d_V Y^RecYÛccUcgYdXVbYU^TcQ^TReiX_]Uc·DXUiW_Vb_]RUY^W
dXU=YSb_Y^cebQ^SU3U^dbUY^1``\Ud_^GYc gYdXTbQg^RQcYSQ\\igQYdY^Wd_TYUd_RUS_]Y^WQSdYfU]U]RUbc_V
·9^dXUTUfU\_ÙTg_b\TdXUY^cebQ^SU]Qb[UdcQbUcQdebQdUT dXUYbS_]]e^YdYUcQWQY^¸XUcQic
dXUbUQbUQdX_ecQ^TS_]`Q^YUcS_]ÙdY^WdXUXU\\_ed_V_ÛQ^_dXUb ?Û_VdXUÂbcdS\YU^dcd_cYWê`gQcQcY^W\U]_dXUb_VdXbUU
d_S_fUb]YTT\U1]UbYSQ^cV_bXUQ\dX_b\YVU_bX_]UY^cebQ^SU¸B_dX gYdX89FgX_XQTXUQbTbe]_bcQR_ed1\\<YVURedgQcSUbdQY^Yd
cQic·DXUe^ÙÛdbQdUT]Qb[UdYcY^dXUTUfU\_`Y^WS_e^dbYUc gQcd__W__Td_RUdbeUCXUSQ\\UTQ^TQVdUbcXUgQcQccebUT
RUSQecUdXUbUºcc`QSUV_b]UQ^Y^WVe\Wb_gdXC_Y^cebQ^SUS_]`Q^YUc 1\\<YVUgQc^_dc_]UÃiRi^YWXdSXQbYdicXUYâeYbUTQR_edQ`_\
QbUÃ__TY^WY^d_dXUTUfU\_`Y^Wg_b\T9dºcQbQSUbYWXd^_g¸ YSiGXU^cXUV_e^T_edcXUS_e\TbUTeSUdXU!' ]_^dX\i`Qi
9dºcQcY]`\U^Q`[YÛaeQdY_^*=_bUdXQ^( ÙbSU^d_VdXUg_b\Tºc ]U^dcXUgQcQ\bUQTi`QiY^Wd_QdbQTYdY_^Q\\YVUY^cebQ^SUS_]`Qî
`_è\QdY_^\YfUcY^TUfU\_`Y^WS_e^dbYUcQSS_e^dY^WV_b$ ÙbSU^d_V d_!'cXUgU`d9d]UQ^dcXUS_e\T[UU`]_bU_VXUbcQ\QbiQ^T
dXUg_b\TUS_^_]iB_dXcQicIUdVUgXQfUQîdiÙ_VY^cebQ^SU `b_fYTURUddUbSQbUV_bXUbRQRYUc
9^fUcd_bRQ^[c[^_gdXQdYVdXUiQbUdXUÂbcdd_cdQbdbU\QdY_^cXY`c 2UUb]Q^QbWeUcdXQdceSX`_cYdYfUSXQ^WUcd_S\YU^dcºXUQ\dX
gYdX\_gY^S_]US\YU^dcdXUicdQ^TQRUddUbcX_d_V[UU`Y^WdXU] `b_Â\UcQ\_^WgYdXdXUS_]`QîºcÂ^Q^SYQ\ce``_bdVb_]EC
_^SUdXUS\YU^dcbYcUd_dXU]YTT\US\Qcc?^SURbQ^T\_iQ\dicUdcY^ Y^cebQ^SUQ^TUaeYdiVe^TcU^QR\U1\\<YVUd_`b_fYTU]eSX
dXURQ^[cSQ^\Y^[gYdXWUÛbQdY_^c_VÛgSecd_]Ubc SXUQÙb\YVUY^cebQ^SU·GXU^gUXU\`_ebS\YU^dc]Q^QWUdXUYb
9dºc^_dQ^YTUQ\YcdYSQcce]`dY_^cQicB_dXgX_S_^TeSdUTdXU TYcUQcUdXUbUce\dYcdXQddXUiRUS_]UTbQ]QdYSQ\\iXUQ\dXYUb
\QbWUcdUfUb! S_e^dbicdeTi_^]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUQddXURUXUcd_V XU^SUQ]eSXRUddUbY^cebQ^SUbYc[¸XUcQic
dXU2Y\\=U\Y^TQ7QdUc6_e^TQdY_^B_dXTYcS_fUbUTdXQddXUbUQbU 9dºcUhQSd\igXQd;eÙbQ^TXYc`QbdÛbcXQTY^]Y^TgXU^dXUi
!#%]Y\\Y_^Ù_`\USebbU^d\iS_fUbUTRi]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUgXYSX SbUQdUT<UQ`6b_WDXUUaeYdiVe^TYcSQbUVe\\ibUcUQbSXY^WgXYSX
Q]_e^dcd_\UccdXQ^! ÙbSU^d_VdXU`_dU^dYQ\]Qb[UdDXUbUcdQ^ S_]`Qîd_Y^fUcdY^Ûhd·9dXY^[i_eSQ^]Q[UQSQcUgYdX]YSb_
UcdY]QdUT!%RY\\Y_^Ù_`\UQbUgY\\Y^WQ^TQR\Ud_`QiV_bYdXUcQic Y^cebQ^SUdXQddXUbUºc^_dbQTU_çRUdgUU^`b_ÂdQ^Tèb`_cU¸
1\dX_eWXS_]]UbSYQ\Y^cebUbc^_^`b_ÂdcQ^TSXebSXUc`b_fYTU ;eÙbcQic·@U_`\UXQfURUU^gQYdY^WQ\_^WdY]Ud_Â^TQgQid_
]YSb_Y^cebQ^SUY^Q`YUSU]UQ\VQcXY_^<UQ`6b_WYcdXUÂbcdUaeYdi WUÛbQdUÂ^Q^SYQ\Q^Tc_SYQ\bUdeb^ç ■
&$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Last year more than 1,000 of the world’s leading investors,
philanthropists, entrepreneurs, and thought-leaders amassed in
San Francisco to define the social enterprise landscape and
validate the space. They formed the SOCIAL CAPITAL MARKET,
the market at the intersection of money and meaning. Now
SOCAP10 asks the big question: “What’s Next?”
HERE’S WHERE SOCAP10 IS HEADED

HOR IZON- GAZ I NG Jacqueline Novogratz (Acumen Fund), Matt Flannery (Kiva.org),
Willy Foote (Root Capital), Jay Coen Gilbert (B Lab), Casey Verbeck (Lillith Fair),
Woody Tasch (Slow Money) and the Gates Foundation, answer the question, "What’s
the action that will make the biggest difference; the difference we need now?"
SOCAP TRACKS Tactical Philanthropy, Mobile, Impact Investing, Slow Money

New Money, Sustainable Development and Food Systems.
PITCH S E SS ION S for entrepreneurs and investors, along with the crowd favorite
third day of participant-designed Open Space.
COME BE PART OF IT. REGISTER NOW AT WWW.SOCAP10.NET
REGISTER NOW AT WWW.SOCAP10.NET

