Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Internship Diary Merged File

    Uploaded by

    Humanyu Kabeer
    21 views19 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    21 views19 pages

    Internship Diary Merged File

    Uploaded by

    Humanyu Kabeer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 19
    INTRODUCTION UNCITRAL ORIGIN In an increasingly economically interdependent world, the importance of an improved legal framework for the facilitation of international trade and investment is widely acknowledged. ‘The United Nations Commission on Intemational Trade Law (UNCITRAL), established by the United Nations General Assembly by resolution 2205 (XI) of 17 December 1966 (see annex 1), plays an important roe in developing that framework in pursuance ofits mandate to farther the progressive harmonization and modernization ofthe law of inteational trade" by preparing and promoting the use and adoption of legislative and non-legslative instruments in a number of key areas of commercial law. Those areas include dispute resolution, international contract practices, transport, insolvency, electronic commerce, international payments, secured transactions, procurement and sale of goods. These instruments are negotiated through an international process involving a variety of participants, ineluding, member States of UNCITRAL, nonmember States, and invited intergovernmental and non- governmental organizations. As a result of this inclusive process, these texts are widely accepted as offering solutions appropriate to different legal traditions and to countries at different stages of economic development. In the yeats since its establishment, UNCITRAL, has been recognized as the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of intemational trade law. Organization And Methods Of Work UNCITRAL's work is organized and conducted at three levels. The firs level is UNCITRAL often referred to as the Commission, wich works through an annual plenary session ‘The second level isthe intergovemmental working groups, which fo a large extent undertake the development of the topics on UNCITRAL’s work programme, while the third is the secretariat, which assists the Commission and its working groups in the preparation and conduct of their work. UNCITRAL Gives Effect To Its Mandate By: (a) Coordinating the work of organizations active in this fleld and encouraging cooperation among them; “(b) Promoting wider participation in existing international conventions and wider acceptance of existing model and uniform laws: “(e) Preparing or promoting the adoption of new international conventions, model laws and uniform laws and promoting the codification and wider acceptance of "For deus concerning the mandate for he progressive development ofthe lay of interatona ude, ee the report othe Seretary-ener, Ocal Records of the General Assemiy, Twenty-first Session, 4/6395 (966) international trade terms, provisions, customs and practices, in collaboration, where appropriate, with the organizations operating in this field; “{@) Promoting ways and means of ensuring a uniform interpretation and application of international conventions and uniform laws in the field of the law of international trades “(e) Collecting and disseminating information on national legislation and modern eld ofthe law of international trade; legal developments, including ease law, inthe “(f) Esblishing and maintaining a close collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; (g) Maintaining liaison with other United Nations organs and specialized agencies ‘concerned with intemational trade; and “(h) Taking any other action it may deem useful ofall its functions"? E-COMMERCE, What is E-Commerce? E-commerce means electronic commerce, It means dealing in goods and services through the electronic media and internet, E-commerce involves carrying on a business with the help of the inferet and by using the information technology like Electronic Data Interchange (EDD. E Commerce relates to a website of the vendor on the Internet, who trades produets or services directly to the customer from the portal. The portal uses & digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows payment through credit card, debit card or EFT (Electronic fund transfer) payments, A more complete definition is: E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digit! information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals. ‘The main types of electronic commerce ate: ‘© Business-to-business (B2B): ‘© Business to consumer (B2C); ‘General Assembly salon 2205 k sect.H, ara 8, set forth n annex! te ths publication. ‘© Business-to-government (B2G); © Consumer-to-consumer (C2C); E-Commerce Facilitators (1) Internet; A massive intemet penetration has added to growth of E-commerce, Internet and smart phones are becoming an integral part of every life. Internet is no more a source of information but has become an important tool for shopping, earning, communicating and even getting service from plumbers, carpenters, doctors ete. Supply chain is also becoming leaner and smarter as digital platforms are helping to better connect with the customers which significantly reduces the waste and supporting to green businesses, Over the past 15 years the ICT revolution has driven global development in an unprecedented way. With an immense progress in technology, internet and its services have led to creation of new markets ‘The intemet user population was small during the 1980s, experiencing a slow but steady growth until 1994 due to an inereasing number of text-based users (eg, those using email and file transfer funetions).Then, with the introduction of the World Wide Web and subsequent multimedia content expansion, the number of net users exploded. Infact, the internet has grown much more quickly than any other medium in history. (2) Payment Gateways: A payment gateway is an e-commerce application service Provider service that authorizes credit card payments