13.

The letters, in the table below, represent substances that are pure or made by dissolving
certain chemicals either in water or in another pure substance.
Answer the questions that follow. Each letter may be more than once.

Letter Substance
P Dilute ethanoic acid
Q Aqueous potassium nitrate
R Aqueous ammonia
S Aqueous silver nitrate
T Hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene
U Dilute hydrochloric acid
V Concentrated nitric acid

(a) Which substances can turn red litmus paper blue? (1)

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(b) Explain why U can produce hydrogen gas when added to zinc powder but not T. (1)

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(c) Besides U, which other substances produce hydrogen gas with zinc powder? (1)

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(d) Which mixture(s) can discharge a metal during electrolysis? (1)

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(e) When hot carbon is added to V, water is produced together with two gases. One of the gases
formed a white precipitate with limewater; the other is an acidic reddish-brown gas.

(i) Using actual chemical symbols, write the equation for the reaction. (1)

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(ii) Explain the chemical changes in carbon and the role of V. (1)

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14. 20.0 g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate were heated very strongly until
no further loss in mass. The residue weighed 15.0 g.

(a) Which of the two carbonates is stable to heat? Give a reason for your answer. (2)

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(b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place during the heating. (1)

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(c) Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate present in the mixture. (2)

(d) Describe how silicon dioxide impurity is removed during the extraction of iron in the blast
furnace. (2)

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