ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2020-22 SYLLABUS

CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHS (9709)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

1. Representation of Data
1.1. Types of Data

Advantage: easily interpreted and comparisons can easily

be
made.

1.4. Histograms
1.2. Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams A bar chart which represents continuous data
Bars have no space between them
Used to represent data in its original form.
Area of each bar is proportional to frequency
Each piece of data split into 2 parts; stem & leaf.
Leaf can only by 1 digit and should be written in
F requency = F requency Density × Class Width
ascending order
Always include a key on your diagram. For open ended class width, double the size of previous
class width
and use this
If range ‘0 − 9’ then class width is ‘−0.5 ≤ x ≤ 9.5’

1.5. Cumulative Frequency Graphs

Upper quartile = 75
Lower quartile = 25

Interquartile Range = U pper Quartile − Lower Quart

When finding median & quartiles, draw in vertical and
horizontal
dashed lines.
Join points together with straight lines unless asked to
draw a
cumulative frequency curve

Advantage: contains accuracy of original data

1.6. Skewness
Symmetrical: Median line lies in the middle of the box (i.e.
1.3. Box-and-Whisker Plots UQ
– median = median – LQ)
Positively skewed: median line lies closer to LQ than UQ
Five figure summary: (i.e.
UQ – median > median – LQ)
Lowest and highest values Negatively skewed: median line lies closer to UQ than to
Lower and upper quartiles the LQ
(i.e. UQ – median < median – LQ)
Median
Mean & standard deviation most useful when data
roughly symmetrical
& contains no outliers
Median and interquartile range typically used if data
skewed or if
there are outliers.

2. Measure of Location

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Disadvantage: affected by extreme values

2.1. Mode
If data is grouped – use mid-point of group as x
Coded mean: if being used to calculate standard
Most common or most popular data value
deviation, can
be used as is else:
Only average that can be used for qualitative data
Not suitable if the data values are very varied ∑ (x − a)
Modal class: class with highest frequency density x= +a ​

2.2. Median
3. Measure of Spread
Middle value when data ordered
th
If n odd, median
= 12 (n + 1) value
​

3.1. Standard Deviation

If n even, median = 12 nth value
​

Not affected be extreme values Deviation from the mean is the difference from a value
from the mean
value
  The standard deviation is the average of all of these
Estimating Median from Grouped Frequency
Table: deviations
x Frequency f Cumulative Frequency If coded mean and sums given, use as it is, standard
10 − 20 4 4 deviation not
altered

20 − 25 8 12
25 − 35 5 17 3.2. Variance of Discrete Data
35 − 50 3 20 1
∑ (xi − x)2
​ ​

n
Solution:
Use cumulative frequency to find the middle value i.e. or

1
20 ÷ 2 = 10 ∑ x2i − x2
​ ​

n
∴ you are finding the 10th value Standard deviation is the square root of that
The 10th value lies between 20 and 25
3.3. Variance in Frequency Table
∑ (xi −x)2 fi ∑ x 2f
or ∑ ifi i − x2
​ ​ ​ ​

∑ fi ​
​

​
​

 
{W04-P06} Question 4:
The ages, x years, of 18 people attending an evening class
(12 − 4)  : (25 − 20) are
summarised by the following totals:
∑ x = 745, ∑ x2 = 33 951
(12 − 10)  : (25 − M edian) i. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the ages of
12 − 10 this group
of people.
25 − M edian = × (25 − 20) ii. One person leaves group and mean age of the remaining
12 − 4
​

17 people is
exactly 41 years. Find age of the person who left
M edian = 23.75 and standard
deviation of the ages of the remaining 17
people.
2.3. Mean Solution:
Part (i):
Sum of data divided by number of values
∑ x2 ∑x
σ= − x 2                                         x =
∑ xi
​ ​ ​

n n
x=
​

n σ = 13.2                                        x = 41.4
or
Part (ii):
∑ xi fi The total age of the 18 people
x=
​ ​

∑ fi
​

∑ x = 745
​

Important as it uses all the data values

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Find the total age of the 17 people  

