Ompilations of Ncient Ources

This is a partial list of resources for Roman warfare.
Abbreviations of periodicals generally follow L'Année philologique:

http://www.annee-philologique.com/aph/files/sigles_fr.pdf
Prefixes such as “van”, “von” and “de” in authors’ names are generally ignored. An exception is “La” or “Le”, and there are
certain other exceptions where usage goes against this principle. Names starting with “Mc” are ordered as though they were
spelled “Mac”.
COMPILATIONS OF ANCIENT SOURCES
Campbell, J.B. (ed.), The Roman Army, 31 BC - AD 337: A Sourcebook, London: Routledge, 1994.
————, Greek and Roman Military Writers: Selected Readings, London: Routledge, 2004.
Review by J. Thorne: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-08-13.html
Sage, M.M. (ed.), The Republican Roman Army: A Sourcebook, London: Routledge, 2008.
Review by J. Armstrong: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009/07-07.html
SECONDARY SOURCES
1. General works
2. Topography
3. The archaic and Servian periods and the early Republic
4. The manipular army

4.1 General works
4.2 Roman expansion
4.3 Development of the manipular army
4.4 Arms and armour
4.5 Cavalry
4.6 Fortifications, siege warfare and artillery
4.7 Command, strategy and logistics
4.8 Naval warfare
4.9 Other Italian armies
4.10 Campaigns and battles
4.11 The Punic Wars
5. The army of the late Republic

5.1 General works
5.2 Development of the cohort
5.3 The Marian reforms
5.4 Arms and armour
5.5 Cavalry
6. The Imperial army

6.1 General works
6.2 Auxiliary units and the army in the provinces
6.3 Praetorians and other guard units
6.4 Arms and armour
6.5 Cavalry
6.8 Naval warfare
7. The late Roman army

7.1 General works
7.2 Developments in strategy, tactics and technology
7.3 Arms and armour
7.4 Fortifications, siege works and artillery
7.5 Naval warfare
1. General works
Altheim, F., Römische Geschichte, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1948-1958.
Austin, N.J.E. and N.B. Rankov, Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic
War to the Battle of Adrianople, London: Routledge, 1995.
Review by F. Russell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.03.14.html
Badian, E., Studies in Greek and Roman History, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1964.
Best, E.E., Jr., “The Literate Roman Soldier”, CJ 62 (1966): 122-127.
Birley, E., The Roman Army: Papers, 1929-1986, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1988.
Bringmann, K., Geschichte der Römischen Republik, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2002.
Review by C. Eplett: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-03-18.html
Burckhardt, L., Militärgeschichte der Antike, Munich: C. H. Beck, 2008.

Review by P. Baker: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-05-50.html
Burrer, F. and H. Müller (edd.), Kriegskosten und Kriegsfinanzierung in der Antike, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche
Buchgesellschaft, 2008.
Review by D. Colling: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-07-51.html
Crawford, M.H., The Roman Republic2, London: Fontana, 1992.
Delbrück, H., Geschichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen Geschichte, Vol. 1: Das Altertum3, Berlin: G. Stilke,
1920.
———— (tr. W.J. Renfroe), Warfare in Antiquity: History of the Art of War, Volume 1, Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press, 1990.
De Sanctis, G., Storia dei Romani, Florence: La nuova Italia, 1956.
bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 2

Dillon, S. and K.E. Welch (edd.), Representations of War in Ancient Rome, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Review by J. Levithan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-08-55.html
Dodge, T.A., Caesar: A History of the Art of War among the Romans Down to the End of the Roman Empire, with a
Detailed Account of the Campaigns of Caius Julius Caesar, New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
Domaszewski, A. von, Die Rangordnung des römischen Heeres, Köln: Bohlau, 1967.
Erdkamp, P. (ed.), The Roman Army and the Economy, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 2002.
————, A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.

Review by D.B. Campbell: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-11-07.html
Fagan, G.G. and M. Trundle (edd.), New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare, Leiden: Brill, 2010.
Review by T.E. Rihl: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-12-64.html
Fink, R.O., Roman Military Records on Papyrus, Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1971.
Gabriel, R.A., From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
Gilliam, J.F., Roman Army Papers, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1986.
Gilliver, C.M., The Roman Art of War, Charleston, SC: Tempus, 1999.
Giuffrè, V., “Militum disciplina e ratio militaris”, ANRW II 13 (1980) 234-277.
Goldsworthy, A., The Roman Army at War 100 BC – AD 200, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Review by R.S. Howarth: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.08.10.html
————, Roman Warfare, London: Cassell, 2000.
————, The Complete Roman Army, London: Thames & Hudson, 2003.
Goodman, M.D. and A.J. Holladay, “Religious Scruples in Ancient Warfare”, CQ n.s. 36 (1986): 151-171.
Hanson, V.D., Makers of Ancient Strategy: From the Persian Wars to the Fall of Rome, Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2010.
Heurgon, J. (tr. J. Willis), The Rise of Rome, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
Hölscher, T., “Images of War in Greece and Rome: Between Military Practice, Public Memory and Cultural Symbolism”,
JHS 93 (2003): 1-17.
Hope, V.M., “Trophies and Tombstones: Commemorating the Roman Soldier”, World Archaeology 35 (2003): 79-97.
Jung, J.H. “Die Rechtsstellung der römischen Soldaten. Ihre Entwicklung von den Anfängen Roms bis auf Diokletian”,
ANRW II 14 (1982): 882-1013.
Keppie, L.J.F., The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire, London: Batsford, 1984.
Kromayer, J. and G. Veith, Heerwesen und Kriegführhung der Griechen und Römer, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1928.
Lendon, J.E., “The Roman Army Now”, CJ 99 (2004): 441-449.
Lloyd, A.B. (ed.), Battle in Antiquity, London: Duckworth, 1996.
Mackay, C.S., Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Review by D.A. Phillips: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-09-45.html
McMullen, R., “The Legion as a Society”, Historia 33 (1984): 44-456.
Maxfield, V.A., The Military Decorations of the Roman Army, London: Batsford, 1981.
Nock, A.D., “The Roman Army and the Roman Religious Year”, HThR 45 (1952): 187-252.
Parker, H.M.D., The Roman Legions, Cambridge: Heffer, 1958.
Phang, S.E., Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Raaflaub, K.A. and N. Rosenstein (edd.), War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean,
Europe, and Mesoamerica, Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies, 1999.
Review by B. Eden: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-03-02.html
Rich, J. and G. Shipley (edd.), War and Society in the Roman World, New York: Routledge, 1993.
Richardson, J., The Language of Empire: Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century BC to the Second Century
AD, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Review by N. Methy: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-09-68.html
Rostovtzeff, M.I., The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Roth, J.P., Roman Warfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Rüpke, J., Domi militiae. Die religiöse Konstruktion des Krieges in Rom, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1990.
Sabin, P., “The Face of Roman Battle”, JRS 90 (2000): 1-17.
————, H. van Wees and M, Whitby (edd.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Review by P.C. Nadig: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-02-45.html
Scullard, H.H., The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World, London: Thames and Hudson, 1974.
————, A History of the Roman World 753-146 B.C.4, London: Routledge, 1980.
Shotter, D., Rome and Her Empire, London: Longman, 2003.

Review by J.B. McCall: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-10-08.html
Sidebottom, H., Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Southern, P., The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Review by D.W. Madsen: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-06-35.html
Starr, C.G., Jr., “Coastal Defense in the Roman World”, AJPh 64 (1943): 56-70.
Stoll, O., Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2001.

Review by C. Eplett: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-10-20.html
Suolahti, J., The Junior Officers of the Roman Army: A Study on Social Structure, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia,
1955.

Thompson, E.A., “Early Germanic Warfare”, P&P 14 (1958): 2-29.
Toynbee, A.J., Hannibal’s Legacy, London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Watson, G.R., The Roman Soldier, London: Thames and Hudson, 1969.
————, “Documentation in the Roman Army”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 493-507.
Wilkes, J.J. (ed.), Documenting the Roman Army: Essays in Honour of Margaret Roxan, London: Institute of Classical
Studies, 2003.
Review by L.L. Brice: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-11-25.html
Wooliscroft, D.J., Roman Military Signalling, Stroud: Tempus, 2001.

Review by A. Di Giorgi: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-06-44.html
2. Topography
Ashby, T., “Classical Topography of the Roman Camapgna I”, PBSR 1 (1902): 125-281.
————, “Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna II”, PBSR 3 (1905): 1-200.
————, The Roman Campagna in Classical Times, London: E. Benn, 1927.
Buck, R.J., “The Ancient Roads of Eastern Lucania”, PBSR 42 (1974): 46-67.
Fracchia, H., “An Ancient Route in Southeastern Lucania”, AJA 90 (1986): 441-445.
Frederiksen, M.W. and J.B. Ward-Perkins, “The Ancient Road Systems of the Central and Northern Ager Faliscus”, PBSR
25 (1957): 67-203.
French, D.H., “A Study of Roman Roads in Anatolia: Principles and Methods”, AS 24 (1974): 143-149.
Frier, B.W., “Points on the Topography of Minturnae”, Historia 18 (1969): 510-512.
Goodchild, R.G., “Roman Milestones in Cyrenaica”, PBSR 18 (1950): 83-91.
Harris, W., “The Via Cassia and the Via Traiana Nova between Bolensa and Chiusi”, PBSR 33 (1965): 113-133.
Hinrichs, F.T., “Der römische Straßenbau zur Zeit der Gracchen”, Historia 16 (1967): 162-176.
Horsfall, N.M., “The Caudine Forks: Topography and Illusion”, PBSR n.s. 37 (1982): 45-52.
————, “Illusion and Reality in Latin Topographical Writing”, G&R 32 (1985): 197-208.
Johnson, J., “The Hill-Forts of Latium”, AJA 58 (1954): 146-147.
La Regina, A., “I territori sabellici e sannitici”, DdA 4-5 (1970-1971): 443-459.
————, “Centri fortificati preromani nei territori sabellici dell’Italia centrale adriatica”, Posebna izdanja 24 (1975): 271-
282.
Munro, J.A.R., “Roads in Pontus, Royal and Roman”, JHS 21 (1901): 52-66.
Platner, S.B. and T. Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929.
Pohl, I., “Was early Ostia a Colony or a Fort?”, PP 38 (1983): 123-130.

