†gvnv¤§` AvR‡gi MÖš’ evsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb I iex›`ªbv_-Gi m~wP I f~wgKv

m~wP

cÖ_g Aa¨vq 15-36

§ cÖ¯vÍ e §

wØZxq Aa¨vq 37-128

§ evsjvq Dcwb‡ekvqb §
2.1 Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ïiæ: wØav, AMÖMwZ I mvdj¨ 37
2.2 cÖ_g c‡e©i jyUcvU I aŸsmhÁ 41
2.3 Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi wZb wfZ 44
2.3.1 f~wg-e¨e¯’vcbv 44
2.3.2 AvBb I wePvie¨e¯’v 47
2.3.3 AvgjvZš¿ 51
2.4 A_©‰bwZK iƒc‡iLv 53
2.5 kvmK‡Mvôxi g‡bvfve: cÖvP¨ev`x ebvg B½ev`x 57
2.5.1 ¯’vbxq cÖwZ‡iva 58
2.5.2 cÖvP¨ev`x PP©v 60
2.5.3 kvmK‡`i g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b 61
2.6 Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZ 64
2.6.1 Dcwb‡ekK I Dcwb‡ewkZ: ÔwbRÕ I ÔAc‡iÕi wbg©vY 65
2.6.2 eY©ev` 67
2.6.3 i¶YkxjZv 70
2.6.4 Dcwb‡ek I wgkbvwi Kvh©µg 70
2.6.5 Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶v 76
2.6.5.1 wk¶vweZK© 77
2.6.5.2 wk¶v I Dcwb‡ekvqb 79
2.6.5.3 wk¶vi e‡›`ve¯Í 80
2.6.5.4 cÖv_wgK I MYwk¶vi nvj 82
2.6.5.5 Jcwb‡ewkK wk¶vi dj 84
2.6.6 gb¯ÍvwË¡K I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcwb‡ekvqb 86
2.6.7 Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZi mvwe©K KvVv‡gv 91
2.7 Dcwb‡ewkZ RbmgvR 92
2.7.1 myweav‡fvMx †kÖwY 93
2.7.3 Dcwb‡e‡ki AvIZv Ges evOvwj eyw×Rxex‡`i mwµqZv 100
2.7.4 RbM‡Yi Ae¯’v I myweav‡fvMx‡`i Rbwew”QbœZv 104
2.8 evsjvq Dcwb‡ekvqb: Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi me©e¨vwß 110

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq 129-200

§ Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqv I evsjv fvlv §
3.1 Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi fvlvcwiw¯’wZ I evsjv fvlv 129
3.2 Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv fvlvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i iKg‡di 132
3.3 evsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqv 134
3.3.1 mv‡ne-c‡¶i mwµqZvi aib 135
3.3.2 ms¯‹…Z I ms¯‹…Z-cwЇZi cÖwZôv 141
3.3.3 gymjgvb mgv‡Ri Abycw¯’wZ I ÔAciZvÕ 146
3.3.4 mv‡ne-cwÐZ HK¨ 154
3.4 Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi dj: evsjv fvlvi iƒcvšÍi 157
3.4.1 N‡ii mÂq: cy‡iv‡bv evsjv M`¨ 158
3.4.2 cwiewZ©Z g‡bvfve I bZyb M`¨ixwZi cÖwZôv 164
3.4.3 Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi dj: evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹…Zvqb 170
3.4.4 Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi dj: Bs‡iR I Bs‡iwRi cÖfve 175
3.5 M`¨ I fvlv‡ev‡ai mvwe©K cwieZ©b 184

PZz_© Aa¨vq 201-265

§ Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv M`¨ I evsjv fvlvPP©vi aviv §
4.1 Ôg~javivÕi M`¨PP©v: ivg‡gvnb †_‡K we`¨vmvMi 201
4.2 evsjv fvlv-m¤úwK©Z bqv Z‡Ë¡i Drcv`b-cybiærcv`b: e¨vKiY
I Awfavb 209
4.3 ÔAci fvlvÕi M`¨: K_¨-evsjvi †jL¨iƒc I ÔAvjvwj-û‡ZvwgÕ ce© 216
4.4 mgš^‡qi Mí I Kw_Z Ôga¨cš’vÕ 229
4.4.1 Ôew¼gxÕ M`¨ 230
4.4.2 ÔAvjvwjÕ ebvg Ôû‡ZvwgÕ 234
4.4.3 Kw_Z Ôga¨cš’vÕi ¯^iƒc 237
4.4.3.1 Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ cÖe‡Ü ms¯‹…Zev`x‡`i mgv‡jvPbvi aib 238
4.4.3.2 Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ cÖe‡Ü Ôbe¨cš’xÕ‡`i mgv‡jvPbvi aib 241
4.4.3.3 Ôga¨cš’vÕi mvgvwRK I fvlvZvwË¡K e¨vKiY 244
4.5 Ae¨vnZ ms¯‹…Zvqb I Zvi cÖwZwµqv 249

cÂg Aa¨vq 266-323

§ iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlvwPšÍv: evsjv fvlv-m¤úwK©Z aviYv §
5.1 Jcwb‡ewkKZv I iex›`ªbv_ 266
5.2 evsjv fvlvi we-Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvq iex›`ªbv‡_i mvd‡j¨i
KviY 273
5.2.1 cvwievwiK AwfÁZv 274
5.2.2 mvwnZ¨PP©v I fvlvPP©v 276
5.2.3 wk¶vwPšÍv I fvlv 279
5.3 evsjv fvlvPP©vi aib cÖm‡½ 283
5.4 evsjv fvlv-m¤úwK©Z wPšÍvfvebvi aib 288
5.4.1 fvlv m¤ú‡K© wKQz eywbqvw` aviYv 288
5.4.2 fvlvi Ôï×ZvÕ I Ô`ye©jZvÕ 290
5.4.3 evsjv fvlv I RvZxqZvev` 295
5.4.4 mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv 298
5.5 evsjv fvlv m¤ú‡K© wKQz wm×všÍ 302
5.5.1 evsjv Avm‡j cÖvK…Z fvlv 303
5.5.2 mvay I PwjZ evsjv 308
5.5.3 evsjv I ms¯‹…Z 310

lô Aa¨vq 324-375
§ iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlvwPšÍv: evsjv fvlv-eY©bvi wKQz m~Î I cÖYvwj-c×wZ §
6.1 Kv‡Ri cwiwa 324
6.2 aŸwb 325
6.2.1 iex›`ªbv‡_i aŸwb-Av‡jvPbvi ch©v‡jvPbv: ˆewkó¨ I K…wZZ¡ 331
6.3 kã I iƒc 334
6.4 evK¨ixwZ 356
6.5 A_© cÖm‡½ 360
6.6 iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv-we‡kølY: mvwe©K ˆewkó¨ I cÖYvwj-c×wZ 365

mßg Aa¨vq 376-432

§ evsjv fvlvPP©vi aviv I iex›`ªbv_ §
7.1 iex›`ªbv_ I Ôbee¨vKiYwe`Õ `j 376
7.1.1 k¨vgvPiY M‡½vcva¨vq 377
7.1.2 nicÖmv` kv¯¿x 382
7.1.3 iv‡g›`ªmy›`i w·e`x 387
7.2 e½xq mvwnZ¨-cwilr 390
7.3 mgmvgwqK Ges DËiKvjxb K‡qKwU cÖm½ 392
7.3.1 mybxwZKygvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 393
7.3.2 mvay-PwjZ weZK© 396
7.3.3 evbvb cÖm½ 400
7.3.4 cybti¶YkxjZv Ges ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi Ae¨vnZ cÖZvc 404

Aóg Aa¨vq 427-481

§ evsjv fvlvi cÖv‡qvwMK w`K¸‡jv‡Z iex›`ªwPšÍvi Dc‡hvwMZv §
8.0 iex›`ªwPšÍvi cÖvmw½KZv 428
8.1 gvb evsjv 431
8.2 evsjv e¨vKiY 439
8.3 evsjv evbvb 451
8.4 Awfavb I cwifvlv cÖm‡½ 464

beg Aa¨vq 482-487

§ Dcmsnvi §

MÖš’cwÄ 488-514
wbN©È 515-000
 cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cÖ¯Íve