{S08-P06} Question 7:
∑ x = 41 × 17 = 697 A die is biased so that the probability of throwing a 5 is 0.75
and
probabilities of throwing a 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 are all equal.
Subtract the two to get the age The die is
thrown thrice. Find the probability that the result is
745 − 697 = 48 years 1 followed by 5
followed by any even number.
Calculating the new standard deviation Solution:
Find the ∑ x2 of the 17 people Probability of getting a 1

∑ x2 = 33 951 − 482 = 31 647 1 − 0.75 = 0.25

Find the standard deviation 5 numbers ∴ 0.25 ÷ 5 = 0.05

Probability of getting a 5 = 0.75
31 647 Probability of getting an even number; can be 2, 4 or 6 ∴
σ= − (41)2 = 13.4
17
​ ​

0.05 × 3 = 0.15
 
{S13-P62} Question 2: Total probability
A summary of the speeds, x kilometres per hour, of 22 cars
passing a certain point gave the following information:
0.05 × 0.75 × 0.15 = 0.00563
2
=∑ (x − 50) = 81.4         and
        ∑ (x − 50) = 671.0
Find variance of speeds and hence find the value of ∑ x2 4.2. Mutually Exclusive Events
Solution:
Finding the variance using coded mean
Variance $= \frac{671.0}{22} - \left( \frac{81.4}{22} \right)^{2}
= 16.81$
Find the actual mean

∑ x = 81.4 + (22 × 50) = 1181.4

Put this back into variance formula

∑ x2 1181.4 2
16.81 = −( )
22
​ ​

n
2 events which have no common outcomes or can’t
∴ ∑ x2 = 2900.5 × 22 happen at the same
time.
Examples of MEEs:
∑ x2 = 63811 Looking Left & Looking Right.
Coin toss: Heads & Tails.
Cards: Kings & Aces.
4. Probability Examples of not MEEs:
Cards: Kings and Hearts. (we have Kings of Hearts)
4.1. Basic Rules Students: People who study French and Spanish
(some can study
both)
All probabilities lie between 0 and 1 Rules of MEEs:
P (A) = The probability of event  A P (A and B) = 0
P (A ) =   1 − P (A) = The
probability of not A
′

In other words, the probability of both events happening is 0,

To simplify a question, represent info in tree diagram:
because
they can’t occur at the same time.

P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B)

In other words, the probability of A or B happening, is just
their
individual probabilities being added together. Example:
P(Get King AND Queen) = 0
P(Get King OR Queen) = 1/13 + 1/13

Rules of Not MEEs:

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P (A and B) =
0 Since we are looking for P (Chosen), we have
to find every
possible way (every possible probability) that Jamie is
chosen,
Because of events can happen at the same time, so then sum them up.
probability of both
events happening is not 0. Part (ii)
This is a conditional probability question, and we have to look
P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B ) − P (A and B)
for
P (Attends ∣ Chosen).
When adding P(A) & P(B), we counted the “middle part” twice,
P (Attends and Chosen)
so we must
subtract it. P (Attends∣Chosen) =
P (Chosen)
​

Example:
P(Get Kings or Hearts) = 4/52 + 13/52 – 1/52 0.5
1/52 comes from the king of hearts P (Attends∣Chosen) = = 0.625
0.8
​

 
4.3. Conditional Probability Old Question Question 7:
Calculation of probability of one event given that another, Events A and B are such that
P (A) = 0.3,  P (B ) = 0.8
connected event, had occurred. and
P (A and B) = 0.4. State, giving a reason in
each case,
Conditional Probability formula: whether A and B are

P (A and B) 1. Independent
P (B ∣A) = 2. mutually exclusive
P (A)
​

Or, in another form: Solution:

Part (i)
P (A and B ) = P (A) P (B ∣A) A and B are not mutually exclusive because:
P (A and B) does not equal 0
"Probability of event A and event B equals the probability of Part (ii)
event A
times the probability of event B given event A has A and B are not independent because:
occurred" P (A) × P (B ) does not equal 0.4
Example:
Instead of using P (A and B) = 0 or
P (A and B) =
4 3 P (A) × P (B )
as a formula, we can also use it as a test to
P (Get 2 kings) = ×
52 51 see if such events satisfy
the conditions to be a Mutually
​ ​

Exclusive Event or Independent Event.

