BwZnv‡m e¨w³i f~wgKv : Dwbk kZ‡Ki KjKvZv I wW‡ivwRI

†gvnv¤§` AvRg

e¨w³ KL‡bv KL‡bv wb‡Ri m„wókxjZvq Avi ˆecøweK mvd‡j¨ BwZnvm‡K AwZµg K‡i hvb e‡U; wKš‘ BwZnv‡mi
ev¯Íe cUf~wg‡ZB Zuvi f~wgKv I wmw×| BwZnv‡mi MwZ‡iLvq e¨w³i Ae¯’vbwU‡K wP‡b wb‡q Zuvi K…wZ I K…wZ‡Z¡i
g~j¨vqb ZvB †Kej myweavRbKB bq, jvfRbKI e‡U| †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i Ab¨ DcvqI Aek¨ _v‡K bv|
huv‡`i †ÿ‡Î _v‡K, A_©vr huviv AZxZ‡K fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K ïay †U‡b wb‡q hvb bv, eis mg‡qi MwZ‡K e`‡j w`‡q
†Lv` BwZnv‡mi bvqK n‡q I‡Vb, Zuv‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI HwZnvwmK cvVB me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki cvV| GB wbe‡Ü wW‡ivwRI
cv‡Vi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Zuv‡K HwZnvwmK cUf~wg †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kie bv|
evsjvi BwZnv‡m Dwbk kZ‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ †ek †PvLauvav‡bv| wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ I Rxeb‡ev‡ai bZzb‡Z¡ Ges D‡jøL‡hvM¨
msL¨K eo gv‡ci gvby‡li c`PviYvq H mg‡qi KjKvZv wQj gyLi| G †PvLauvav‡bv gyLiZv‡K Z‡ZvwaK gwngvq
KxwZ©Z Kivi GKUv †iIqvR AvaywbK evOvwj weØrmgv‡R LyeB myjf| wecix‡Z bvbv mxgve×Zv wb‡`©k K‡i G
gwngvKxZ©b‡K m‡›`n Kivi cÖeYZvI `yj©f bq| ( KweivR 1997) Avgiv g~j¨ Av‡ivc †_‡K h_vm¤¢e weiZ †_‡K
BwZnv‡mi avivevwnKZv ev †Q‡`i wbwi‡L mgqcÖevn‡K †`L‡Z PvBe; Avi GB wbwi‡L eyS‡Z PvBe wW‡ivwRIi
HwZnvwmK f~wgKv I Zvrch©|

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Dwbk kZ‡K KjKvZvi evOvwj mgv‡R Avg~j cwieZ©bm~PK RvMiY msNwVZ n‡qwQj| G RvMiY‡K
†i‡bmuvm ejv n‡e wK n‡e bv, wKsev g~j¨ wePv‡i Gi fv‡jv-g›` KZUv Ñ Zv wb‡q weZ‡K©i †kl
†bB| (KweivR 1997) wKš‘ cwieZ©bUv †h e¨vcK I Mfxi wQj, eo NUbv I eo gv‡ci gvby‡li
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z KjKvZv †h H kZ‡K cÖvYPÂj n‡q D‡VwQj, Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| GLv‡b Ôeo
NUbvÕ ej‡Z †evSvw”Q †m ai‡bi NUbv‡K, hvi Av‡M-c‡i mgvR GKiKg _v‡Kwb| Ôeo gv‡ci
gvbylÕ ejwQ Zuv‡`i‡K, huviv wbR-wbR MwÛ Qvwo‡q †`k I `‡ki Rb¨ Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb,
(ivq 1992) Zv †mB †`k I `‡ki msÁv_© wb‡q hZB gZwe‡iva _vKzK bv †Kb| mvgwóKfv‡e
g‡bvRM‡Zi cwieZ©bUvI wQj ˆecøweK| (†PŠayix 1408)
Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqva© †_‡KB evOvwj weØrmgvR G RvMiY m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK m‡PZbZv †`Lv‡Z ïiæ
K‡i| iwPZ nq AmsL¨ BwZe„Ë| (KweivR 1997) ¯^fveZB Gme BwZe„‡Ë nvwRi n‡Z _v‡Kb
gnvgwng e¨w³eM© Ñ Zuv‡`i K…wZ I cÖfve wb‡q; Avi kbv³ Kiv nq cwieZ©‡bi aviv-cÖeYZv-
ci¤úiv| me †ÿ‡ÎB wW‡ivwRI nvwRi †_‡K‡Qb ¸iæZ¡ I kª×v m‡gZ| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvK,
webq †Nvl wW‡ivwRI‡K †`‡L‡Qb ivg‡gvnb ivq I Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii ga¨eZ©x D¾¡jZg
†R¨vwZ®‹ iƒ‡c| (webq 1961) Abœ`vk¼i ivq wj‡L‡Qb : Ôhw` ivg‡gvnb‡K †i‡bmuv‡mi Avw`cyiæl
bv e‡j †idi‡gk‡bi Avw`cyiæl ewj, Z‡e †i‡bmuv‡mi Avw`cyiæl ej‡Z nq wW‡ivwRI‡KÕ| (ivq
1999) huviv Zuvi GZUv ¸iæZ¡ BwZnvmm¤§Z bq g‡b K‡ib, ZuvivI Zuvi Rb¨ e¨q K‡i‡Qb A‡bK
K c„ôv Ñ Zuv‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv m¤¢e nqwb|
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Dwbk kZ‡Ki gyL¨ Kzkxje‡`i mv‡_ D”PvwiZ n‡jI ivg‡gvnb ev we`¨vmvM‡ii Zzjbvq wW‡ivwRIi
K…wZ‡Z¡i aibUv wKš‘ wfbœ| AKvjcÖqvZ GB wPihyev Zuvi e¨w³MZ AR©‡bi SzwjwU Ab¨‡`i g‡Zv
K‡i fwi‡q †Zvjvi mgq cvbwb; wKš‘ m¤¢ve¨ ¯^íZg mg‡qi g‡a¨B Ab¨ A‡bK e¨w³i Ôe¨w³‡Z¡Õi
Drm wnmv‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| AšÍZ c‡biRb (¸n 1988 : 17) K…wZ e¨w³
