12. A discrete-time signal x[] is shown in Fig. 1-19 following signals. (a) xl ~ 23: (6) x12n} Ce) xf =m}; Cd) etn +2) label each of the Fig. 119 (a) x{n~2His sketched in Fig. 1-2Ka). (0) al2n! is sketohed in Fig. 1-200). (©) al=n} is sketched in Fig, 1-200) (@) al-n+ is sketched in Fig. 1.2060) snl 2m Orrsase? Tors : w o sn sn) I r a Teaaaet aot * © o Fig 1-20 LAL. Show that the complex exponential sequence x[n] 2% 's periodic only if Qg/2zr is a rational aumber. ‘By Eq, (1.9), s(n] wil be periodic if emma (9) Equation (1.79) holds only if QN=m2n m= positive integer % om , > Fo ay tional number i) Thus, elm] is periodic only if (,/2e isa rational number1.23. A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown in following signals. (a) x{mlult =n}: (6) ballad + 2) — adds (exten = 1) ig. 1-29. Sketch and label cach of the an taaao1ares 7 Fig 129 (a) By definition (1.46) Af) onst wtmmn tg a3 and sln)dl ~ is sketched in Fig. 1-300) (6) By definitions (1.49) and (1.4) 1 -22n<0 wrs2l-uinl=() Seats and alnMuln+2)~ dn is sketched in Fig. 1-301). (©) By definition (1.48) 1 onet alno(n= a=xtujain==atn—t1= {2 45) which is sketched in Fig. 1-300), sblttn) loose) “yaa tae : ini Da o1ase " ° Fig. 1.301.38, A system has the input-output relation given by vlan) = Thef]) = mx) (13) Determine whether the system is (a) memoryless, (b) causal, (c) linear, (4) time-in- variant, or (e) stable. © @ © Since the output value at n depends on only the input value at rt, the system is ‘memoryless. Since the output dors not depend on the future input values, the spstem is causal Let xln]= ayn) +a,rdn], Then sn}=4{z[2]) =nfax{n) + e2e2[]) mayer [a] tonne [2]=ay[n] + y.f0] Thus, the superposition property (J.68) is satisfied and the system is linear. anleuln) slo = aa Storrs . lg. 1.38 (4) Let y(n be the response to xyln] alm ng) Then yal] = Tafa = ag]) rel ny) But vm ng]= (n= no)atn no] evita Hence, the system is not time-invariant (e) Let x{n}=ulnb. Tren yin] = nul}. Thus, the bounded unit step sequence produces an ‘uitput sequence that grows without bound (Fig. 1-38) and the system is not BIBO stable, 1.39. A system has the input-output relation given by yn] = Phelm]) = [kon] (unay where ky is a positive integer. Is the system time-invariant? Let yi(m] be the response to x(n] = {1 ~ no). Then vila} = Tl Cn} = Chon] {kom = a But anno) = alae —rg)] 4 aul] Hence, the system is not time-invariant unless k= 1, Note that the system described by Eq, (1 114} called a compressor. It creates the output sequence by selecting every kth sample of the input sequence. ‘Thus, itis obvious that this system is time-varyiLAL, ‘The system represented by T in Fig. 1-39 is known to be time-invariant. When the inputs to the system are x,[n, x,{n1 and x,{nl, the outputs of the system are y,{n), yale and y ral as shown. Determine whether the system is linear. From Fig, 1-39 i is seen that sala} eat] eel — 2) a vt van a mort? Srottss ss vn TC Thus, fT is linear, then Tex lnl} = Ta a}) +Txskn 21) =y Ley 21 which is shown in Fig. 1-40. From Figs. 1-39 and 1-40 we see that vlm] yin} ysl = 21 Hence, the system is not linear. viel ln) vie e-21 I 2 2 tat