1.1
mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, Dcwb‡ek nj `LjK…Z f~wg I m¤ú`| `L‡j Avbv f~wg, m¤ú` I Rb‡Mvôxi Ici mvwe©K AvwacZ¨
we¯Ív‡ii cÖwµqvB Dcwb‡ekvqb| G A‡_© Dcwb‡ek bZyb †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi bq| †ivgvb mv¤ªvR¨, †Pw½m Luvi ivR¨ ev A‡Uvgvb
mv¤ªv‡R¨ `ywbqvi GKUv eo Ask G AwfÁZv cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ †lvok kZK-cieZ©x BD‡ivcxq Dcwb‡e‡k Ggb me
Jcwb‡ewkK PP©v †`Lv †M‡Q, Ges Zv cy‡iv `ywbqv‡K Ggb gvÎvq e`‡j w`‡q‡Q, †h, ¸YMZ ev gvÎvMZfv‡e Av‡Mi †Kv‡bv
AwfÁZvi m‡½B Zvi Zyjbv P‡j bv (Loomba 2001: 3)| Dcwb‡ekvqbkv‡¯¿i cÖavb ZvwË¡‡Kiv—d«uvrm dv‡bv, Avj‡eqvi
†gwg, GB‡g †mRvqvi, GWIqvW© mvB` cÖgyL—GB c‡e©iB Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| The New Encyclopaedia Britanica-q
Colonialism-Gi msÁv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e (2010: 464):
The exercise of political and economic sovereignty by a country on a country or territory outside its borders.
Colonies have often been established by military conquest followed by an occupation and settlement that
places the colonized peoples in a subservient position.
G msÁvq Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôxi `vm‡Z¡i K_v ejv n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ mvs¯‹…wZK-gb¯ÍvwË¡K w`K AbywjøwLZ †_‡K †M‡Q| Aek¨
Acivci D‡jøL—†hgb Dcwb‡ekK-Dcwb‡ewkZ `yB c‡¶i Ae¯’v I Ae¯’vbMZ kbv³KiY, ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK AvwacZ¨
ebvg `vmZ¡, mvgwiK kw³i †Rv‡i `Lj`vwiZ¡ Kv‡qg, emwZ ¯’vcb BZ¨vw`—ÔAvaywbKÕ Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqv‡K †gv‡Ui Dci
h_v_©fv‡eB wPwýZ K‡i| MZ K‡qKk eQ‡ii Dcwb‡ekvqb GK cÖPÐ ev¯ÍeZv, hv c„w_exi `„k¨gvb I A`„k¨ eû e`‡ji cÖavb
wbqvgKkw³| cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i mg‡q Dcwb‡ekK kw³¸‡jv †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bvfv‡e f~fv‡Mi AšÍZ bq-`kgvsk wbqš¿Y KiZ;
Gi g‡a¨ weª‡U‡bi kvmbvax‡b wQj †gvU f~wgi GK-cÂgvsk Avi Rb‡Mvôxi GK-PZy_©vsk (Young 2003: 2)| G Z_¨ †_‡K
Dcwb‡e‡ki cwigvYMZ we¯Ívi †evSv hvq| Gi gvÎvMZ Zvrch© wPwýZ n‡q‡Q ievU© †R. Bqy‡Oi wb‡gœvwjøwLZ msw¶ß eqv‡b:
… the long, violent history of colonialism, which symbolically began over five hundred years ago, in 1492: a
history which includes histories of slavery, of untold, unnumbered deaths from oppression or neglect, of the
enforced migration and diaspora of millions of peoples—Africans, Americans, Arabs, Asians and Europeans,
of the appropriation of territories and of land, of the institutionalization of racism, of the destruction of cultures
and the superimposition of the other cultures. (Young 2003: 4)
cÖvq mKj ZvwË¡KB BD‡iv‡ci cyuwRev`x weKv‡ki BwZnv‡mi m‡½ GB Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i K_v e‡j‡Qb|1
KviY, cwðg BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev‡`i weKv‡ki mgvšÍiv‡j AvaywbK Dcwb‡ek M‡o D‡V‡Q| AvaywbK Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ †Kej
m¤ú`, A_© Avi cY¨ jy‡U †bqwb, Dcwb‡ewkZ iv‡óªi cy‡iv A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©‡KI e`‡j w`‡q‡Q; Dcwb‡e‡ki m‡½ M‡o
Zy‡j‡Q GK RwUj m¤úK©, hv‡Z Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ I Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi g‡a¨ gvbem¤ú` I cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i wewbgq bZyb gvÎv
†c‡q‡Q| G wewbgq wØgyLx—`vm I Pyw³wfwËK kÖwgK Avi KuvPvgvj †M‡Q †K‡›`ª, Aciw`‡K Dcwb‡ek¸wj n‡q D‡V‡Q
BD‡ivcxq c‡Y¨i wbqwš¿Z evRvi| wewbgq †hgbB †nvK bv †Kb †K›`ªB n‡q‡Q gybvdvi fvMx`vi| Kvh©Z ¶gZvm¤ú‡K©i GB
Amv‡g¨i wfwˇZB weKwkZ n‡q‡Q BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev` Avi wkíwecøe| ejv hvq, Dcwb‡ek BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev` I wkíwecø‡ei
avÎxi KvR K‡i‡Q (Loomba 2001: 4; Mcleod 2007: 7)|
ÔAvaywbKÕ Dcwb‡e‡ki m‡½ cyuwRev‡`i weKvk‡K wgwj‡q covi †iIqvR RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q g~jZ gvK©mev`x‡`i †jLv‡jwL‡Z|
mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i Ab¨Zg cÖavb ZvwË¡K †jwbb Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1947) eB‡Z †`wL‡q‡Qb, cwðgv
`ywbqvq ÔjwMœcyuwRÕ I KjKviLvbvi cÖe„w×i d‡j ÔcyuwRi Af~Zc~e© evowZ †RvMvbÕ N‡U| kÖwgK-¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y BD‡iv‡c G
DØ„Ë cyuwR jvfRbKfv‡e wewb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| Dcwb‡e‡k cyuwRi NvUwZ wQj, wKš‘ kÖgkw³ Avi gvbem¤ú‡`i †RvMvb
wQj Adyivb| d‡j evB‡i wM‡q wbR cÖe„w×i ¯^v‡_©B wk‡í-AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi `Lj †bIqv cyuwRi Rb¨ Riæwi n‡q c‡o| GB
hyw³‡ZB †jwbb Abygvb K‡iwQ‡jb, BD‡ivcxq jwMœcyuwR µgk evwK `ywbqv wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë Avb‡e| wZwb GB wek¦e¨e¯’vi bvg
w`‡q‡Qb Ômv¤ªvR¨ev`Õ| cyuwRev`x Drcv`be¨e¯’vi GKUv ¯Í‡ii m‡½ e¨vcviUv hy³, †jwb‡bi g‡Z, †h ¯Íi Gi Ôm‡e©v”PÕ ¯Íi:
Imperialism emerged as the development and direct continuation of the fundamental attributes of capitalism in
general. But capitalism only became capitalist imperialism at a definite and very high stage of its development.
(Lenin 1947: 107)
cyuwRev`-DËi Dcwb‡ek‡K huviv mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i m‡½ wgwj‡q †`‡Lb Zuviv A‡bKmg‡q Ômv¤ªvR¨ev`Õ I ÔDcwb‡ekev`Õ aviYv
`ywU mgv‡_© e¨envi K‡ib| Av`‡Z G `ywUi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †ek Zvrch©c~Y©| mv¤ªvR¨ev` GKwU fvev`k©, hv GK RvwZi Ici
Ab¨ RvwZi A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK wbqš¿Y‡K ˆeaZv †`q| Gw`K †_‡K Dcwb‡ek mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i GK aib gvÎ (Mcleod 2007:
7)| mv¤ªvR¨ev` ivR‰bwZK, AvBwb ev mvgwiK `Lj`vwi gvidZ e¨emvevwY‡R¨i my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i e‡U; wKš‘ Gi Rb¨ emwZ-
¯’vcb Riæwi bq| ev¯Í‡e Kvh©Ki Dcwb‡ek c„w_ex‡Z GLb Lye KgB Av‡Q; wKš‘ cwðgv †`k¸‡jv, we‡klZ Av‡gwiKv,
mv¤ªvR¨ev`x Kg©Kv‡Ð LyeB Zrci| gvwK©b mv¤ªvR¨ev` mivmwi Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q Lye Kg †¶‡Î; wKš‘ wek¦e¨vcx Zvi
mv¤ªvR¨ev`x KZ©…Z¡ I †kvlY wek-GKzk kZ‡Ki cÖavb wek¦e¨e¯’v| ejv hvq, mv¤ªvR¨ev` Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb bv K‡iI Kvh©Ki
_vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Dcwb‡e‡ki Rb¨ `LjK…Z f~wgi Ici AvwacZ¨ Avek¨K|
eZ©gvb m›`‡f© ÔAvaywbKÕ Kv‡ji cÖZ¨¶ Dcwb‡ek‡KB ÔDcwb‡ekÕ wnmv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q; Avi we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi Ici| GB cÖwµqvi GKw`‡K Av‡Q Dcwb‡ekK c‡¶i mwµqZv, Ab¨w`‡K Av‡Q
Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi Ici Zvi cÖfve| Dcwb‡ek‡Ki wbR¯^ ev¯ÍeZvq †m cÖfve wKfv‡e wewkó AvKvi cvq, Avi bZyb ev¯ÍeZvi
g‡a¨ bvbvgvwÎK cÖwZ‡iva-cÖeYZv wKfv‡e mwµq _v‡K—ZvI ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q|