ÔwW‡ivwRqvbÕ bv‡g cwiPq w`‡q ev cwiwPZ n‡q wW‡ivwRI‡K BwZnv‡mi GKwU wewkó mxgvq Agi
K‡i †i‡L‡Q| wW‡ivwRIi g~j¨vqb ZvB Av`‡Z wW‡ivwRqvb‡`iB ch©v‡jvPbv|
ÔBqs‡e½jÕ bv‡g e¨vcKfv‡e cwiwPZ wW‡ivwRqvbiv ¸iæi g„Zz¨i mvj †c‡iv‡Z bv †c‡iv‡ZB
Avwef©~Z n‡qwQ‡jb `j wnmv‡e| Zuv‡`i cvi¯úwiK eÜb AUzU wQj cÖvq g„Zz¨ZK| Avi ¸iæi ¯§„wZ
I wkÿvi cÖwZ wek¦¯Í †_‡KB Zuviv cÖvq mevB Kg©gyLi Rxeb hvcb K‡iwQ‡jb| (miKvi 1981 :
21) 1831 mv‡jB enquerer I ÔÁvbv‡š^lYÕ bv‡gi h_vµ‡g Bs‡iwR I evsjv mvgwqKc‡Î Zuv‡`i
cÖKvwkZ n‡Z †`wL| Av‡iv c‡i Zuviv cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb Ô†e½j †¯ú‡±UiÕ bv‡gi cÖfvekvjx
cwÎKv| AšÍZ cuvPwU cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb Zuviv| G¸‡jvi cvZvq wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i Kg©gyLiZv I
wPšÍvkxjZvi Qvc my¯úófv‡e gyw`ªZ Av‡Q|
wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i wPšÍv I ZrciZv‡K Gfv‡e m~Îe× Kiv hvq : K) gvbeZvev`, hyw³ev`,
e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i wbwi‡L Ñ GKK_vq BD‡ivcxq ey‡R©vqv wjev‡ij `„wófw½‡Z Zuviv wb‡R‡`i M‡o
Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| d‡j wn›`y-fvi‡Zi cyivbv a¨vb-aviYv, ag©, Kzms¯‹vi, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` Zuv‡`i
†Pv‡L cwiZ¨vR¨ g‡b n‡q‡Q| Zuviv mZx`vn-wb‡iva AvB‡bi cÖeZ©‡b Djøvm cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb,
weaevweevn cÖPjb I eûweevn †iva Av‡›`vj‡b mwµq mg_©b e¨³ K‡i‡Qb, K_vq I Kv‡R
j‡o‡Qb bvbv Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡×| (KweivR 1997, kv¯¿x 1957, miKvi 1981)
L) weªwUk kvmbvaxb fviZel©xq‡`i PvKzwi I evwY‡R¨i my‡hvM e„w×i Rb¨ Zuviv Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Qb|
A¨vWvg w¯§_, wgj I †eš’v‡gi wPšÍvq cÖfvweZ Gme ZiæY gy³evwY‡R¨i c‡ÿ Kjg Pvwj‡q‡Qb
A‡bKevi; fviZxq‡`i wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ Kiv ev wewb‡qv‡Mi AvBbMZ my‡hvM ˆZwii Rb¨ weªwUk
miKv‡ii `„wó AvKl©Y KivI Zuv‡`i Kg©h‡Ái Ask wQj| (KweivR 1997, kv¯¿x 1957, miKvi
1981)
K…lK‡`i e¨vcv‡i Zuv‡`i wjßZv g‡b ivLvi g‡Zv| we‡klZ AvB‡bi KovKwo‡Z ivq‡Zi †KvYVvmv
Ae¯’v wKsev bvbv DwQjvq †ewk LvRbv Av`v‡qi g‡Zv cÖm½ Zuv‡`i e³…Zv-cÖeÜ-Av‡jvPbvq evievi
D‡V G‡m‡Q| Zuviv wKQz K…wl-ms¯‹viI `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb| Ô†e½j weªwUk BwÛqv †mvmvBwUÕi cÿ †_‡K
K…l‡Ki Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© GK wek` wi‡cvU© ˆZwii D‡`¨vM †bqv nq| G wi‡cvU© iPbvi cÖ¯‘wZ wnmv‡e
cwÎKvi cvZvq GK¸”Q cÖkœ †Q‡c †ei Kiv nq| (KweivR 1997)
M) Ôbe¨e‡½i cÖ_g hy‡Mi †bZ…e„›`Õ e‡j wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb wkebv_ kv¯¿x| ev¯ÍweK
A‡bK eQi a‡i Zuviv †bZ…‡Z¡i f~wgKvB cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| GKw`‡K miKv‡ii c`¯’ Avgjv wnmv‡e
Zuv‡`i †KD †KD mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K fviZ-weª‡Ub m¤úK©-Dbœq‡bi
wbwg‡Ë Kvh©Ki me mfvmwgwZ MVb K‡i Zuviv weªwUk-fviZxq ivRbxwZi †MvovcËb K‡iwQ‡jb|
1843 mv‡ji 20 GwcÖj Ô†e½j weªwUk BwÛqv †mvmvBwUÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| 1851 mv‡j nq ÔweªwUk
BwÛqv G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ| `y‡Uv‡ZB Bqs †e½jiv mwµq f~wgKv iv‡L| ( miKvi 1981)
wkebv_ kv¯¿x jÿ K‡i‡Qb, 1834 mvj †_‡K kn‡ii D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvq me Av‡qvR‡bB G ZiæYKzj
nvZ w`‡Z ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri GKUv j¤^v d`© w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡Z mgvRms¯‹vi
Av‡›`vjb, gy`ªYh‡š¿i ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb, wkÿv-Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cvewjK jvB‡eªwi
