Waste Management

Assignment-5

Q1) What is calorific value –high & low?

Ans)
1. The higher heating value (also known gross calorific value or gross
energy) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by a specified
quantity (initially at 25°C) once it is combusted and the products have
returned to a temperature of 25°C, which takes into account the latent heat of
vaporization of water in the combustion products.
2. The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value) of a fuel is
defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity
(initially at 25°C) and returning the temperature of the combustion products
to 150°C, which assumes the latent heat of vaporization of water in the
reaction products is not recovered.

Q2) “Waste be used as fuel”. Discuss the factors that justifies the statement and the
conditions related to it.
Ans)
Heating value:
• It is heat generated per unit weight or volume of combustible material
completely burned.
• Heating value is roughly proportional to waste that is combustible
(excluding moisture and ash), and to the carbon content of the combustible
fraction.
Moisture content:
• Critical determinant in the economic feasibility of incineration processes
since energy (or, heat) must be supplied for evaporation of water and in
raising the temperature of the water vapour.
• It is generally found to be high in wastes containing a higher proportion of
food wastes.
Ash content:
• Substance left after ignition at 550°C.
Q3) What is Tanner diagram? Explain it briefly.
Ans)
The below known characteristics can be used in Tanner's diagram to examine if the
waste can be combusted without auxiliary fuel.
For waste characterization as a fuel, it is required to determine:
• Moisture content (W) [15-35% when drying at 105°C]
• Ash content (A) or inorganic content [10-25% after ignition at 550°C]
• Combustible solids (C) or organic solids [typically 40-65%]