1.2
fviZe‡l©i †¶‡Î Dcwb‡ek‡K we‡klfv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv Riæwi| KviY, Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi Av‡MI GLv‡b
`„k¨Z kZ kZ eQ‡ii Ôwe‡`wkÕ kvmb PjwQj| †mB kvm‡bi m‡½ weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi dvivK A‡bKmg‡qB
A¯úófv‡e ewY©Z nq| wb‡R‡`i kvm‡bi ˆeaZv ˆZwii ¯^v‡_©B Jcwb‡ewkK BwZnvmZË¡ G `yB‡qi dvivK h_vm¤¢e gy‡Q w`‡Z
†P‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx BwZnvmZË¡I Kvh©Z Zv †g‡b wb‡q‡Q (Guha 1988; cv_© 2001)| Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi GKUv
mvgvb¨ j¶Y nj, ÔwbRÕ I ÔAc‡iÕi RwUj web¨v‡m Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi cÖfvekvjx Ask †K‡›`ªi m‡½B GKvZ¥‡eva K‡i| fvi‡Zi
cy‡iv‡bv kvmK‡Mvôx wQj ÔewnivMZÕ gymjgvb, Avi msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôx wQj wn›`y—RbwgwZi GB Abb¨ ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y
GLv‡b GB GKvZ¥Zvi cwigvY I cÖK…wZ m¤¢eZ `ywbqvi Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv Dcwb‡ewkZ-A‡ji Zyjbvq †ewk| Gi cÖwZdjb
N‡U‡Q fvi‡Zi RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡b, mv¤cÖ`vwqK Aw¯’iZvq Avi we‡klfv‡e BwZnvmPP©vq|
MZ K‡qK `k‡K Dcwb‡ek-c~e© fviZ Ges we‡klZ gymjgvb-kvmbvaxb fvi‡Zi wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi †¶‡Î cy‡iv‡bv
Jcwb‡ewkK `„wófw½i h‡_ó cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q (†MŠZg 1994, 2011; †MŠZg I cv_© 2001; †`‡ek 1990; myiwRr 1409;
g„Yvj 1994; Bayly 2002; Bose and Jalal 2002; Chatterjee 1998; De 1974; Guha 1988; Joshi 1975; Sarkar 1997,
2000; Sen 1977)| Zv‡Z †`Lv hvq, ¶gZv-m¤ú‡K©i †h Amg-`kv Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi g~j ˆewkó¨, Ôga¨hy‡MÕi fviZe‡l©
†gv‡UB †m Ae¯’v wQj bv| cieZ©x Ôwe‡`wkÕ kvm‡bi m‡½ Gi my¯úó cv_©K¨ m¤ú`-cvPv‡ii †¶‡Î| ZvQvov, cÖkvmwbK
KvVv‡gv, wk¶v, ÁvbZË¡, eY©ev` I me©MÖvmx wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv—me wgwj‡q kvmbvaxb Rb‡Mvôxi m‡½ kvmKc‡¶i †h Amvg¨
Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡b ˆZwi n‡qwQj, Av‡Mi kvm‡bi m‡½ Zv †gv‡UB Zyjbxq bq|
cieZ©x Bs‡iR-kvmbvg‡ji Zyjbvq c~e©eZ©x kvmbvgj Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ wQj Ggb bq; wKš‘ †Kv‡bv A‡_©B AÜKvi hyMI wQj bv|
†gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZb Ges Bs‡i‡Ri ¶gZv‡ivn‡Yi ga¨eZ©x Kv‡j A_©vr AvVvi kZ‡K fvi‡Z wek„•Ljv weivR KiwQj—
GiKg GKUv gZ Dwbk kZ‡K Lye cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj, Ges c‡iI A‡bKw`b Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| wKš‘ mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYvq G
gZ åvšÍ cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|2 G cÖm‡½ †eBwj wj‡L‡Qb:
The darkness of eighteenth-century India was in large part the shadow cast by the massive historiographies of
earlier and later periods. New analyses of the political systems of the period have led to the view that the
conflict which contemporaries saw signalled the emergence of powerful ‘successor states’ which gained a
closer control over rural resources and inherited the political style of the Mughal Empire. Studies of the
regional principalities of Bengal, Hyderabad and Awadh suggest that the turbulent events of the century
heralded not the final dissolution of the Mughal polity as much as the emergence of the regional dynastic rulers
who initiated new cycles of growth and regeneration. (Bayly 2002: 35-36)
Zey Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ †h fviZ‡K c`vbZ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj Zv wbtm‡›`‡n Zvi †hvM¨Zi Ae¯’viB cÖgvY| G †hvM¨Zv g~jZ
Ô†UKbjwRÕi—ev®úxq RvnvR I †ij †_‡K ïiæ K‡i myk„•Lj †mbvevwnbx, `¶ cÖkvmb Avi ÁvbMZ AMÖmiZv ch©šÍ mewKQzB
G ZvwjKvq co‡e (wmivRyj 1985: 271-83)| wKš‘ AMÖmiZv gv‡bB Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi QvocÎ bq, Avi hy‡× civ¯Í
nIqv gv‡b †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôxi mvwe©K cwZZ-`kv bq—G `yB mZ¨ Dcwb‡ewkZ fvi‡Zi cVb-cvV‡bi Ôˆbe©¨w³KZvÕ cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ Riæwi|

1.3
Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi cvV I we‡køl‡Yi †¶‡Î GKUv ev¯Íe mgm¨v Gi we¯Í„wZ I ˆewPΨ| Avi‡ei wKQz Ask, Bivb,
AvdMvwb¯Ívb, g‡½vwjqv, _vBj¨vÛ, wPb I Rvcvb Qvov ev`evwK `ywbqv mivmwi BD‡ivcxq miKvi Øviv kvwmZ n‡qwQj
(Loomba 2001: xiii)| GB we¯ÍxY© f~fv‡Mi kvmbcÖYvwjI mgiƒc wQj bv| kvm‡bi djI n‡q‡Q wewea| ZvB Dcwb‡ek
m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv mvgvb¨ wm×všÍ †bIqv Kvh©Z Am¤¢e|
Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi A_©‰bwZK-mvgwiK w`K LyeB cÖZ¨¶| Gi m‡½ cÖkvmwbK w`KI hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| †KŠk‡j ev
ejcÖ‡qv‡M f~wg I Rb‡Mvôxi `Lj †bIqv, `„k¨gvb m¤ú` AvZ¥mvr Kivi e‡›`ve¯Í Kiv, †K‡›`ªi Drcv`be¨e¯’vi m‡½ wgwj‡q
Dcwb‡e‡ki Drcv`be¨e¯’vi wbqš¿Y MÖnY I cwiKíbv cÖYqb, LvRbv ev jf¨vsk- AvKv‡i m¤ú` msMÖn I bvbv cš’vq Zv
†K‡›`ª cvPvi Kiv—GB µ‡g Dcwb‡e‡ki mvgwiK-cÖkvmwbK-Avw_©K Kg©KvЇK wPwýZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G ai‡bi cv‡V
Dcwb‡ekK-Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi RwUj m¤úK© Ges cwieZ©b-ci¤úivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jvB AKw_Z †_‡K hvq| we‡klZ †h
cÖwµqvq Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôxi GKUv Ask Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K ïay †g‡bB †bq bv, Kvw•ÿZI g‡b K‡i —Jcwb‡ewkK
BwZnvm-cv‡Vi GB ai‡bi g‡a¨ Zvi e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq bv| G Kvi‡YB Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi mvgwMÖKZvi w`‡K bRi w`‡Z
nq,3 hvi g‡a¨ gb¯ÍvwË¡K I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| Avwkm b›`x Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK-gb¯ÍvwË¡K
w`KwU‡Z †K›`ªxq ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb:
Modern colonialism won its great victories not so much through military and technological powers as through
its ability to create secular hierarchies incompatible with the traditional order. These hierarchies opened up
new vistas for many, particularly for those exploited or cornered within the traditional order. To them the new
order looked like—and here lay its psychological pull—the first steps towards a more just and equal world.
(Nandy 1989: ix)
b›`xi GB weei‡Y bZyb kvm‡b myweavcÖvß Rb‡Mvôxi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| DbœZ kvmb, mf¨Zvi cÖmvi, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi Dbœqb
BZ¨vw` †hme `vwe Dcwb‡ekK c¶ Zv‡`i ˆeaZv nvwm‡ji Rb¨ cÖPvi K‡i, g~jZ Gu‡`i Kv‡QB Zv cÖ_g MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq|
ZvB Dcwb‡ekK-Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi Avmj cwiPq I Kvh©Ki m¤úK©wU GZ mn‡R Avov‡j P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|4 b›`x wek¦`„wói K_vI
e‡j‡Qb, hvi m‡½ Ômf¨ZvÕi g‡Zv cÖ‡ivPK aviYv¸‡jv hy³| ¯^fveZB G‡Z eû gvby‡li mvq _v‡K| Dcwb‡e‡ki m‡½
cyuwRev‡`i m¤úK©B e‡j †`q, BwZnv‡mi Ab¨- me `L‡ji m‡½ Gi wgj †bB; eis Zv BD‡ivcxq cyuwRev‡`i m‡½ A½vw½fv‡e
hy³| G †_‡K cyuwRev`x I gvK©mev`x‡`i GKUv eo `j Dcwb‡ekvqb‡K BwZnv‡mi DrcxoK wKš‘ `iKvwi Aa¨vq e‡j MY¨
K‡ib| gvK©mxq wPšÍvavivq GUv BwZnv‡mi Awbevh© ce©, hv †cwi‡q †cuŠQv‡Z n‡e mgvRZ‡š¿| GKw`K †_‡K ÔcÖMwZÕi G
aviYvi †¶‡Î cyuwRev`x‡`i aviYvI cÖvq Abyiƒc| cÖMwZ ej‡Z Zuviv †ev‡Sb wkívq‡bi DuPy ¯Íi, cÖK…wZi Ici gvby‡li
AvwacZ¨, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK BD‡ivcxq aviYv| Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi Kv‡Q Dcwb‡ek †hgb GB cÖhyw³ †cuŠ‡Q
w`‡q‡Q, wVK †Zgwb cÖMwZkxj a¨vbaviYvI mieivn K‡i‡Q| gvK©m wb‡RB Dcwb‡ekvqb‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Gwkqvi DbœwZi
Rb¨ b„ksm wKš‘ Riæwi c~e©kZ© wnmv‡e:
England, it is true, is causing a social revolution in Hindostan, was actuated only by the vilest interests, and
was stupid in her manner of enforcing them. But that is not the question. The question is, can mankind fulfil its
destiny without a fundamental revolution in the social state of Asia? If not, whatever may have been the crimes
of England she was the unconscious tool of history in bringing about the revolution. (Marx 1979: 132)
Dwbk I wek kZ‡Ki eû †jLK g‡b Ki‡Zb Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb Kyms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× weÁvb I hyw³i weRq| Dcwb‡ewkZ‡`i
GKUv AskI GUv wek¦vm KiZ| Dwbk kZ‡K weªwUk‡`i miKvwi-†emiKvwi eû `wj‡j GK_v †Rvi w`‡q ejv n‡q‡Q| †hgb
ejv n‡q‡Q ¯’vbxq‡`i †jLvqI| 1823 mv‡j Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© A¨vgnv÷©‡K †jLv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi weL¨vZ c‡Î G
g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq gyw`ªZ n‡q Av‡Q (Roy 1906: 472-73)| Gfv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK Ave‡ni g‡a¨ BD‡ivcxq cÖhyw³ I wk¶v
cÖMwZkxj e¨vcvi e‡jB M„nxZ n‡qwQj|
e¯‘Z MZ `y-wZb kZK a‡i cÖfvekvjx †hme gZv`wk©K Dcv`vb `ywbqv kvmb K‡i‡Q—†hgb, cyuwRev`, gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ,
D`vibxwZ, MYZš¿, gvbeZvev`, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv I ¯^vZš¿¨, weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cwðgv aviYv, m‡e©vcwi AvaywbKZv—Zvi me-
KwUB Dcwb‡ewkZ A‡j mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| ZvwË¡‡Kiv cwð‡gi ev¯ÍeZvq weKwkZ G
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wek¦RbxbZv wb‡q cÖkœ Zy‡j‡Qb| RbKj¨vY I Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi m‡½ hy³ aviYv¸‡jv Kvh©Kifv‡e mÂvwiZ
nIqvi †¶‡Î Zuviv Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb‡K †`‡L‡Qb eo evav wnmv‡e| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ Gme‡K e¨envi K‡i‡Q Dcwb‡ewkZ
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ nxbgb¨Zvi †eva Pv½v K‡i wb‡R‡`i AvwacZ¨ `„p Kivi Kv‡R| kvmKmyjf Avwac‡Z¨i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
m¤§wZ Dcwb‡e‡k AwR©Z n‡q‡Q g~jZ ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g| ¶gZvm¤ú‡K©i G‡nb Amg `kvq ÔDbœZÕ fvev`k© ev Ávb
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ Lye mvgvb¨B mÂvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|5 G Kvi‡YB Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi gZv`wk©K cÖPviYv¸‡jv †kl ch©šÍ
Jcwb‡ewkK ms¯‹…wZiB Ask:
Colonialism can be seen both as a historical moment—specified in relation to European political and economic
projects in the modern era—and as a trope for domination and violation. Culture can be seen both as a
historically constituted domain of significant concepts and practices and as a regime in which power achieves
its ultimate apotheosis. Linked together, colonialism and culture can be seen to provide a new world in which
to deploy a critical cartography of the history and effects of power. (Dirks 2007: 59)
kvmb, ÁvbZË¡ Avi ms¯‹…wZi cvi¯úwiKZvq Jcwb‡ewkK ¶gZv `iKvwi gwngv AR©b K‡i| Dcwb‡ewkZ ms¯‹…wZi †h
†Kv‡bv cv‡Vi †¶‡Î ZvB cy‡iv ¶gZvm¤ú‡K©i we‡ePbv Riæwi| wKš‘ ¶gZvm¤ú‡K©i m‡½ Gi †hvM-we‡qvM †gv‡UB hvwš¿K
bq6, Avi fv‡jv-g‡›`i †Kv‡bv c~e©-wba©vwiZ Q‡K Ave× bv †_‡K cÖwµqvMZ w`K¸‡jv LwZ‡q †`LvB Dcwb‡ewkZ ms¯‹…wZ-
cv‡Vi Kvh©Ki cš’v|7