for e-businesses, online retailers, bricks and clicks, or traditional brick and mortar. The life blood of online business is the payment routes which comprises credit card, debit eard, online banking payments, electronic funds transfer. The world is transforming from cash to digital money and thus there is a need of payment gateways for sustainable future ecommerce. (G) Analysis: Analytics is the scientific process of transforming data into insight for ‘making better decisions. Analyties helps businesses to gather, organize, analyze, and report on everything their customers do, The massive increase in the volume of data has forced the businesses to focus on analytics to understand the behavior ofthe customer. E-tailor need to have realtime access to information to measure return on online investments and optimize the channel mix. There are basic analytes capabilities available with the commerce players like basket size analysis, average order value, conversion ratio but we need deeper analytics solution for actionable insights of the consumer. (4 Social Media: Businesses are increasingly making use of social media in order to market their goods and services. Social media refers to websites and computer programs that allow people to communicate and share information on the internet using a computer or mobile phone. Social media has played great rote in brand building and informing various offers to the customers. It also helps in getting the feedback about the product or service. It provides a platform for brand building, advertisements, de oping @ community of trusted users, spreading wont of mouth ete. (§) Autonomous Vehicles: An autonomous vehicle is a motor vehicle that uses artificial intelligence, sensors and global positioning system, coordinates to drive itself without the aetive intervention of a human operator. The age of the autonomous car is coming, and it’s coming fast, Purchasers of autonomous vehicles will have more time to view emails, search the web, buy new products, ‘and see advertisements all around them, With autonomous cars, vast digital ‘marketing experience will present itself: These purchases and search pattems can be tracked to help companies tailor their marketing campaign to capture this new segment. (6) 3D Printing: 3D printer is a device that’s capable of making a three-dimensional ‘object from a digital design. It uses something called “additive manufacturing’ 4 layered process that bears some similarity to the way an ink-jet printer sequentially layers colors on a flat pieee of paper It is expected that 3D printing, might one day blow away manufacturing of the kkind we've been used to since the Industrial Revolution shook up agrarian life in the early 19th century. 3D printing is creating a market in designs that are meant to be printed by the buyer - or a third-party manufacturer unrelated to the designer. The end product isn't sold license for it to be printed. Buried in corners of the Intemet are marketplaces where budding designers are selling their plans for printing at home or in the it's the design that's sold, along with a ‘workplace. Customers can use their own printers or they can buy the design and have it printed on the markeiplace’s printer and then delivered, Historical Development of E-Commerce ‘The development of the World Wide Web during the early 1990's dramatically changed the use of internet. The expansion of the web, and along with it the web browser opened the internet to anyone with basic computer experience and an online connection. As online activity inereased, companies quickly saw the intemet’s marketing potential. Subsequently, there was a rush to take products and services into this expanding electronic realm and to redefine business itself E- Commerce, in full electronie commerce, maintaining relationships and conducting a business transaction that induces selling information, services, and goods by mea ‘of computer telecommunications networks. Although in the vernacular e-commerce usually refers only to the trading of goods and services over the internet, broader economic activity included. E-commerce consists of business to consumer and business to business commerce as well as intemal organizational transactions that support those activities. E-commerce originated in a standard for the exchange of business documents, such as orders ‘or invoices, between suppliers and their business customers. Those origins date to the 1948- 49, Berlin blockade and airlift with a system of ordering goods primarily via telex. Various industries elaborated upon that system in the ensuing decades before the first general standard was published in 1975. The resulting computer to computers electronic data interchange (EDI) standard is flexible enough to handle most simple electronic business ‘Transactions with the wide adoption of the internet and the introduction of the world wide web in 1991 and of the first browser for accessing it in 1993, most E- commerce sifted to the Internet. More recently, with the global spread of smart phone and the accessibility of fast broadband connections to the Intemet, much E- commerce moved to mobile devices, which also included tablets, Laptops, and wearable products such as watches. Today the number of internet users in the world is close to 3 Billion. Out of this India have a total of 259.14 Million Internet and broadband subscribers. This penetration of Internet coupled with the increasing confidence of the internet coupled with the increasing confidence of the internet user to purchase online, has led to an enormous growth in the E- commerce space, with an increasing number of customers registering on E- commerce web sites and purchasing products through the use of mobile phones. It is not surprising therefore that India in prime position for the growth and development of the E- commerce sector. In particular, E> commerce present one of greatest opportunities in the retail sector since it provides a

    You might also like