8Zk`fe:Xj\Jkl[p
2]<]3dWZ
>FF>C<ËJ`XY\Q^dXb_ìTeRRUT4_d?bW\Qe^SXUTY^ CSX__\Q^TQedX_b_VDUSX2Y\\Y_^QYbUc*
" $gYdXR_\TQ]RYdY_^cQ^TQ\]_cd!RY\\Y_^Y^cUUT BUcXQ`Y^W@XY\Q^dXb_ìY^QAeUcdV_bQ
Ve^TY^W2eddXUS_b`_bQdUSe\debUReY\dRiU^WYÛUbc 2UddUbG_b\T1^_dXUb!ÙbSU^dVb_]
`b_fUTSXQ\\U^WY^WV_bdXUTUfU\_`]U^dUhÙbdcRb_eWXd UaeYdiRb_eWXddXUcYjU_V4_d?bWd_ QR_ed!RY\\Y_^Y^" %gYdXdXU`_dU^
Y^d_be^4_d?bWCYhiUQbc\QdUbdXU`XY\Q^dXb_ìºc\UQT dYQ\d_Wb_ggYdXdXUcd_S[`bYSU¶
UbcXY`XQcRUU^bU`\QSUTQ^TYdcQ]RYdY_^cXQfUcXbe^[ XUQ\dXicUUTVe^TY^WV_bQ`XY\Q^dXb_ì
9P JLQ@< 9FJJ 1cQÂ^Q\S_]`_Û^d_VdXUcdbQdUWidXU
S_]`QîS_]]YddUTQê^TUÂÛT
2UV_bUdXUTecdcUdd\UT Vb_]dXU' ]QW^YdeTUUQbdX Q]_e^d_VU]`\_iUUdY]Ud_XU\`c_\fUW\_RQ\SXQ\\U^WUc
aeQ[UdXQdXYd8QYdYY^:QêQbidXUcUQbSXgQc_^V_bQSSebQdUY^V_b 7__W\UºcdXbUU`QbdQ``b_QSXYccY]Y\Qbd_dXUY^dUWbQdUT`XY\Q^
]QdY_^GXYSXReY\TY^WcgUbUcdY\\cdQ^TY^W/GXUbUcX_e\T dXb_ì]_TU\TUfU\_ÙTQTUSQTUQW_Ri9^dUbÛdc_VdgQbUS_]
bUc`_^TUbc\__[V_bdbQ`ÙTfYSdY]c/8_gS_e\TTYc`\QSUTVQ]Y\i `QîCQ\UcV_bSUS_]9^SCQ\UcV_bSUS_]6_e^TQdY_^Q``\YUcQ!!!
]U]RUbcX_Ùd_Â^TUQSX_dXUbY^Q\\dXUSXQ_c/ V_b]e\Qd_c_SYQ\SXQ^WUgYdX!ÙbSU^d_VcdQçdY]U!ÙbSU^d_V
GXY\UXe]Q^YdQbYQ^QWU^SYUcQYb\YVdUTSbUgcQ^Tce``\YUcd_dXU UaeYdiQ^T!ÙbSU^d_V`b_ÂdcW_Y^Wd_QTfQ^SUdXU]YccY_^_V
TUfQcdQdUTYc\Q^TU^WYÛUbc\Qe^SXUT`b_WbQ]]Y^W]QbQdX_^c aeQ\YÂUT^_^`b_Âdc
GYdXY^TQic7__W\UbU\UQcUTQÛg_^\YÛWQTWUdd_QccYcd_^dXU @QWU`bUTYSdUTdXQd7__W\Uºc`XY\Q^dXb_ìS_e\Tc_]UTQi
Wb_e^TUç_bdc5]RUTTUT_^XYWXdbQèSGURcYdUcY^S\eTY^WdXU ·US\Y`cU7__W\UYdcU\VY^dUb]c_V_fUbQ\\g_b\TY]`QSd¸DXYcdQ^dQ
EC4U`Qbd]U^d_VCdQdUX_]U`QWU7__W\Uºc@Ubc_^6Y^TUb \YjY^WV_bUSQcdXQciUdd_]QdUbYQ\YjUDXUS_b`_bQdY_^gXYSX^_g
Q\\_gUTQî_Ûd_ceR]YdY^V_b]QdY_^_bcUQbSXQ^_^\YÛTQdQRQcU XQcQ]Qb[UdfQ\eU_V!& RY\\Y_^Q^TQ^êQ\`b_Âdc_V&%RY\\Y_^
V_bTUdQY\cQR_eddXU]YccY^W?dXUb7__W\Ud__\cgUbUXQbÛccUTd_ XQc]QTU_^\i! ]Y\\Y_^Y^`XY\Q^dXb_`YSWbQ^dcQ^TY^fUcd
XU\`7__W\U=Q`=Q[UbXU\ÙTQYTg_b[UbcY^8QYdYºcSQ`YdQ\@_bd ]U^dcdXb_eWX7__W\U_bWcY^SU" %QSS_bTY^Wd_dXU7__W\U_bW
Qe@bY^SU^QfYWQdUbeYÛTcdbUUdcDXUS_]`QîSbUQdUTQÛg R\_W?dXUb]UdbYScQbUXQbTUbd_S_]URi7__W\USQ^ºdèdQê]
7__W\U3bYcYcBUc`_^cUGUR`QWUV_b8QYdYd_cdUUbdXUèR\YS RUb_^cdQçdY]UTUf_dUTd_4_d?bW`b_ZUSdcRedYdºc\Y[U\i\UccdXQ^
d_gQbTSXQbYdQR\UWYfY^W_``_bde^YdYUccUUTY^WdXU`_dgYdXQ]_bU !ÙbSU^d3_]`\YSQdY^WdXU`YSdebU7__W\UQ^TYdcU]`\_iUUc
dXQ^!]Y\\Y_^T_^QdY_^_VYdc_g^ U^WQWUY^SXQbYdQR\UWYfY^WQ^Tf_\e^dUUbYc]_edcYTUdXU4_d?bW
7__W\UgQc^_ddXU_^\idUSX^_\_WiS_]`QîdXQdbQ\\YUTd_XU\` Y^YdYQdYfU9^" )SXQbYdQR\UWYfY^WY^[Y^TT_^QdY_^cQ^T7__W\U
8QYdY2edRi]QbcXQ\Y^WdXURbQY^cd__\cQ^TSQcXQdYdcTYc`_cQ\ 7bQ^dcY^[Y^TQTfUbdYcY^Wd_SXQbYdYUcd_dQ\UT!' ]Y\\Y_^
dXU9^dUbÛdWYQ^dgQcTU]_^cdbQdY^WYdccÙSYQ\RbQ^T_VS_b`_bQdU QSS_bTY^Wd_6e\\Ub·gXYSX]UUdc_eb!ÙbSU^d!ÙbSU^dW_Q\¸
`XY\Q^dXb_ì7__W\UYc^ºdZecdY^dUbUcdUTY^XU\`Y^W_eddXUg_b\T+ 4_d?bWYccdY\\Qê`cdQbdS_]`QbUTd_V_e^TQdY_^cdXQdXQfU
YdQY]cd_·U^WYÛUb¸V_bc_SYQ\RUÛÂd·GUgQ^dÙ_`\Ud_\__[Qd RUU^g_b[Y^WV_bTUSQTUc_^·c_]U_VdXUXQbTUcdd_]_fUdXU
gXQdgUºbUT_Y^WQ^TcQi¹G_g_^\i7__W\US_e\TXQfUT_Û ÛUT\U_^c_SYQ\`b_R\U]ç`_Y^dc_ed@XY\2eSXQ^Q^`bUcYTU^d_V
c_]UdXY^W\Y[UdXQdº¸cQic:QSaeU\\YÛ6e\\UbQTf_SQSiTYbUSd_bV_b dXU3U^dUbV_b5çUSdYfU@XY\Q^dXb_ì2edX_ÙcV_b4_d?bWgUbU
7__W\U_bW_b4_d?bWdXUS_]`Qîºc`XY\Q^dXb_`YSY^YdYQdYfU e^bUQc_^QR\UVb_]dXUcdQbd
GXU^7__W\UgU^dèR\YSY^" $V_e^TUbc<Qbbi@QWUQ^T 3_]`QîV_e^TUbcÛgS_]Ubcd_`XY\Q^dXb_ìXiÙTUhÙSdQ
CUbWUi2bY^`b_]YcUTd_e^\UQcXQ7__W\UcYjUTQ``b_QSXd_T_Y^W dY_^cRi_fUb`b_]YcY^WX_g]eSX7__W\U_bWS_e\TT_Q^TX_g
W__T9^dXUYb\UddUbd_`_dU^dYQ\Y^fUcd_bcdXUi`\UTWUT·d_S_^dbYR aeYS[\iYdS_e\TQSXYUfUYdcW_Q\cDXUS_b`_bQdUSe\debUReY\dRiU^WY
edUcYW^YÂSQ^dbUc_ebSUcd_dXUK7__W\UMV_e^TQdY_^Y^S\eTY^W ÛUbc`b_fUTSXQ\\U^WY^WV_bTUfU\_`]U^dUhÙbdcRb_eWXdY^d_
U]`\_iUUdY]UQ^TQ``b_hY]QdU\i!ÙbSU^d_V7__W\UºcUaeYdiQ^T bQ]è`4_d?bW1c^_Û^WYÛUbcQ^T7__W\U_edcYTUbcdXUigUbU
`b_ÂdcY^c_]UV_b]¸ Y\\`bU`QbUTV_bdXUY]`QdYU^SU_VQ·VQY\VQcd¸Se\debUDXUY^YdYQ\fUb
7YfY^WQgQi!ÙbSU^d_V`b_ÂdcèddXUS_]`Qî·Y^\YÛgYdX cY_^_V4_d?bWVQY\UTd_`\Qid_dXUS_]`QîºccdbU^WdXcQ^TYTU^dYdi
dXU^QdY_^Q\QfUbQWUV_bS_b`_bQdUSXQbYdQR\UT_^QdY_^çcQic QcQÛ^WYÛUbY^W`_gUbX_ecU
<UgYcC_\_]_^Q`b_VUcc_bQd7U_bWUGQcXY^Wd_Ê^YfUbcYdi<Qg 6YfUiUQbcQVdUb\Qe^SXY^W4_d?bW7__W\U_fUbXQe\UTdXU`XY
\Q^dXb_ìºc\UQTUbcXY`Q^TQ^^_e^SUTQ]QZ_bcdbQdUWYScXYVdGXQd
CejYU2_ccYcQZ_eb^Q\YcdVb_]@_bd\Q^T?bUgX_gbYdUcQR_edc_SYQ\SXQ^WU
Q^TUTeSQdY_^CXUS_^dbYRedUcd_5Ted_`YQQ^TG_b\TSXQ^WY^WQ^TYcS_QedX_b_V XQ`ÙÛTYcQSQedY_^QbidQ\UQR_eddXUSXQ\\U^WU_VbUQ\YjY^WW__T
BUY^fU^dY^W@b_ZUSd2QcUT<UQb^Y^W Y^dU^dY_^cUfU^Qd_Û_VdXUg_b\Tºc]_cdceSSUccVe\S_]`Q^YUc
&& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Q^ _`dY]YcdYS \Qe^SX
9^\QdU" $QXQ^TVe\_VCY\YS_^FQ\\UiU^dbU`bUÛebcS_^fUÛTQd
dXUX_]U_VfU^debUSQ`YdQ\Ycd:_X^4_UbbV_bQ`bYfQdUded_bYQ\_^
W\_RQ\`_fUbdiGXY\U=eXQ]]QTIeêcUh`\QYÛT]YSb_Â^Q^SU¶
Q^Q^dYT_dUd_UhdbU]U`_fUbdidXQdXUºTcÙ^diUQbcTUfU\_`Y^W¶
1\Uh3_e^dc`bUcYTU^d_VdXU7bQ]UU^6_e^TQdY_^^_dYSUTdXQd
dg_bQdXUbi_e^W]U^·gUbUY^QddU^dYfU\YcdU^Y^W]_TU¸
@QWUQ^T2bY^XQTW__TbUQc_^d_\YcdU^2_dXRUSQ]URY\\Y_^
QYbUcQVdUb7__W\UgU^dèR\YSY^1eWecd_VdXQdiUQb9^cdUQT_V
cUU[Y^Wd_Y]`b_fUdXUg_b\TgYdXdXUYbÙbc_^Q\gUQ\dX\Y[U
2Y\\7QdUc_b1^TbUg3QbÛWYUdXUiU^fYcY_ÛTWbUQdUb
bUce\dcRiecY^WS_b`_bQdUbUc_ebSUcQ^TU^WYÛUbY^Wc]Qbdc
d_c_\fUg_b\T`b_R\U]c·DXUigUbUUh`_cY^WdXU]cU\fUc
d_Q\_d_VYTUQç3_e^dccQic·X_`Y^Wd_XQfUdXUcQ]U
c_bd_VRbUQ[dXb_eWXY]`QSd_^RYWW\_RQ\c_SYQ\`b_R\U]c
QcdXUiºTXQTY^dXURecYÛccg_b\TdXb_eWX7__W\U¸
7YfU^dXUV_e^TUbcºUQb\iQ^T_edcYjUTRecYÛccceSSUcc
·Ydg_e\TXQfURUU^ceb`bYcY^WYVdXUYbfYcY_^XQTRUU^c_]U
dXY^W_dXUbdXQ^R_\TR_bTUbY^W_^WbQ^TY_cU¸cQic3_e^dc
·@U_`\UQ``\QeTUTYdRedQ\c_bUQ\YjUTdXQddXUigUbUdQ[Y^W_^
c_]U_VdXU]_cdY^dbQSdQR\U`b_R\U]cdXQd_dXUbcXQfURUU^RQ^W
Y^WdXUYbXUQTce`QWQY^cdV_bTUSQTUç
DXUS_]`QîºcÂbcd`XY\Q^dXb_`YSY^^_fQdY_^gQcYdccdbeSdebU
7__W\UUcdQR\YcXUT7__W\U_bWQcQe^YdgYdXY^dXUS_b`_bQdY_^
Q\\_gY^WYdd_Y^fUcdY^V_b`b_ÂdQcgU\\Qc^_^`b_ÂdfU^debUc
E^TUbdXU4_d?bWe]RbU\\QcQddXUc]Q\\Ub7__W\U6_e^TQdY_^Q
]_bUdbQTYdY_^Q\% !S#_bWQ^YjQdY_^DXYcXiRbYTcdbeS
debUeêceQ\V_bS_b`_bQdU`XY\Q^dXb_ìXQcQ`QbQ\
\U\Y^`bYfQdUWYfY^W?]YTiQb>Udg_b[
UcdQR\YcXUTY^" $RiU2QiV_e^TUb@YUbbU
?]YTiQbQ^TXYcgYVU@Q]Y^fUcdcY^R_dX
^_^`b_ÂdcQ^TV_b`b_ÂdU^dUb`bYcUcdXQd
_çUbc_SYQ\RUÛÂdc
D_Ve^TYdcW__Tg_b[7__W\U
`\UTWUT#]Y\\Y_^cXQbUcUaeQ\d_!
ÙbSU^d_VdXU_edcdQ^TY^WcXQbUc
Vb_]dXUY^YdYQ\èR\YS_çUbY^WQ^T
UcdQR\YcXUTQ" iUQbdY]U\YÛV_bS_]
]YddY^WdXUcUbUc_ebSUcd_c_SYQ\RU^
UÂd·DXUT_\\QbfQ\eU_VdXYc
S_]]Yd]U^dgY\\bYcUQ^TVQ\\gYdX_eb
cd_S[`bYSU¸Uh`\QYÛTCXUbi\CQ^TRUbW
dXU^fYSU`bUcYTU^dV_bW\_RQ\_^\YÛcQ\Uc
Q^T_ÙbQdY_^cY^Q" %7__W\U_bW`_cd
1^_dXUb!ÙbSU^d_V`b_ÂdgQcd_RUQ\\_SQdUTd_
dXU4_d?bWReTWUdUQSXiUQb6b_]dXUcUVe^TcdXU
S_b`_bQdY_^]QTUQ_ÛdY]UWYVd_V) ]Y\\Y_^d_U^T_g
dXU7__W\U6_e^TQdY_^Y^" %Q^TYdVe^TUTRb_QTUb4_d?bW
QSdYfYdYUcgYdXQdXbUUiUQbReTWUd_V!'%]Y\\Y_^
DXUXiRbYTcdbeSdebUQ^T`YÙ\YÛ_VSQcXWQfU4_d?bWU^_b
]_ec\QdYdeTU9dS_e\T]Q[UWbQ^dcd_^_^`b_ÂdcdXb_eWXdXU
V_e^TQdY_^ceRZUSdd_dXUbe\UcQ^TèR\YSbU`_bdY^WbUaeYbU
]U^dcdXQdW_fUb^dQhUhU]`d_bWQ^YjQdY_^c6b_]dXUS_b`_bQdU
cYTU4_d?bWS_e\TY^fUcdY^V_b`b_ÂdS_]`Q^YUcQ^TVe^Û\Qî
`b_ÂdcRQS[Y^d_dXUY^YdYQdYfU4_d?bWS_e\TQ\c_TUfU\_`Ûg
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &'