1.4
Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi mvgwMÖK m~ÎvqY †hgb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †Zgwb we‡kl ¯’vb-Kv‡ji †cÖ¶vc‡U ZË¡vq‡bi wewkóZvI `iKvi
nq| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib, ¯’vbxq wewkóZvwfwËK Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K ¯’vbxq ev¯ÍeZvi cvVB G‡¶‡Î GKgvÎ Kvh©Ki cvV n‡Z
cv‡i: ‘Only localized theories and historically specific accounts can provide much insight into the varied
articulations of colonizing and counter-colonial representations and practices.’ (Thomas 1994: ix) evsjv A‡ji
†¶‡Î G K_v we‡klfv‡e cÖvmw½K| ïay c„w_exi Ab¨ AÂj bq, fviZe‡l©i Ab¨ cÖ‡`‡ki ZyjbvqI G A‡ji Jcwb‡ewkK
cwiw¯’wZ wfbœ wQj| DËi fvi‡Zi wKQz wKQz A‡ji cÖvq GK kZvãx Av‡M Ges †ev¤^vB-cvÄv‡ei cÖvq cuvP `kK Av‡M evsjv
A‡j Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| kvm‡bi `xN© †gqv`, kvmb‡K›`ª wnmv‡e KjKvZvi cÖwZôv Ges Drcv`be¨e¯’vi Ici
kvmKc‡¶i bwRiwenxb wbqš¿Y evsjv A‡ji Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZ‡K fvi‡Zi Ab¨ AÂj †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| ¯’vbxq
Rb‡Mvôxi ¯Íiweb¨v‡m me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Drcv`bm¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î evsjvi Abb¨ ˆewkó¨ m~wPZ
K‡iwQj| ¯^fveZB cwðgv wPšÍvaviv I ms¯‹…wZi cÖfveI evsjv A‡jB me‡P‡q Mfxifv‡e mÂvwiZ n‡qwQj, hv‡K
Dcwb‡ekvqbZ‡Ë¡ mvaviYfv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK cÖfveB ej‡Z n‡e|
cwð‡gi mg„× eyw×e„wËK I mvs¯‹…wZK aviv¸‡jvi m‡½ cwiPq KjKvZvi evOvwj mgv‡R GK bZyb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡iwQj|
AvaywbK I D`vi‰bwZK gvbeZvev`x aviYv¸‡jv wbcyYfv‡e AvZ¥¯’ Kiv Ges †m¸‡jvi m„wókxj cybiærcv`‡bi †¶‡Î
Rb‡Mvôxi GKvsk we¯§qKi mvdj¨ †`wL‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K `ywbqvi Ab¨Zg mdj Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi †K›`ª, Aciw`‡K
eyw×e„wËK I m„wókxjZvi bvbv j¶Y I mvdj¨—evsjv A‡ji Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY‡K RwUj K‡i‡Q|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjv‡K we‡køl‡Yi AšÍZ wZbwU aviv kbv³ Kiv hvq| cÖ_g I me‡P‡q kw³kvjx avivwU †i‡bmuvm‡Kw›`ªK|
cv_© P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, G avivi D™¢e RvZxqZvev`x cÖK‡íi Ask wnmv‡e:
It was in the age of nationalism that the story of our renaissance was invented. Our nationalism required not
only the ennobling memory of an ancient and glorious civilization, it also needed to affiliate itself with a more
recent tradition of the authentic rediscovery and reinterpretation of that ancient heritage. For us, the renaissance
had to be a modern, and for that reason historically authentic, re-creation of our memory of the nation’s
glorious past. (Chatterjee 1998: 7)