Both events are “Get a king” but since one king has been
 
picked up, the
next probability has changed. In other words,
3 {S11-P63} Question 4:
51 is
P (Get a king ∣ Get a king), the probability that you
​

Tim throws a fair die twice and notes the number on each
get a
king given that you’ve already gotten one. throw. Events
A, B, C are defined as follows.
  A: the number on the second throw is 5
{S07-P06} Question 2: B: the sum of the numbers is 6
Jamie is equally likely to attend or not to attend a training C: the product of the numbers is even
session
before a football match. If he attends, he is certain to By calculation find which pairs, if any, of the events A, B and
be chosen for
the team which plays in the match. If he does
C are
independent.
not attend, there is a
probability of 0.6 that he is chosen for Solution:
the team.
Probability of Event A = P(Any Number) × P(5)
1. Find probability that Jamie is chosen for team. 1 1
2. Find the probability that Jamie attended the training ∴ P (A) = 1 × =
6 6
​ ​

session, given
that he was chosen for the team
Finding the probability of Event B
Solution: Number of ways of getting a sum of 6:
Part (i) 5 and 1 1 and 5 4 and 2 2 and 4 3 and 3
Probability attends training and chosen
1 1 5
0.5 × 1 = 0.5 ∴ P (B ) = ( × )×5=
6 6 36
​ ​ ​

Probability does not attend and chose Finding the probability of Event C
0.5 × 0.6 = 0.3 One minus method; you get an odd only when odd multiplies
Total probability by another
odd number:

P (Chosen) = 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.8

3 3

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3 3 The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a

1 − P (C ) = ×
6 6
​ ​

line is n!
1 − P (C ) represents the probability of getting an odd
when Total arrangements for a word with repeated letters:
doing the product of the two numbers, which can only occur
when an
odd number is multiplied by another odd number (Number of Letters)!
which is
36 × 36 . This method is much easier because
if one (Repeated Letter)!
​

​ ​

does a direct method, they will have to count Even ×

Even
and Even × Odd. If more than one letter repeated, multiply the factorial of the
repeated
in the denominator
Making P (C ) the subject gives us:
Total arrangements when two people be together:
3
∴ P (C ) = Consider the two people as one unit
4
​

For an independent event,

P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B) Example:
In a group of 10, if A and B have to sit next to each other,
1 how many
arrangements are there?
P (A and B) =  P (1 and 5) =
36 Solution:
​

= 
 P (A)  ×  P (B) (9!) × (2!)
3
P (A and C) =  P [(2, 5) +  (4, 5) +  (6, 5)] = 2! is necessary because A and B can swap places
36
​

If question asks for two people

not to be next to each
= 
 P (A)  ×  P (C) other,
simply find total arrangements (10!) and subtract
2 the impossible
i.e. (9!) × (2!)
P (B and C) =  P [(2, 4) +  (4, 2)] =
36
​

Total arrangements when items cannot be together:

= 
 P (B)  ×  P (C) Example:
In how many ways can the letters in the word SUCCESS be
∴ none are independent. arranged if no
two S’s are next to one another?
As said from the previous worked question, we use the Solution:
equation P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B)
not as a formula
but as a test to see whether two events are
independent or
not.

4.4. Independent Events

S has 5 different places in can be placed into.
Events that are not connected to each other in any way,
From previous note, we must divide by repeated letters
or the next
event does not rely from the previous event. No. of Arrangements = 4! 2! ×
5×4×3 = 120
3!​ ​

Examples of Independent events:

Coin tosses 5.2. Combination
Dice rolling
Examples of not Independent events: The number of ways of selecting r objects
from n unlike
Picking a ball from a bag (The next probability will objects is:
increase
due to a decrease in the number of balls in
the bag) n n!
  Cr =
r! (n − r)!
​ ​ ​

Multiplication Law for IEs:

P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B) Order does not matter

In other words, the probability that events A and B occur is 5.3. Permutations
just by
multiplying them.
The number of ordered arrangements of r objects taken

5. Permutations and from n unlike

objects is:

n!
Combinations n
  Pr
​ ​ =
(n − r)!
​

Order matters
5.1. Factorial

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In Luttley College; 60 of students are boys. Students can

6. Probability Distribution choose
exactly one of Games, Drama or Music on Friday
afternoons. 75 of
the boys choose Games, 10 choose Drama
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable and remainder choose Music.
Of the girls, 30choose Games,
is a
listing of the possible values of the variable and the 55 choose Drama and
remainder choose Music. 5 drama
corresponding
probabilities students are chosen. Find the
probability that at least 1 of
Total of all probability always equals 1 them is a boy.
Can calculate unknowns in a probability distribution by Solution:
summing them
to equal 1 First, we calculate the probability of selecting a boy who is a
  drama
student; a conditional probability:
{S05-P06} Question 3: P (Boy∣Drama)
A fair dice has four faces. One face is coloured pink, one is P (S ) =
P (Drama)
​

orange,
one is green and one is black. Five such dice are
thrown and the number
that fall on a green face is counted. P (S ) =
The random variable X is the
number of dice that fall on a P (Boy) × P (Drama)
green face. Draw up a table for
probability distribution of X, (P (Boy) × P (Drama)) + (P (Girl) × P (Drama))
​

giving your answers correct

to 4 d.p.
Solution: 0.6 × 0.1 3
P (S ) = =
(0.6 × 0.1) + (0.4 × 0.55) 14
​ ​

This is a binomial distribution where the probability of

success is
14 and the number of trials is 5
We can calculate the probability there is at least 1 boy
​

1 3
x n−x present from 5
drama students using a binomial distribution
P (X = x) = nCx ( ) ( ) 3
with 5 trials and P of
success = 14
4 4
​ ​
​

Find probability of 0 and subtract answer from 1:

The dice are rolled five times thus the number of green faces
one can
get ranges from 0 to 5 P (X ≥ 1) = 1 − P (X = 0)
Use formula to obtain probabilities e.g. P (X = 1) ,
3 0 11 5
P (X ≥ 1) = 1 − 5C5 × ( ) ×( )
1 1 3 4 14 14
​ ​ ​

P (X = 1) = 5C1 ( ) ( ) = 0.3955
4 4
​ ​ ​

P (X ≥ 1) = 0.701
Thus, draw up a probability distribution table
8. Discrete Random Variables
8.1. Probability Distribution Tables
7. Binomial Distribution To calculate the expected value of a random variable or
its mean:
Conditions:
E (x) = μ = ∑ xi pi ​ ​

Only 2 possible outcomes & are mutually exclusive

Fixed number of n trials To calculate the variance of a random variable, first
Outcomes of each trial independent of each other calculate the
expected value of a random variable
Probability of success at each trial is constant squared

P (X = x) =n  Cx × px × q (n−x)
​ ​

E (x2 ) = ∑ (xi )2 × pi ​ ​

Where p = probability of success Finally, to calculate the variance

q = failure = (1 − p)
n = number of trials σ 2 = ∑ (xi − μ)2 pi = ∑ x2i pi − μ2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

A binomial distribution can be written as:

 
X ∼ B(n,  p) {W11-P63} Question 3:
A factory makes a large number of ropes with lengths either
 
3m or 5m.
There are four times as many ropes of length 3m
{W11-P62} Question 6:

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

as there are ropes of

length 5m. One rope is chosen at
8.3. Geometric Distribution
random. Find the expectation and
variance of its length.
Solution:
X ∼ Geo(p)
From information given, calculate probabilities

4 A Geometric distribution can be written as:

P (3m Rope) =
5
​

P (X = x) = p(1 − p)x−1
1
P (5m Rope) = p = Probability of success
5
​

Only for x ≥ 1 and x a positive integer

Calculate expectation/mean Mean of a Geometric Distribution:‎
4 1
E (x) = ∑ xi pi = (3 × ) + (5 × ) = 3.4 μ=
1
5 5
​ ​ ​ ​

p
Calculate expectation squared {‎ S20-P51}‎Question 1:‎
The score when two fair six-sided dice are thrown is the s‎ um
4 1
E (x2 ) = ∑ (xi )2 × pi = (32 × ) + (52 × ) = 12.2 of the two numbers on the upper faces
5 5
​ ​ ​ ​

1
a) Show that the probability that the score is 4 is 12 ‎ ​

Calculate the variance The two dice are thrown repeatedly until a score of 4 is
‎obtained. The number of throws taken is denoted by the
σ 2 = ∑ x2i pi − μ2 = 12.2 − (3.42 ) = 0.64
​ ​
‎random variable X .‎
b) Find the mean of X .
c) Find the probability that a score of 4 is first ‎obtained on
8.2. Binomial Distribution the 6th throw.‎
d) Find P (X < 8)
X ∼ B(n,  p) Solution:
To calculate the expected value of a random variable or Part (a)
‎
To get a score of 4, there are 3 ways to do it:‎
its mean
with a binomial distribution:
0+4
E (x) = μ = np ‎
To calculate the variance:
1+3
2
σ = np(1 − p) ‎

  2+2
{S11-P63} Question 6:
The probability that Sue completes a Sudoku puzzle correctly ‎
is 0.75.
Sue attempts 14 Sudoku puzzles every month. The So now we calculate each probability then add them up:‎
number that she
completes successfully is denoted by X .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Find the value of X that
has the highest probability. You may ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) =
6 6 6 6 6 6 12
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

assume that this value is one of

the two values closest to the
mean of X .
Part (b)
Solution: 1
This is a geometric distribution; its mean must be
μ =
Calculate the mean of X p ​

1
Because p = 12 ​

E (X ) = 14 × 0.75 = 10.5
∴ μ = 12
Successful puzzles completed has to be a whole number so
can either be
10 or 11. Part (c)
First obtained in the 6th throw means
P (X = x), using the
10 4
P (10) = 14C10 × 0.75 × 0.25 = 0.220​

formula for geometric mean:

P (11) = 14C11 × 0.7511 × 0.253 = 0.240 1 1

6−1
P (X = 6) = ( ) (1 − )
​

12 12
​ ​

Probability with 11 is higher ∴

P (X = x) ≈ 0.0539
X = 11
Part (d)

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Finding P (X < 8) means that we must sum all the 9.2. Standardizing a Normal Distribution
probabilities from
x = 0 to x = 7. Let us use the summation
notation to make
calculations much simpler To convert a statement about X ∼ N (μ,  σ 2 ) to a
7 n−1 statement about N (0, 1), use the standardization
equation:
1 1
∑ (1 − ) X −μ
12 12
​ ​ ​

n=1 Z= ​

σ
7
1 11 n−1
= ∑( ) 9.3. Finding Probabilities
12 n=1 12
​ ​

This is just a geometric series since our r is between -1 and 1, Example:

−1 < r < 1. Let us use the formula of the sum of geometric For a random variable X with normal distribution
series: X  ∼  N (20,  42 )
N
1 − rN Solution:
∑ a (r)n−1 = a
1−r
​ ​

n=1
1. Find the probability of P (X ≤ 25)
Applying it:
Standardize the probability
7 7
1 11
n−1
1 1 − ( 11
12 ) 25 − 20
∑( ) =
​

Z= = 1.25
12 n=1 12 12 1 − 11 4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

12 ​

1 Search for this value in normal tables

Both the 12 cancels, leaving us with:
​

7 Φ (1.25) = 0.8944
11
1−( ) ≈ 0.456
12 2. Find the probability of P (X ≥ 25)
​

Change from greater than to less than using:

9. The Normal Distribution
P (Z ≥ a) = 1 − P (Z ≤ a)

P (X ≥ 25) = 1 − P (X ≤ 25)
Using the probability from above

P (X ≥ 25) = 1 − 0.8944 = 0.1057

3. Find the probability of P (X ≤ 12)

 
{W13-P61} Question 1: Standardize the probability
It is given that X ∼ N (30, 49), Y ∼ N (30,  16) and
Z ∼
N (50,  16). On a single diagram, with the horizontal axis 12 − 20
Z= = −2
going from 0 to 70, sketch 3 curves to represent the 4
distributions of
X,  Y and Z . Change from negative value to positive by:
Solution:
For X , plot center of curve at 30 and calculate
σ = 49 ​
P (Z ≤ −a) = 1 − P (Z ≤ a)
Plot 3 × σ to the left and right i.e. 30 − 21 = 9
and 30 +
P (Z ≤ −2) = 1 − P (Z ≤ 2)
21 = 51. Follow example for the other curves.
Search for 2 in the normal tables

P (Z ≤ −2) = 1 − 0.9773 = 0.0228

4. Find the probability of P (10 ≤ X ≤ 30)

Split inequality into two using:

P (a ≤ Z ≤ b) = P (Z ≤ b) − P (Z ≤ a)

P (10 ≤ X ≤ 30) = P (X ≤ 30) − P (X ≤ 10)

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Standardize values Standardize it

= P (Z ≤ 2.5) − P (Z ≤ −2.5) 13.05 − 9.9

=1
3.15
​

Convert negative value to positive

Convert the greater than sign to less than
= P (Z ≤ 2.5) − (1 − P (Z ≤ 2.5))
P (Z > 1) = 1 − P (Z < 1)
Search for 2.5 in the normal tables
Find probability of 1 and find P (Z > 1)
= 0.9938 − (1 − 0.9938) = 0.9876
P (Z > 1) = 1 − 0.841 = 0.1587
9.4. Using Normal Tables Given Double probability as both sides taken into account
Probabilities 0.1587 × 2 = 0.3174
{S12-P61} Question 6: Multiply probability with sample
The lengths of body feathers of a particular species of bird 0.3174 × 1000 = 317 birds
are
modelled by a normal distribution. A researcher
measures the lengths of
a random sample of 600 feathers
and finds that 63 are less than 6 cm
long and 155 are more
9.5. Approximation of Binomial
than 12 cm long. Distribution
i. Find estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the
lengths of
body feathers of birds of this species. The normal distribution can be used as an approximation
ii. In a random sample of 1000 body feathers from birds of to the
binomial distribution
this species,
how many would the researcher expect to find For a binomial to be converted to normal, then:
with lengths more than
1 standard deviation from the mean?
Solution: For X∼ B(n,  p) where q = 1 − p:
Part (i): np > 5 and nq > 5
Interpreting the question and finding probabilities:
If conditions are met then:
P (X < 6) = 0.105 P (X > 12) = 0.258
For X < 6, the probability cannot be found on the tables X ∼ B (n,  p)    ⇔    V ∼ N (np,  npq )
which
means it is behind the mean and therefore we must
find 1− and
assume probability is negative
9.6. Continuity Correction Factor (e.g. 6)
−P (X < 6) = 0.895
Binomial Normal
Using the standardization formula and working back from x  =  6 5.5 ≤ x ≤ 6.5
the table as we
are given probability
x  >  6 x ≥ 6.5
6−μ x  ≥  6 x ≥ 5.5
= −1.253
​

σ
x  <  6 x ≤ 5.5
Convert the greater than sign to less than x  ≤  6 x ≤ 6.5
P (X > 12) = 1 − P (X < 12)
{S09-P06} Question 3:
P (X < 12) = 1 − 0.258 = 0.742 On a certain road 20% of the vehicles are trucks, 16% are
buses and
remainder are cars. A random sample of 125
Work back from table and use standardization formula vehicles is taken. Using a
suitable approximation, find the
probability that more than 73 are cars.
(12 − μ)
= 0.650
​
Solution:
σ Find the probability of cars
Solve simultaneous equations
σ = 3.15 and μ = 9.9 1 − (0.16 + 0.2) = 0.64
Part (ii): Form a binomial distribution equation
Greater than 1sd from μ means both sides of the graph
however
area symmetrical ∴ find greater & double it X ∼ B(125,  0.64)
Using values calculated from (i)
Check if normal approximation can be used
P (X > (9.9 + 3.15) = P (X > 13.05) 125 × 0.64 = 80 and 125 × (1 − 0.64) = 45

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Both values are greater than 5 so normal can be used 73.5 − 80

Z= = −1.211
28.8
​

X  ∼  B (125,  0.64)   ⇔    V   ∼  N (80,  28.8)

​

As it is a negative value, we must one minus again

Apply the continuity correction
1 − (1 − P (Z < −1.211) = P (Z < 1.211)
P (X > 73) = P (X ≥ 73.5)
Using the normal tables
Finding the probability
P = 0.8871
P (X ≥ 73.5) = 1 − P (X ≤ 73.5)

Standardize it

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Maths (9709)

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