cÖwZôv ch©šÍ wewPÎ D‡`¨vM-Av‡qvR‡bi D‡jøL †`Lv hvq| (kv¯¿x 1957)
wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i K…wZZ¡ Zuv‡`i e¨w³MZ †Zv e‡UB; GKB mv‡_ Zv wW‡ivwRIiI K…wZZ¡| Zvi KviY,
Av‡MB e‡jwQ, Guiv †h Av‡`Š GKUv †K‡Rv HK¨ ev mg‡SvZvq _vK‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, Zv wW‡ivwRIi
Rb¨B m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ g~j KviY G bq| g~j KviY : cÖ_gZ, †h wkÿv-ˆPZb¨-g~j¨‡eva-†cÖiYv
Zuv‡`i cwiPvwjZ K‡iwQj Zvi me©Rb¯^xK…Z Drm wW‡ivwRI; wØZxqZ, wW‡ivwRIi RxeÏkvq Zuvi
ZË¡veav‡bB Guiv G avivi KvR mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb|

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AKvjg„Zz¨ †nbwi jyB wfwfqvb wW‡ivwRIi (1809Ñ31) e¨w³MZ K…wZ‡Z¡ eva mva‡jI Zuvi
Kg©eûjZv Ges eûgyLx cÖwZfvq Avgiv wew¯§Z bv n‡q cvwi bv| QvÎ wnmv‡e wZwb wQ‡jb
eûcÖkswmZ-c`KcÖvß K…Zx wkÿv_©x| Awfbq, Ave„wË, e³…Zvi g‡Zv mnwkÿv Kvh©µ‡gI cÖwZfvi
Qvc †i‡L‡Qb Aí eq‡mB| (Avng` 1995 : 94) Kwe wnmv‡e Zuvi wKQz L¨vwZ n‡qwQj| Aí
eq‡mB Zuvi eû cÖeÜ mgKvjxb myaxR‡bi `„wó †K‡o‡Q| ejv hvq, Kwe I cÖvewÜK wnmv‡e Ges
GKRb K…Zwe`¨ ZiæY wnmv‡eB wW‡ivwRI wn›`y K‡j‡R †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 85)
Gici ïiæ Zuvi Rxe‡bi g~j ce©| e³v, †jLK, Kwe, Kg©x I wPšÍvbvqK wW‡ivwRI‡K cv‡k †i‡L
Gmgq eo n‡q I‡Vb wkÿK wW‡ivwRI| wkebv_ kv¯¿x †h fvlvq G wkÿ‡Ki gwngvKxZ©b K‡i‡Qb,
c¨vixPuv` wgÎ I Ab¨ A‡b‡K †hfv‡e GB wkÿK‡K wPwýZ-wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb, Zvi D×…wZ bv w`‡qI G
K_v †Rv‡ii mv‡_ ejv hvq Ñ wW‡ivwRI Av‡iv eûw`b wbwLj wkÿKmgv‡Ri Cl©vfvRb _vK‡eb|
Aek¨ wZwb †Zv †Kej wn›`yK‡j‡Ri wQ‡jb bv Ñ wQ‡jb Av‡iv eû Ziæ‡Yi wkÿK| GKw`‡K wZwb
wb‡Ri cÖ¯‘wZ-MfxiZv-we¯Ívi eywS‡q †`b Kv‡›Ui e¨w³Z¡LwPZ mgv‡jvPbv K‡i; Ab¨w`‡K
MYe³…Zvi welq wnmv‡e `k©b, mgvRZË¡, BwZnvm I ˆbwZKZv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wPwb‡q †`b wb‡Ri
aib| ejv P‡j wW‡ivwRI wQ‡jb hy‡Mi wkÿK| wKš‘ e¨vcviwU ey‡S IVvi Rb¨ cwiPq †bqv `iKvi
†mB hy‡Mi|

4
Dwbk kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq `k‡K Bs‡iR kvm‡bi eqm AšÍZ Qq `kK AwZµg K‡i‡Q| ejv hvq,
kvmK wnmv‡e Bs‡iRiv ZLb AwZµg Ki‡Q wØZxq avc; hLb †Kej ïé Av`v‡qi wmav-mij
DcvqwU Avi KvR KiwQj bv, eis ÔivR¨kvm‡bÕi Av‡iv `k bxwZwbq‡g Zv‡`i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z
nw”Qj| KjKvZvq Zwχb wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cvIqv Rwg`viKzj Bs‡iR kvm‡bi mn‡hvMx wnmv‡e
†ek RuvwK‡q e‡m‡Q; Ab¨w`‡K †ewbqv-gyrmywÏ †kªYxi GKUv eo `j h‡_ó m¤ú` mÂq K‡i cÖfve-
cÖwZcwË nvwmj K‡i‡Q| weˇhv‡Mi mv‡_ mv‡_B `iKvi c‡o‡Q mvs¯‹…wZK AvwfRv‡Z¨i| †Kej
kvm‡Ki fvlv-wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ‡ZB †mB AvwfRvZ¨ AwR©Z n‡Z cviZ| KjKvZvi D”P‡kªYxwU †h
Bs‡iwR wkÿvi Rb¨ e¨vKzj n‡qwQj, wbwðZfv‡e GUvB Zvi KviY| g‡b ivLv `iKvi, wn›`y
K‡j‡Ri D‡`¨vM abx I m¤£všÍ evOvwjivB wb‡q‡Qb| Giv †Muvov wn›`y mgv‡Ri AMÖMY¨ e¨w³| (†Nvl
2000)
kn‡ii ga¨weË I wbgœwe‡Ëi msL¨v wbðqB A‡bK †ewk wQj| Zv‡`i `iKvi wQj A‡_©i| Avi
A‡_©i mv‡_ cÖ_g †_‡KB Bs‡iwRi †hvM AwZ cÖZ¨ÿ| Ômvgvb¨ Bs‡iwR wkL‡j †ewbqvwb Kiv hvq,
mv‡ne‡`i †nŠ‡m PvKwi cvIqv hvq| ZvB ÔbZzb hy‡M †h-we`¨vi †MŠie I gh©v`v evo‡Z jvMj
mgv‡R, †m nj Bs‡iwRwe`¨v I cvðvZ¨we`¨v|Õ (‡Nvl 2000 : 20)
G ev¯ÍeZv Bs‡iwR †kLvi cÖwZ Kx Mfxi AvMÖn ˆZwi K‡iwQj, Zvi cwiPq cvB wkebv_ kv¯¿xi
eY©bvq| Zuvi fvlvq : BsivRx wkÿv PvB, BsivRx wkÿv PvB GB ie †`‡ki me©Î aŸwbZ nB‡ZwQj|
GgbwK ÔBsivRx wkÿv cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri QvÎMY Gmgq wkÿvKwgUxi wbKU GK