ivRbvivqY emyi AvZ¥PwiZ (1961) Ges wkebv_ kv¯¿xi ivgZby jvwnox I ZrKvjxb e½mgvR (1957) G avivi cÖ_g w`‡Ki
`ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D`vniY| Aek¨, gvK©mev`x‡`i iPbvi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AskI G avivq co‡e| †hgb, my‡kvfb miKv‡ii
Bengal Renaissance and other Essays (1981), binwi KweivR m¤úvw`Z Ewbk kZ‡Ki evO&jvi RvMiY: ZK© I weZK©
(1997) BZ¨vw`| Gi RbwcÖqZvi g~j KviY ÔAvaywbKZvÕi m‡½ A‡”Q`¨ m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z nIqv| wKš‘ ÔAvaywbKZvÕ k‡ãi
Avov‡j GB avivi Av‡jvPbvq mvaviYZ Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi exfrmZv nvwi‡q hvq:
The key concept needing more precise definition in this context, is ‘modernization’. Western historians of
 under-developed countries have become terribly fond of ‘tradition’-‘modernization’ polarity, under cover of
which the grosser facts of imperialist political and economic exploitation are very often quietly tucked away in
a corner. (Sarkar 2000: 26)
w`wjø wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ`Ë GK e³…Zvq †Kbxq Jcb¨vwmK b¸wM Iqv w_I‡½v we¯§q cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb GB g‡g© †h, GL‡bv
bvbv RvqMvq Dcwb‡e‡ki BwZnv‡mi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z bv K‡iB BD‡ivcxq Ô†i‡bmuvmÕ ev ÔGbjvB‡Ub‡g›UÕ cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K©
cov‡bv nq (Loomba 2001: 64)| Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi †i‡bmuvmcš’x eqv‡bi †¶‡Î G K_v Av¶wiK A‡_© mZ¨|
BwZnvmZ‡Ë¡i w`K †_‡K G‡K ejv hvq Dcwb‡ewkZ BwZnvm (iYwRr 2001: 25)| BD‡iv‡c ey‡R©vqv‡`i Afz¨`‡qi mgq
†_‡K †h BwZnvm ivRv-Rwg`vi-cy‡ivwn‡Zi Avwac‡Z¨i weiæ‡× jovB K‡i AvmwQj, Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZi Pv‡c †mB
BwZnvmZË¡B weK…Z n‡q hvq—Dcwb‡e‡k cÖfykw³i mgv‡jvPK nIqvi e`‡j Zv n‡q I‡V ¯ÍveK| Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK
ev¯ÍeZvi e„nËi Ave‡n Ô†i‡bmuvmÕ‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv cvivB G BwZnvmavivi g~j mxgve×Zv|
evsjv A‡ji †cÖ¶vc‡U Dwbk kZK-cv‡Vi wØZxq aviv cÖ_gwUi wVK wecixZ| fevbx †mb, mycÖKvk ivqmn gvK©mev`x
ZvwË¡K‡`i GKvs‡ki iPbv G avivq co‡e (binwi 1997: 3-5)| A‡c¶vK…Z Kg cÖPvwiZ GB avivq mvaviYZ Ô†i‡bmuv‡mÕi
aviYv cy‡ivcywi evwZj Kiv nq| ga¨we‡Ëi Rbwew”QbœZvi ev¯ÍeZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V; Avi IB mg‡qi cÖavb bvqK‡`i
weiæ‡× we‡`wk kvm‡bi cÖwZ c~Y© AvbyM‡Z¨i Awf‡hvM †Zvjv nq| G avivq wfwË-KvVv‡gv Avi Dcwi-KvVv‡gvi hvwš¿K wefvRb
K‡i `yB‡qi cvi¯úwiKZv‡KI we‡ePbv Kiv nq hvwš¿Kfv‡e| d‡j Dwbk kZ‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eû ev¯ÍeZv Aaiv †_‡K hvq|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki KjKvZv wbtm‡›`‡n ÔJcwb‡ewkK m„wóÕ; wKš‘ Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvZ¨wnK Rxebhvcb, Dcwb‡ek-c~e© ev¯ÍeZv,
fwel¨‡Zi ¯^cœ Avi gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK m„wókxjZv Dcwb‡e‡ki Q‡Ki evB‡i Ab¨ ev¯ÍeZvI ˆZwi K‡iwQj| wbtm‡›`‡n
Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ †hfv‡e †P‡q‡Q, Bs‡iwR wk¶vi cÖfve Zvi mxgvq e× _v‡Kwb| D³ wØZxq avivq Gme ev¯ÍeZv‡K h‡_ó
¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nqwb| cÖ_g avivq †hgb Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi KZ©vmËvq P~ovšÍ ¯^vaxbZv KwíZ nq, wØZxq avivq †Zgwb KZ©vmËvi
m¤ú~Y© we‡jvc N‡U| `yB †¶‡ÎB Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôx Zvi wbR¯^Zv nvivq:
Eulogy and denunciation can become mirror images, inversions of each other. What they can had in common
at times is an assumption of effective and total acculturation that tends to eliminate the autonomy and agency
of the colonial subject. (Sarkar 1997: 188-89)
Z…Zxq Av‡iKwU aviv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q wek kZ‡Ki mˇii `kK †_‡K (Sarkar 2000: 72; cv_© 2001: 10)| G avivq
Dwbk kZK‡K †`Lv nq mvgwMÖK ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡c‡¶| GB ev¯ÍeZvi cÖavb w`K Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZ nIqvq ÔAwZ-evgÕ
Nivbvi Ô†i‡bmuvmÕ-wg_ LvwiR Kivi m‡½ evwn¨K mv`„k¨ Av‡Q GB avivi| wKš‘ ˆbe©¨w³K ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM, ivg‡gvnb
ev we`¨vmvM‡ii g‡Zv gvbyl‡`i GgbwK mxgve×Zv D‡b¥vP‡bi †¶‡ÎI ev¯ÍeZvi w`‡K bRi ivLv, Avi †h †Kv‡bv ÔweªwUk-
we‡ivaxÕ ev ÔRbwcÖqÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi Bkviv †c‡jB †ivgvw›UK fvevjyZvq AvµvšÍ bv nIqv—GB ˆewk󨸇jv LwZ‡q †`L‡j
†evSv hvq, c~‡e©v³ LvwiwRcš’vi m‡½ Gi m~² I Zvrch©c~Y© cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| Gu‡`i cÖkœ-DÌvc‡bi aib Avi we‡ePbv-c×wZ
cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q cv_© P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi GB gšÍ‡e¨:
The argument therefore was that while there were elements of modernity in the new cultural and intellectual
movements in nineteenth-century India, these cannot become meaningful unless they are located in their
relation, on the one hand, to the changing socio-economic structure and, on the other, to the crucial context of
power, that is to the reality of colonial subjection. (Chatterjee 1998: 10)
iYwRr ¸n, A‡kvK †mb, eiæY †`, mywgZ miKvi, cv_© P‡Ævcva¨vq, †`‡ek ivq, †MŠZg f`ª, Avwkm b›`x cÖgyL HwZnvwm‡Ki
mswkøó KvR GB avivq c‡o|8
eZ©gvb m›`‡f© g~jZ GB Z…Zxq avivi Abymi‡Y Dwbk kZ‡Ki wePviwe‡kølY I g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e|

1.5
fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb mvaviYfv‡e mvs¯‹…wZK-gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcwb‡ekvq‡biB Ask| wek¦e¨vcx Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi cÖfv‡e ¯’vbxq
fvlv¸‡jvi AšÍZ wZb ai‡bi cÖZ¨¶ cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI ¯’vbxq fvlv e¨envwiK RMr †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wbe©vwmZ
n‡q‡Q; †Kv_vI we`¨gvb fvlv-KvVv‡gvi Avg~j cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q; Avi me©ÎB e`j N‡U‡Q gh©v`vi—Dcwb‡ek‡Ki fvlv
Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi fvlv‡K nwU‡q w`‡q `Lj K‡i‡Q cÖfvekvjx gq`vb¸‡jv| †k‡lv³ `ywU evsjv fvlvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
fvlvi weKvk memg‡q hvwš¿Kfv‡e mvgvwRK weKv‡ki mgvšÍiv‡j nq bv| Zey evsjv fvlvi, we‡klZ evsjv M‡`¨i,
BwZnvm‡K Dcwb‡ewkZ mgv‡Ri BwZnv‡mi m‡½ wgwj‡q covi we‡kl Zvrch© Av‡Q| KviY:
c„w_exi Ab¨ me fvlvi †h weKvkcÖwµqv †_‡K M`¨wePv‡ii me©Rbxb c×wZ¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡q D‡V‡Q, evsjv M‡`¨i weKvkcÖwµqv Zv
 †_‡K cÖvq m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| c„w_exi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvq cÖvq nvRvi eQ‡ii mvwnZ¨ BwZnvm m‡Ë¡I M`¨ ˆZwi n‡q I‡Vwb GKwU
mv¤ªvR¨kw³i AwfNv‡Zi d‡j| fvi‡ZiI Ab¨ fvlvq Zv N‡Uwb| wKš‘ KjKvZvB †h‡nZy n‡q D‡VwQj mv¤ªvR¨we¯Ív‡ii Avi¤¢¯’vb,
evsjvfvlv‡K ZvB n‡q DV‡Z n‡qwQj Bs‡iR‡`i mv¤ªvR¨we¯Ív‡ii cwic~iK evnb| †mLv‡b mv¤ªvR¨we¯Ív‡ii GB HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv
fvlvweKv‡ki c×wZi ¯^vZš¿¨‡K e¨vnZ K‡i‡Q| Avevi, mv¤ªvR¨kw³i m‡½ †evSvcovi mvgvwRK cÖwµqvI fvlvwbg©v‡Yi c×wZ‡K
wbqš¿Y K‡i‡Q| (†`‡ek 1990: 6-7)
Ômv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i HwZnvwmK cÖwµqvÕi w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvi msMV‡b me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx Dcv`vb Rb‡Mvôxi mvgwóK
gb¯Í‡Ë¡ †Ru‡K emv nxbgb¨Zv‡eva| Gi cÖfv‡e GKw`‡K ÔDbœZÕ fvlv ms¯‹…Z I Bs‡iwRi AbyKi‡Y ÔAbybœZÕ evsjv fvlv‡K
ï× K‡i †bIqvi GK Mfxi-e¨vcK cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K9; Ab¨w`‡K ÔgvwR©ZÕ n‡q IVvi c‡iI D”Pwk¶v I Awdm-Av`vj‡Zi
g‡Zv ÔDuPyÕ RvqMv¸‡jv‡Z Bs‡iwR‡K evsjv ¯’vbPz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ÔmvgvwRK cÖwµqvÕi w`K †_‡K me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨
Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôxi wewkó ¯Íiweb¨vm—myweavcÖvß wkw¶Z †kÖwYi m‡½ e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi wew”QbœZvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvPP©vI
e¨vcKv‡_© Rbwew”Qbœ †_‡K hvq| eZ©gvb m›`‡f© evsjv fvlvi GB HwZnvwmK ev¯ÍeZv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Ô†jL¨-evsjvÕi iƒc I
iƒcvšÍi cixw¶Z n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b Ô†jL¨-evsjvÕ K_vwU e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q `yB ai‡bi iPbv †evSv‡Z: GK. mvwnZ¨ I mvwnZ¨-ewnf©~Z M`¨iPbv; `yB. fvlv-
m¤úwK©Z †h †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv| M‡`¨ fvlvi Ô¯^vfvweKÕ Mob A‡bKvs‡kB AUyU _v‡K; wKš‘ KweZvq A‡bKmg‡q †mB wbq‡gi
†¯^”QvK…Z e¨wZµgB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| ZvB KweZvi fvlv GB Av‡jvPbvq AvKi-Dcv`vb wnmv‡e M„nxZ nqwb| fvlv-
m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbv, we‡klZ e¨vKiY I Awfavb, fvlvi gvb¨iƒc wba©vi‡Y me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| e¨vKiY-
Awfavb ¯^qs we`¨gvb iæwP I cÖeYZvi wb‡`©kK, Avevi iæwP I cÖeYZvi wbg©vZvI e‡U| Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv M‡`¨i MVbc‡e©
G mZ¨ evievi cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†jL¨-evsjvÕ m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv ejv `iKvi, eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbv †Kv‡bv A‡_©B wjLbixwZi
Av‡jvPbv bq|10 eis mvwnZ¨ I mvwnZ¨-ewnf©~Z iPbvi fvlv, wk¶v I Awdm-Av`vj‡Z wbZ¨-e¨envh© fvlv wjwLZ AvKv‡i
†hfv‡e MwVZ I e¨eüZ nq, Zv-B g~j we‡eP¨| A_©vr, ÔgvbÕ ev ÔcÖwgZÕ evsjv †_‡K †jL¨-evsjv‡K Avjv`v aiv nqwb| Gw`K
†_‡K Ôgy‡Li evsjvÕ ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q †Kej GB A‡_© †h, cÖPwjZ K_¨ fvlvi m‡½ Ae¨vnZ wewbg‡qB †Kej †jL¨ fvlv
Kv‡h©vc‡hvwMZvi w`K †_‡K cÖvmw½K _vK‡Z cv‡i|