Richardson, L., A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Review by D.P. Harmon: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1993/04.04.23.html
Säflund, G., “Ancient Latin Cities of the Hills and Plains”, OA 1 (1935): 64-85.
Sherk, R.K. “Roman Geographical Exploration and Military Maps”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 534-562.
Sommella, P., Antichi campi di battaglia in Italia, Rome: De Luca, 1967.
Sonnabend, H. (ed.), Mensch und Landschaft in der Antike. Lexikon der historischen Geographie, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler,
1999.
Review by R.S. Bloch: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-11-04.html
Stanco, E.A., “Richerche sulla topografia dell’Etruria”, MEFRA 108 (1996): 83-104.
Steinby, E.M. (ed.), Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae, Rome: Edizioni Quasar, 1993-2007.
Review by G.S. Bucher: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-04-02.html
Waddelove, A.C. and E. Waddelove, “Archaeology and Research into Sea-Level during the Roman Era: Towards a
Methodology Based on Highest Astronomical Tide”, Brittania 21 (1990): 253-266.
Ward-Perkins, J.B., “Veii: The Historical Topography of the Ancient City”, PBSR 29 (1961): 1-123.
Wiseman, T.P., “Viae Anniae”, PBSR 32 (1964): 21-37.
————, “Viae Anniae Again”, PBSR 37 (1969): 82-91.
————, “Roman Republican Road-Building”, PBSR 38 (1970): 122-152.
3. The archaic and Servian periods and the early Republic
Alföldi, A., Early Rome and the Latins, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965.
Arnim, H. von, “Ineditum Vaticanum”, Hermes 27 (1892): 118-130.
Cornell, T.J., The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000-264 B.C.), London:
Routledge, 1995.
Review by G. Forsythe: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.03.26.html
De Sanctis, G., “Le origini dell’ordinamento centuriato”, RFIC 11 (1933): 289-298.
Fraccaro, P., “La storia dell’antichissimo esercito Romano e l’età dell’ordinamento centuriato” in G. Paluzzi (ed.), Atti del
2o congresso nazionale di studi romani, Rome: P. Cremonese, 1931, vol. 3, pp. 91-97 (= Fraccaro, P., Opuscula, Pavia:
Presso la rivista “Athenaeum”, 1956-1957, vol. 2, pp. 287-292).
————, “Ancora sull'età dell’ordinamento centuriato”, Athenaeum 12 (1934): 57-71. (= Opuscula, vol. 2, pp. 293-306).
————, “The History of Rome in the Regal Period”, JRS 47 (1957): 59-65.
Gjerstad, E., Early Rome, Lund: Gleerup, 1953-1973.
————, “Innenpolitische und militärische Organisation in frührömischer Zeit”, ANRW II 1 (1972): 136-188.
Last, H., “The Servian Reforms”, JRS 35 (1945): 30-48.
Miller, M.C.J., “The Principes and the So-Called Camillan Reforms”, AncW 23 (1992): 59-70.

Nilsson, Martin P., “The Introduction of Hoplite Tactics at Rome: Its Date and its Consequences”, JRS 19 (1929): 1-11.
Ridley, R.T., “The Engima of Servius Tullius”, Klio 57 (1975): 147-177.
Rosenberger, V., “The Gallic Disaster”, CW 96 (2003): 365-373.
Rutter, N.K., “Campanian Chronology in the Fifth Century B.C.”, CQ n.s. 21 (1971): 55-61.
Snodgrass, A.M., “The Hoplite Reform and History”, JRS 85 (1965): 110-122.
Schachermeyr, F., “Die gallische Katastrophe”, Klio 23 (1929): 277-305.
Sumner, G.V., “The Legion and the Centuriate Organization”, JHS 60 (1970): 67-78.
Vine, G., “The Evolution of the Roman Legion: Part 1”, Slingshot 114 (1984): 42-43.
————, “The Evolution of the Roman Legion: Part II”, Slingshot 115 (1984): 13-16.
4. The manipular army
4.1 General works
Bleckmann, B., Die römische Nobilität im Ersten Punischen Krieg. Untersuchungen zur aristokratischen Konkurrenz in der
Republik, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2002.
Blois, L. de, “Volk und Soldaten bei Cassius Dio”, ANRW II 34.3 (1997): 2650-2676.
Cadiou, F, “L'Armée et la guerre dans la Rome républicaine. Bibliographie”.

http://www-ausonius.u-bordeaux3.fr/ressources/cadiou/biblio_generale.pdf
Caire, E. and S. Pittia (edd.), Guerre et diplomatie romaines (IVe - IIIe siècles) : Pour un réexamen des sources, Aix-en-
Provence: Publications de l'Université de Provence, 2006.
Review by F. Canali de Rossi: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-05-04.html
Eckstein, A.M., Senate and General: Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations, 264-194 B.C., Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1987.
Flower, H.I. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Review by U. Roth: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-07-47.html
Head, D., Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC, Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group,
1982.
Messer, W.S., “Mutiny in the Roman Army. The Republic”, CPh 15 (1920): 158-175.
Oakley, S.P., “Single combat in the Roman Republic”, CQ n.s. 35 (1985): 392-410.
Rosenstein, N., Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic, Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 2004.
Review by J.D. Muccigrosso: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-56.html
4.2 Roman expansion
Afzelius, A., Die römische Eroberung Italiens (340-264 v. Chr.), Copenhagen: Aarhus University Press, 1942.
Baronowski, D.W., “The Status of the Greek Cities of Asia Minor after 190 B.C.”, Hermes 119 (1991): 175-189.

Beloch, K.J., “La conquista romana della regione Sabina”, RSA 9 (1904): 269-277.
Eckstein, A.M. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War and the Rise of Rome, Berkeley: University of California Press,
2006.
Review by J. Quillin: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-06-44.html
————, Rome Enters the Greek East: From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230-170 BC,
Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.
Review by A. Heller: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-02-13.html
Frank, T., “On Rome’s Conquest of Sabinum, Picenum and Etruria”, Klio 11 (1911): 367-381.
Gabba, E., “Istituzione militari e colonizzazione in Roma medio-repubblicana (IV-III sec. A.C.)”, RFIC 103 (1975): 144-
154.
Harris, W.V., War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327-70 B.C., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979.
Höleskamp, K.-J., “Conquest, Competition and Consensus: Roman Expansion in Italy and the Rise of the Nobilitas”,
Historia 42 (1993): 12-39.
McDonald, A.H., “Rome and the Italian Confederation (200-186 B.C.)”, JRS 34 (1944): 11-33.
Matthaei, L.E., “On the Classification of Roman Allies”, CQ 1 (1907): 182-204.
Oost, S.I., Roman Policy in Epirus and Acarnania in the Age of the Roman Conquest of Greece, New York: Arno Press,
1975.
Philips, E.J., “Roman Politics during the Second Samnite War”, Athenaeum n.s. 50 (1972): 337-356.
Rich, J.W., Declaring War in the Roman Republic in the Period of Transmarine Expansion, Brussels: Latomus, 1976.
————, “Roman Aims in the First Macedonian War”, PCPhS 30 (1984): 126-180.
Sordi, M., Roma e I Sanniti nel iv secolo a.C., Bologna: Cappelli, 1969.
Volkmann, H., “Griechische Rhetorik oder römische Politik? Bemerkungen zum römischen ‘Imperialismus’”, Hermes 82
(1956): 465-476.
Walsh, J.J., “The Disorders of the 170s B.C. and Roman Intervention in the Class Struggle in Greece”, CQ n.s. 50 (2000),
300-303.
4.3 Development of the manipular army
Delbrück, H., “Die römische Manipulartaktik”, HZ 51 (1883): 239-264.
————, “Die Manipularlegion und die Schlacht bei Cannae”, Hermes 21 (1886): 65-90.
————, “Triarier und Leichtbewaffnete”, HZ 60 (1888): 238-254.
Dobson, B., “The Significance of the Centurion and Primipilaris in the Roman Army and Administration”, ANRW 1 (1974):
392-434.
Ehrman, R.K., “Observations on the ‘Frivolaria’ of Plautus”, Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 45 (1992): 78-83.
Fraccaro, P., “Accensi”, Athenaeum n.s. 5 (1927): 133-146.

Gatti, C., “Riflessioni sull’istituzione dello stipendium per i legionary romani”, Acme 23 (1970): 131-135.
Gschnitzer, F., “Das System der Römischen Heeresbildung im Zweiten Punischen Krieg: Polybios, die Annalisten und die
Geschichtliche Wirklichkeit”, Hermes 109 (1981): 59-85.
Head, D., “Orthodox Romans”, Slingshot 229 (2003): 16-20.
Hey, S., “Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 1”, Slingshot 225 (2002): 2-8.
————, “Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 2”, Slingshot 226 (2003): 4-11.
————, “Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 3”, Slingshot 227 (2003): 23-32.
Meyer, E., “Das römische Manipularheer, seine Entwicklung und seine Vorstufen”, in Abhandlungen der preussischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften: Philosophisch-historische Klasse 3 (1923).
Ohlson, O., “Some Comments on Stewart Hey's ‘Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy’”, Slingshot 229
(2003): 20-22.
Quesada Sanz, F., “El legionario romano en época de las Guerras Púnicas: Formas de combate individual, táctica de
pequeñas unidades e influencas hispanas”, in Espacio, Tiempo y Forma Serie II, Historia Antigua 16 (2003) 163-196.
http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie2-11726F64-4061-7EBE-5C3A-56F509DD425E
————, “Not so different: individual fighting techniques and battle tactics of Roman and Iberian armies within the
framework of warfare in the Hellenistic Age”, Pallas 70 (2006): 245-263.
http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Not%20so%20different%20Quesada%20DEFINIT.pdf
————, “Hispania y el ejército romano republicano. Interacción y adopción de tipos metálicos / Hispania and the
Republican Roman Army. Interaction and adoption of weapon types”, in C. Fernández (ed.) Metalistería de la Hispania
Romana. Número monográfico de Sautuola 13 (2007): 379-401.
http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%20Sautuola.pdf
Rawson, E., “The Literary Sources for the Pre-Marian Army”, PBSR 39 (1971): 13-31.
Soltau, W., “Die Manipulartaktik”, Hermes 20 (1885): 262-267.
Steinwender, T., “Die Entwicklung des Manipularwesens im römischen Heere”, ZGW 12 (1878): 705-722.
————, “Der Polybianische Gefechtsabstand”, Hermes 44 (1909): 179-197.
————, “Zur Schlachtordnung der Manipulare”, RhM 65 (1910): 130-148.
Stemmler, M., “Die römische Manipularordnung und der Funktionswandel der Centurien”, Klio 82 (2000): 107-125.
Vine, G., “The Evolution of the Roman Legion: Part 3”, Slingshot 116 (1984): 40-42.
Walters, C.F. and R.S. Conway, “Restorations and Emendations in Livy VI-X (Continued)”, CQ 12 (1918): 1-14.
Zhmodikov, A., “Roman Republican Heavy Infantrymen in Battle (IV-II Centuries B.C.)”, Historia 49 (2000): 67-78.
4.4 Arms and armour
Bishop, M.C. and J.C.N. Coulston, Roman Military Equipment: From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome, Oxford: Oxbow
Books, 2006.
Burns, Michael T., “The Homogenisation of Military Equipment Under the Roman Republic”, in Romanization? Digressus
Supplement 1 (2003): 60-85.

www.digressus.org/articles/romanizationpp060-085-burns.pdf
Echols, E.C., “The Ancient Slinger”, CW 43 (1950): 227-230.
Feugère, M., Weapons of the Romans, Stroud: Tempus, 2002.

Head, D., “Duncan Head writes about Marcellus' naval spears, and Libyan weapons”, Slingshot 229 (2003): 53-55.
Hollenback, G.M., “Polybius’ Description of the kestros”, Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 62 (2009): 459-463.
Kooi, B.W. and C.A. Bergman, “An Approach to the Study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modelling”, Antiquity
71 (1997): 124-134.
http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/kooi/kobe97.pdf
Lang, J., “Study of the Metallography of some Roman Swords”, Brittania 19 (1988): 199-216.
McCartney, E.S., “The Genesis of Rome’s Military Equipment”, CW 6 (1912): 74-79.
Must, G., “The Origin of framea”, Language 34 (1958): 364-366.
Reinach, A.J., “Les Origines du pilum”, RA 4e série 9 (1907): 236.
Stephenson, I.P., Roman Cavalry Equipment, Stroud: Tempus, 2003.

Treloar, A., “The Roman Shield: Polybius vi.23.2”, CR n.s. 21 (1971): 3-5.
4.5 Cavalry
Frederiksen, M.W., “Campanian Cavalry: A Question of Origins”, DdA 2 (1968): 3-31.
McCall, Jeremiah B., The Cavalry of the Roman Republic: Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late
Republic, London: Routledge, 2002.
Nicolet, C., “Les equites Campani et leurs representations figurées”, MEFRA 74 (1962): 463-517.
Alexander, L., “The Origin of Greek and Roman Artillery”, CJ 41 (1946): 208-212.
Benvenuti, V., “The Introduction of Artillery in the Roman World: Hypothesis for a Chronological Definition based on the
Cosa Town Wall”, MAAR 47 (2002): 199-207.
Davies, G., Roman Siege Works, Stroud: Tempus Publishing, 2006.

Dobson, M.J., The Army of the Roman Republic: The Second Century BC, Polybius and the Camps at Numantia, Spain,
Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2008.
Fabricius, E., “Some notes on Polybius' description of Roman Camps”, JRS 22 (1932): 78.
Fraccaro, P., “Polibio e l'accampamento romano”, Athenaeum n.s. 12 (1934) 154.
Marsden, E.W., Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.

————, Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
Paul, G.M., “Urbs Capta: Sketch of an Ancient Literary Motif”, Phoenix 36 (1982): 144-155.
Baronowski, R.W., “Roman Military Forces in 225 B.C. (Polybius 2.23-4)”, Historia 42 (1993): 181-202.
Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower 225 B.C. – A.D. 14, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Campbell, J.B., “Teach Yourself How to Be a General”, JRS 77 (1987): 13-29.
Crawford, M.H., “War and Finance”, JRS 54 (1964): 29-32.
Erdkamp, P., “The Corn Supply of the Roman Armies during the Third and Second Centuries B.C.”, Historia 44 (1995):
168-191.
Hellegouarc’h, J., “Le principat de Camille”, REL 48 (1970): 112-132.
Kroymann, J., “Römische Kriegführung im Geschichtswerk des Livius”, Gymnasium 56 (1949): 121-134.
Meiklejohn, K.W., “Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 B.C.”, G&R 7 (1938): 170-178.
————, “Roman Strategy and Tactics from 509 to 202 B.C. (Cont.)”, G&R 8 (1939): 8-19.
Picard, G., “Tactique hellenistique et tactique romaine: le commandement”, CRAI 136 (1992): 173-186.
Poznanski, L., “A propos du ‘Traité de tactique’ de Polybe”, Athenaeum n.s. 58 (1980): 340-352.
Rich, J.W. “The Supposed Roman Manpower Shortage of the later Second Century BC”, Historia 32 (1983): 287-331.
Roth, J.P., The Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264 BC - AD 235), Leiden: Brill, 1998.
Review by A. Goldsworthy: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-11-01.html
Rosenstein, N., “Imperatores victi: The Case of C. Hostilius Mancinus”, ClAnt 5 (1986): 230-252.
————, “Imperatores victi: Military Defeat and Competition in the Middle and Late Republic, Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1990.
Shatzman, I., “The Roman General’s Authority over Booty”, Historia 21 (1972): 177-205.
Sohlberg, D., “Militärtribunen und verwandte Probleme der frühen römischen Republik”, Historia 40 (1991): 257-274.
Weigel, R.D., “Roman Generals and the Vowing of Temples, 500-100 B.C.”, C&M 49 (1998): 119-142.
Wheeler, E.L., Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery (Mnemosyne supplement 108), Leiden: Brill, 1988.
4.8 Naval warfare
Casson, L., The Ancient Mariners: Sea Farers and Sea Fighters of Ancient Times2, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1991.
Review by F. Weiskittel: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1992/03.01.04.html
Foley, V., “Ancient Oared Warships”, Scientific American 244:4 (April 1981): 148-183.

Lazenby, J.F., “Naval Warfare in the Ancient World: Myths and Realities”, International History Review 9 (1987): 438-
455.
Libourel, J.M., “Galley Slaves in the Second Punic War”, CPh 68 (1973): 116-119.
Meijer, F., A History of Seafaring in the Classical World, London: Croom Helm, 1986.
Morrison, J.S., Greek and Roman Oared Warships, 399 – 30 B.C., Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1996.
————, Long Ships and Round Ships: Warfare and Trade in the Mediterranean, 3000 BC – 500 AD, London: HMSO,
1980.
Nelson, R., Warfleets of Antiquity, Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group, 1973.
Pitassi, M., The Navies of Rome, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009.

Review by M.B. Charles: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-12-22.html
Rodgers, W.L., Greek and Roman Naval Warfare, Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 1937.
Rougé, J. (tr. S. Frazer), Ships and Fleets of the Ancient Mediterranean, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981.
Shepard, A., Sea Power in Ancient History, Boston: Little, Brown, 1924.
Starr, C.G., “The Ancient Warship”, CPh 32 (1940): 353-374.
————, The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Steinby, C., The Roman Republican Navy: From the Sixth Century to 167 B.C., Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica,
2007.
Review by C.J. Dart: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-31.html
Tarn, W.W., “The Fleets of the First Punic War”, JHS 27 (1907): 48-60.
Thiel, J.H., Studies on the History of Roman Sea-Power in Republican Times, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1946.
————, A History of Roman Sea-Power before the Second Punic War, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1954.
Tipps, G.K., “The Battle of Ecnomus”, Historia 34 (1985): 432-465.
Torr, C., The Ancient Ships, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897.
4.9 Other Italian armies
Salmon, E.T., Samnium and the Samnites, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.
Saulnier, C., L’Armée et la guerre chez les peuples samnites (VIIe-IVe s.), Paris: Boccard, 1983.
Abel, A., “Une interpretation non classique de l’affaire des Fourches Caudines”, LEC 23 (1955): 404-408.
Balsdon, J.P.V.D., “Rome and Macedon, 205-200 B.C.”, JRS 44 (1954): 30-42.
Barnes, C.L.H., “Livy 33.8.13 and 35.35.18 Revisited”, CJ 100 (2005): 349-363.

Baronowski, D., “A Reconsideration of the Roman Approval of Peace with Macedonia in 196 B.C.”, Phoenix 37 (1983):
218-223.
Bickerman, E.J., “Bellum Philippicum: Some Roman and Greek Views concerning the Causes of the Second Macedonian
War”, CPh 40 (1945): 137-148.
Briquel, D. and J.P. Thuillieer (edd.), Le Censeur et les Samnites : sur Tite-Live, livre IX, Paris: Editions rue d’Ulm, 2001.
Burger, C.P., Der Kampf zwischen Rom und Samnium, bis zum vollständigen Siege Roms, um 312 v. Chr., Amsterdam: J.
Müller, 1898.
Cadiou, F., Hibera in terra miles: les armées romaines et la conquête de l'Hispanie sous la république (218-45 av. J.-C.),
Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2007.
Review by B. Lowe: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-03-45.html
Camp, J.M. et al., “A Trophy from the Battle of Chaironeia of 86 B.C.”, AJA 96 (1992): 443-455.
Carey, W.L., “Nullus videtur dolo facere: The Roman Seizure of Sardinia in 237 B.C.”, CPh 91 (1996): 203-222.
Champion, J., Pyrrhus of Epirus, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2009.
Cobbett, J.H., “Rome and the Gauls 285-280 B.C.”, Historia 20 (1971): 656-664.
Costanzi, V., “Osservazioni sulla terza Guerra sannitica”, RFIC 47 (1919): 161-215.
Dell, H.J., “Anitgonus III and Rome”, CPh 62 (1967): 94-103.
————, “Demetrius of Pharus and the Istrian War”, Historia 19 (1970): 30-38.
Delplace, C., “L’Intervention étrusque dans les dernières années de la deuxième guerre samnite (312-308)”, Latomus 26
(1967): 454-466.
Dorey, T.A., “Contributory Causes of the Second Macedonian War”, AJPh 80 (1959): 288-295.
Eckstein, A.M., “T. Quinctius Flaminius and the Campaign against Philip in 198 B.C.”, Phoenix 30 (1976): 119-142.
————, “Polybius, Demetrius of Pharus and the Origins of the Second Illyrian War”, CPh 89 (1994): 46-59.
————, “Greek Mediation in the First Macedonian War, 209-205 B.C.”, Historia 51 (2002): 268-297.
Engers, M., “Die Vorgeschichte der makedonischen Kriege Roms”, Mnemosyne, ser. 3, 6 (1938): 121-138.
Grainger, J.D., The Roman War of Antiochos the Great (Mnemosyne supplement 239), Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Review by R. Strootman: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-03-52.html
Grossmann, L., Roms Samnitenkriege: historische und historiographische Untersuchungen zu den Jahren 327-290 v. Chr.,
Düsseldorf: Wellem Verlag, 2009.
Review by E.L. Wheeler: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-08-40.html
Gruen, E.S., “The Origins of the Achaean War”, JHS 96 (1976): 46-69.
Hammond, N.G.L., “The Two Battles of Chaeronea (338 B.C. and 86 B.C.)”, Klio 31 (1938): 186-218.
————, “The Opening Campaigns and the Battle of the Aoi Stena in the Second Macedonian War”, JRS 56 (1966): 39-
54.
————, “The Battle of Pydna”, JHS 104 (1984): 31-47.

————, “The Campaign and Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC”, JHS 108 (1988): 60-82.
Klotz, A., “Livius’ Darstellung des zweiten Samniterkriegs”, Mnemosyne, ser. 3, 6 (1938): 83-102.
Kromayer, J., Drei Schlachten aus dem griechisch-römischen Altertum, Leipzig: Teubner, 1921.
La Regina, A., “L’invasione del Sannio nel 311 a.C.”, PP 44 (1989): 20-25.
Lefkowitz, M.R., “Pyrrhus’ Negotiations with the Romans, 280-278 B.C.”, HSPh 64 (1959): 147-177.
Lévèque, P., Pyrrhos, Paris: Boccard, 1957.
Lévy-Bruhl, H., “La sponsio des Fourches Caudines”, RHD 17 (1938): 533-547.
Libourel, J.M., “A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War”, AJPh 94 (1973): 71-78.
Linderski, J., “Roman Officers in the Year of Pydna”, AJPh 111 (1990): 53-71.
Meadows, A.R., “Greek and Roman Diplomacy on the Eve of the Second Macedonian War”, Historia 42 (1993): 40-60.
Morgan, M.G., “The Roman Conquest of the Balearic Isles”, CSCA 2 (1969): 217-231.
————, “The Defeat of L. Metellus Denter at Arretium”, CQ n.s. 22 (1972): 309-325.
————, “‘Cornelius and the Pannonians’: Appian, Illyrica 14,41 and Roman History, 143-138 B.C.”, Historia 23 (1974):
183-216.
Niese, B., “Zur Geschichte des Pyrrhischen Krieges”, Hermes 31 (1896): 481-507.
Nissen, H., “Der caudinische Friede”, RhM n.s. 25 (1870): 1-65.
Pfiffig, A.J., “Das Verhalten Etruriens im Samniterkrieg und nachher bis zum 1. punischen Krieg”, Historia 17 (1968): 307-
350.
Pritchett, W.K., “The Battle of Kynoskephalai in 197 B.C.” in Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part II (Battlefields),
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969, pp. 133-144.
————, “The Battle of Pydna in 168 B.C.” in Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, Part II (Battlefields), Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1969, pp. 145-176.
Reiter, W., Aemilius Paulus, Conqueror of Greece, London: Croom Helm, 1988.
Richardson, J.H., “Dorsuo and the Gauls”, Phoenix 58 (2004): 284-297.
Salmon, E.T., “The pax Caudina”, JRS 19 (1929): 12-18.
————, “The Resumption of Hostilities after the Caudine Forks”, TAPhA 87 (1956): 98-108.
Schwarze, K.-H., “Zum Ausbruch des zweiten Samnitenkrieges (326-304 v.Chr.)”, Historia 20 (1971): 368-376.
Sherwin-White, A.N., “Roman Involvement in Anatolia, 167-88 B.C.”, JRS 67 (1977): 62-75.
Sklenář, R.J., “Sources and Individuality in Two Passages of Livy”, Historia 53 (2004): 302-310.
Warrior, V.M., “The Chronology of the Movements of M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. 189) in 189/188 BC”, Chiron 18 (1988):
325-356.
————, The Initiation of the Second Macedonian War: An Explication of Livy Book 31, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1996.

Review by T.D. McClain: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.04.11.html
4.11 The Punic Wars
Acimovic, A., Scipio Africanus, New York: iUniverse, 2007.

Review by J. Jacobs: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-01-20.html
Bagnall, N., The Punic Wars, London: Hutchinson, 1990.
Barceló, P., “Rom und Hispanien vor Ausbruch des 2. Punischen Krieges”, Hermes 124 (1996): 45-57.
Bickerman, E.J., “Hannibal’s Covenant”, AJPh 73 (1952): 1-23.
Brisson, J.-P., Carthage ou Rome? Paris: Fayard, 1973.
Canter, H.V., “The Character of Hannibal”, CJ 24 (1929): 564-577.
Caspari, M.O.B., “The Battle of Lake Trasimene”, EHR 25 (1910): 417-429.
Caven, B., The Punic Wars, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.
Christ, K. (ed.), Hannibal, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1974.
Cornell, T., B. Rankov and P. Sabin (edd.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, London: Institute of Classical Studies,
University of London, 1996.
Review by D. Potter: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.03.01.html
Cottrell, L., Enemy of Rome, London: Evans, 1960.
Daly, G., Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War, London: Routledge, 2002.
Davis, E.W. “Hannibal’s Roman Campaign of 211 B.C.”, Phoenix 13 (1959): 113-120.
Dawson, A., “Hannibal and Chemical Warfare”, CJ 63 (1967): 117-125.
De Beer, G., Alps and Elephants: Hannibal’s March, London: G. Bles, 1955.
————, Hannibal: Challenging Rome’s Supremacy, New York: Viking Press, 1969.
Delbrück, H., “Die Manipularlegion und die Schlacht bei Cannae”, Hermes 21 (1886): 65-90.
Donaldson, G.H., “Modern Idiom in an Ancient Context: Another Look at the Strategy of the Second Punic War”, G&R 2nd
ser. 9 (1962): 134-141.
Dorey, T.A., “Macedonian Troops at the Battle of Zama”, AJPh 78 (1957): 185-187.
Fitton Brown, A.D., “After Cannae”, Historia 8 (1959): 365-371.
Fry, E., “The Field of Cannae”, EHR 12 (1897): 748-752.
Gabriel, R.A., Scipio Africanus: Rome’s Greatest General, Washington DC, Potomac Books, 2008.
Garland, R., Hannibal, London: Bristol Classical Press, 2010.

Review by F.K. Drogula: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-09-48.html
Goldsworthy, A., The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars, 265-146 BC, London: Cassell, 2003.

Grimal, P., Le siècle des Scipions : Rome et l’hellénisme au temps des guerres puniques, Paris: Aubier, 1975.
Haywood, R.M., Studies on Scipio Africanus, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
Heuß, A., “Der erste Punische Krieg und das Problem des römischen Imperialismus (zur politischen Beurteilung des
Krieges)”, HZ 169 (1949): 457-513.
Hoyos, B.D., “Hannibal: What Kind of Genius?”, G&R 2nd ser. 30 (1983): 171-180.
————, “The Roman-Punic Pact of 279 B.C.: Its Problems and its Purpose”, Historia 33 (1984): 402-439.
————, Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1998.
————, “Maharbal’s Bon Mot: Authenticity and Survival”, CQ n.s. 50 (2000): 610-614.
————, Hannibal’s Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247-183 BC, London: Routledge, 2003.
Review by P. Burton: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-07-65.html
————, Hannibal: Rome’s Greatest Enemy, Exeter: Bristol Phoenix, 2008.
Judeich, W., “Cannae”, HZ 136 (1927): 1-24.
Kahrstedt, U., Geschichte der Karthager von 218-146, Berlin: Weidmann, 1913.
Lamb, H., Hannibal: One Man against Rome, London: R. Hale, 1959.
Lancel, S. (tr. A. Nevill), Hannibal, Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
Lazenby, J.F., Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War, Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1978.
————, The First Punic War: A Military History, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Review by H. Elton: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.09.11.html
Lehmann, K., “Das Trebia-Schlachtfeld”, HZ 116 (1916): 101-112.
Liddell Hart, B.H., A Greater than Napoleon: Scipio Africanus, New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1971.
Mitchell, R.E., “Romano-Carthaginian Treaties: 306 and 279/8 B.C.”, Historia 20 (1971): 633-655.
Morris, W.O., Hannibal: Soldier, Statesman, Patriot and the Crisis of the Struggle between Carthage and Rome, New
York: Putnam, 1927.
Osiander, W., Der Hannibalweg, Berlin: Weidmann, 1900.
Patterson, M.L., “Rome’s Choice of Magistrates during the Hannibalic War”, TAPhA 73 (1942): 319-340.
Peddie, J., Hannibal’s War, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997.
Pomeroy, A.J., “Hannibal at Nuceria”, Historia 38 (1989): 162-176.
Poteat, H.M., “Hannibal Trismegistus”, CJ 22 (1926): 189-201.
Proctor, D., Hannibal’s March in History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
Rance, P., “Hannibal, Elephants and Turrets in Suda Θ 438 [Polybius Fr. 162B] – an Unidentified Fragment of Diodorus”,
CQ n.s. 59 (2009): 91-111.
Reid, J.S., “Problems of the Second Punic War”, JRS 3 (1913): 175-196.

————, “Problems of the Second Punic War: III. Rome and her Italian Allies”, JRS 5 (1915): 87-124.
Rosenstein, N., “Marriage and Manpower in the Hannibalic War: Assidui, Proletarii and Livy 24.18.7-8”, Historia 51
(2002): 163-191.
Sabin, P., “The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War”, Slingshot 176 (1994): 1-15.
————, “The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War” in T. Cornell, B. Rankov and P. Sabin (edd.), The Second
Punic War: A Reappraisal, London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, 1996, pp. 59-79.
Salmon, E.T., “Hannibal’s March on Rome”, Phoenix 11 (1957): 153-163.
————, “The Strategy of the Second Punic War”, G&R 2nd ser. 7 (1960): 131-142.
Scullard, H.H., “A Note on the Battle of Ilipa”, JRS 26 (1936): 19-23.
————, “Cannae: Battle-field and Burial Ground”, Historia 4 (1955): 474-475.
————, Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1970.
Shean, J.F., “Hannibal’s Mules: The Logistical Limitations of Hannibal’s Army and the Battle of Cannae, 216 B.C.”,
Historia 45 (1996): 159-187.
Smith, P.J., Scipio Africanus and Rome’s Invasion of Africa: A Historical Commentary on Titus Livius, Book xxix,
Amsterdam: Gieben, 1993.
Smith, R.B., Rome and Carthage, the Punic Wars, London: Longmans, Green, 1912.
Son, D.W.L. van, “The Disturbances in Etruria during the Second Punic War”, Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 16 (1963): 267-274.
Sumner, G.V., “Roman Policy in Spain before the Hannibalic War”, HSCPh 72 (1968): 205-246.
Susini, G., Richerche sulla Battaglia di Trasimeno, Cortona: Accademia Etrusca di Cortona, 1960.
Tipps, G.K., “The Defeat of Regulus”, CW 96 (2003): 375-385.
Walbank, F.W., “Polybius, Philinus and the First Punic War”, CQ 39 (1945): 1-18.
————, “Some Reflections on Hannibal’s Pass”, JRS 46 (1956): 37-45.
Wilkinson, S., Hannibal’s March through the Alps, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911.
5. The army of the late Republic
5.1 General works
Astin, A.E., Scipio Aemilianus, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Badian, E., Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968.
Barker, P., Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome, 150 B.C. to 600 A.D.: Organisation, Tactics, Dress and Weapons,
Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group, 1972.
Brunt, P.A., “The Army and the Land in the Roman Revolution”, JRS 52 (1962): 69-86.
Dodge, T.A., Caesar, New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.

Fuller, J.F.C., Caesar: Man, Soldier and Tyrant, New York: Da Capo Press, 1991.
Gabba, E., Esercito e società nella tarda Repubblica romana, Florence: La nuova Italia, 1973.
———— (tr. P.J. Cuff), Republican Rome, the Army and the Allies, Oxford: Blackwell, 1976.
Hildinger, E., Swords against the Senate: The Rise of the Roman Army and the Fall of the Republic, Cambridge, MA: Da
Capo Press, 2002.
Keaveney, A., The Army in the Roman Revolution, London: Routledge, 2007.
Review by P. Probst: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008-07-52.html
Sanders, H.A., “The Origin of the Third Cyrenaic Legion”, AJPh 62 (1941): 84-87.
Smith, R.E., Service in the Post-Marian Roman Army, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
5.2 Development of the cohort
Bell, M.J.V., “Tactical Reform in the Roman Republican Army”, Historia 14 (1965): 404-422.
Cadiou, François, “Les Guerres en Hispania et l'émergence de la cohorte légionnaire dans l'armée romaine sous la
République: une révision critique”, Gladius 21 (2001): 167-182.
http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/download/84/84
Davies, R.W., “Cohortes equitatae”, Historia 20 (1971): 751-763.
Hastings, J., “Comments on Stewart Hey: Non-developments in the Roman Legion”, Slingshot 229 (2003): 22-23.
Head, D., “The Maniple and the Cohort”, Slingshot 120 (1985): 10-11.
————, “Orthodox Romans”, Slingshot 229 (2003): 16-20.
Hey, S., “Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy: Part 3”, Slingshot 227 (2003): 23-32.
Kertész, I., “The Roman Cohort Tactics: Problems of Development”, Oikumene 1 (1976): 89-97.
McCartney, E.S., “On the Tactical ‘Towers’ of the Romans”, CJ 23 (1927): 214-216.
Ohlson, O., “Some Comments on Stewart Hey's ‘Non-Developments in the Roman Legion - A Heresy’”, Slingshot 229
(2003): 20-22.
Steinwender, T., “Zur Kohortentaktik”, RhM 70 (1915): 416-440.
Veith, G. “Die Taktik der Kohortenlegion”, Klio 7 (1907): 303-334.
Vine, G., “The Evolution of the Roman Legion – 4”, Slingshot 114 (1985): 16.
5.3 The Marian reforms
Schulten, A., “Zur Heeresreform des Marius”, Hermes 63 (1928): 240.
Tansey, P., “M. Titius, Menas and the insignia scutorum”, Klio 90 (2008): 62-75.
5.4 Arms and armour

Books, 2006.
D’Amato, R., and G. Sumner, Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier: From Marius to Commodus, 112 BC-AD
192, London: Frontline, 2009.

Gmirkin, R., “The War Scroll and Roman Weaponry Reconsidered”, Dead Sea Discoveries 3 (1996): 89-129.

5.5 Cavalry
Cagniart, P.F., “Studies on Caesar’s Use of Cavalry during the Gallic War”, AncW 23 (1992): 71-85.

Eychart, P., Chanturgue, Camp de César devant Gergovie, Clermont-Ferrand, Editions Volcans, 1975.
Fischer, W., Das römische Lager inbesondere nach Livius, Leipzig: Teubner, 1914.
Reddé, M., “Le siège d’Alésia : Récit littéraire et réalité du terrain” in P. Barral et al. (edd.), Alésia : Fouilles et recherches
franco-allemandes sur les travaux militaires romains autour du Mont-Auxois (1991-1997), Paris: Académie des Inscriptions
et Belles-Lettres, 2001, vol. 1, pp. 489-506.
Schnurbein, S. von, “Camps et castella” in P. Barral et al. (edd.), Alésia : Fouilles et recherches franco-allemandes sur les
travaux militaires romains autour du Mont-Auxois (1991-1997), Paris: Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2001,
vol. 1, pp. 507-513.
Alston, R., “Roman Military Pay from Caesar to Diocletian”, JRS 84 (1994): 113-123.
Armstrong, D., “Caesar’s Art of War”, Classical Weekly 32 (1939): 291-293.
Cuff, P.J., “Caesar the Soldier”, G&R 2nd ser. 4 (1957): 29-35.
Keppie, L.J.F., “Vexilla Veteranorum”, PBSR 41 (1973): 8-17.
Le Bohec, Y., César chef de guerre : César stratège et tacticien, Paris: Editions du Rocher, 2001.
Millar, F., “The Mediterranean and the Roman Revolution: Politics, War and the Economy”, P&P 102 (1984): 3-24.
Parker, H.M.D., “A Note on the Promotion of the Centurions”, JRS 16 (1926): 45-52.
Radin, M., “The Promotion of Centurions in Caesar’s Army”, CJ 10 (1915): 300-311.

Seaver, J.E., “Publius Ventidius, Neglected Roman Military Hero”, CJ 47 (1952): 275-280, 300.
Anderson, J.G.C., “Pompey’s Campaign against Mithradates”, JRS 12 (1922): 99-105.
Bruère, R.T., “Palaepharsalus, Pharsalus, Pharsalia”, CPh 46 (1951): 111-115.
Brunt, P.A., “Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War”, JRS 55 (1965): 90-109.
Bucher, G.S., “Fictive Elements in Appian’s Pharsalus Narrative”, Phoenix 59 (2005): 50-76.
Burns, A., “Pompey’s Strategy and Domitius’ Stand at Corfinium”, Historia 15 (1966): 74-95.
Busset, M., “La Question de Gergovia”, Revue d’Auvergne 263 (1935): 57-68.
Carney, T.F., “Pila at the Battle of Pharsalia”, CR n.s. 8 (1958): 11-13.
Desforges, E. and P.-F. Fournier, “La Battaille de Gergovie 52 av. J.-C.”, Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Belles-
Lettres et Arts de Clermont-Ferrand 33 (1933): 5-77.
Dubs, H.H., “An Ancient Military Contact between Romans and Chinese”, AJPh 62 (1941): 322-330.
Duval, P.-M., “La Campagne de César à Alésia”, Annales 24 (1969): 444-447.
Ellis, P.B., Caesar’s Invasion of Britain, London: Orbis Books, 1978.
Eychart, P., La Battaille de Gergovie (printemps 52 av. J.-C.) : Les Faits archéologiques, les sites, le faux historique,
Nonette: Editions Créer, 1987.
Fallue, L., Etudes archéologiques sur l’histoire de César par l’Empereur Napoleon III et sur la carte officielle des Gaules,
Paris: A. Durand & Pedone-Lauriel, 1867.
Gilliver, C.M., Caesar’s Gallic Wars, 58-50 BC, London: Routledge, 2003.
Goldsworthy, A., Caesar’s Civil War, 49-44 BC, London: Routledge, 2003.
————, Caesar, Life of a Colossus, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Gorce, M.-M., César devant Gergovie, Tunis: Editions de Minaret, 1940.
Gurval, R., Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.
Review by J. Clauss: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.09.07.html
Gwatkin, W.E., Jr., “Some Reflections on the Battle of Pharsalus”, TAPhA 87 (1956): 109-124.
Hahn, I., “Appianus Tacticus”, AAntHung 18 (1970): 293-306.
Harmand, J., Une Campagne césarienne, Alesia, Paris: Picard, 1967.
Hillman, T.P., “Strategic Reality and the Movements of Caesar, January 49 BC”, Historia 37 (1988): 248-252.

Hinard, F., Sullana varia: Aux sources de la première guerre civile romaine. De l'archéologie à l'histoire, Paris: Boccard,
2008.
Review by F. Santangelo: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-25.html
Holmes, T.R., Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul2, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1911.
————, “Octogesa, Anquillaria, The Bagradas, Aggar”, CQ 9 (1915): 167-178.
Holroyd, M., “The Jurguthine War: Was Marius or Metellus the Real Victor?”, JRS 18 (1928): 1-20.
Jiménez, R.L., Caesar against Rome: The Great Roman Civil War, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000.
Katz, B.R., “The Siege of Rome in 87 B.C.”, CPh 71 (1976): 328-336.
Le Gall, J., “Les Conditions d’un si
————, La Battaille d’Alésia, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999.
Lendon, J.E., “The Rhetoric of Combat: Greek Military Theory and Roman Culture in Julius Caesar’s Battle Descriptions”,
ClAnt 18 (1999): 273-329.
Levick, B.M., “Sulla’s march on Rome in 88 B.C.”, Historia 31 (1982): 503-508.
Lewis, R.G., “Catulus and the Cimbri, 102 B.C.”, Hermes 102 (1974): 90-109.
McDermott, W.C., “Caesar’s Projected Dacian-Parthian Expedition”, AncSoc 13-14 (1982-1983): 223-231.
MacVeagh, L., “Caesar, De bello Gallico 7.45-52: The Attack at Gergovia: A Case of the ‘Limited Objective’”, CW 21
(1928): 177-181.
Maier, U., Caesars Feldzüge in Gallien (58-51 v. Chr.) in ihrem Zusammenhang mit der stadtrömischen Politik, Bonn:
Habelt, 1978.
Malitz, J., “Caesars Partherkrieg”, Historia 33 (1984): 21-59.
Mérimée, P., Études sur l’histoire romaine : guerre sociale, conjuration de Catalina, Paris: Lévy, 1853.
Morgan, J.D., “Palaepharsalus – The Battle and the Town”, AJA 87 (1983): 23-54.
Nagle, D.B., “An Allied View of the Social War”, AJA 77 (1973): 367-378.
Noché, A., Gergovie : Vieux problèmes et solutions nouvelles, Leiden: Brill, 1974.
Osgood, J., Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2006.
Review by J.A. Lobur: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-10-30.html
Parker, E.M., “Caesar’s Battlefields in 1908”, CJ 4 (1909): 195-204.
Paschoud, F., “La battaile de Pharsale : Quelques problèmes de détail”, Historia 30 (1981): 178-188.
Peaks, M.B., “Caesar’s Movements, January 21 to February 14, 49 B.C.”, CR 18 (1904): 346-349.
Pelling, C.B.R., “Pharsalus”, Historia 22 (1973): 249-259.
Renzi, A., La Guerre de Spartacus, en trois campagnes, Paris: privately published, 1832.
Richardson, G.W., “Actium”, JRS 27 (1937): 153-164.

Riggsby, A.M., Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in Words, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.
Review by A. Melchior: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-09-32.html
Salmon, E.T., “Notes on the Social War”, TAPhA 89 (1958): 159-184.
————, “The Cause of the Social War”, Phoenix 16 (1962): 107-119.
Sampson, G.C., The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae, and the Invasion of the East, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2008.
Review by J.M. Schlude: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-24.html
Saulcy, F. de, Les campagnes de Jules César dans les Gaules : Etudes d’archéologie militaire, Paris: Didier, 1862.
Searle, A., “Note on the Battle of Pharsalus”, HSPh 18 (1907): 213-218.
Shaw, B.D., Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents, London: St. Martin’s, 2001.
Smith, F., “Die Schlacht bei Carrhä”, HZ 115 (1916): 237-262.
Spann, P.O., “Saguntum vs. Segontia: A Note on the Topography of the Sertorian War”, Historia 33 (1984): 116-119.
Tarn, W.W., “The Battle of Actium”, JRS 21 (1931): 173-199.
————, “Antony’s Legions”, CQ 26 (1932): 75-81.
————, “Actium: A Note”, JRS 28 (1938): 165-168.
Thielscher, P., “Die Schlacht am Muthul nach Sallust, Jurgutha 48,2 – 54,4”, Klio 29 (1936): 173-201.
Trow, M.J., Spartacus: The Myth and the Man, Stroud: Sutton Pub., 2006.
Veith, G., Geschichte der Feldzüge C. Julius Caesars, Vienna: Seidel, 1906.
Verbrugghe, G.P., “Siciliy, 201-70 B.C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus”, TAPhA 103 (1972): 535-559.
Walser, G., Bellum helveticum. Studien zum Beginn der caesarischen Eroberung von Gallien, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1998.
Wiemer, H.-U., “Der Beginn des 3. Makedonischen Krieges. Überlegungen zur Chronologie”, Historia 53 (2004): 22-37.
6. The Imperial army
6.1 General works
Barker, P., Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome, 150 B.C. to 600 A.D.: Organisation, Tactics, Dress and Weapons,
Goring-by-Sea: Wargames Research Group, 1972.
Breeze, D.J., “The Organization of the Legion: The First Cohort and the Equites Legionis”, JRS 59 (1969): 50-55.
————, “The Career Structure below the Centurionate during the Principate”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 435-451.
————, “A Note on the Use of the Titles Optio and Magister below the Centurionate during the Principate”, Brittania 7
(1976): 127-133.
Campbell, J.B., The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BC – AD 235, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
————, War and Society in Imperial Rome, 31 BC – AD 234, London: Routledge, 2002.

Charles, M.B., “Trajan’s Guard at Adamklissi: Infantry or Cavalry?”, Historia 53 (2004): 476-489.
Davies, R.W., “The Daily Life of the Roman Soldier under the Principate”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 299-338.
Fink, R.O., “Centuria Rufi, Centuria Rufiana and the Ranking of Centuries”, TAPhA 84 (1953): 210-215.
Forni, G., Il reciutamento delle legioni da Augusto a Diocleziano, Milan: Fratelli Bocca, 1953.
————, “Estrazione etnica e sociale dei soldati delle legioni nei primi tre secoli dell’ impero”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 339-
391.
Frere, S.S., “Hyginus and the First Cohort”, Brittania 11 (1980): 51-60.
Gilliam, J.F., “The Veterans and Praefectus Castrorum of the II Traiana in A.D. 157”, AJPh 77 (1956): 359-375.
Hanson, W.S. (ed.), The Army and Frontiers of Rome: Papers Offered to David J. Breeze, Portsmouth RI: Journal of
Roman Archaeology, 2008.
Harmand, J., “Les origins de l’armée impériale. Un témoignage sur la réalité du pseudo-principat et sur l’évolution militaire
de l’Occident”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 263-298.
Junkelmann, M., Die Legionen des Augustus. Der römische Soldat im archäologischen Experiment, Mainz: P. v. Zabern,
1986.
Keppie, L.J.F., “The Changing Face of the Roman Legions (49 BC – AD 69)”, PBSR 65 (1997): 89-102.
Le Bohec, Y., The Imperial Roman Army, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1994.
———— (ed.), Les Légions de Rome sous le haut-empire : actes du congrès de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1998), Paris:
Boccard, 2000.
Le Roux, P., L’Armée romaine et l’organisation des provinces ibériques d’Auguste à l’invasion de 409, Paris: Boccard,
1982.
Malone, S.J., Legio XX Valeria Victrix: Prosopography, Archaeology and History. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2006.
Miller, H.F., “Legio I Adjutrix”, G&R 2nd ser. 28 (1981): 73-80.
Parker, H.M.D. ,“The Antiqua Legio of Vegetius”, CQ 26 (1932): 137-149.
Richmond, I.A., “Trajan’s Army on Trajan’s Column”, PBSR 13 (1935): 1-40.
Roth, J. “The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion”, Historia 43 (1994): 346-362.
Saddingon, D.B., “Tacitus and the Roman Army”, ANRW II 33.5 (1991): 3484-3555.
————, “Roman Military and Administrative Personnel in the New Testament”, ANRW II 26.3 (1996): 2409-2435.
Speidel, M.A., “Centurial Signs and the Battle Order of the Legions”, ZPE 154 (2005), 286-292.
————, Heer und Herrschaft im Römischen Reich der hohen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2009.
Review by M. Weiskopf: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-05-34.html
Stout, S.E., “Training Soldiers for the Roman Legion”, CJ 16 (1921): 423-431.
Syme, R., “Some Notes on the Legions under Augustus”, JRS 23 (1933): 14-33.
Thomas, C., “Claudius and the Roman Army Reforms”, Historia 53 (2004): 424-452.

Webster, G., The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D.3, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma
Press, 1998.
Review by A.A. Barrett: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-06-03.html
6.2 Auxiliary units and the army in the provinces
Alston, R., Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: A Social History, London: Routledge, 1995.
Review by S. Stephens: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1996/96.10.05.html
Bagnall, Roger S., “Army and Police in Roman Upper Egypt”, JARCE 14 (1977): 67-86.
Birley, E., “Pannonians in Roman Britain”, ZPE 73 (1988): 151-155.
Bloomaert, D.C., “Tribunus equitum singularium? Two Fragmentary Inscriptions concerning Egyptian Legionary Prefects”,
ZPE 78 (1989): 185-195.
Brewer, R.J. (ed.), Roman Fortresses and their Legions: Papers in honour of George C. Boon, London: Society of
Antiquaries of London, 2000.
Cheesman, G.L., The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army, Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1975.
Cuvigny, H., Ostraca de Krokodilô. La correspondence militaire et sa circulation (O. Krok. 1-151). Cairo: Institut français
d'archéologie orientale, 2005.
Review by T. Kruse: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-01-29.html
Daris, S., “Documenti minori dell’ esercito romano in Egitto”, ANRW II 10.1 (1988): 724-742.
————, “Le truppe ausiliarie romane in Egitto”, ANRW II 10.1 (1988): 743-766.
Davies, J.L., “Roman Arrowheads from Dinorben and the Sagitarii of the Roman Army”, Brittania 8 (1977): 257-270.
Devijver, H., “The Roman Army in Egypt (with Special Reference to the Militiae Equestres)”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 452-492.
————, “A New Roman Auxiliary Cohort in Egypt? P. Egypt. Mus. Inv. S.R. 3055”, ZPE 104 (1994): 69-72.
Dise, R.L., Jr., “The Recruitment and Assignment of Beneficiarii Consularis in the Danube Provinces”, AncW 28 (1997):
149-166.
Dobson, B. and J.C. Mann, “The Roman Army in Britain and Britons in the Roman Army”, Brittania 4 (1973): 191-205.
Fink, R.O., “The Cohors XX Palmyrenorum, a Cohors Equitata Miliaria”, TAPhA 78 (1947): 159-170.
Gilliam, J.F., “The Ordinarii and Ordinati of the Roman Army”, TAPhA 71 (1940): 127-148.
Gilliver, C.M., “Mons Graupius and the Role of Auxiliaries in Battle”, G&R 43 (1996): 54-67.
Hassall, M.W.C., “Batavians and the Roman Conquest of Britain”, Brittania 1 (1970): 131-136.
Henderson, B.W., “The Roman Legions in Britain, A.D. 43-72”, EHR 18 (1903): 1-23.
Holder, P.A., The Roman Army in Britain, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982.
————, “Auxiliary Units Entitled Aelia”, ZPE 122 (1998): 253-262.
Jarrett, M.G., “Non-Legionary Troops in Roman Britain: Part One, the Units”, Brittania 25 (1994): 35-77.

Jones, R.F.J., “The Roman Military Occupation of North-West Spain”, JRS 66 (1976): 45-66.
Kennedy, D.L., “Miliary Cohorts: The Evidence of Josephus, BJ III.4.2(67) and of Epigraphy”, ZPE 50 (1983): 253-263.
————, “The Composition of a Military Work Party in Roman Egypt (ILS 2483: Coptos)”, JEA 71 (1985): 156-160.
————, “The Construction of a Vexillation from the Army of Syria and the Origin of Alae Milliariae”, ZPE 61 (1985):
181-184.
———— (ed.), The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, MI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1996.
Review by A.D. Lee: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-02-03.html
————, “Ala Phrygum and Ala VII Phrygum”, ZPE 118 (1997): 300-304.
Kirwan, L.P., “Rome beyond the Southern Egyptian Frontier”, GJ 123 (1957): 13-19.
Knight, D.J., “The Movements of the Auxila from Augustus to Trajan”, ZPE 85 (1991): 189-208.
Kos, M.S., “The 15th Legion at Emona: Some Thoughts”, ZPE 109 (1995): 227-244.
M’Elderry, R.K., “The Second Legionary Camp in Palestine”, CQ 2 (1908): 110-113.
Mann, J.C., “A Note on the Numeri”, Hermes 82 (1954): 501-506.
————, “The Settlement of Veterans Discharged from Auxiliary Units Stationed in Britain”, Brittania 33 (2002): 183-
188.
Millar, F., The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. - A.D. 337, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Review by A.G. Keen: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1994/94.05.17.html
Mitchell, S., “Legio VII and the Garrison of Augustan Galatia”, CQ n.s. 26 (1976): 298-308.
Pavkovič, M.F., “Singulares Legati Legionis: Guards of a Legionary Legate or a Provincial Governor?”, ZPE 103 (1994):
223-228.
Peters, F.E., “Romans and Bedouin in Southern Syria”, JNES 37 (1978): 315-326.
Pollard, N., Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.
Review by G. Forsythe: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001-07-08.html
Pryce, F.N., “The Army List of Roman Britain”, British Museum Quarterly 5 (1930): 12-13.
Ramsay, W.M. and A.M. Ramsay, “Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor”, JRS 18 (1928): 181-190.
————, “Roman Garrisons and Soldiers in Asia Minor, Part II”, JRS 19 (1929): 155-160.
Rüsch, A., “Arae Flaviae. Die Militärlager und die Zivilseidlung in Rottweil am Neckar”, ANRW II 5.1 (1976): 560-600.
Saddington, D.B., “The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Augustus to Trajan”, ANRW II 3 (1975): 176-
201.
————, The Development of the Roman Auxiliary Forces from Caesar to Vespasian: 49 B.C. – A.D. 79, Harare:
University of Zimbabwe, 1982.
Scorpan, C., “Cohors I Cilicum at Sacidava and Scythia Minor”, JRS 71 (1981): 98-102.
Sherk, R.K., “Roman Imperial Troops in Macedonia and Achaea”, AJPh 78 (1957): 52-62.

Simpson, G., Britons and the Roman Army: A Study of Wales and the Southern Pennines in the 1st-3rd Centuries, London:
Gregg, 1964.
Southern, P., “The Numeri of the Roman Imperial Army”, Brittania 20 (1989): 81-140.
Speidel, M., “The Pedites Singulares Pannoniciani in Mauretania”, AJPh 93 (1972): 299-305.
————, “The Rise of Ethnic Units in the Roman Imperial Army”, ANRW II 3 (1975): 202-231.
————, “Citizen Cohorts in the Roman Imperial Army: New Data on the Cohorts Apula, Campana and III Campestris”,
TAPhA 106 (1976): 339-348.
————, “The Roman Army in Arabia”, ANRW II 8 (1977): 687-730.
————, “Legionaries from Asia Minor”, ANRW II 7.2 (1980): 730-746.
————, “Legionary Cohorts in Mauretania: The Role of Legionary Cohorts in the Structure of Expeditionary Armies”,
ANRW II 10.2 (1982): 850-860.
————, “Nubia’s Roman Garrison”, ANRW II 10.1 (1988): 767-798.
Swan, V., Ethnicity, Conquest and Recruitment: Two Case Studies from the Northern Military Provinces (Journal of Roman
Archaeology Supplement 72), Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2009.
Syme, R., “The Lower Danube under Trajan”, JRS 49 (1959): 26-33.
Woolliscroft, D.J. and B. Hoffmann, Rome’s First Frontier: the Flavian Occupation of Northern Scotland, Stroud: Tempus,
2006.
Worp, K.A., “Observations on Some Military Camps and Place Names in Lower Egypt”, ZPE 87 (1991): 291-295.
Zahariade, M., The Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army: From the First to the Third Century A.D. I. Auxilia, Cluj-
Napoca: Mega Publishing House, 2009.
Review by C. Davenport: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-07-09.html
6.3 Praetorians and other guard units
Charles, M.B., “Trajan’s Guard at Adamklissi: Infantry or Cavalry?”, Historia 53 (2004): 476-489.
Durry, M., Les Cohortes prétoriennes, Paris: Boccard, 1938.
Speidel, M., Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors’ Horse Guards, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.
6.4 Arms and armour
Bishop, M.C., Lorica Segmentata, Vol. I: A Handbook of Articulated Roman Plate Armour, Duns: Armatura, 2002.
Books, 2006.
Charlesworth, D. and J.H. Thornton, “Leather Found in Mediobogdum, the Roman Fort of Hardknott”, Brittania 4 (1973):
141-152.

D’Amato, R., and G. Sumner, Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier: From Marius to Commodus, 112 BC-AD
192, London: Frontline, 2009.
Deschler-Erb, E., Ad Arma! Römisches Militär des 1. Jahrhunderts n.Chr. in Augusta Raurica, Augst: Römermuseum
Augst, 1999.
Review by J.P. Holoka: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2002/2002-01-15.html

Greep, S.J., “Lead Sling-Shot from Windridge Farm, St. Albans and the Use of the Sling by the Roman Army in Britain”,
Brittania 18 (1987): 183-200.
Lang, J., “Study of the Metallography of some Roman Swords”, Brittania 19 (1988): 199-216.
MacMullen, R., “Inscriptions on Armor and the Supply of Arms in the Roman Empire”, AJA 64 (1960): 23-40.
Meucci, R., “Roman Military Instruments and the Lituus”, Galpin Society Journal 42 (1989): 85-97.

Thomas, M.D., Lorica Segmentata. Vol. II: A Catalogue of Finds, Duns: Armatura, 2003.
Review by R.H. Cowan: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-02-49.html
6.5 Cavalry
Dixon, K.R. and P. Southern, The Roman Cavalry: From the First to the Third Century AD, London: Routledge, 1997.
Alan, V.R. et al., “The Roman Fort at Cramond, Edinburgh: Excavations 1954-1966”, Brittania 5 (1974): 163-224.
Birley, R., “The Roman Legionary Fortress at Carpow, Perthshire”, Scottish Historical Review 42 (1963): 126-134.
Breeze, D.J. et al., “The Roman Fortlet at Barburgh Mill, Dumfiresshire”, Brittania 5 (1974): 130-162.
Breeze, D.J., J. Collingwood Bruce’s Handbook to the Roman Wall, 14th edition, Newcastle upon Tyne: Society of
Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2006.
Review by T.C. Rust: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-08-36.html
————, Edge of Empire: Rome’s Scottish Frontier, the Antonine Wall, Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2008.
Campbell, D.B., “The Roman Siege of Burnswark”, Brittania 34 (2003): 19-33.
Crummy, P., “Colchester: The Roman Fortress and the Development of the Colonia”, Brittania 8 (1977): 65-105.

Fox, A. et al., “The Roman Fort at Nanstallon, Cornwall”, Brittania 3 (1972): 56-111.
Haverfield, F., “Notes on the Roman Coast Defences of Britain, Especially in Yorkshire”, JRS 2 (1912): 201-214.

Hopewell, D. et al., “Roman Fort Environs in North-West Wales”, Brittania 36 (2005): 225-269.
Hopkins, C., “The Siege of Dura”, CJ 42 (1947): 251-259.
Johnson, S. et al., “Excavations at Hayton Roman Fort, 1975”, Brittania 9 (1978): 57-114.
Jones, G.D.B. and D.J. Woolliscroft, Hadrian’s Wall from the Air, Stroud: Tempus, 2001.
Review by K. Brodersen: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-03-37.html
Keppie, L.J.F. and J.J. Walker, “Auchendavy Roman Fort and Settlement”, Brittania 16 (1985): 29-35.
Richmond, I.A., “The Roman Siege-Works of Masada, Israel”, JRS 52 (1962): 142-155.
Riley, D.N., “Two New Roman Military Stations in Mid-Nottinghamshire”, Brittania 11 (1980): 330-335.
Adams, C.E.P., “Supplying the Roman Army: Q. Petr. 245”, ZPE 109 (1995): 119-124.
Alston, R., “Roman Military Pay from Caesar to Diocletian”, JRS 84 (1994): 113-123.
Beebe, H.K., “Caesaria Maritima: Its Strategic and Political Significance to Rome”, JNES 42 (1983): 195-207.
Bennett, J., “The Origins and Early History of the Pontic-Cappadocian Frontier”, AS 56 (2006): 77-93.
Brogan, O., “The Camel in Roman Tripolitania”, PBSR 22 (1954): 126-131.
Brunt, P.A., “Pay and Superannuation in the Roman Army”, PBSR 18 (1950): 50-71.
————, “Did Imperial Rome Disarm her Subjects?”, Phoenix 29 (1975): 260-270.
Burns, T.S., Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C. – A.D. 400, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Review by M. Kulikowski: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-25.html
Conole, P. and R.D. Milns, “Neronian Frontier Policy in the Balkans: The Career of Ti. Plautius Silvanus”, Historia 32
(1983): 183-200.
Davies, R.W., “The Roman Military Diet”, Brittania 2 (1971): 122-142.
Devine, A.M., “Arrian’s Tactica”, ANRW II 34.1 (1993): 312-337.
Dodgeon, M.H. and N.C. Lieu (edd.), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, London: Routledge, 1991-2002.
Donaldson, G.H., “Signalling Communications and the Roman Imperial Army”, Brittania 19 (1988): 349-356.
Drummond, S.K. and L.H. Nelson, The Western Frontiers of Imperial Rome, London: M.E. Sharpe, 1994.
Edwell, P.M., Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman Control,
London: Routledge, 2008.
Review by L. Gregoratti: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-08-29.html
Farnum, J.H., The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions, Oxford, Archaeopress, 2005.
Review by P. Probst: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2007/2007-09-52.html
Ferrill, A., Roman Imperial Grand Strategy, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991.
Heichelheim, F.M., “Supply Bases for Caracalla’s Parthian Campaign”, CPh 39 (1944): 113-115.

Jarrett, M.G., “An Unnecessary War”, Brittania 7 (1976): 145-151.
Luttwak, E., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century A.D. to the Third, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1976.
Martin, C., “The Legionary Hospital at Inchuthil”, Brittania 26 (1995): 309-312.
Mattern, S.P., Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Review by M. Peachin: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-06-03.html
Morgan, M.G., “The Opening Stages in the Battle for Cremona, or the Devil in the Details (Tacitus, Histories 3,15-18)”,
Historia 54 (2005): 198-209.
Oates, D., “The Roman Frontier in Northern Iraq”, Geographical Journal 122 (1956): 190-199.
Pitts, L.F., “Relations between Rome and the German ‘Kings’ on the Middle Danube in the First to Fourth Centuries A.D.”,
JRS 79 (1989): 45-58.
Richmond, I.A., “Palmyra under the Aegis of Rome”, JRS 53 (1963): 43-54.
Speidel, M.A., “Roman Army Pay Scales”, JRS 82 (1992): 87-106.
Stadter, P.A., “The Ars Tactica of Arrian: Tradition and Originality”, CPh 73 (1978): 117-128.
Vishnia, R.F., “The Shadow Army: The Lixae and the Roman Legions”, ZPE 139 (2002): 265-272.
Watson, G.R. “The Pay of the Roman Army: Suetonius, Dio and the quartum stipendium”, Historia 5 (1956): 332-340.
————, “The Pay of the Roman Army: The Auxiliary Forces”, Historia 8 (1959): 372-378.
Wells, C.M., The German Policy of Augustus: An Examination of the Archaeological Evidence, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1972.
Wheeler, E.L, “The Occasion of Arrian’s Tactica”, GRBS 19 (1978): 351-365.
————, Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery (Mnemosyne supplement 108), Leiden: Brill, 1988.
————, “Methodological Limits and the Mirage of Roman Strategy”, JMH 57 (1993): 7-41, 215-240.
6.8 Naval warfare
Belfigio, Valentine J., A Study of Ancient Roman Amphibious and Offensive Sea-Ground Task Force Operations, Lewiston,
NY: E. Mellen Press, 2001.
Bounegru, O. and M. Zahariade, Les Forces navales du Bas Danube et de la Mer Noire aux Ier – Ve siècles, Oxford: Oxbow
Books, 1996.
Gilliam, J.F., “A Roman Naval Roster: P Rylands 79”, CPh 48 (1953): 97-99.
Pitassi, M., The Navies of Rome, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009.

Review by M.B. Charles: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-12-22.html
Saddington, D.B., “The Origin and Nature of the German and British Fleets”, Brittania 21 (1990): 223-232.

Starr, C.G., Jr., The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C. – A.D. 324, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1941.
Ash, R., “An Exemplary Conflict: Tacitus’ Parthian Battle Narrative (Annals 6.34-35)”, Phoenix 53 (1999): 114-135.
Barrett, A.A., “The Military Situation in Britain in A.D. 47”, AJPh 100 (1979): 538-540.
Broughton, T.R.S., “Some Notes on the War with the Homonadeis”, AJPh 54 (1933): 134-144.
Bruun, C., “The Spurious ‘Expeditio Iudaeae’ under Trajan”, ZPE 93 (1992): 99-106.
Bosworth, A.B., “Arrian and the Alani”, HSPh 81 (1977): 217-255.
Davies, R.W., “The ‘Abortive Invasion’ of Britain by Gaius”, Historia 15 (1966): 124-128.
Downey, G., “Aurelian’s Victory over Zenobia at Immae, A.D. 272”, TAPhA 81 (1950): 57-68.
Fuks, A., “Aspects of the Jewish Revolt in A.D. 115-117”, JRS 51 (1961): 98-104.
Gilmartin, K., “Corbulo’s Campaigns in the East: An Analysis of Tacitus’ Account”, Historia 22 (1973): 583-626.
Hanson, W.S. and D.B. Campbell, “The Brigantes: From Clientage to Conquest”, Brittania 17 (1986): 73-89.
Jameson, S., “Chronology of the Campaigns of Aelius Gallus and C. Petronius”, JRS 58 (1968): 71-84.
Jones, B.W. “The Dating of Domitian’s War against the Chatti”, Historia 22 (1973): 79-90.
Keppie, L.J.F., “Legio VIII Augusta and the Claudian Invasion”, Brittania 2 (1971): 149-155.
Lepper, F.A., Trajan’s Parthian War, London: Oxford University Press, 1948.
Lightfoot, C.S., “Trajan’s Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective”, JRS 80 (1990): 115-126.
Longden, R.P., “Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan”, JRS 21 (1931): 1-35.
Minorsky, V., “Roman and Byzantine Campaigns in Atropatene”, BSOAS 11 (1944): 243-265.
Murdoch, A., Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2006.
Review by J. Lendering: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2006/2006-06-30.html
Oldfather, W.A., The Defeat of Varus and the German Frontier Policy of Augustus, New York: Johnson Reprint, 1967.
Philips, E.J., “The Emperor Gaius’ Abortive Invasion of Britain”, Historia 19 (1970): 369-374.
Platnauer, M., “On the Date of the Defeat of C. Pescennius Niger at Issus”, JRS 8 (1918): 146-153.
Rossi, L., Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars, London: Thames and Hudson, 1971.
Salmon, E.T., “Trajan’s Conquest of Dacia”, TAPhA 67 (1936): 83-105.
Speidel, M.P., “Valerius Valerianus in Charge of Septimus Severus’ Mesopotamian Campaign”, CPh 80 (1985): 321-326.
Starr, R.J., “Did Alfenus Varus Campaign in Germany?”, Historia 43 (1994): 249-252.
Tausend, K., “Bemerkungen zum Wandaleneinfall des Jahres 271”, Historia 48 (1999): 119-127.

Webster, G., “The Military Situations in Britain between A.D. 43 and 71”, Brittania 1 (1970): 179-187.
Wolters, R., Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald. Arminius, Varus und das römische Germanien, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2008.
Review by D.B. Cuff: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-07-74.html
7. The late Roman army
7.1 General works
Crump, G.A., “Ammianus and the Late Roman Army”, Historia 22 (1973): 91-103.
Dignas, B. and E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2007.
Review by A. Farahani: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-03-51.html
Drinkwater, J.F. The Alamanni and Rome 213-496 (Caracalla to Clovis), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Elton, H., Warfare in Roman Europe, A.D. 350-425, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
Gibbon, E. (ed. J.B. Bury), The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London: Methuen, 1896-1900.
Grosse, R.E., Römische Militärgeschichte von Gallenius bis zum Beginn der byzantinischen Themenverfassung, New York:
Arno Press, 1975.
Helgeland, J., “Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173-337”, ChHist 43 (1974): 149-163, 200.
Isaac, B., The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Review by D.S. Potter: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1990/01.01.12.html
————, “The Army in the Late Roman East: The Persian Wars and the Defense of the Byzantine Provinces” in A.
Cameron (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East III: States, Resources and Armies, Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1995, pp. 132-137.
Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire, 284-602, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Le Bohec, Y., L’armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris: Picard, 2006.
————, Das römische Heer in der Späten Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2010.
Review by M. Weiskopf: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2010/2010-10-77.html
Lee, A.D., War in Late Antiquity: A Social History, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.
Nicasie, M.J., Twilight of Empire: The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Battle of Adrianople,
Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1998.
Potter, D.S., The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, London: Routledge, 2004.
Review by D. Engels: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005-08-01.html
Southern, P. and K.R. Dixon, The Late Roman Army, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Review by H. Elton: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1997/97.02.16.html
7.2 Developments in strategy, tactics and technology
Bivar, A.D.H., “Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier”, DOP 26 (1972): 271-291.

Born, L.K., “Tanks and Roman Warfare”, CJ 23 (1928): 564-572.
Burns, T.S., Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, ca. 375-425 A.D.,
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
————, Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C. – A.D. 400, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
Review by M. Kulikowski: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-25.html
Charles, M.B., “The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire”, IA 42 (2007): 301-
346.
Dorjahn, A.P. and L.K. Born, “Vegetius on the Decay of the Roman Army”, CJ 30 (1934): 148-158.
Eadie, J.W., “The Development of Roman Mailed Cavalry”, JRS 57 (1967): 161-173.
Kaegi, W., “Constantine’s and Julian’s Strategies of Strategic Surprise against the Persians”, Athenaeum n.s. 59 (1981):
209-213.
Menéndez Arüín, A.R., “Evolución del armamento del legionario romano durante el s. III d.C. y su reflejo en las tácitcas”,
Habis 31 (2000): 327-344.
Parker, H.M.D., “The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine”, JRS 23 (1933): 175-189.
Rance, P., “Elephants in Warfare in Late Antiquity”, AAntHung 43 (2003): 355-384.
————, “Drungus, δροῦγγος and δρουγγιστί: A Gallicism and Continuity in late Roman Cavalry Tactics”, Phoenix 58
(2004): 96-130.
————, “The Fulcum, the Late Roman and Byzantine Testudo: The Germanization of Roman Infantry Tactics?”, GRBS
44 (2004): 362-326.
————, “The Etymologicum Magnum and the ‘Fragment of Urbicius’”, GRBS 47 (2007) 193-224.
Speidel, M.P., “Raising New Units for the Late Roman Army: Auxilia Palatina”, DOP 50 (1996): 163-170.
Tomlin, R., “Seniores-Iuniores in the Late-Roman Field Army”, AJPh 93 (1972): 253-278.
Wheeler, E.L., “The Legion as Phalanx”, Chiron 9 (1979): 303-318.
————, “The Legion as Phalanx in the Late Empire [I]” in Y. Le Bohec and C. Wolff (edd.), L’Armée romaine de
Dioclétien à Valentinien 1er, Actes du Congres de Lyon (12-14 septembre 2002), Paris: Boccard, 2004, pp. 309-358.
————, “The Legion as Phalanx in the Late Empire [II]”, Revue des études militaires anciennes 1 (2004): 147-175.
7.3 Arms and armour
Books, 2006.
James, S., “Evidence from Dura Europos for the Origins of Late Roman Helmets”, Syria 63 (1986): 107-134.
7.4 Fortifications, siege works and artillery
Davies, G., “Cremna in Pisidia: A Re-Appraisal of the Siege Works”, AS 50 (2000): 151-158.

Gregory, T.E., “The Late Roman Wall at Corinth”, Hesperia 48 (1979): 264-280.
Lightfoot, C.S., “Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)”, Historia 37 (1988): 105-125.
Petrikovits, H. von, “Fortifications in the North-Western Roman Empire from the Third to the Fifth Centuries A.D.”, JRS
61 (1971): 178-218.
7.5 Naval warfare
Dolley, R.H., “The Warships of the Later Roman Empire”, JRS 38 (1948): 47-53.
Austin, N.J.E., “Ammianus’ Account of the Adrianople Campaign: Some Strategic Observations”, AClass 15 (1972): 77-83.
————, “Julian at Ctesiphon: A Fresh Look at Ammianus’ Account”, Athenaeum n.s. 49 (1971): 301-309.
Blockley, R.C., “The Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians at the End of the Fourth Century A.D.”,
Historia 36 (1987): 222-234.
Browning, R., “Where was Attila’s Camp?”, JHS 73 (1953): 143-145.
Bruun, P., “The Battle of the Milvian Bridge: The Date Reconsidered”, Hermes 88 (1960): 361-370.
Bullough, V.L., “The Roman Empire vs. Persia, 363-502: A Study of Successful Deterrence”, Journal of Conflict
Resolution 7 (1963): 55-68.
Burns, T.S., “The Battle of Adrianople: A Reconsideration”, Historia 22 (1973) 336-345.
Burrell, E., “A Re-Examination of why Stilicho Abandoned his Pursuit of Alaric in 397”, Historia 53 (2004): 251-256.
Chalmers, W.R., “Eunapius, Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus on Julian’s Persian Expedition”, CQ n.s. 10 (1960): 152-
160.
Downey, G., “The Persian Campaign in Syria in A.D. 540”, Speculum 28 (1953): 340-348.
Ehrhardt, C., “Monumental Evidence for the Date of Constantine’s First War against Licinius”, AncW 23 (1992): 87-94.
Greatrex, G., Rome and Persia at War, 502-532, Leeds: Cairns, 1998.
Review by P. Riedelberger: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1998/1998-11-23.html
Hatt, J.-J. and J. Schwartz, “Le Champ de battaille de Oberhausbergen (357-1262)”, Bulletin de la Faculté des Lettres de
Strasbourg 42 (1964): 427-436.
Hughes, I., Belisarius: The Last Roman General, Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2009.
Review by N. Popov-Reynolds: http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-10-08.html
Kettenhofen, E., Die Römisch-persischen Kriege des 3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr., Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1982.
Pazdernik, C.F., “Procopius and Thucydides on the Labors of War: Belisarius and Brasidas in the Field”, TAPhA 130
(2000): 149-187.
Rance, P., “Narses and the Battle of Taginae (Busta Gallorum) 552: Procopius and Sixth-Century Warfare”, Historia 54
(2005): 424-472.
Ridley, R.T., “Notes on Julian’s Persian Expedition 363”, Historia 22 (1973): 317-330.

Speidel, M.P., “Maxentius and his Equites Singulares in the Battle at the Milvian Bridge”, ClAnt 5 (1986): 253-262.
Woods, D., “Ammianus versus Libanius on Barbatio’s Alleged Bridge across the Rhine”, Mnemosyne, ser. 4, 63 (2010):
110-116.

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This is a partial list of resources for Roman warfare.

Abbreviations of periodicals generally follow L'Année philologique:

COMPILATIONS OF ANCIENT SOURCES

3. The archaic and Servian periods and the early Republic

4. The manipular army

5. The army of the late Republic

6. The Imperial army

7. The late Roman army

Altheim, F., Römische Geschichte, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1948-1958.

Best, E.E., Jr., “The Literate Roman Soldier”, CJ 62 (1966): 122-127.

Burckhardt, L., Militärgeschichte der Antike, Munich: C. H. Beck, 2008.

Crawford, M.H., The Roman Republic2, London: Fontana, 1992.

De Sanctis, G., Storia dei Romani, Florence: La nuova Italia, 1956.

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 2

————, A Companion to the Roman Army, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007.

Gilliam, J.F., Roman Army Papers, Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1986.

Giuffrè, V., “Militum disciplina e ratio militaris”, ANRW II 13 (1980) 234-277.

————, Roman Warfare, London: Cassell, 2000.

Lendon, J.E., “The Roman Army Now”, CJ 99 (2004): 441-449.

Lloyd, A.B. (ed.), Battle in Antiquity, London: Duckworth, 1996.

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 3

McMullen, R., “The Legion as a Society”, Historia 33 (1984): 44-456.

Parker, H.M.D., The Roman Legions, Cambridge: Heffer, 1958.

Roth, J.P., Roman Warfare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Sabin, P., “The Face of Roman Battle”, JRS 90 (2000): 1-17.

Shotter, D., Rome and Her Empire, London: Longman, 2003.

Stoll, O., Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 2001.

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 4

Toynbee, A.J., Hannibal’s Legacy, London: Oxford University Press, 1965.

————, “Documentation in the Roman Army”, ANRW II 1 (1974): 493-507.

Wooliscroft, D.J., Roman Military Signalling, Stroud: Tempus, 2001.

————, The Roman Campagna in Classical Times, London: E. Benn, 1927.

Frier, B.W., “Points on the Topography of Minturnae”, Historia 18 (1969): 510-512.

Goodchild, R.G., “Roman Milestones in Cyrenaica”, PBSR 18 (1950): 83-91.

Johnson, J., “The Hill-Forts of Latium”, AJA 58 (1954): 146-147.

La Regina, A., “I territori sabellici e sannitici”, DdA 4-5 (1970-1971): 443-459.

Pohl, I., “Was early Ostia a Colony or a Fort?”, PP 38 (1983): 123-130.

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 5

Sommella, P., Antichi campi di battaglia in Italia, Rome: De Luca, 1967.

Wiseman, T.P., “Viae Anniae”, PBSR 32 (1964): 21-37.

————, “Viae Anniae Again”, PBSR 37 (1969): 82-91.

————, “Roman Republican Road-Building”, PBSR 38 (1970): 122-152.

3. The archaic and Servian periods and the early Republic

Arnim, H. von, “Ineditum Vaticanum”, Hermes 27 (1892): 118-130.

De Sanctis, G., “Le origini dell’ordinamento centuriato”, RFIC 11 (1933): 289-298.

Gjerstad, E., Early Rome, Lund: Gleerup, 1953-1973.

Last, H., “The Servian Reforms”, JRS 35 (1945): 30-48.

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 6

Ridley, R.T., “The Engima of Servius Tullius”, Klio 57 (1975): 147-177.

Rosenberger, V., “The Gallic Disaster”, CW 96 (2003): 365-373.

Schachermeyr, F., “Die gallische Katastrophe”, Klio 23 (1929): 277-305.

4. The manipular army

4.1 General works

Cadiou, F, “L'Armée et la guerre dans la Rome républicaine. Bibliographie”.

4.2 Roman expansion

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 7

Matthaei, L.E., “On the Classification of Roman Allies”, CQ 1 (1907): 182-204.

4.3 Development of the manipular army

Delbrück, H., “Die römische Manipulartaktik”, HZ 51 (1883): 239-264.

————, “Triarier und Leichtbewaffnete”, HZ 60 (1888): 238-254.

Fraccaro, P., “Accensi”, Athenaeum n.s. 5 (1927): 133-146.

bibliography_roman_warfare (October 2011) page 8

Head, D., “Orthodox Romans”, Slingshot 229 (2003): 16-20.