`iLv¯Í †cÖiY KwijÕ| Ab¨Î wj‡L‡Qb : †WwfW †nqvi Zuvi ¯‹z‡j fwZ©cÖv_©x‡`i Aby‡iv‡a Dc‡iv‡a
D˨³ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| evwUi Ôevwni nB‡jB `‡j `‡j evjK Ñ me poor boy, have pity on me,
me take in your school ewjqv Zuvnvi cvéxi `yB av‡i QzwUZÕ| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 46) †WwfW
†nqv‡ii g„Zz¨‡Z KjKvZvq †h gvZg D‡VwQj, (kv¯¿x 1957 : 151) Zv wbtm‡›`‡n knievmxi
Bs‡iwRwkÿvRwbZ K…ZÁZviB ewntcÖKvk|
Bs‡iwR wkÿv cÖPj‡bi ev¯ÍeZv †evSvi Rb¨ KjKvZvi BD‡ivcxq I A¨vs‡jv-BwÛqvb mgvRwUi
K_vI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡e wgkbvwi‡`i D‡`¨vM| wLª÷a‡g© `xwÿZ e¨w³‡`i Rb¨
wgkbvwiivB Bs‡iwR wkÿvi e¨e¯’v K‡i| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 72) Z‡e cÖ_g Bs‡iwR wkÿv ïiæ nq
wdwiw½‡`i ¯‹z‡j| (‡Nvl 2000 : 20) Zvi †P‡qI eo K_v, KjKvZvq Zwχb BD‡ivcxq Avi
A¨vs‡jv-BwÛqvb mgvRwU ïay AvKv‡i-cÖKv‡iB eo nqwb, bvbv Kvi‡Y †`kxq D”P‡kªYxi m‡½I hy³
n‡q c‡owQj| cwðgv wkÿv cÖPj‡b Zv‡`i f~wgKv GB mshyw³i ev¯ÍeZvB g‡b Kwi‡q †`q|
wkÿvi cÖ_g avc wQj kãv_© wk‡L gwbe‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cviv| kv¯¿x gkvq Zuvi weL¨vZ
eY©bvq e‡j‡Qb, ZLb †KD †KD bvgZv †Nvlv‡bvi g‡Zv K‡i Bs‡iwR k‡ãi A_© †kLvZ| wKš‘
µgk cwðgv we`¨v †kLv‡bvi g‡Zv cwiw¯’wZ ˆZwi nq| wn›`y K‡jR wQj †mB we`¨vwkÿvi †ÿÎ|
D”PZi †kªYxi cvV¨m~wP‡Z wQj mvwnZ¨, gb¯ÍË¡, BwZnvm, MwYZ, weÁvb, f~Zwe`¨v I f~‡Mvj| cÖwZwU
†ÿ‡ÎB bvbv AvKi MÖš’ Aek¨cvV¨ wQj| (Avng` 1995 : 19) eû L¨vwZgvb we`» Aa¨vcK wn›`y
K‡j‡R wkÿKZv K‡i‡Qb| cyiv e¨vcviUvB K‡jvwbqvj iv‡óª D™¢Z ~ ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
n‡q‡Q Ñ ivóªxq cwiKíbv Avi bxwZwba©viK‡`i civgk© †gvZv‡eKB n‡q‡Q| fviZxq‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi
K_v †f‡e Gm‡ei cwiKíbv nqwb| (¸n 1988 : 9) wKš‘ †Kv‡bv cwiKíbvi djB †m cwiKíbvi
g‡a¨ AvU‡K _v‡K bv| Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i wkÿv-cwiKíbvi mydj Zviv cy‡ivcywiB †fvM K‡i‡Q|
wKš‘ Zv‡`i cwiKíbvi evB‡i wkwÿZ mgv‡R A‡bK Dcv`vbB mwÂZ n‡q‡Q, hv Zv‡`i Rb¨ myLKi
wQj bv| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbKvj Ry‡o Avgiv eû‡ÿ‡Î G ev¯ÍeZv cÖZ¨ÿ K‡iwQ|
wW‡ivwRIi Avwef©ve-gyn~‡Z© KjKvZvi hyM-cwiw¯’wZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv GLv‡b Bs‡iwR
wkÿv cÖPj‡bi †LuvR wb‡qwQ| Avm‡j Bs‡iwR wkÿvi cÖPjb I cÖmviB wQj g~j e¨vcvi| evwK¸‡jvi
†ewki fvMB Gi dj ev AbyMvgx gvÎ| mswkøó eû e¨w³ I NUbv †mKvj‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡i‡Q|
D`vniY wnmv‡e ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi K_v ejv hvq| cÖK…wZ‡Z G‡Kev‡iB wgjnxb n‡jI ivg‡gvnb
A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i c~e©m~wi| Zuv‡`i ms¯‹vi-cÖ¯Ív‡ei A‡bK¸‡jvB iv‡qi wPšÍv I K‡g©
Dcw¯’Z wQj| mZx`vn †jvc Av‡›`vjb †Zv KjKvZvi wn›`ymgv‡R msNwUZ mKj ms¯‹vi
Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖiYv¯’j| ms¯‹…Z I Aviwei wecix‡Z Bs‡iwR wkÿvi c‡ÿ ivg‡gvn‡bi †h AUj
Ae¯’vb, Zvi avivevwnKZvB cvIqv hvq wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i g‡a¨| (miKvi 1981) Avevi Bs‡iwR
wkÿvMÖnY I H wkÿvi c„ô‡cvlKZv, cwðgv †KZv AbymiY Avi wkíevwYR¨-D‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
cw_K…‡Zi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb ØviKvbv_ VvKzi| wZwbI Bqs‡e½j‡`i c~e©eZ©x| d‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q,
a generation without fathers and children e‡j Bqs‡e½j‡`i cwiPq †`qvi †h †iIqvR,
(miKvi 1981 : 21) Zv †gv‡UB h_v_© bq|
wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i wPšÍv‡PZbv I Kg©Kv‡Ûi GKUv mvgvwRK wfwË †h KjKvZvq Av‡M †_‡KB ˆZwi