1.6
Dcwb‡ek Avg‡j evsjv fvlvPP©vi †h iƒc cÖwZôv cvw”Qj, Zvi we‡ivwaZvi bwRi cvIqv hvq Dwbk kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq `kK
†_‡K| IB kZ‡Ki †klvs‡k ZË¡xq I cÖv‡qvwMK `yB w`K †_‡KB GB we‡ivwaZv k³ wfwË AR©b K‡i| k¨vgvPiY
M‡½vcva¨v‡qi iPbvq Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjv fvlvi msKU Avi G †_‡K gyw³i c_ wb‡`©wkZ n‡qwQj we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e| c‡i g~jZ
e½xq mvwnZ¨-cwil‡`i AwffveK‡Z¡ nicÖmv` kv¯¿x, iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi I iv‡g›`ªmy›`i w·e`x G Kv‡R †bZ…Z¡ †`b|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi evsjv fvlv-Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb Lye Aí eq‡m—Bsj¨v‡Û Ae¯’vbKv‡j| Zuvi KvR cÖeÜ-AvKv‡i
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q 1885 mv‡ji g‡a¨B| 1941 mv‡j g„Zz¨i Av‡M ch©šÍ G Kv‡R wZwb Kg‡ewk mwµq wQ‡jb| evsjv kãZË¡ I
evsjvfvlv-cwiPq Zuvi fvlv-welqK MÖš’| Gi evB‡i eû cÖe‡Ü fvlv-m¤úwK©Z Zuvi gZ-gšÍe¨ cvIqv hvq| Gme iPbvi g~j
j¶¨ `ywU: GK. evsjv fvlvi ¯^vZš¿¨ I ¯^vqËkvmb i¶v Kiv; `yB. evsjv fvlvi gh©v`v cÖwZôv Kiv —D”Pwk¶v †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
hveZxq Kv‡R evsjv fvlvi e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv| GB `yB j¶¨ AR©‡bi cÖavb Dcvq wnmv‡e wZwb evsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqb-
cÖwµqvi weiæ‡× weivgnxb jovB Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb—¯^vZš¿¨-¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖ‡kœ cÖavbZ ms¯‹…Zvq‡bi weiæ‡× Avi gh©v`vi cÖ‡kœ
cÖavbZ Bs‡iwRi m‡½| Zuvi iPbvq GB `yB D‡jøL GZ †ewk Avi †Rviv‡jv †h, GB wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ Avf¨šÍi mv¶¨ †LuvRviI
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Avf¨šÍi j¶‡Yi w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlv-Av‡jvPbvq Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi wecixZ cÖwµqv cvIqv hvq Zuvi
Aejw¤^Z cÖYvwjc×wZi g‡a¨| †h †Kv‡bv Av‡ivwcZ Q‡K fvlv-Av‡jvPbvi e`‡j wZwb me©Î evsjv fvlvi ˆewkó¨ I cÖwZfvi
AbyMvgx we‡kølY-c×wZ Avwe®‹vi Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| G †¶‡Î Zuvi Abb¨ mvdj¨ me©Rbxb ¯^xK…wZI †c‡q‡Q| Gme Kvi‡Y
Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi wecixZ cÖwµqv wnmv‡e iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlvPP©vi bZyb I Kvh©Ki cvV m¤¢e|
Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqv GK RwUj I me©MÖvmx cÖwµqv, hvi mvgvb¨ AskB cÖKvk¨ NUbvewji Av‡jvPbvq aiv c‡o|11 cÖZ¨¶
Dcwb‡ek †kl nIqvi c‡iI G cÖwµqv †_‡g hvqwb, eis bqv-Jcwb‡ewkK cÖwµqvi wfwË wnmv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| wecix‡Z,
G‡Kev‡i ïiæ †_‡KB Dcwb‡ewkZ mgv‡R we-Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi bvbv cÖwµqvI Pjgvb †_‡K‡Q:
The immensely prestigious and powerful imperial culture found itself appropriated in projects of counter-
colonial resistance which drew upon the many different indigenous local and hybrid processes of self-
determination to defy, erode and sometimes supplant the prodigious power of imperial cultural knowledge.
(Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin 2007: 1)
Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl I wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g `k‡K evsjv fvlvPP©vi cÖfvekvjx aviv GB A‡_© we-Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi GK AvKl©Yxq
D`vniY| iex›`ªbv_ GB avivi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZvwË¡K| cvkvcvwk ZLb Dcwb‡ewkZ Av`‡k©i fvlvPP©vI PjwQj—
†Rviv‡jvfv‡eB PjwQj| ZvB evsjv fvlvi ¯^vZš¿¨-¯^vqËkvmb Avi gh©v`vi cÖwZôv—iex›`ªbv‡_i GB `yB `vwe MZ GK
kZvãx‡ZI AwR©Z nqwb| Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlvPP©vi cvV Gw`K †_‡K evsjv fvlvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’viI
ch©v‡jvPbv|

1.7
evsjv M‡`¨i Ges fvlvPP©vi BwZnvm huviv wj‡L‡Qb Zuv‡`i wecyj AwaKvskB—†hgb, myKygvi †mb (1998), k¨vgjKygvi
P‡Ævcva¨vq (1366), g‡bv‡gvnb †Nvl (1941), wbg©j `vk (2000), ûgvqyb AvRv` (2001, 2002) cÖgyL—Jcwb‡ewkK
ev¯ÍeZv‡K G‡Kev‡iB D‡jøL‡hvM¨ g‡b K‡ibwb| mykxjKygvi †` (1962) Ges †Mvjvg gyiwk‡`i (1399) g‡Zv †KD †KD
Jcwb‡ewkK ¶gZv-KvVv‡gvi m‡½ bZyb evsjv M‡`¨i cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK© eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; wKš‘ Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi bvbv RwUj
wnmve-wbKv‡k g‡bv‡hvM bv w`‡q Zuviv cÖZ¨¶ m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ cÖvß M`¨iƒc I fvlv‡ev‡ai g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb| mRbxKvšÍ `vm
(1353) ev mweZv P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi (1972) Av‡jvPbvq Dcwb‡ewkZ M‡`¨i Ggb eqvb cvIqv hvq, hv‡Z †Lv` Jcwb‡ewkK
kvmb‡K Dcwb‡ewkZ fviZel© ev evOvwji Rb¨ cig cÖvwß e‡j g‡b nq| A‡c¶vK…Z †MŠY GKwU aviv cvIqv hvq †gvnv¤§`
Ave`yj KvBDg (1982), Gm. Gg. jyrdi ingvb (2004, 2005) cÖgy‡Li †jLvq, †hLv‡b bZyb M‡`¨i m‡½ Dcwb‡ekvqb-
cÖwµqvi Mfxi wewbg‡qi msev` Av‡Q; wKš‘ M`¨ I fvlvwPšÍvi bZyb cÖeYZv‡K Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi dj wnmv‡e e¨vL¨v bv
K‡i †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q eªvþY cwÐZ-Bs‡iR AuvZv‡Zi Ici|12 d‡j Zuv‡`i Av‡jvPbvi Ab¨ A‡bK g~j¨ _vK‡jI
HwZnvwmK m‡Z¨i b¨vh¨Zv iw¶Z nqwb| g‡b ivLv `iKvi, n¨vj‡nW, di÷vi Ges DBwjqvg †Kwi mgKvjxb fvlvweÁv‡bi
MwZcÖK…wZ wel‡q h‡_ó cwigv‡Y IqvwKenvj wQ‡jb| Zuviv ch©vß AvMÖn I cwikÖ‡g Awfavb-e¨vKiY cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb| fvlvi
ï×Zv I evsjv fvlvi m‡½ ms¯‹…‡Zi m¤úK© wel‡q Zuviv †hme wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡qwQ‡jb, †m¸‡jv Zuv‡`i Ávb, cÖeYZv,
mgKvjxb ev¯ÍeZv Avi cÖ‡qvRb w`‡qB wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv lohš¿-ZË¡ GB ev¯ÍeZv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Jcwb‡ewkK ev¯ÍeZvi bvbv RwUjZv I cÖfv‡ei wewPÎMvwgZv h_vm¤¢e Avg‡j G‡b evsjv M`¨ I fvlvPP©vi BwZnvm iPbv
weij n‡jI `yj©f bq| G †¶‡Î †`‡ek ivq (1990, 2003) Zvrch©c~Y© KvR K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Kv‡Ri (†`‡ek 1990) †NvwlZ
mxgv cÖ_gw`‡Ki msev`-mvgwqKcÎ n‡jI `„wófw½i mvgwMÖKZv Zv‡Z iw¶Z n‡q‡Q| evsjv M‡`¨i Mob-hy‡M ms¯‹…Z I
Bs‡iwRi AvwacZ¨ Ges †mB Avwac‡Z¨i ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZ Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq myôyfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
Dcwb‡ewkZ mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ-Aa¨q‡bi GKUv cÖavb msKU Dcwb‡ek-c~e© Dcv`vb¸‡jvi m‡½ cwiewZ©Z ev¯ÍeZvi m¤úK©
wba©viY| KviY, ÔLuvwUÕ AZxZ ev ÔLuvwUÕ ms¯‹…wZ e‡j Avm‡j wKQz †bB—†Kv‡bv Kv‡jB wQj bv:
We have never been as aware as we now are of how oddly hybrid historical and cultural experiences are, of
how they partake of many often contradictory experiences and domains, cross national boundaries, defy the
police action of simple dogma and loud patriotism. Far from being unitary or monolithic or autonomous things,
culture actually assume more ‘foreign’ elements, alterities, differences, than they consciously exclude. (Said
1994: 15)
GgbwK †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cÖwZ‡iva-msMÖvgB—†m RvZxqZvev`x cÖKíB †nvK Avi mvs¯‹…wZK we-Dcwb‡ekvqbB †nvK—
mv¤ªvR¨ev`x fveKí †_‡K gy³ _v‡K bv|13 G Kvi‡Y ZvwË¡K‡`i A‡b‡KB Dcwb‡ek-c~e© AZxZ Ges ¯’vbxq ms¯‹…wZi
†ivgvw›UK g~wZ© ˆZwi K‡i AwZ-cÖksmvi ZË¡xq-e¨envwiK wecwË m¤ú‡K© mZK© K‡i‡Qb (Loomba 2001: 17-18)| wKš‘
GK_vI mZ¨, GK`v-Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi cieZ©x ev¯ÍeZv‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi dj wnmv‡e †`LvI wec¾bK|
Zv‡Z AZxZ †hgb cy‡ivcywi ev` c‡o, †Zgwb ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi mwµqZvi e¨vcviwU Pvcv c‡o wM‡q Jcwb‡ewkK mwµqZvB
GKgvÎ wbY©vqK n‡q I‡V| evsjv fvlvi cVb-cvV‡b `y‡qi Kvh©Ki †gjeÜb NUv‡bv AwZ Riæwi| GLvbKvi AZxZ †hgb
ch©vß wjwLZ Dcv`v‡b mg„×, wVK †Zgwb Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi `xN©-Mfxi cÖfv‡e cwiewZ©Z| G †¶‡Î eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZv Avi
Pvwn`vi wbiƒwcZ mxgvB †Kej KiYx‡qi mxgv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

1.8
G MÖ‡š’ Dcwb‡ekvqb I we-Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi cUf~wg‡Z evsjv fvlvi BwZnv‡mi wKQz w`K cixw¶Z n‡q‡Q| Dcwb‡ekvqb
cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôxi bZyb Mob‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i‡Q| Drcv`b-m¤ú‡K©i bZyb web¨vm, mvgvwRK
¯Íiweb¨vm, wbqš¿K aviYv I gZv`‡k©i Drcv`b-cybiærcv`b BZ¨vw`i wbwi‡L Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôxi msw¶ß cwiPq †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q wØZxq Aa¨v‡q| Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi cÖZ¨¶Zvq M‡o IVv ev¯ÍeZv evsjv fvlv, we‡klZ evsjv M‡`¨i, cwiewZ©Z
iƒ‡ci Mob I PP©vi ai‡b wKfv‡e wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q, Zv we‡køwlZ n‡q‡Q Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klvs‡k evsjv
fvlvPP©vi Pjgvb aviv I cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© †KD †KD Zxeª AvcwË DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb| Zvi Av‡M ch©šÍ Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbZ‡Ë¡i
mgvšÍiv‡j M‡o IVv ZË¡ I gZv`‡k©i GK”QÎ Qvqvq PwP©Z n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlv| †mB PP©vq iKg‡di Av‡Q, gZwe‡iva Av‡Q,
Av‡Q m„Rbkxj PP©vi ¯^vfvweK bvbv AR©b| wKš‘ evsjv fvlvi IB c‡e©i cÖavb PP©vKvixiv Áv‡Z-AÁv‡Z fvlv-m¤úwK©Z
Jcwb‡ewkK gZv`k©‡KB Kg‡ewk †g‡b P‡j‡Qb| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv M`¨, e¨vKiY I Awfav‡bi Dwbk kZKxq PP©vi wKQz
cÖavb aviv cixw¶Z n‡q‡Q PZy_© Aa¨v‡q| GK‡Î G wZb Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg n‡Z cv‡i Ôevsjv fvlvi Dcwb‡ekvqbÕ|
c‡ii Pvi Aa¨v‡q iex›`ªbv_ VvKy‡ii fvlv-welqK iPbvewj Aej¤^‡b evsjv fvlvi we-Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi wKQz cÖwµqv Ges
m¤¢vebv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÂg Aa¨v‡q Av‡Q iex›`ªbv‡_i fvlv`„wói ch©v‡jvPbv| Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjv fvlvi msKU Avi Zv
†_‡K DËi‡Yi Dcvq wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q iex›`ªbv‡_i iPbv¸‡jv‡Z| GB `„wófw½‡Z wePvi-we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q evsjv fvlvi
Avf¨šÍi-ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© wZwb †hme wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb, †m¸‡jv m~ÎvKv‡i ewY©Z n‡q‡Q lô Aa¨v‡q| GLv‡b
cÖvmw½Kfv‡e fvlvZvwË¡K iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯^vZš¿¨ Ges K…wZZ¡I wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q| Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi g‡Zv we-Dcwb‡ekvqbI Pjgvb
cÖwµqv| Zv‡Z †hgb avivevwnKZv Av‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q †Q`, AvKw¯§KZv I Djøçb| evsjv fvlvi we-Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi †h ce©wU
eZ©gvb MÖ‡š’i †K›`ª, Zvi cÖavb e¨w³Z¡ iex›`ªbv_ n‡jI Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki mwµqZv Zv‡Z Kvh©Ki wQj| ZvQvov Dcwb‡ewkZ
fvlv`k©‡bi cÖZvcI me©Î wµqvkxj wQj| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mßg Aa¨v‡q GKw`‡K we-Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqvi Ab¨ K‡qKRb
ZvwË¡‡Ki `„wófw½ we‡køwlZ n‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K M`¨-e¨vKiY-Awfav‡b Dcwb‡ewkZ ZË¡ I Av`‡k©i cÖej cÖZvc wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|
gvbfvlv, e¨vKiY, evbvb, Awfavb I cwifvlv-cÖYqb—fvlvPP©vi Gme cÖv‡qvwMK †¶‡Î iex›`ªbv‡_i gZ I `„wófw½i
mvims‡¶c cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q Aóg Aa¨v‡q|
Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqv evsjv A‡ji A_©‰bwZK-mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK-gb¯ÍvwË¡K-ivR‰bwZK bvbvw`‡Ki g‡Zv evsjv fvlvi
mvgwMÖK PP©v‡KI Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| †m cÖfve †Kej AZx‡Zi ev¯ÍeZv bq, eis fvlvPP©vi eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½I
hy³| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii fvlv-welqK iPbv‡K eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZvi †cÖÿvc‡U cvV Kiv GB m›`‡f©i Ab¨Zg jÿ¨|
UxKv

1. BD‡ivcxq bvbv RvwZi Dcwb‡ek ¯’vc‡bi Av‡iv wKQz KviYI kbv³ Kiv hvq (Young 2003: 22-23)| wgkbvwi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
AšÍZ †¯ú‡bi †¶‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖv_wgK KviY wQj| e¯ÍyZ K¨v_wjK-cÖ‡U÷v›U we‡iva cy‡iv BD‡iv‡ci †¶‡ÎB Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb ev
Kâv Kivi cÖ‡Yv`bv RywM‡q‡Q| ZvQvov Ômf¨KiY cÖKíÕ eiveiB Dcwb‡ek ¯’vc‡bi hyw³ wnmv‡e KvR K‡iwQj| AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi
Pvc AšÍZ weª‡Ub‡K Dcwb‡ek ¯’vc‡b g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z eva¨ K‡i‡Q| Z‡e jvfRbK evwYR¨, jyUZivR Avi m¤ú` AvniYB †h
Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZôvi Avmj KviY—Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB|
2. bZyb M‡elYvK‡g©i Av‡jv‡K Dcwb‡ek-c~e©eZ©x AvVvi kZ‡Ki fvi‡Zi msw¶ß cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb myMZ emy I Av‡qkv Rvjvj (Bose
and Jalal 2002: 48-55)| G cwiP‡qi mvims‡¶c wbgœiƒc:
AvVvi kZ‡K fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv we‡K›`ªxf~Z n‡q‡Q| wKQz `ye©jZv m‡Ë¡I mvgwMÖKfv‡e A_©bxwZ I mgv‡R †ZwRfve Avi
Drcv`bkxjZv wQj cÖej| K…wl, Af¨šÍixY evwYR¨ I bMivq‡Yi cÖf~Z DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| gvivVv iv‡R¨ AvVvi kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K K…wli DbœwZ
N‡U, wKš‘ ivR‡¯^i nvi wQj LyeB Kg| nvq`vi Avwji gnxk~i ewY©Z nZ Av¯Í evwMPv wnmv‡e| †lvok kZ‡K K…wli †h DbœwZ j¶ Kiv
†M‡Q AvVvi kZ‡KI Zv A¶yYœ _v‡K| K…wlwbf©i cY¨ †_‡K ivóª ch©vß Ki Av`vq KiZ; Avi IB c‡Y¨i †`Šj‡Z MÖvg¸‡jv evwYwR¨K
mPjZv Avi wewbg‡qi we¯Í…Z Rv‡j hy³ wQj| GB ai‡bi †ZwR ‘tributary commercialism’B BD‡ivcxq †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Kv‡Q
fviZ‡K GZ AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zy‡jwQj| 1702-04 mv‡ji `w¶Y fvi‡Zi Lv`¨vfve ev` w`‡j IB kZ‡Ki mvZ `kK wQj `ywf©¶gy³|
1770 mv‡ji evsjvi `ywf©¶ Ges 1783 mv‡ji DËi fviZxq `ywf©¶ cieZ©xKv‡ji NUbv| Rwg I K…wlkÖwg‡Ki AbycvZ K…lK I DcRvwZ
K…wlkÖwgK‡`i AbyK~‡j _vKvq Rwgi gvwjK‡`i m‡½ `iKlvKwl fv‡jvB PjZ| mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, RbmsL¨v, Drcv`b, `ªe¨g~j¨ I
gRywi AvVvi kZK Ry‡o µ‡gvbœwZi w`‡KB wQj|
†gvMj kv‡nbkv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i m‡e©v”P cÖZxK wnmv‡e _vK‡jI ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK we‡K›`ªxKiY RbRxe‡b cÖf~Z mRxeZvi KviY
n‡qwQj| ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨i †¶‡Î mgiƒcZvi RvqMvq ˆewPΨ I RwUj mg„w× AwR©Z n‡qwQj| wn›`y I Bmjvg —`yB a‡g©i
†¶‡ÎB ag©Z‡Ë¡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| AvIqv‡a wkqv AvB‡bi hyw³ev`x aviv Dïwj DuPy-gv‡ci gvwR©Z iƒ‡c †cuŠQvq| RbRxe‡b
mPjZv _vKvq `w¶‡Yi eªvþ‡Yiv A‡bK †ewk nv‡i †ebvi‡m hvq, hv wn›`y-`k©‡b bZyb Rxeb mÂvi K‡i| KY©vU‡Ki ivR`ievi¸‡jv‡Z
`w¶Yx kv¯¿xq m½xZ gvwR©Z iƒc jvf K‡i| wewfbœ RvqMvq †gvMj wgwb‡qPv‡ii e`‡j bZyb wPÎKjvi weKvk N‡U| wkqv-mywbœ, wkL-
gymjgvb Ges wn›`y-gymjgvb Ø›Ø-msNvZ n‡qwQj e‡U, wKš‘ †gv‡Ui Dci AvVvi kZ‡Ki cwiPq kÎæZvi bq, eÜy‡Z¡i|
3. Avj‡eqvi †gwg GB mvgwMÖKZvi K_vB e‡j‡Qb: ‘I first had to understand the colonizer and the colonized, perhaps the
entire colonial relationship and situation.’ (Memmi 1976: vii)
Jcwb‡ewkK m¤ú‡K©i me©e¨vwß m¤ú‡K© Zuvi wm×všÍ: ‘The colonial relationship which I had tried to define chained the
colonizer and the colonized into an implacable dependence, molded their respective characters and dictated their
conduct.’ (Memmi 1976: ix)
4. Dcwb‡ewkZ Rb‡Mvôxi myweavcÖvß As‡ki gb¯ÍË¡ m¤ú‡K© †gwgi AwfÁZv ¯§iYxq:
As I stated repeatedly, a man is a product of his objective situation; thus I had to ask myself if I would have
condemned colonization so vigorously if I would actually benefited from it myself. I hope so, but to have
suffered from it only slightly less than the others did has made me more understanding. (Memmi 1976: xvi)
5. Dcwb‡ewkZ fvi‡Zi wecix‡Z wPb I Rvcvb Gi fv‡jv D`vniY| fviZxqiv cwðgv ÁvbweÁv‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m‡Q A‡bK Av‡M Ges
Rb‡Mvôxi GKUv †QvU Ask Zv ißI K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î cwðgv weÁvb I cÖhyw³i e¨envi I †fv‡Mi
we‡ePbvq wPb I Rvcvb †h mvdj¨ †`wL‡q‡Q, fvi‡Zi m‡½ Zvi ZyjbvB P‡j bv| Áv‡bi wek¦RbxbZv Avi AbybœZ Rb‡Mvôxi DbœZ
Rb‡Mvôx‡K AbymiY AwZ cÖvPxb e¨vcvi| wKš‘ Dcwb‡ekvq‡bi BwZnvm cÖgvY K‡i, Jcwb‡ewkK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv Zvrch©c~Y© A‡_© G
AbymiY m¤¢e bq| G cÖm‡½ mywgZ miKvi wj‡L‡Qb:
In countries which escaped political conquest either completely or for a fairly long period—Japan, of course,
but also to a much more limited extent Ottoman Turkey and Egypt under Muhammad Ali—the pattern of
modernist change was significantly different from that witnessed in British India. … the whole approach was
far more pragmatic. The intellectuals learnt less of Shakespeare and Mill and very much more of modern
technology and science—and from the very beginning attempts were made to assimilate the latter into the
 language of the country. (Sarkar 2000: 27)
6. GWIqvW© mvB` Zuvi Orientalism MÖš’ cÖm‡½ G ai‡bi hvwš¿K I wba©vwiZ m¤ú‡K©i aviYv evwZj K‡i w`‡q‡Qb:
If we eliminate from the start any notion that ‘big’ facts like imperial domination can be applied mechanically
and deterministically to such complex matters as cultures and ideas, then we will begin to approach an
interesting kind of study. (Said 1995: 12)
7. mswkøó cv‡Vi †¶‡Î †nvwg †K fvevi cÖvmw½K gšÍe¨:
My reading of colonial discourse suggests that the point of intervention should shift from the ready recognition
of images as positive or negative, to an understanding of the processes of subjectification made possible (and
plausible) through stereotypical discourse. (Bhabha 2006: 95)
8. G avivi cÖwZwbwa¯’vbxq bgybv wnmv‡e eû-D×…Z `ywU MÖ‡š’i D‡jøL Kiv hvq| GKwU wf. wm. †Rvwk m¤úvw`Z Rammohun Roy and
the Process of Modernization in India (1975); Ab¨wU A‡kvK †m‡bi Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and His Elusive
Milestones (1977)| cÖ_gwUi f~wgKvq ejv n‡q‡Q:
The object of this publication is neither to bring out another volume of eulogy nor to debunk ‘Rammohun Roy
myth’. … The volume also includes a historiographical study which helps to discover Rammohun Roy’s
favourable image at different times and explains how he became ‘Father of Modern India’.
†i‡bmuv‡mi cÖe³v ivg‡gvnb bvwK Ab¨ †KD, wKsev Gi gvnvZ¥¨ ev EbZv KZUv—†mB wePv‡ii cwie‡Z© eBwUi cÖeܸ‡jv‡Z ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q IB Kv‡ji cwiw¯’wZ‡K, hv Gi gyL¨ wbqš¿K| cv_© P‡Ævcva¨vq hv‡K e‡j‡Qb Ômve‡Rw±f G‡RwÝÕ, