Group 9: Superbubbles

Abhiram Arora , Ioannis Koukoulis , Xinjie Zeng

May 16, 2022

 Introduction

Introduction - Governing Equations

superbubbles: structures formed by interaction of stellar winds

subject to a combination of instabilities (thermal, RT, KH, Vishniac)
Vishniac Instability giving the outer shell characteristic filamentary
structure

Modelled here by the Euler equations:

∂t ρ + ∇ · (ρv) = Sρ
∂t (ρv) + ∇ · (vρv) + ∇p = 0
∂t (e) + ∇ · (ve + v p) = Se
p = (γ − 1)(e − ρv 2 /2)

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 1 / 23

 Setup

Simulations based on the paper by Krause, M. et al. 2013:

2d Cartesian Grid, side of 400 pc
g
Homogeneous Initial Conditions (ρ0 = 10−22.5 cm 3 , T0 = 121K )

Periodic Boundary Conditions

Units normalized accordingly
5
Index γ = 3

Runs performed with 1,2 and 3 stars, each of radius 8 pc

Addition of optically thin radiative cooling term −ni ne Λ(T )

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 2 / 23

 Setup

Figure: Power law curve used for

Figure: Input curves for mass and
radiative cooling, adapted from Slyz
energy for the 3 different stars,
et al. 2005
adapted from Krause, M. et al. 2013.
A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 3 / 23
 Results

Simulation: Domain Decomposition Runs

Setup:

Scheme: TVDLF
Time-stepper: Fourstep
Limiter: minmod
Courant parameter: 0.1
Simulation time: 10 Myr

Video
8002 resolution run

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 Results

INSTABILITIES: Rayleigh Taylor, Kelvin Helmholtz, Vishniac, Thermal

Vishniac
Most prominent of all; seen as a spiky pattern on the shells;
develops when the shell decelerates.

Thermal
Linked to the VI, leads to higher densities in outer shell (a) Vishniac Instability:
Minière, J. et al. 2018

Rayleigh Taylor
Caused when light gas media pushes through a heavier gas
medium; more defined right after supernova

(b) Rayleigh Taylor

Kelvin Helmholtz Instability: taken from
’Interstellar Dust in Evolving
Caused when velocity differs across the interface of two gas 3D Supernova Shock Waves
mediums; typically seen on the inner layers of the shell in our - Lars Mattson’, YOUTUBE
runs

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 5 / 23

 Results

Simulations: Varying Resolutions

Resolutions considered : [502 , 1002 , 2002 , 4002 , 8002 ]
All runs made on the same computer
Number of Time-steps seem to scale linearly with resolution, expected
Run time has a nonlinear growth with resolution

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 Results

Simulations: Varying Resolutions

Scheme = ’TVDLF’, Limiter = ’Minmod’, Domain Decomposition

snapped at T = 8.53 Myr

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 Results

Comparison

Figure: at SN3(8.53 Myr), showing (left to right) 8002 , 4002 , 2002 , 1002

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 8 / 23

 Results

Convergence: Exact Radiative Cooling

Figure: Abs(Rho Difference) between 8002 and 4002

Setup:
at T=8.53 Myr with SN3 in frame

data for 8002 run has been interpolated to the data of other four lower resolution runs

Conclusion: major differences at the shells and NO Convergence

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 9 / 23

 Results

Convergence: Exact Radiative Cooling

Figure: Abs(Rho Difference) between 8002 and 4002 , 65pc

radius area

Setup:
at T=8.53 Myr with SN3 in frame

Selecting an area just inside the shell, at r=65pc

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 10 / 23

 Results

Convergence: No Radiative Cooling

Figure: Abs(Rho Difference) between 8002 and 4002

Setup:
at T=7.2 Myr

Runs without RC

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 Results

Peak Density Evolution

Figure: Max rho as a function of time

The different evolutions of density for the 2 resolutions also imply a lack of
convergence.
This result is also in accordance with that of the paper. The peaks are much
higher for the 8002 run - more prominent Vishniac and thermal Instabilities.
A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 12 / 23
 Results

Simulation: Domain Decomposition Vs AMR

Comparing 8002 run with no AMR against a 1002 run with 4 levels
of AMR

Setup(common for both):

Scheme: TVDLF
Time-stepper: Fourstep
Limiter: minmod
Courant parameter: 0.1
Video
8002 Vs 1002 x4 resolutions run
AMR run was 9.12 times faster with
≈30000 lesser iterations
A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven)
(de)Refinement mechanism:
Increment of Each grid level
doubles the numbers of cells
refine criterion=3 : Lohner
method used for error
estimation
grid refined when error
crosses a user defined
’refinement threshold’
grid derefined when error goes
below ’dere-
fine ratio*refinement threshold’
Superbubbles May 16, 2022 13 / 23
 Results

Different Limiters

Setup:

Scheme: TVDLF
Time-stepper: Fourstep
Grid number: 4002
Limiter: minmod, woodward, vanleer, koren
Courant parameter: 0.5

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 14 / 23

 Results

Different Limiters
Comparison in non-radiative case:

Figure: Density distribution at T=7.05 Myr for different flux limiters (left to
right: minmod, woodward, vanleer, koren)

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 Results

Different Limiters
Comparison in radiative case:

Figure: Density distribution at T=7.05 Myr for minmod, T=1.37 Myr for
woodward,T=3.08 Myr for vanleer, T=1.59 Myr for koren (left to right:
minmod, woodward, vanleer, koren)

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 16 / 23

 Results

Other Discretization Schemes

Comparison in non-radiative case:

h llh ll _hllc.png
Figure: Density distribution at the moment of the first SN (4.6 Myr) for
different discretization schemes (left to right: TVDLF, HLL, HLLC)

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 17 / 23

 Results

Figure: Horizontal velocity component

at t=4.6 Myr. TVDLF is on the left,
HLLC on the right, and their difference Figure: Snapshot from HLLC run with
is in the middle. AMR at the moment of the second SN.

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 Results

Conclusion

Figure: Corresponding Result

from the paper
Figure: 1D slice along x-direction at T=8.53 Myr such that the slice intersects
SN3 star

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 Results

Conclusion

Figure: corresponding plots from

the paper

Figure: (top)Retained energy plot from a 3 level AMR run

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 20 / 23

 Bibliography

References I

MPI-AMRVAC 2.2 Documentation.

http://amrvac.org/index.html.
Krause, M. et al. “Feedback by massive stars and the
emergence of superbubbles - I. Energy efficiency and
Vishniac instabilities”. In: A&A 550 (2013), A49. DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/201220060. URL:
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220060.
Minière, J. et al. “Numerical study of the Vishniac instability
in cooled supernova remnants”. In: A&A 617 (2018), A133.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201832663. URL :
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832663.

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 21 / 23

 Bibliography

References II
Adrianne D. Slyz et al. “Towards simulating star formation in
the interstellar medium”. In:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 356.2
(Jan. 2005), pp. 737–752. ISSN: 1365-2966. DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08494.x. URL:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-
2966.2004.08494.x.
E. T. Vishniac. “The dynamic and gravitational instabilities
of spherical shocks”. In: 274 (Nov. 1983), pp. 152–167. DOI:
10.1086/161433.
Ethan T. Vishniac and Dongsu Ryu. “On the Stability of
Decelerating Shocks”. In: 337 (Feb. 1989), p. 917. DOI:
10.1086/167161.

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 Bibliography

End of Presentation

Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

A. Arora, I. Koukoulis, X. Zeng (KU Leuven) Superbubbles May 16, 2022 23 / 23