poot2ss Terrase Fig. 1-402.27, Show that (a) lads ale] ~ata} (230) (b) dale dln = ng extn = mg) (2.31) (© xlalsule]= Ea (2.132) E xtA) (2.83) (a) lade uln — (a) By Eq (2.35) and property (1.46) of 8m —k] we have alelalad= EAD sln A) =a] (8) Similarly, we have ln] +8 —] E Meliteng (eo) By Eq. (2.35) and definition (1.44) of ul k] we have xfn)oaln) = AU n A= (a) Ina similar manner, we have sln|euln=nol= Eaten k= no) = "La] 230. Evaluate y{n|=s(n)¢ Alm], where x(n] and Alm] are shown in Fig. 2-23, (a) by an analytical technique, and (b) by a graphical method, xn we Tore * Tor? 7 Hig. 223 (a) Note that sin} and Hin canbe expressed as ln} = a{a]-+a{n~ 1] +8[n = 2] +{n~3) ln] = Af} 8 = 1] 80 = 2) Now, using Eas (2.38), (2130), and (2130, we have Ande Ae] = alr] = (al) + [4 = 1] +40 2)) afm] + alm] extn) ofn = 1] txt] + ofn = 27) alm) tala 1) +atn=2) Thus, vn] = S{n] + af = 1] + afm ~2]+8[n ~ 3] + [m1] + 8[n 2] + [m3] + afr 4] +9{n—2] +a[n—3] + Alm —4] + a[n~5] or yfn]=afn] + 28{m=1] + 39[n = 2] +39[n—3] + 200-4] +9 - 5] or vlad = (1.2.3.3.2.1)— lh — tL. “1. meas () Sequences ALE], x(t] and Hr ~ ke), x1 Dil —k] for different values of » ate sketched in Fig, 2-24. From Fig. 2-24 we see that a{&| and fia] do not overlap for <0 and > Sand hence y(1}=0 for n 5. For 0 1 State get 239. The discrete-time system shown in Fig. 2-28 consists of one unit delay element and one scalar multiplier. Write a difference equation that relates the output yf} and the input xl} In Fig, 2-28 the output of the unit delay element is y(n ~ 1], Thus, ftom Fig, 2-28 we see that yh] ayn 1} xd) (242) or vln) = ayn 1) =xfn) (2.143) Which is the required first-order linear difference equation. 240, The discrete-time system shown in Fig. 2-29 consists of two unit delay elements and ‘wo scalar multipliers. Write a difference equation that relates the output yn) and the input xl oo sin Fig. 229 In Fig. 2-29 the output of the first (from the right unit delay element is y(n — 1) and the ‘output of the second (from the right) unit delay element is pln ~ 21. Thus, from Fig. 2-29 we see that ate] o wn} aryl] -ayyfa 2) which is the required second-order linear difference equation, ‘Note that, in general, the order of a discrete-time LTH system consisting of the interconnec: tion of unit delay elements and scalar multipliers is equal to the number of unit delay elements in the sysiem, [at] -azofa 2] 4a] (214) [n} (2.148)241. Consider the discrete-time system in Fig. 2-30. Write a difference equation that relates the output y[a] and the input afn). a) veo Fig. 2.0 Let the input to the unit delay element be alm, Then from Fig. 2-30 we see that afin} =2aln—1} +f) (2.1460) yn} = alr} +3aln— 1) (2.1468) Solving Eas. (2.1460) and (2.146b) for an] and ala ~ 1] terms of xt and yah we obtain calm} = Syl) + Ian) (2147) daln= A} = $y) ~ tala) (2147) Changing n to (1 ~1) in Ea. (2.147a), we have ala 1} =Sy[n- 1) + ‘Thus, equating Eq. (2147) end (Eq. (2.147e), we have Ayla) ~ dan) = dyn 1] + delet) Multiplying both sides of the above equation by 5 and rearranging terms, we obtain yn) ~29fm~ 1] ala] + Seta = 1 (2.148) Which is the required difference eqvation (247)