nw”Qj, Zvi GK bwRi Ôe½`~ZÕ cwÎKv| K‡qKRb Bs‡iR I Bs‡iwR wkwÿZ evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi
cÖ‡Póvq Ô†e½j †niv‡ìÕi mnPi Ôe½`~ZÕ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1829 mv‡ji 10 †g| GB cwÎKvq
Ô†MŠ‡oÕ ga¨we‡Ëi DÌvb wel‡q m‡PZbZvi cÖgvY †g‡j| Aeva evwYR¨bxwZi mg_©‡b Ges
†Kv¤úvwbi GK‡PwUqv evwY‡R¨i weiæ‡× GKvwaK cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ nq| ZvQvov Bsj¨v‡Ûi DbœZ
kvmbcÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi-†evSvi AvMÖnI G‡Z cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| (KweivR 1997 : 15-20)
wbðqB cy‡iv fviZel© wKsev evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx G †PZbvi evnK wQj bv| wKš‘ KjKvZvi wbqš¿K
AskwU GKUv Ôbehy‡MÕ c`vc©Y K‡iwQj| kvmKcÿ, Bs‡iR I A¨vs‡jvmgvR Ges evOvwj ga¨weË
GK‡hv‡M †mB behyM‡K iƒcvwqZ KiwQj| wkebv_ kv¯¿xi eûj-D×…Z kbvw³‡Z kvmK-kvwm‡Zi
†gje܇biB cwiPq †g‡j| Zuvi g‡Z : ÔBsivR c‡ÿ †gK‡j I †ew›U¼ GB behy‡Mi mviw_
n‡qwQ‡jb| †`kxq c‡ÿ ivg‡gvnb ivq, †WwfW †nqvi I wW‡ivwRI GB cyiælÎq mvi_¨Kv‡h©i fvi
jBqvwQ‡jbÕ| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 95)

5
cÖkœ nj, wW‡ivwRIB †Kb bZzb hy‡Mi bqv fve-¯^fv‡ei †K›`ª n‡q DV‡jb| H we‡kl gyn~‡Z©
mvgvwRK RiæiZ I AvKv•ÿv hLb h‡_ó †Rviv‡jv Avi µgcÖmvigvY wQj, ZLb wW‡ivwRIi
cÖfv‡ei wewkóZvB ev †Kv_vq? Gme cÖ‡kœi Reve mgKvjxb ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨B LyuR‡Z n‡e| e¨w³i
cÖwZfvq wKsev e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK bvbv AR©‡b e¨vL¨v-A‡hvM¨ A-†jŠwKKZv _vK‡jI _vK‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘
†jŠwKK e¨vL¨v-we‡kølYB †Kej Kv‡R Av‡m|
†mw`K †_‡K †`L‡j, wW‡ivwRIi e¨w³¯^fve I cÖwZfvi aib, Zuvi mvgvwRK cÖwZ‡ek Ges
KjKvZvi ZiæY mgv‡Ri cÖeYZv we‡kølY K‡i wW‡ivwRI-mvd‡j¨i KviY¸‡jv eyS‡Z n‡e|
wW‡ivwRI wbðqB fv‡jv wkÿK wQ‡jb| A_©vr, fv‡jv wkÿ‡Ki †KŠkjMZ ¸Yvewj Zuvi Avq‡Ë
wQj| DËg e³v wQ‡jb wZwb Ñ G ¸YwUI hy³ n‡q‡Q Zuvi wkÿK-mËvq| Avi Zuvi wkÿvcÖYvwji
g‡a¨ hyw³kxjZvi †h AevwiZ Aby‡gv`b wQj, wkÿv_©x‡K cv‡V hy³ K‡i †bqvi †ÿ‡Î †h mvdj¨
wQj, Zvi cwiPq †Zv Avgiv eû eY©bvq †c‡qwQ| ejv hvq, cÖvwZôvwbK MwÛi g‡a¨ GKRb wkÿK
hZUv K¨vwik‡gwUK n‡Z cv‡ib, wW‡ivwRI Zvi meUzKzB AvZ¥mvr K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Zuvi
wkÿKmËvi g~j cwiPq †Zv K¬v‡mi †fZ‡i bq Ñ evB‡i| Avgiv †R‡bwQ, wW‡ivwRI K¬v‡mi evB‡i
wbqwgZ e³…Zv w`‡Zb| G Z_¨ cÖgvY K‡i Zuvi ejevi ev †kLvevi K_v wQj| Avgiv Av‡iv
†R‡bwQ, Gme e³…Zvq eû QvÎ-hyev Dcw¯’Z _vKZ Ñ wn›`y K‡j‡Ri †Zv e‡UB, Ab¨ Bs‡iwR
we`¨vj‡qi ZiæYivI| G †_‡K †evSv hvq, †kLvi GKUv mvgvwRK AvMÖnI ˆZwi wQj| †kLv‡bvi I
†kLvi hyMcr AvMÖ‡n ˆZwi n‡qwQj mvgvwRK cUf~wg|
†kLv‡bvi welq Kx wQj, ev †kLvi? wbwØ©avq ejv hvq, BD‡ivcxq ÁvbweÁv‡bi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Ask Zuv‡`i PP©vi A½xf~Z n‡qwQj| me A‡_©B ZLb G we`¨vi evRvi wQj, AvwfRvZ¨ wQj| (¸n
1988 : 22) G †ÿ‡Î wW‡ivwRI m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ GB †h, we`¨vi †h aibUv ev †h kvLv¸‡jv
cÖfvekvjx wQj, Zvi meUv‡ZB wZwb D”Pv‡½i ey¨rcwË AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| (Avng` 1995 : 220-
21)
GiKg ey¨rcbœ †jvK KjKvZvq Av‡iv wQj| Zuv‡`i m‡½ wW‡ivwRIi g~j cv_©K¨ wQj m¤¢eZ GB †h,
wW‡ivwRI eq‡m ZiæY| Zviæ‡Y¨i Av‡eM I Kg©ÿgZvi mv‡_ welqMZ ey¨rcwËB m¤¢eZ Zuv‡K hyM-
wkÿ‡Ki Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡iwQj| Zuvi PP©vi aibUvI wQj AMÖmi| A¨vKv‡WwgK G‡mvwm‡qkb
MVb K‡i we‡kl †KZvq wPšÍv I we`¨vPP©vi XswU BD‡iv‡ci AMÖmi PP©vi Xs †_‡KB wZwb MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Qv·`i mv‡_ GKUv wbweo m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ n‡Z †c‡iwQj| wkÿK-QvÎ
m¤ú‡K©i ¯’‡j ˆZwi n‡qwQj ¸iæ-wkl¨ m¤úK©|
cov‡kvbvi we¯Í…wZ-MfxiZvi evB‡i Av‡iv A‡bK ¸Y wQj wW‡ivwRIi| Av‡MB e‡jwQ, Kwe-cÖvewÜK
wnmv‡e L¨vZ n‡qB wn›`y K‡j‡R †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| wQ‡jb mr, `„p‡PZv, Kg©V Avi wbR
wek¦v‡m-wm×v‡šÍ AUj| mZZv I ˆbwZKZvi cÖPviK wQ‡jb wZwb| wb‡RI wQ‡jb Gi ev¯Íe g~wZ©|
c`Z¨vMc‡Î Ges DBjmb mv‡ne‡K †jLv j¤^v wPwV‡Z Zuvi †h e¨w³Z¡ dz‡U D‡V‡Q, Zv ixwZgZ
mgxn-RvMv‡bv| ( Avng` 1995 : 47-49) wW‡ivwRqvbiv wbðqB Zuvi g‡a¨ Zuv‡`i Kíbvi Bs‡iR
gbxlv I gbxlx‡K Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj|
wW‡ivwRI cZ©ywMR es‡kv™¢~Z wdwiw½| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 83) HwZnvwmKiv Z_¨wU‡K G‡Kev‡iB
Avg‡j Av‡bbwb| wKš‘, Avgv‡`i aviYv, Z_¨wU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Ôwdwiw½Õ cwiPq †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK
ÔcZ©ywMRÕ cwiPqI| †hgb, wdwiw½ e‡jB m¤¢eZ wW‡ivwRI †WweW Wªg‡Ûi ¯‹z‡j c‡owQ‡jb|
KweZ¡, mvwnZ¨ I `k©‡b cvwÛZ¨, ¯^vaxbZvi ˆPZb¨, bvw¯ÍK¨ Ñ BZ¨vw` †h me ¸‡Y wkebv_ kv¯¿x
WªgÛ‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb, (kv¯¿x 1957 : 84) Zv‡Z cwi®‹vi †evSv hvq, wW‡ivwRIi mvwe©K e¨w³‡Z¡
Wªg‡Ûi cÖfve Abc‡bq| KjKvZvi BD‡ivcxq mgv‡R Wªg‡Ûi g‡Zv Av‡iv A‡b‡KB wQ‡jb, huviv
cwðgv ey‡R©vqv ˆPZb¨ Ges ÁvbPP©vi h_v_© DËivwaKvi enb Ki‡Zb| KjKvZvi ÔAvaywbKvq‡bÕi
cÖ_g hvgvbvq GB BD‡iv-mgvRwUi e¨vcK-Mfxi cÖfve Avgiv LwZ‡q †`wLwb| ivg‡gvnb ivq Ges
ØviKvbv_ VvKz‡ii Bs‡iR-mvnPh©I †Kej Z_¨ wnmv‡e †_‡K †M‡Q| A_P G‡Kev‡iB ev¯Íem¤§Z
Kvi‡Y I cÖ‡qvR‡b KjKvZvi A¨vs‡jv-mgvR BD‡ivcxq we`¨v Avi cÖvP¨we`¨vi PP©v K‡i‡Q| Gu‡`i
A‡b‡K BD‡iv‡ci mv‡c‡ÿI fv‡jv cwÛZ wQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i mvnPh© evOvwj D”PweË I ga¨we‡Ëi
g‡a¨ Ávb I ms¯‹„wZMZ AbyKi‡Yi †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q| wdwiw½ wnmv‡e wW‡ivwRIi c‡ÿ A‡bK
mn‡RB ‡mB iæwP, ˆbwZKZv, Ávb Avi gwngv AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q, hv evOvwj ZiæY‡`i Kv‡Q wQj
cig AvKv•ÿvi ab|
BD‡ivcxq kvmK‡kªYx Avi A-kvmK mgv‡Ri ¯^v‡_©i Ø›ØI ¯§iYxq| Ø›Ø wQj wbðqB Bs‡iR I A-
Bs‡iR ¯^v‡_©I| fvev Aev¯Íe bq †h, Rv‡Z cZ©ywMR nIqvUv wW‡ivwRIi Bs‡iRkvmbbxwZi
eûgvwÎK mgv‡jvPbv, †bwUf‡`i cÖwZ cÿcvZ Ges †Kv¤úvwbi GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨-we‡ivwaZvq Mfxi
cÖ‡Yv`bv hywM‡q‡Q| GWIqvW©K…Z wW‡ivwRIi cÖvgvY¨ RxebxMÖ‡š’ Zuv‡K g~jZ A¨vs‡jv-BwÛqvb †bZv
wnmv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| (miKvi 2000 : 31)
Dwbk kZ‡Ki KjKvZvi BwZnv‡m wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i cÖavb †h Ae`vb, Zvi †cQ‡bI A¨vs‡jv
mgv‡Ri f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Zuv‡`i cÖavb Ae`vbUv Kx? my‡kvfb miKvi wj‡L‡Qb : contemporary
society was shocked beyond measure by the doings of Derozians| (miKvi 1981 : 20)
kv¯¿x wj‡L‡Qb : ÔGiƒc Rbie DwVqvwQj †h, wn›`y K‡j‡Ri mgy`q fv‡jv fv‡jv QvÎ wLª÷ag©
Aej¤^b Kwi‡eÕ| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 107) ¯§iY Kiv hvK ew¼gP‡›`ªi †mB weL¨vZ gšÍe¨ : g`¨, gyiMx
I †UKPuv`x ev½vjv GKKv‡j cÖPwjZ nBqv fÆvPvh© †Mvôx‡K AvKzj Kwiqv Zzwjj| mgv‡Ri g‡a¨
GB †h Av‡jvob, SuvKzwb, mgvR‡K mnmv mPwKZ K‡i †Zvjv Ñ ejv hvq, GUvB wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i
cÖavb Ae`vb| mgv‡Ri GKUv iƒcvšÍi †Zv Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡YB NUwQj| wKš‘ G axi
j‡qi iƒcvšÍi mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi Avi bvbv cyivbv eÜb‡K Kvey Ki‡Z cviwQj bv| ÔivMx I †Rw`Õ
wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i cÖPÛZvq A‡bK euvabB AvjMv n‡q †Mj| Am¤¢e bq †h, GB cwiewZ©Z
cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi wbR©xe eªvþmgvR GK hyM c‡i k³ mvgvwRK wf‡Z `uvov‡Z
†c‡iwQj|
G‡ÿ‡Î KjKvZvi A¨vs‡jv mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ GB †h, Zv‡`i mv‡_ mvgvwRK m¤úK© _vKvq ZiæY
evOvwj mgv‡Ri c‡ÿ BD‡ivcxq ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY I ˆbwZKZv m¤ú‡K© GKUv ev¯Íe aviYv
cvIqv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| wkebv_ kv¯¿x Rvbv‡”Qb : ÔwW‡ivwRIi fe‡b wn›`y Kv‡j‡Ri AMÖmi
evjKw`‡Mi wn›`ymgvR-wbwl× cvb-†fvR‡bi Af¨vm nBqvwQj| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 86) Ab¨ BD‡ivcxq
fe‡bI evjK‡`i `vIqvZ nZ| Zviv †mLv‡b myivcv‡b Af¨¯Í nZ| (kv¯¿x 1957 : 86)
wW‡ivwRIi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mv‡_I G ZiæY‡`i m¤úK© wQj Mfxi| ÔDrK…óÕ mgv‡Ri cwiPq
Gi ga¨ w`‡q Zuv‡`i g‡b wbðqB †Mu‡_ wM‡qwQj| Zuviv †h wn›`y ag© I mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ wek¦vm-
ms¯‹vi‡K cwinvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, Zvi †Rvi Zuviv †c‡q‡Qb cwiwPZ BD‡iv-mgv‡Ri †kªô‡Z¡i
aviYv †_‡K| d‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q, wdwiw½ nIqvUv bvbvfv‡e wW‡ivwRIi hyM-wkÿK n‡q IVvi †ÿ‡Î
AvbyK~j¨ hywM‡q‡Q|
eû AvbyK~‡j¨i mv‡_ ARmª ¸Y Avi K‡g©v‡`¨vM wgwj‡q hy‡Mi cÖavb fve‡K aviY Ki‡Z cviv Ges
†mB fve Qwo‡q †`qvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv e¨w³Z¡ me Kv‡jB weij| wW‡ivwRI †mB weijcÖR cyiæl
wnmv‡eB BwZnv‡m m¤§vwbZ n‡eb|

6
Jcwb‡ewkK fvi‡Zi †cÖÿvc‡U wW‡ivwRI Ges wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i †ÿ‡Î K‡qKwU w`‡K jÿ ivLv
Riæwi| g‡b ivLv `iKvi : ÔDcwb‡e‡ki Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv wKQz‡KB mvgªvR¨ Zvi ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi
j‡ÿ¨i cwiwai evB‡i †h‡Z †`q bv| (ivq 1990 : 15) A_P H Avg‡ji BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvq
Avgv‡`i AwaKvsk cvVB GK ai‡bi tradition-modernization wKsev conservative-progressive
ai‡bi mij-†mvRv evBbvwi‡Z AvU‡K _v‡K| ev` c‡o hvq mvgªvR¨ev`x †kvl‡Yi ivR‰bwZK
A_©bxwZ Ñ Zvi eûwea e¨vKiY| ( miKvi 2000 : 26)
K‡jvwbqvj fvi‡Zi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvq GKUv †Mvovi Mj` nj Dwbk kZ‡Ki Av‡Mi mgqwU‡K
cy‡ivcywi ev` w`‡q †`qv| Gi d‡j Avgiv fz‡j hvB : ÔK‡jvbvB‡Rk‡bi cÖ_g avc †gv‡UB
AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi wQj bv, KÈKgy³ wQj bvÕ| (¸n 1988 : 6) wkÿvi †ÿ‡ÎI K_vUv mZ¨| iYwRr
¸n GK we‡køl‡Y †`wL‡q‡Qb : cÖ_g av‡c Bs‡iR cÖfziv `v‡mi Áv‡bi Rb¨ Ñ we‡klZ f~wg I
ivR¯^ msµvšÍ Áv‡bi Rb¨ jvjvwqZ wQj| Bs‡iRiv cig h‡Zœ ms¯‹…Z-dviwm-Aviwe wk‡LwQj Ñ
fviZe‡l©i AmsL¨ BwZnvm cÖYqb K‡iwQj| (¸n 1988 : 5-8) †mB Ae¯’v cv‡ë Kxfv‡e Bs‡iwR
fvlv I BD‡ivcxq we`¨vi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ñ ïay Áv‡bi †kªôZ¡ I nxbZv w`‡q Zv †evSv
hv‡e bv| Avm‡j Bs‡iwR ev cwðgv wkÿv fv‡jv wK g›`, cÖMwZkxj bv cÖwZwµqvkxj Ñ G cÖkœB
GLv‡b AevšÍi| K‡jvwbqvj iv‡óªi MwZ-cÖK…wZ, †m iv‡óªi Aaxb D”P‡kªYxwUi Drcv`b-eÈb
m¤ú‡K©i wbwi‡LB wePviwU Ki‡Z n‡e|

†mw`K †_‡K †`L‡j cwðgv wkÿv Avm‡j iv‡óªi Rb¨B `iKvi wQj, hv kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨
Kvh©Ki mg‡SvZv ev m¤§wZ ˆZwi Ki‡e| G m¤§wZ cy‡ivgvÎvq ˆZwi n‡qwQj| fviZe‡l©i
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb †h me©v‡cÿv `xN©¯’vqx n‡qwQj, Zvi GK KviY †Zv ga¨we‡Ëi m¤§wZ| Bs‡iwR
wkwÿZ ga¨weË AšÍZ GKk eQi †m kvm‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wnmv‡e KvR KiwQj, we‡klZ evsjv
A‡j| (miKvi 2000 : 28)
wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i cy‡iv wkÿvKvh©µg G ev¯ÍeZvi Aax‡bB co‡Z n‡e|
wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i K‡g©-wPšÍvq bvbv ¯^we‡iva, mxgve×Zv Ges evovevwo †Pv‡L c‡o| AwZwi³ g`¨
Avi †ek¨vmw³ Zuv‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv cZ‡bi KviY n‡q‡Q| †hŠe‡bi PvÂj¨ cvi K‡i GKKv‡ji
ag©‡`ªvnx G `‡ji A‡b‡KB wbôvevb avwg©K n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| miKvwi PvKzwi‡Z †ek AvbyM‡Z¨i
m‡½B Zuv‡`i A‡b‡K KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vk©wbK wfZ ˆZwi bv K‡iB A‡b¨i AvPvi I
wek¦vm‡K Zuviv e¨vcKfv‡e AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb| G ai‡bi eû mxgve×Zv kbv³ Kiv hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î K‡qKwU w`‡K jÿ ivLv Riæwi| cÖ_gZ, wW‡ivwRqvbiv †Kv‡bv gZv`wk©K H‡K¨ GKwÎZ
msNm`m¨ wQ‡jb bv| d‡j Zuv‡`i wPšÍv I K‡g©i g~j¨vqb P~ovšÍ wePv‡i GKmv‡_ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
wØZxqZ, A‡bK HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib, Avw_©K AwbðqZvi mv‡_ Bqs‡e½j‡`i Rw½ g‡bvfv‡ei
GKUv m¤^Ü Av‡Q| Bs‡iwR wkwÿZ‡`i PvKwii Øvi AevwiZ nIqvi †cÖÿvc‡U myi Pov †_‡K µ‡g
Lv‡` G‡m †V‡K‡Q| (miKvi 2000) Z…ZxqZ, `xN© Rxe‡b bvbv ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zuv‡`i bvbviKg
wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zuv‡`i mvgwóK mwµqZvi Kvj‡KB †Kej we‡ePbvq Avbv DwPZ| Dwbk
kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©i KjKvZv m½Z Kvi‡YB bvbv ¯^we‡iv‡a AvµvšÍ wQj| Gi cÖfve wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i
DciI c‡o‡Q| wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i mxgve×Zv-¯^we‡iva e¨vcKv‡_© Zuv‡`i Kv‡jiB ev¯ÍeZv|
Av‡iKwU cÖkœ †Zvjv `iKvi : wW‡ivwRqvbiv wK we‡`ªvnx ev cÖ_vwe‡ivax? n‡j, KZUv? ejv hvq,
wW‡ivwRqvbiv we‡`ªvnx Ges cÖ_vwe‡ivax e‡U, Z‡e Lye mxwgZ A‡_©| mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î Zuv‡`i we‡`ªvnx
g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq †ek cvIqv hvq; wKš‘ ÿgZv‡K‡›`ªi weiæ‡× wKsev Jcwb‡ewkK ivóªh‡š¿i
weiæ‡× Zuviv Uz-kãwUI K‡ibwb| eis K…cv I my`„wó cÖZ¨vkv K‡i cÖPzi Av‡e`b-wb‡e`b K‡i‡Qb|
Avevi fviZxq cÖ_vi e¨vcK we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI BD‡ivcxq †Kv‡bv wKQzi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Zuv‡`i
†`Lv hvqwb| GgbwK cÖej ag©we‡ivwaZvi g‡a¨I wLª÷ag© m¤ú‡K© Zuviv wQ‡jb †ek bgbxq|
gymjgvb kvmb †h Lye Lvivc wQj, †m wel‡q mgKvjxb KjKvZvi Ab¨‡`i g‡Zi mv‡_ Zuv‡`i
†Kv‡bv we‡iva wQj bv| (miKvi 2000 : 40) †hgb g‰ZK¨ wQj weªwUk kvmb I wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í
m¤ú‡K©| d‡j wW‡ivwRqvbiv GKUv we‡kl A‡_©B †Kej we‡`ªvnx I cÖ_vwe‡ivax; †Kv‡bv wek¦Rbxb
msÁv‡_© bb|

7
wKš‘ †Kej Jcwb‡ewkKZvi we‡ePbvq wW‡ivwRI ev wW‡ivwRqvb‡`i Av‡jvPbv †kl n‡Z cv‡i bv|
KviY, †Q` I avivevwnKZv wg‡j wbðqB BwZnv‡mi GKUv Kvh©Ki cÖevn _v‡K| †hgb, Avgiv,
evOvwj ga¨weË Ñ XvKvi I KjKvZvi Ñ bvbvfv‡e enb K‡i P‡jwQ Dwbk-wek kZ‡Ki Dcwb‡ek-
Avg‡ji jvf-†jvKmvb| Zvi ch©v‡jvPbv Pj‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Gwo‡q hvIqv hvq bv|
AvR `y k eQi c‡i wW‡ivwRI‡K cvB wPiKv‡ji GK wkÿK wnmv‡e| whwb cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb, Zzj‡Z
wkwL‡q‡Qb| hyM‡K AvZ¥mvr K‡i‡Qb Ges Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi mg‡qi cÖkœ wbðqB AvR‡Ki
w`‡bi cÖkœ bq| Zuvi Kg©c×wZ wbðqB ûeû AbymiYxq bq| Z‡e, AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cÖavb fve I
¯^fve ey‡S DV‡Z wZwb Avgv‡`i †cÖiYv †hvMvb, Kg©c×wZ wVK K‡i DV‡Z cyivZb AwfÁZv wnmv‡e
cv‡k _v‡Kb Ñ Zuvi Kv‡ji AR©b-wewkóZv-mxgve×Zv m‡gZ|
cy¯ÍKZvwjKv

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