8Zk`fe :Xj\Jkl[p
`b_TeSdcY^X_ecU\_RRig_b[gYdXfU^ :8J<JKL;PHL<JK@FEJ1 TYSdUTdXYcS_]RY^QdY_^_V·WbQ^dc`XY\Q^
debUSQ`YdQ\YcdcQ^TXYbUS_^ce\dQ^dcDXU dXb_`YSY^fUcd]U^dc`\ec7__W\UdUSX^YSQ\
S_b`_bQdUe^Ydg_e\TVQSUdXUcQ]UY^dUb
EVgWaWbRWáQcZbT]èSZZ UhÙbdYcUg_e\TcÙUTY^^_fQdY_^¸XU\`Y^W
^Q\ReTWUdY^W`b_SUccQcQî_dXUbS_cd
S\R]eSR^VWZO\bV`]^WSab] `QbdÛbcd_·QSSU\UbQdUdXUYbUhSU\\U^SU¸
SU^dUbRedg_e\T^_dXQfUd_dbQS[Ydc OQVWSdSbVSWÙ]OZa- =UQ^gXY\UdXUXe^dS_^dYêUTV_bQ
cÙ^TY^WèR\YS\iDXUTUcYW^]QhY]YjUT ]_bU·7__W\Ui¸`b_ZUSd¶c_]UdXY^WdXQd
6]eQO\ObSQV\]Z]UgQ][
ÃUhYRY\YdiRed\UVd4_d?bWcecSU`dYR\Ud_ g_e\TW_RUi_^TWbQ^d]Q[Y^WQ^TXQbÛcc
SXQ^WUYVS_]`Qî`bY_bYdYUccXYVdUT
Ô\gW\bSUÒbS^VWZO\bV`]^WQ dXUS_b`_bQdY_^ºcc]QbdcTYbUSd\id_
e]`YW\b]WbaQcZbc`S- QSXYUfU]QccYfUY]`QSd1^_``_bde^Ydi
W__W\Ui `XY\Q^dXb_ì EVS\aV]cZRO^VWZO\bV`]^g SQ]UQ\_^WgXU^S\UQ^dUSXU^dbU`bUÛeb
GXU^<Qbbi2bY\\YQ^dgQcXYbUTQcdXUÂbcd 6U\Yh;bQ]UbfYcYdUTdXU7__W\USQ]ècd_
aQOZSPOQY-
UhUSedYfUTYbUSd_b_V7__W\U_bWYÛQb\i TU]_^cdbQdUXYc`\eWY^XiRbYT3Q\3Qbc
" &_``_bde^YdYUccUU]UTU^T\Ucc1`Xi @\eWY^XiRbYTcWbQRRUT7__W\UºcY]QWY^Q
cYSYQ^Q^TU`YTU]Y_\_WYcd2bY\\YQ^dgQcRUcd[^_g^V_bXYc\UQTUb dY_^RUSQecU_VdXUYb`_dU^dYQ\d_bUTeSU3?"U]YccY_^cSed_Y\
cXY`_^dXUG_b\T8UQ\dX?bWQ^YjQdY_^SQ]`QYW^d_UbQTYSQdU ecUQ^TcdQRY\YjUdXUU\USdbYSQ\WbYT9dTYT^ºdXebddXQd7__W\US_
c]Q\\`_h8URb_eWXd^_^`b_ÂdUhÙbYU^SUQcS_V_e^TUb_VdXU V_e^TUbcQbUU\USdbYSSQbU^dXecYQcdc2_dX2bY^Q^T@QWUgUbU
CUfQ6_e^TQdY_^gXYSX`b_fYTUcUiUSQbUd_S_]RQdR\Y^TÛccY^ UQb\iY^fUcd_bcY^DUc\Q=_d_bc
dXUTUfU\_`Y^Wg_b\T8UgQcQ\c_QÛfQ^WU\YcdV_bZecddXUc_bd_V GXQd`\eWY^cÛUTUTd_WQY^QV__dX_\TY^dXU]Qb[Ud`\QSU·gQc
RYWYTUQc7__W\UgQccUU[Y^WceSXQcTUfU\_`Y^WQÛQb\igQb^Y^W UhQSd\igXQd7__W\US_e\TRbY^W¸cQic1Y]}U3XbYcdU^cU^Q\QgiUb
cicdU]V_b`Q^TU]YSc gYdXUhdU^cYfURQS[Wb_e^TY^S\Y]QdUSXQ^WUgX_gQc_Û_V
7bUW=Y\\UbQ\QgiUbQ^TCY\YS_^FQ\\UiU^dbU`bUÛebbUSQ\\cWUd 4_d?bWºcÂbcddUQ]]U]RUbcDXQdY^S\eTUT·QddU^dY_^V_bgXQdgQc
dY^WQ`X_ÛSQ\\Vb_]2bY\\YQ^ddXQdRUWQ^·8_gg_e\Ti_e\Y[Ud_ cdY\\fYUgUTRi]QîQcQWQbQWUdUSX^_\_WiÛgY^fUcd]U^dT_\\Qbc
XU\`]USXQ^WUdXUg_b\T/¸GXU^=Y\\UbcUdd\UTY^d_XYcb_\UQc d_cèbS_]ÙdYdY_^Q^TSbUTYRY\Ydi¶TQdQQcgU\\Qc]UTYQQddU^dY_^¸
]Q^QWY^WTYbUSd_b_V4_d?bWdXUfYRUgQc·^_dXY^WRed_`dY]Yc]¸ 9^Q`b_ZUSddXQdRUSQ]U[^_g^QcBUSXQbWU9D4_d?bWcUd_ed
GYdXY^7__W\Uºcd_`\UQTUbcXY`CQ^TRUbWgQc4_d?bWºcSXQ] d_TU]_^cdbQdUdXU`_dU^dYQ\_V`\eWY^SQbcQ^TQSSU\UbQdUdXUYb
`Y_^CXURb_eWXdUhÙbYU^SUY^W\_RQ\TUfU\_`]U^dVb_]XUb`bU QT_`dY_^:Qc_^CXU\\U^gX_XQT\UTdXUTUfU\_`]U^d_V`b_TeSdc
fY_ecg_b[gYdXdXUG_b\T2Q^[Q^TEC4U`Qbd]U^d_VdXU \Y[U7__W\UBUQTUbV_bdXUS_]]UbSYQ\cYTU_VdXUS_]`Qî^_g
DbUQcebiCQ^TRUbWXU\ÙTcUde`dXUXiRbYTcdbeSdebUV_bdXU`XY \U^dXYcUhÙbdYcUd_4_d?bWºcBUSXQbWU9DDXU`b_ZUSddUQ]Y^dUb
\Q^dXb_ì\UTdXUcUQbSXdXQdbUce\dUTY^dXUXYbY^W_V2bY\\YQ^dQ^T fYUgUT]QZ_bQed_]_RY\U]QêVQSdebUbc_Y\S_]`Q^YUcRQddUbi
cQd_^dXUR_QbT_VdXU7__W\U6_e^TQdY_^CXUQ\c_XQTdXUUQb_V ]QêVQSdebUbcQ^T_dXUb`\QiUbcd_e^TUbcdQ^TgXYSX]UdbYSc
2bY^@QWUQ^T35?5bYSCSX]YTd ÛUTUTd_RUdbQS[UTd_]Q[UdXUSQcUV_b`\eWY^c
9^YdYQ\\i4_d?bWV_SecUT_^dXbUURb_QTYcceUcbUÃUSdY^WdXU D_WQdXUbdXUTQdQ7__W\UR_eWXdQc]Q\\ÃUUd_VD_i_dQ@bYec
`QccY_^c_Vd_ÙhUSedYfUc>_dceb`bYcY^W\i2bY\\YQ^dgQc]_cd SQbcQ^TbUdb_ÂddUTdXU]d__ÙbQdUQc`\eWY^c7__W\UU]`\_iUUc
Y^dUbUcdUTY^èR\YSXUQ\dXCQ^TRUbWQTf_SQdUTV_bW\_RQ\TUfU\_` ·7__W\UbçgUbUVbUUd_TbYfUdXUSQbcQc`Qbd_VdXUS_]`Qîºc
]U^dceSXQcce``_bdV_bU]UbWY^W]Qb[UdU^dbU`bUÛebc@QWU SQbcXQbU`b_WbQ]¶Q^TdXecd_WUÛbQdUTQdQ_^RQddUbiecUQ^T
Q^T2bY^gUbUUQWUbd_RbY^WdUSX^YSQ\c_\edY_^cd_dXUSXQ\\U^WU_V ]Y\UQWUQfUbQWY^WRUddUbdXQ^)#]`WY^QS_^db_\\UTUhÙbY]U^d
S\Y]QdUSXQ^WUgXYSXS_e\TY]`b_fUdXUXUQ\dX_VdXU`\QÛdQ^T 4_d?bW]QTUY^fUcd]U^dcd_ce``_bddXUTUfU\_`]U^d_V`\eWY^
Q\c_U^cebUQS\UQÛÛbWice``\iV_b7__W\UºcTQdQSU^dUbcDXUi dUSX^_\_WYUcY^S\eTY^W"'%]Y\\Y_^d_1`dUbQ=_d_bcQ^T1SdQ3U\\
gUbUUcÙSYQ\\iY^dUbUcdUTY^c_\edY_^cQddXUY^dUbcUSdY_^_VdX_cU DXUV_e^TQdY_^]QTUWbQ^dcd_e^TUbgbYdUS_^VUbU^SUcVe^Te^Y
dXbUUYcceUc1cCQ^TRUbWd_\T6_bdeÛ·GUgQ^dUTYTUQcgXUbUgU fUbcYdibUcUQbSXQ^TbQYcUèR\YSQgQbUÛcc_V`\eWY^_`dY_^c
S_e\TcQi¹9VgUWUddXYcbYWXdYdgY\\SXQ^WUdXUg_b\Tº¸ CY^SUBUSXQbWU9D\Qe^SXUTY^" 'dXU]Qb[UdV_b`\eWY^cXQc
1\]_cdY]]UTYQdU\ig_b\TSXQ^WY^WYTUQcRUWQ^d_`_ebY^d_ Y^TUUTUh`Q^TUTgYdXÛQb\iUfUbi]QZ_bSQb]QêVQSdebUbWUddY^W
dXU=_e^dQY^FYUg3Q\YVSQ]èc>_^`b_Âd\UQTUbcQSQTU]YS Y^dXUWQ]U7__W\UT_Uc^ºddQ[USbUTYd6e\\UbcQYTQS[^_g\UTWY^W
UhÙbdcQ^TS\UQ^dUSX^_\_WiU^dbU`bUÛebcgUbUce]]_ÛT1\ dXQd·gUºbUZecd_Û_V]Qîf_YSUc2edgUºbU`\UQcUTd_cUUdXQd
7_bU`QYTQfYcYdd_WYfUXYcVQ]_ecc\YTUcX_g_^S\Y]QdUSXQ^WU ]QY^cdbUQ]]QêVQSdebUbcXQfU`YS[UTe`dXUSXQ\\U^WU¸
DXU]_ÛicdQbdUTd_Ã_g5Qb\iWbQ^dcY^S\eTUT%]Y\\Y_^d_
1Se]U^6e^Td_ce``_bdU^dbU`bUÛebcY^dXUTUfU\_`Y^Wg_b\T+ c\_g S\Y]R e` Q cdUU` SebfU
%]Y\\Y_^d_XU\ÙcdQR\YcX9^CD5449^^_fQdYfUCe``_bdd_ =Qî_V4_d?bWºcUQb\iUç_bdcVQY\UTd_QddbQSddXUcQ]UU^WQWU
5]UbWU^SYUc4YcUQcUcQ^T4YcQcdUbcQ^_^`b_ÂdV_SecUT_^TUfU\ ]U^dQSb_ccdXUS_]`QîQcTYTBUSXQbWU9DCdbQdUWYSY^fUcd]U^dc
_`Y^WY^V_b]QdY_^cicdU]cd_Y]`b_fUUQb\iTYcUQcUTUdUSdY_^Q^T Y^S_]`Q^YUc\Y[UUC_\Qb! ]Y\\Y_^V_bc_\QbdXUb]Q\`_gUb
TYcQcdUbbUc`_^cU+Q^T!$%]Y\\Y_^d_dXU3QbdUb3U^dUbd_ce``_bd bUcUQbSXQ^T=Q[Q^Y@_gUb!%]Y\\Y_^V_bbUcUQbSXQ^TTUfU\_`
WeYÛQg_b]UbQTYSQdY_^ ]U^d_VXYWXQ\dYdeTUgY^TUÛbWigUbUY^dU^TUTd_c`Qb[Y^^_fQ
9^QTTYdY_^d_Ve^TY^Wc_]UbUSY`YU^dcQ\c_bUSUYfUTXQ^Tc_^ dY_^Y^Q\dUb^QdYfUUÛbWiQ^TUfU^deQ\\ibUdeb^`b_Âdcd_4_d?bW
QccYcdQ^SU7__W\UU^WYÛUbcg_b[UTQ\_^WcYTU1Se]U^cdQçV_b DXUcUgUbU·TQdQTbYfU^_edS_]URQcUTY^fUcd]U^dç=Y\\UbcQic
Y^cdQ^SUd_TUfU\_`cicdU]cV_bdbQS[Y^WY^fUcd]U^dc=Y\\Ub`bU bUÃUSdY^WdXU`QbU^dS_]`QîºcY^cYcdU^SU_^]UdbYSc2eddXUSbU
&( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

QdYfUdXY^[Y^WgQc\QbWU\i_edc_ebSUT\UQfY^W\Ydd\Ub__]V_b7__W\U _bYVYdVU\d\Y[UdXY^WcgUbUc_bd_VdUUdUbY^WYdTYT^ºdVUU\fUbi]eSX
U]`\_iUUcd_WUdTYbUSd\iY^f_\fUT \Y[U7__W\U¸XUcQic
2Ui_^TdXU7__W\U`\Uh_bWQ^YjQdY_^cUQWUbV_b4_d?bWVe^TY^W 9dTYT^ºdXU\`dXQdQc4_d?bWcdQçUTe`YdgQcWb_gY^W]_bU
gUbUWb_gY^WVbecdbQdUTgYdXdXU`b_WbQ]ºcc\_g`QSUQ^TcXYVdY^W Yc_\QdUTVb_]dXUbUcd_VdXUS_b`_bQdY_^DXU$ `\ec4_d?bWUbc_^
_RZUSdYfUc?Û^_^`b_ÂdUhUSedYfUgX_Qc[UTd_bU]QY^Q^_î R_QbTRi]YT" (gUbUcY\_UTY^dXbUUdUQ]cV_SecY^W_^XUQ\dX
]_ecÃUgSb_ccS_e^dbid_]Q[UgXQdcXUdX_eWXdgQcW_Y^Wd_RU US_^_]YSTUfU\_`]U^dQ^TS\Y]QdUSXQ^WU·C_]UdY]UcYdVU\d\Y[U
Q`YdSX·9^cdUQTYdgQc\Y[UgUgUbUWYfY^WdXU]QcU]Y^Qb¸cXU YdgQcZecdecQb_e^TQdQR\U¸_ÛdUQ]]U]RUbcQic
cQic·GUY^fUcdUTdY]UQ^TcXQbUT_ebY^dU\\USdeQ\`b_ÙbdiQ^T DXU4_d?bWdUQ]Q\c_[U`dYdcTYcdQ^SUVb_]dXUS_]`Qîºc
W_d^_dXY^W_ed_VYd¸ ]_bUdbQTYdY_^Q\SXQbYdQR\Ug_b[7__W\U]Q[UcQfQY\QR\USUbdQY^
5fU^3_e^dcgX_XQT`bUfY_ec\iU^Z_iUTQSSUccd_2bY^Q^T `b_TeSdc\Y[U7__W\U1``c`b_TeSdYfYdid__\cVbUUd_cSX__\cQ^T
@QWUV_e^TXY]cU\V·e^QR\Ud_WUdQ]UUdY^WgYdXdXUXUQT_VdXU ^_^`b_Âdc7__W\U7bQ^dcYcQ^Y^[Y^TT_^QdY_^`b_WbQ]dXQd
4_d?bWdUQ]GUgUbUÛfUbQR\Ud_]Q[UdXUSQcUV_b]YSb_Â QgQbTc]Y\\Y_^cY^VbUUQTfUbdYcY^W_^7__W\UºccUQbSXbUce\dcd_
^Q^SU¸XUcQic7bQ]UU^6_e^TQdY_^g_e\TUfU^deQ\\i·Â^T_eb cU\USdSXQbYdYUc2_dXdXUcUUç_bdc\UfUbQWU7__W\U`b_TeSdcV_b
cgUUdc`_dgYdX7__W\U¸3_e^dcQTTcgYdXQ" WbQ^dQ^T c_SYQ\RUÛÂd+dXUiQ\c_ReY\TRbQ^T\_iQ\di4_d?bWgQcSQbUVe\d_
dUSX^YSQ\ce``_bdV_bQ]_RY\U`X_Û`b_ZUSdSQ\\UT1``<QRdXQd Qf_YTQîdXY^WdXQdXY^dUTQd]Qb[UdY^W·GUXQfURUU^d_\TS\UQb\i
\Qe^SXUTYÊWQ^TQY^" )2edXUQTTc·]YSb_Â^Q^SUgQcQ\Ydd\U Ri\UQTUbcXY`dXQddXUiT_^ºdgQ^dcXQ]`XY\Q^dXb_ì¸cQic6e\\Ub
RYdQ^SY\\Qbid_Yd¸ DXYccU`QbQdY_^\UVdc_]U7__W\UbcÙb`\UhUT1Û^WYÛUb
5]`\_iUUcY^cYTU4_d?bWgUbUQ\c_TYcS_]ÂdUT?ÛV_b]Ub gX_ºccdY\\Qd7__W\UgQcVbecdbQdUTdXQd`_gUbVe\d__\c\Y[U7__W\U
4_d?bW]U]RUbTUcSbYRUc·Q^Y^QRY\Ydid_cQiiUcV_bVUQb_VcQiY^W 5QbdXgUbU^_dRUY^WecUTV_b4_d?bW`b_ZUSdc3XbYcdU^cU^gX_
iUcd_dXUgb_^WdXY^W¸1^_dXUbbUSQ\\c·YTUQcVQY\Y^Wd_WUdWbUU^ \UVdY^" 'bUS_W^YjUc·QXe^WUbKQ]_^W7__W\UbcMd_U^WQWUgYdX
\YWXdUTV_b^_dRUY^W7__W\UiU^_eWX¸ 4_d?bWQ^TRbY^WdXUYbU^dXecYQc][^_g\UTWUQ^TUfU^`b_TeSdc
CdY\\_dXUbcbU]U]RUbdXQd7__W\U_bWdebÛTT_g^`b_]YcY^W V_bgQbTd_XU\`]Q[UQTYçUbU^SUY^dXUg_b\T¸2eddXYcU^dXecY
`b_`_cQ\cV_b^_dRUY^WceèSYU^d\iQ]RYdY_ec·DXUg_bTcdXQd9 Qc]S_e\T^ºdRUXQbÛccUTe^\Ucc4_d?bWWQfUdXUWbUU^\YWXd¶Q^T
XUQbTRUY^WecUTgUbU¹WQ]USXQ^WY^WcdbQdUWYUcº¸cQic<QebU^SU Ve^TY^W¶d_`b_SUUT
CY]_^`b_VUcc_bQd2bQ^TUYcE^YfUbcYdiQ^TQ" '7__W\U6U\\_g 2bQT@bUcÛbgQcQ^_dXUbgX_cQgdXUdU^cY_^RUdgUU^dXU
gX_Rb_eWXdTUUÙhÙbYU^SUY^Y^dUb^QdY_^Q\TUfU\_`]U^dIUd g_b[_V4_d?bWQ^T·dXU7__W\UgQi_VT_Y^WdXY^WçXUcQic1
gXU^YdS_]Ucd_dQS[\Y^WYcceUc\Y[UW\_RQ\`_fUbdiXUQTTc·9º] fUdUbQ^7__W\Ub@bUcÛb]_fUTVb_]dXURecYÛcccYTU_VdXUS_b
^_dcebUgUXQfUWQ]USXQ^WY^WcdbQdUWYUçC_SYQ\SXQ^WU·ÛUTc `_bQdY_^Y^" &d_XU\`4_d?bWÂWebU_edX_gd_]UQcebUdXU
`QdYU^SU¸XUQTTc·DXURbY\\YQ^SU_VdXUV_e^TUbcY^XQfY^WSbUQdUT Y]`QSd_VYdcWbQ^dcQ^TY^fUcd]U^dc7__W\UYcVQ]_ecV_bWYfY^W
QWQ]USXQ^WY^WcdbQdUWiV_bK9^dUbÛdMcUQbSXgQcR_dXQ^Y^c`YbQ YdcU]`\_iUUc\QdYdeTU¶" ÙbSU^d_VdXUYbg_b[dY]U¶d_èbceU
dY_^d_4_d?bWQ^TQ\c_QRebTU^¸ ÛgYTUQcDXYc`bQSdYSU]UQ^c7__W\UbcSQ^dY^[UbgYdXQ^Y^dUb
9dd__[e^dY\:QêQbi" (¶Q^Tb_e^Tc_VRbQY^cd_b]Y^WbUQc UcdY^WYTUQ_b`b_d_diÙQ`b_TeSd·Qc\_^WQci_eSQ^TUVU^Ti_eb
cUccY^WQ^TcUS_^TWeUccY^W¶V_b4_d?bWd_Q^^_e^SUYdcÂfUS_bU `b_WbUccQdbUWe\QbbUfYUgç@bUcÛbcQic·I_e[Y^T_VdXb_gQ
Y^YdYQdYfUcC_]UgUbUS\UQb\iY^dU^TUTd_RUWQ]USXQ^WUbcceSX `b_TeSd_eddXUbUQ^TcUUgXQdXQ`Ù^c9VYdXQcReWci_e[^_g
QcV_cdUbY^WbUÛgQR\UUÛbWiWUÛbQdY_^QdQ`bYSUSXUQÙbdXQ^ i_eSQ^ÂhYdUfU^deQ\\i¸2ed·dXQdºc^_daeYdUX_gYdg_b[cY^dXU
S_Q\Q^Y^YdYQdYfU^YS[^Q]UTB5,3?dXUbcSQ\\UTV_b]_bUdbQTY KUS_^_]YSMTUfU\_`]U^dc`QSU¸XUQTTc·gXUbUÙ_`\Uºc\YfUcQbU
dY_^Q\TUfU\_`]U^dg_b[ceSXQcU^XQ^SY^WQSSUccd_Y^V_b]QdY_^ QdcdQ[U¸@bUcÛb\UVd7__W\UY^" (d_g_b[V_b1Se]U^]Q^QW
Y^dXUTUfU\_`Y^Wg_b\TGXU^2bY\\YQ^dQ^^_e^SUTdXUY^YdYQdYfUc Y^WQc_SYQ\]UdbYScd__\dXQdXUXQTg_b[UT_^gXY\UQd4_d?bWRed
XUcQYTdXUig_e\T`b_fYTUdXU`\QiR__[V_b]Q[Y^WWbQ^dcQ^TcdbQ S_e\T^ºdWUdWbUU^\YWXdUTd_Â^YcX
dUWYSY^fUcd]U^dc·V_bdXUÛhdÂfUd_! iUQbç 9^VQ\\" (4_d?bWSQ]Ue`V_bcdbQdUWYSbUfYUggYdX\UQTUbc
<Y[UdXUV_e^TUbcºY^YdYQ\`b_]YcU4_d?bWºcY^YdYQdYfUcgUbUd__ Vb_]cUfUbQ\TYcSY`\YÛcQSb_cc7__W\UgUYWXY^WY^_^dXUY^YdYQdYfU
Q]RYdY_ecDQ[Y^W_^_Û_bdg_W\_RQ\SXQ\\U^WUcgYdX`b_ZUSdc 1VdUbdXUbUfYUgQ^TgYdX\Ydd\UgQb^Y^Wd_^_^`b_ÂdcdXQdcQg
dXQdXQTdXU`_dU^dYQ\d_QSXYUfUY^SbU]U^dQ\SXQ^WUg_e\TXQfU 7__W\UQcQ`b_]YcY^Wc_ebSU_VVedebUce``_bd4_d?bWRUWQ^
dQhUTQîi_e^W`XY\Q^dXb_ì9^cdUQT4_d?bWQY]UTV_bXYWX cXYVdY^WWUQbcCe``_bdV_bU^dbU`bUÛebcY^dXUTUfU\_`Y^Wg_b\T
Y]`QSdbUce\dcY^ÂfUTYçUbU^dTYbUSdY_^cQ^T_^]e\dY`\US_^dY _Û_VdXUÂfUS_bUY^YdYQdYfUcgQc^_g_çdXUdQR\UUhSU`dV_b
Û^dcDXUaeUcdV_bWQ]USXQ^WY^W`b_ZUSdcgQcQd_TTcgYdXdXU UhYcdY^WWbQ^dS_]]Yd]U^dc
`QdYU^SUbUaeYbUTd_cdYS[gYdXQÂfUd_! iUQb`\Q^ GXigQcdXU`\Q^dXQdgQcce``_cUTd_WeYTU4_d?bWV_bQ
TUSQTUe^bQfU\Y^WgYdXY^dXUÂbcdiUQb/@_\YdYSc`\QiUTc_]Ub_\U
Se\debU `b_fUc SbYdYSQ\ CQ^TRUbWXQTTUSQ]ÙTd_RUS_]USXYUV_ÙbQdY^W_èSUb3??
1c[Y^WSbYdYSQ\aeUcdY_^cYc`Qbd_VdXU7__W\USe\debU1îU]`\_i _V6QSUR__[UQb\YUbdXQdiUQb\UQfY^W4_d?bWgYdX_edQÛhUSedYfU
UUgX_ºcSebY_ecQR_edQ^_dXUbdUQ]ºc`b_ZUSdSQ^dbQS[`b_WbUcc SXUUb\UQTUb=_bUSbYdYSQ\\i4_d?bWgQc^ºddQ``Y^WY^d_dXUS_]
_^Q^Y^dUb^Q\cYdUDXUA1gYdX2bY^Q^T@QWUYcQdbQTYdY_^Qd `QîºcUhÙbdYcU?``_bde^YdYUcV_b7__W\Ubcd_U^WQWU_^4_d?bW
S_]`QîgYTU6bYTQiV_be]cCXU\\U^bUSQ\\cXUQbY^WaeUcdY_^c `b_ZUSdcgUbU\Y]YdUT@b_SUccUcdXQdTbYfUY^X_ecUY^^_fQdY_^¶
QR_ed4_d?bWSYbSe\QdY^WQ]_^W7__W\US_\\UQWeUc·DXYcS_]`Qî Vb_]X_g`b_TeSdcQbUTUfU\_ÙTd_X_gdUQ]cS_\\QR_bQdU¶
YcU^WYÛUbY^WTbYfU^GXU^Ù_`\UXUQbTXUcYdQdY_^Vb_]4_d?bW gUbU^ºddbQ^c\QdY^Wd_dXUc_SYQ\RUÛÂdg_b[
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &)

8Zk`fe :Xj\Jkl[p
T_d_bW " ]YWXdTbQgUhÙbdYcUVb_]UQSX_VdX_cUe^YdcDXYcbUÃUSdcX_g
9^6URbeQbi" )_^\i]_^dXcQVdUbdXUcdbQdUWYSbUfYUg2bY\\YQ^d 7__W\UYc_bWQ^YjUTQ^TX_gC]YdXY^SeRQdUcS_]]UbSYQ\`b_TeSdc
Q^^_e^SUTXUgQccdU``Y^WQcYTUd_]Q[UgQiV_bQÛg\UQTUbQ^T CXUcUUc_dXUbRUÛÂdcd_U]RUTTY^WdXU4_d?bWcdQç_V( ·:ecd
SXQ^WUY^TYbUSdY_^V_b4_d?bW1cXUUh`\QYÛT_^dXU7__W\U_bW cYddY^WÛhdd_c_]UR_Tii_eSQ^WbQRdXUYbdXY^[Y^W¸cQicC]YdX
R\_W·GXY\UgUXQfURUU^QR\Ud_ce``_bdc_]UbU]Qb[QR\U^_^ ·DXQdºcQRYWSXQ^WU¸
`b_Âd_bWQ^YjQdY_^c_fUbdXU`QcddXbUUiUQbc_ebWbUQdUcdY]`QSd C]YdXYcS_^ÂTU^dcXUSQ^]Q^QWU4_d?bWQ^TYdc% ]Y\\Y_^
XQcS_]UgXU^gUºfUQddQS[UT`b_R\U]cY^gQicdXQd]Q[UdXU " ! ReTWUdQ\_^WgYdXXUb_dXUbF@bUc`_^cYRY\YdYUc6_bcdQbdUbc
]_cd_V7__W\UºccdbU^WdXcY^dUSX^_\_WiQ^TY^V_b]QdY_^¸?Û cXUT_Uc^_dÙbc_^Q\\i_fUbcUUUQSX`b_ZUSdDXQdVQ\\cd_dXU
UhQ]`\UXUSYdUT*7__W\U6\eDbU^Tc2iQWWbUWQdY^WTQdQWUÛbQdUT Q``b_`bYQdUdUQ]\UQTUb2Y\\GUYX\V_bY^cdQ^SU7__W\Uºc·WbUU^
RiÙ_`\UcUQbSXY^WdXU9^dUbÛdV_bY^V_b]QdY_^QR_edS_]]_^Ãe UÛbWiSjQb¸_fUbcUUcY^YdYQdYfUcQY]UTQdbUTeSY^WdXUS_]`Qîºc
ci]`d_]cdXUd__\`b_]YcUcd_bUTeSUdXUdY]UbUaeYbUTd_YTU^ SQbR_^V__d`bY^dQ^TV_cdUbY^WTUfU\_`]U^d_VS\UQÛÛbWiGYdXY^
dYViÃe_edRbUQ[cQ^TYTU^dYViX_dc`_dc XYc`_bdV_\Y_QbUcUfUbQ\4_d?bW`b_ZUSdc>_bYcC]YdXTUf_dY^WQc
=UWQ^C]YdXQ\_^WdY]U7__W\UbU^WYÛUbRidbQY^Y^WQ^TfYSU ]eSXdY]UQcXUb`bUTUSUcc_bd_cUQbSXY^WV_bg_bdXi`QbdÛbc
`bUcYTU^d_VÛgRecYÛccTUfU\_`]U^dd__[dXUXU\]_V4_d?bW >UgY^fUcd]U^dcY^V_b`b_Âdc_SYQ\fU^debUcQbU_^X_\T?^dXU
gYdX_edWYfY^We`XUb_dXUbbUc`_^cYRY\YdYUcCXUWQYÛTQgU\\ SXQbYdQR\UWYfY^WcYTUC]YdXcUbfUc_^dXUR_QbT_VdXU7__W\U
`\QSUTc_e^TY^WR_QbTYÊbc8\j\UcU^Y_bfYSU`bUcYTU^dV_b 6_e^TQdY_^¶gXYSXQgQbTUTZecd!#]Y\\Y_^Y^" )¶Q^TdQ[Uc
7__W\U_ÙbQdY_^cd_gX_]cXUbU`_bdc_^4_d?bW]QddUbcC]YdX `QbdY^7__W\UºcSXQbYdQR\UWYfY^WS_e^SY\
RbY^WcQTYçUbU^dcdi\UQ^Tc[Y\\cUdd_dXUZ_R·CXUºcQ^Q\idYSQ\ 9^QTTYdY_^d_cdQè^WSXQ^WUcC]YdXXQcY^db_TeSUTQbYW_b_ec
dU^TY^Wd_e^TUb`b_]YcUQ^T_fUbTU\YfUb¸cQYTQS_\\UQWeU `b_SUccV_b`b_`_cY^W4_d?bW`b_ZUSdcGYdXaeUcdY_^cdXQdTbY\\
1\dX_eWXC]YdX[^_gc7__W\UY^cYTUQ^T_edcXUYc\UccfYcYR\Ud_ T_g^Y^d_dUSX^YSQ\TUdQY\cQ^TXUQTS_e^dbUaeYbU]U^dcYdgY\\
dXU_edcYTUg_b\TdXQ^XUbSXQbYc]QdYS`bUTUSUcc_b VUU\VQ]Y\YQbd_Qî_ÛgX_g_b[cQddXUS_]`QîgYdX_Û[UiTYV
2bY\\YQ^dRbYUÃicXYVdUTd_QÛgb_\UQcSXYUV`XY\Q^dXb_ìUfQ^ VUbU^SU*·DXUiXQfUd_RUQR\Ud_ZecdYViYd¶^_dS_]]UbSYQ\\iRed
WU\YcdV_b7__W\URedc__^\UVdd_\UQTQW\_RQ\dXbUQdcY^YdYQdYfUV_b Y^dUb]c_VKc_SYQ\RUÛÂdMY]`QSdYdg_e\TXQfU¸C]YdXcQic
dXUC[_\\6_e^TQdY_^2bY\\YQ^dTUS\YÛTQ^Y^dUbfYUgbUaeUcdQ^T 7U_dUQ]U^WYÛUbBURUSSQ=__bUgQcdXUÂbcdd_`b_`_cUQ
7__W\UUhUSedYfUcg_e\T^_dS_]]U^d_^XYcTU`QbdebU `b_ZUSde^TUb4_d?bW" DXUYTUQV_b5QbdX5^WYÛSQ]UQR_ed
4_d?bWºcÛg]QbSXY^W_bTUbc*@ed]_bUUÛbWiQ^TbUc_ebSUc dXb_eWXS_\\QR_bQdY_^gYdX\UQTY^WV_bUcdbicSYU^dYcdcg_b[Y^WY^
Y^d_TUfU\_`Y^W`b_TeSdcQ^T\UccY^d_WbQ^dc·9dºcQbU]Yh¸C]YdX dXUdb_`YScDXUiÛUTUTQRUddUbgQid_]_^Yd_bbQY^V_bUcd
cQYT·GUgY\\\__[V_bdXY^WcdXQdS_e\TXQfUW\_RQ\cSQ\UQbU`XY\ TUcdbeSdY_âeQ^dYdQdYfU\iEcY^W7__W\UºcS_]èdQdY_^Q\`_gUb
Q^dXb_`YSY^^QdebUQ^T\UfUbQWUgXQdgUºbU`QbdYSe\Qb\iW__TQd =__bUbUQc_ÛTdXUiS_e\TQ^Q\ijUU^_b]_ecaeQ^dYdYUc_VTQdQ
GUXQfUQ\]_cd! U^WYÛUbc^_g¸cXUQTTc·9VgUWYfUWbQ^dc Vb_]UhYcdY^WcQdU\\YdUY]QWUbi4ebY^WdXUbUfYUg`b_SUcc=__bU
dXQdT_^ºd\UfUbQWUQî_VdXUYbdQ\U^dcdXUiSQ^ºd`\Qi¸ gQcQc[UT*·GXiYcdXYcc_]UdXY^W_^\i7__W\US_e\TT_/GXiYc
C_]U4_d?bWÙbc_^Û\XQTTbYVdUTQgQiRUV_bUdXUcXQ[Ue` YdY]`_bdQ^d/8_ggY\\i_e]UQcebUceSSUcc/¸C]YdXcQgQ\_dd_
Red" )Rb_eWXdQcUQSXQ^WU=_cd \Y[U·9dºcfUbi7__W\U\Y[UfUbicSQ\UT¸
_VdXU_bYWY^Q\\UQTUbcXY`Q^T]Qî cXUcQic=__bUW_ddXUW_QXUQTd_
]YT\UfU\cdQçUbcXUQTUT_eddXU 9pk_\EldY\ij cdQbd`b_d_di`Y^WgYdXQc]Q\\dUQ]
T__bC_^Q\CXQX\UVd4_d?bWºcW\_RQ\ Kf]le[`kje\ng_`cXek_ifgp#>ff^c\Zfdd`kk\[*d`c$ Q^Te^fUY\UT5QbdX5^WYÛQddXU
TUfU\_`]U^ddUQ]YÛQb\i" )d_ c`fej_Xi\j]ifdk_\è`k`XcglYc`Zf]]\iè^(g\iZ\ekf] 3?@!%9^dUb^QdY_^Q\3\Y]QdU3XQ^WU
\UQTdXUÛgGXYdU8_ecU?èSU_V \hl`kp kfY\[`jki`Ylk\[fm\i)'p\Xij%K_`jnXjnfik_ 3_^VUbU^SUY^4USU]RUb" )
C_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^Q^T3YfYS Xggifo`dXk\cp0''d`cc`feè)'',%9pk_\\e[f] 9dbU]QY^cd_RUcUU^gXUdXUbC]YdX
@QbdYSY`QdY_^<Y^TQCUWbU3??V_b )''0#j_Xi\j[flYc\[èmXcl\% SQ^WYfU4_d?bWU^_eWXQddU^dY_^d_
>ff^c\\e[fn\[k_\efegifÔk>ff^c\=fle[Xk`fe
4_d?bW\UVdd_RUS_]UcU^Y_bfYSU bUReY\T]_]U^de]\_cdTebY^WdXU
n`k_Xfe\$k`d\^`]kf]0'd`cc`feè)'',%@k_X[Xj$
`bUcYTU^dV_bS_b`_bQdUcdbQdUWiQ^T j\kjf]/(%/d`cc`feXkk_\\e[f])''/% bU_bWQ^YjQdY_^1\dX_eWXcXUY^cYcdc
S_]]e^YSQdY_^cV_b4YQ]_^T6__Tc >ff^c\Xcjfgc\[^\[(g\iZ\ekf]`kjgifÔkjkfg_`cXe$ 4_d?bWbU]QY^cQcY]`_bdQ^dQcUfUbd_
=Y\\UbTU`QbdUTY^1eWecd" )d_ k_ifg`Znfib%=ifd)'',kf)''0#ZfigfiXk\gifÔkjkf$ 7__W\UXUb`QbddY]U\UQTUbcXY`bQYcUc
cUbfUQcQSdY^WTUQ^_VdXU@bUcYTY_ kXc\[(0%+Y`cc`feÇ(g\iZ\ekf]n_`Z_nflc[\hlXc(0+ aeUcdY_^cQR_eddXUS_]`QîºcS_]
7bQTeQdUCSX__\=21`b_WbQ] d`cc`fe]fig_`cXek_ifgp% ]Yd]U^d?ÛcYW^d_gQdSXV_bgY\\RU
5hSU`dV_bQXQ^TVe\_VÙ_`\U gXUdXUb7__W\UbcY^SbUQcUdXUYb
N_\i\k_\Dfe\p>f\j1
V_SecY^W_^YcceUc\Y[UQTf_SQSiQ^T ■ >iXekjXe[jfZ`XcY\e\Ôkèm\jkd\ekjdX[\Yp U^WQWU]U^dgYdX4_d?bW`b_ZUSdc
S_]]e^YSQdY_^c4_d?bWUbcQbU^_g >ff^c\%fi^jèZ\)'',1(''d`cc`fe dXb_eWXdXUYb" ÙbSU^ddY]U
U]RUTTUTQSb_ccdXUS_]`QîY^ ■ )'('Yl[^\k]fi>ff^c\%fi^1,'d`cc`fe DXURYWWUbe^[^_g^YcgXUdXUb
Ve^SdY_^Q\e^Ydc·5^WYÛUbcbU`_bd ■ >ff^c\ËjkfkXcZ_Xi`kXYc\^`mè^]fi)''0èZcl[è^ 4_d?bWºcÛgQ``b_QSXgY\\WUÛbQdU
d_U^WYÛUbY^W+`b_TeSd]Q^QWUbc è$bè[[feXk`fejXe[>ff^c\>iXekjYlkefkZflek$ e^YaeUS_^dbYRedY_^cC]YdXQ^TdUQ]
bU`_bdd_`b_TeSd+`QbdÛbcXY`Ù_ è^\dgcfp\\jËmfclek\\i_flij 1(.'d`cc`fe QbUdYWXd\Y`ÙTQR_edgXQdºc_^dXU
`\UbU`_bdd_dXU`QbdÛbcXY`dUQ]¸ ■ >ff^c\ËjkfkXcZ_Xi`kXYc\^`mè^jèZ\)'',1è]fi$ X_bYj_^2ed_ÛbUSU^d\ibU\UQcUT
C]YdXcQic14_d?bW`b_ZUSddUQ] dXk`fei\hl\jk\[#YlkefkdX[\XmX`cXYc\ `b_TeSd7__W\U@_gUb=UdUbYcTbQg
' STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Y^WS_]`QbYc_^cd_=YSb_c_Vd8_X]1\dX_eWXTYçUbU^dY^dXU cdQbde`SQ\\UTDXY^W<QRcDXYc·VQY\VQcd¸dXY^[Y^WTbYfUcdXUS_]
TUdQY\cR_dX`b_TeSdcU^S_ebQWUS_^cUbfQdY_^Ri`b_fYTY^WS_^ `Qîºc`b_TeSdY^^_fQdY_^SiS\U*CdQbdgYdXQ`b_]YcY^WYTUQdUcd
ce]UbcgYdXTUdQY\UTbUQ\dY]UY^V_b]QdY_^QR_eddXUYbUÛbWi ReY\T_^gXQdg_b[cQ^Td_ccdXUbUcd>_g7__W\UXQcQ``\YUTdXU
S_^ce]`dY_^ cQ]UQ``b_QSXd_Y]`b_fY^WYdc`XY\Q^dXb_`YSUç_bdc
9VTUfU\_`Y^WÛgd__\cYcY^TUUTdXURUcdgQiV_b7__W\Ud_
VQcd V_bgQbT ]Q[UQTYçUbU^SUdXU^4_d?bW" QTTbUccUc]Qî_VdXUcdbeS
1S_]`Qî_V7__W\UºccYjUgQcR_e^Td_]Q[UgQfUcgXU^Yd debQ\YcceUcdXQdY]ÙTUT`b_WbUccdXUÂbcddY]UQb_e^T5]RUT
cdU`ÙTY^d_dXUc_SYQ\SXQ^WUcUSd_bCdQbdY^WgYdXdXUV_e^TUbcº TY^W4_d?bWÙbc_^Û\Y^Sb_ccVe^SdY_^Q\dUQ]ccX_e\TiYU\T]_bU
R_\T`b_]YcUdXUbUgQc^_dXY^W]_TUcdQR_ed4_d?bWºcW_Q\c>_b S_\\QR_bQdY_^DXUÛg`\Q^Q\c_ceRZUSdc4_d?bW`b_ZUSdcd_dXU
gQcdXUbUQWeYTUR__[V_bX_gd__ÙbQdUQXiRbYTV_b`b_Âd^_^ cQ]UbYW_b_ecbUfYUgdXQdXU\`c7__W\UbcTUfU\_`Q^TbUÂÛS_]
`b_Âd`XY\Q^dXb_ì ]UbSYQ\`b_TeSdc
9c7__W\U\YfY^We`d_Ydc_bYWY^Q\`\UTWU/7__W\UcQiciUc`_Y^d DXUSebbU^dV_Sec_^d__\cY^db_TeSUcQÛgSXQ\\U^WU>_d
Y^Wd_!' ]Y\\Y_^Y^WbQ^dcQ^TY^[Y^TT_^QdY_^c]QTU\QcdiUQb UfUbiW\_RQ\`b_R\U]SQ^RUc_\fUTgYdXQdUSX^YSQ\c_\edY_^2i
2ed_^\iQVbQSdY_^_VdXQdSQ]UdXb_eWX4_d?bWQ^T_^\i!#]Y\ VQf_bY^WXYWXdUSXXYWXY]`QSd`b_ZUSdc4_d?bWgY\\\Y[U\i_fUb
\Y_^Vb_]dXU7__W\U6_e^TQdY_^gXYSXgQcY^YdYQ\\i`_bdbQiUTQc \__[\_gdUSXXYWXY]`QSdc_\edY_^cDXUV_Sec_^`b_ZUSdc·_^\i
dXUSU^dUb`YUSU_V7__W\Uºc`XY\Q^dXb_ìDXUbUcdSQ]UdXb_eWX 7__W\US_e\TT_¸WYfUcdXUY^YdYQdYfUQcXQbÙbV_SecRed]Qi
]_bUdbQTYdY_^Q\SXQ^Û\cceSXQcQSQTU]YScSX_\QbcXY`cQ^T c]QS[_VXeRbYc_b^Qbb_gfYcY_^d_dX_cUgX_XQfURUU^g_b[Y^W
WbQ^dcX_\YTQiWYfY^W""]Y\\Y_^d_SXQbYdYUcQ^TU]`\_iUUSXQb _^c_\edY_^cV_bTUSQTUcQ^TTUÙ^T_^Ve^TUbcd_bUQSXcSQ\U
YdQR\UWYVd]QdSXY^WVe^Te`d_& Ùb7__W\Ub`\ec% V_b 4_d?bWXQc\_cd]Qî_VdXUTUfU\_`]U^dUhÙbdcVb_]dXU_bYW
UfUbiÂfUX_ebc_VU]`\_iUUf_\e^dUUbdY]UCeb`bYcY^W\iV_bQ Y^Q\dUQ]gX_`b_fYTUTS_^dUhdd_VbQ]U`b_R\U]cD_Â\\dXYcWQ`
S_]`QîgX_cU]YccY_^Ycd__bWQ^YjUdXUg_b\TºcY^V_b]QdY_^ 4_d?bWgY\\ÛUTY^èdVb_]`QbdÛbcgX_e^TUbcdQ^TdXUYcceUc
7__W\US\QY]c^_dd_XQfUQdQ\\i_VYdcSXQbYdQR\UWYfY^WVb_]`bUfY @_dU^dYQ\`QbdÛbcgY\\\Y[U\igQ^dQccebQ^SUdXQd7__W\UgY\\RU
_eciUQbcDXYc\QS[_VdbQ^c`QbU^Si]Q[UcYdXQbTd_[^_ggXUdXUb gYdXdXU]V_bdXU\_^WXQe\Q^T^_dZecdV_bQbQ`YTTUfU\_`]U^d
7__W\UYcQSXYUfY^WYdcQ]RYdY_ecW_Q\cV_bWYfY^W SiS\UDXUSXQ\\U^WUQXUQTYc^ºdgXUdXUb7__W\UbcSQ^S_]Ue`
·DXUbUºcQcQiY^WQd7__W\U¶dXQdi_ecX_e\TVQY\UQb\i¸cQic gYdXY^dUbUcdY^WÛg`b_TeSdc9dºcgXUdXUbdXUcUS\UfUbWQTWUdc
CXU\\U^gX_\UVddXUS_]`QîY^" 'd_S_V_e^TQc_SYQ\]UTYQ gY\\]Q[UQg_b\T_VTYçUbU^SU ■
<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW '!

CXjkCffb 9] Q WU c dX Q d Y ^ c ` Y b U
/72A=`^VO\a GXU^5cdXUb9ÙSXUºc]_dXUbTYUT_V194CY^
" $5cdXUbQ^TXUbdXbUUi_e^WUbRb_dXUbc
g_b[Ub¶dXU_b`XQ^QWUXQcWb_g^d_QSS_]
]_TQdU% SXY\TbU^gX_bUSUYfUdXbUU]UQ\cQ
Z_YÛTdXUbQ^[c_V!"]Y\\Y_^194C_b`XQ^cY^ TQicSX__\Y^WQ^TZ_RdbQY^Y^Wc`_^c_bcXY`c
ceRCQXQbQ^1VbYSQ6_b5cdXUbgX_gQc!#Qd ;UîQºc_b`XQ^cQ^TdXUQSdYfYcdcgX_SQbU
dXUdY]UdXUTUQdX_VXUb_^\i`QbU^d]UQ^dQ V_bdXU]QbUT_Se]U^dUTY^6QSUd_6QSU*
\_cdSXY\TX__TQ^TdXUXUQfiRebTU^_VVUUT 3XY\TbU^_VdXU194C3bYcYcY^1VbYSQRi`X_d_WbQ
Y^WQ^TSQbY^WV_bXUbcYR\Y^Wc9^>QYfQcXQ `XUb;QbU^1^TUQ^TZ_eb^Q\YcdBedXQ^^BYSX
;UîQceSXcd_bYUcQbUS_]]_^6YfUÙbSU^d dUbDXU_b`XQ^QWUXQcSXQ^WUTdXUdbQZUSd_bi
d_!%ÙbSU^d_VdXUQTe\d`_è\QdY_^Y^;UîQ _V5cdXUbºc\YVU>_g!'5cdXUbXQcS_]`\UdUT
YcY^VUSdUTgYdX89FQSS_bTY^Wd_Q" ( cSX__\Q^TYcQddU^TY^WQdQY\_bY^W`b_WbQ]Y^
E>194CbU`_bd >QYb_RY8Ubi_e^WUcdRb_dXUb@QdbYS[YcdXU
DXU9ÙSXUSXY\TbU^XQT^_VQ]Y\i]U]RUb d_`cdeTU^dY^XYcS\Qcc ÇK8D8I 8 JKI 8LJ
G?FKF>I8G?9PB8I<E8E;<
gX_S_e\TdQ[UdXU]Y^2eddXUigUbUQ]_^W
dXU\eS[i_ÛcDXUic__^V_e^TbUVeWUY^dXU
CQYTYQ3XY\TbU^ºc8_]UY^dXUÛQbRid_g^_V
7Y\WY\6_e^TUTY^1`bY\" $RiQdbY__Vg_]
U^¶:Y\\CY]`c_^QbUdYbUTêbcU:Q^;YêdXYQ
QbUdYbUTdUQSXUbQ^TDUbUcQGQXYd_Qc_SYQ\
'" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

JF:@8C:FEJ:@FLJE<JJ
D<<KJ 9LJ@E<JJ 8:LD<E
K_\ \o\Zlk`m\ \[lZXk`fe gifîXdj n\ f]]\i k_ifl^_ fli M`j`knnn%jkXe]fi[\o\Zlk`m\%Zfdkfc\Xiedfi\%

9ljè\jjJkiXk\^`\j]fi<emìfed\ekXcJljkXèXY`c`kp
:\ek\i]fiJfZ`Xc@eefmXk`feXkk_\JkXe]fi[>iX[lXk\JZ_ffc FZkfY\i)+Æ*'#)'('Xe[FZkfY\i)*Æ)0#)'((
f]9ljè\jjXi\[\j`ê\[kfk\XZ_\o\Zlk`m\jèXccj\Zkfijkf <o\Zlk`m\GifîXd]fiEfegifÔkC\X[\ij
DXiZ_-Æ(/#)'((
Y\\]]\Zk`m\X^\ekjf]jfZ`XcZ_Xe^\%Afèlj]fiXeèk\ej`m\
Xe[ _`^_cp èk\iXZk`m\ c\Xieè^ \og\i`\eZ\ k_Xk n`cc Z_Xe^\
k_\nXppflk_èb]fik_\i\jkf]pfliZXi\\i% Change lives. Change organizations. Change the world.

innovate.
integrate.
inspire.
Discover the conference that’s ranked at the top of
corporate responsibility events globally.
BSR CONFERENCE 2010

New York | November 2-5 | www.bsr.org/conference

Stanford Magazine Review Fall 2010, Volume 8, Number 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stanford Magazine Review Fall 2010, Volume 8, Number 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CdQ^V_bTC_SYQ\9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUg

The way the United States measures

Investing in social entrepreneurs who change the world.

@#& @$" @$(

FE K?< :FM<I1 @X_d_WbQ`XRi5\YBUYSX]Q^

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !

@' @!# @"% @%)

'. 8UQb8UQbV_b@b_Âdc : 8 J <  J K L ;P ,, 4_>_5fY\

= @ I J K  G < I J F E (' =_^[1bSXYdUSd4Y`\_]Qd   + C < K K < I J

() 3_\\QR_bQdYfU3XQ^WU FE K?< N<9

" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

UQbUX_^_bUTd_RbY^Wi_edXU\QcdQbdYS\UgbYddU^Ri @eR\YcXY^W4YbUSd_b BUWY^QCdQbbBYT\Ui

Q\Qb]_fUbdXUY]`QSddXQdXe]Q^cQbUXQfY^W_^dXUg_b\TºcS\Y]QdU8U GURCYdU4UcYW^Ub C_\c`QSU

$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

dXQdd__]Q^iXQfUU]RQb[UT_^ceSX for Poor People

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %

& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

2i :UccYSQBe fY^c[ i

? < 8 CK ? ^UdgXU^YdgQc_çUbUTVbUU ^UdcbQTYSQ\\ibUTeSUTTU]Q^T :@M@: <E>8><D<EK

X_]UDXUYbbUce\dc*9dgQc R_dXUbd_c\UU`e^TUbdXU] ·DXUbUcX_e\TRUVbUU^UdcQfQY\ d_QSdeQ\\iU^WQWUQ^T`QbdYSY

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW '

`b_eT¸cQic6bQ^SUc6_h@YfU^ \Y[U\id_·S_^cYTUbQçUSdYfUU\U Y]QWUbU`edQdY_^Q^T`bUcdYWU Qcc_SYQdU`b_VUcc_b_Vc_SY_\_Wi

( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

FZkfY\i,$-#)'(' u JkXe]fi[Le`m\ij`kp u nnn%jj`i\m`\n%fi^&eg`ejk`klk\

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW )

the world through business. MORE THAN 90 SESSIONS AND

350 LEADING SPEAKERS

including Majora Carter, Majora

Register now at www.netimpact.org/conference » 01]`^O\R[]`S

Q^TdXQdi_eºbUQc`USYQ\YcdY^¸ YcUQcid_S_^db_\·I_eU^dUbY^d_ bUc`_^cUd_dXQddU^cY_^·dXU ^_dQWei_^QcdQWURb_QTSQcd

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !!

innovation@cfed gratefully acknowledges the support of innovation@cfed :: ideas into action

<3/:93<G5CG3@RU\YUfUcdXQdgQbc <i`ZE\\1I_eb" (Q^^eQ\bU`_bdYcXUQT

c`U^d]_bUdXQ^QTUSQTUg_b[Y^WY^dXU 9^^_fQdY_^BUfYUg=Q^QWY^W5TYd_b5bYS 9cQS_e^dbiUfUbd__e^cdQR\UV_b=UbSi

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !#

!$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !%

!& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !'

!( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !)

" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "!

"" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

9^" ]Q^iS_\\UWUc Q^Te^YfUbcYdYUcRUWQ^d_TYWYdYjUdXU

9^_dXUbcUSd_bcdXYc[Y^T_VbUcYcdQ^SUd_Y^^_fQdY_^SQ^\UQT A8D<JJ?LCD8E `j cQfUbUc_ebSUc_^dXUYb_g^

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "#

"$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "%

"& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "'

"( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

And so is the global network you ﬁnd here.

Then you bring it all back to your organization.

The Social Enterprise programs at Harvard Business School Executive Education

# STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #!

#" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW ##

#$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

YdcTQdQV_becUbcgX_gQ^dd_WU^UbQdUdQR\Uc_VcQiUTeSQdY_^Q\ ( 3_]RQd@_fUbdi1WU^Si·@_fUbdiY^9bU\Q^T¶DXU6QSdc¸ @_fUbdi2bYUÃ^W!#" 

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #%

#& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

@#& @$" @$(

FE K?< :FM<I1 @X_d_WbQ`XRi5\YBUYSX]Q^

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !

@' @!# @"% @%)

'. 8UQb8UQbV_b@b_Âdc : 8 J < J K L ;P ,, 4_>_5fY\

= @ I J K G < I J F E (' =_^[1bSXYdUSd4Y`\_]Qd + C < K K < I J

() 3_\\QR_bQdYfU3XQ^WU FE K?< N<9

" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Q\Qb]_fUbdXUY]`QSddXQdXe]Q^cQbUXQfY^W_^dXUg_b\TºcS\Y]QdU8U GURCYdU4UcYW^Ub C_\c`QSU

$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %

& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

? < 8 CK ? ^UdgXU^YdgQc_çUbUTVbUU ^UdcbQTYSQ\\ibUTeSUTTU]Q^T :@M@: <E>8><D<EK

X_]UDXUYbbUce\dc*9dgQc R_dXUbd_c\UU`e^TUbdXU] ·DXUbUcX_e\TRUVbUU^UdcQfQY\ d_QSdeQ\\iU^WQWUQ^T`QbdYSY

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW '

`b_eT¸cQic6bQ^SUc6_h@YfU^ \Y[U\id_·S_^cYTUbQçUSdYfUU\U Y]QWUbU`edQdY_^Q^T`bUcdYWU Qcc_SYQdU`b_VUcc_b_Vc_SY_\_Wi

( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW )

Register now at www.netimpact.org/conference » 01]`^O\R[]`S

Q^TdXQdi_eºbUQc`USYQ\YcdY^¸ YcUQcid_S_^db_\·I_eU^dUbY^d_ bUc`_^cUd_dXQddU^cY_^·dXU ^_dQWei_^QcdQWURb_QTSQcd

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !!

<3/:93<G5CG3@RU\YUfUcdXQdgQbc <i`ZE\\1I_eb" (Q^^eQ\bU`_bdYcXUQT

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !#

!$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !%

!& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !'

!( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW !)

" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "!

"" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

9^" ]Q^iS_\\UWUc Q^Te^YfUbcYdYUcRUWQ^d_TYWYdYjUdXU

9^_dXUbcUSd_bcdXYc[Y^T_VbUcYcdQ^SUd_Y^^_fQdY_^SQ^\UQT A8D<JJ?LCD8E `j cQfUbUc_ebSUc_^dXUYb_g^

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "#

"$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "%

"& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW "'

"( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

# STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #!

#" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW ##

#$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

YdcTQdQV_becUbcgX_gQ^dd_WU^UbQdUdQR\Uc_VcQiUTeSQdY_^Q\ ( 3_]RQd@_fUbdi1WU^Si·@_fUbdiY^9bU\Q^T¶DXU6QSdc¸ @_fUbdi2bYUÃ^W!#"

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #%

#& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

#( STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW #)

$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $!

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $#

$$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $%

$& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $'

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW $)

% STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %!

%" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

UaeQdU\iQSS_e^dV_bdXUbUÃUhYfYdi_V`eR\YSW__TcdXQdSYfY\c_SYUdi ' 3\YçJe[Y^CS_dd;UUdUb=_\\i1^T_\Y^QUdQ\ 1>Ug5^WQWU]U^d/@_\YdYSQ\@QbdYSY

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %#

?LD8E I@>?KJ dQ^SUd_Y^d_\UbQ^SUYcUfUb ^YjUTdXQdgU^UUTd_XQfUTYcXQdUº¸XUQTTc2edRiWQdXUbY^W

cdQWUTQcUbYUc_Ve`RUQdS_e^dUb SYcdc1cQV_\\_ge`d_dXU Y^^_fQdYfUQSdY_^cdQ[Y^W`\QSU dYUcgX_QbUdbiY^Wd_SbUQdURUd

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %%

GXQdcX_e\Ti_eUh`USdYV ^_dXY^W9VdXU`b_WbQ]]UUdcYdc V_b_bWQ^YjQdY_^cdXQdc`USYQ\YjU `b_ÂdSXQ^SUcQbUi_eºbUQ\bUQTi

cQicD_Ri5SS\UcV_e^TUbQ^T dXQ^dXUbUQ\SXQ^WUdXUi]QTU 1\bUQTiC_SYQ\9]`QSd2_^Tc ecY^WdXUcU^UgUbdUSX^_\_

%& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %'

:Q]Uc 2QY^»c #%iUQb ^YWXd]QbU RUWQ^Qcc_]Q^i

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW %)

& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

B_RUbdQ 8e^dU Yc QSQbUUbS_e^cU\_bY^@_bd\Q^T?bUgX_ `Qbd^Ubc WQ\_bU

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &!

&" STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

Fall 2010 STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &#

&$ STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

&& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW <Wbb(&'&

<Wbb(&'& STANFORD SOCIAL INNOVATION REVIEW &'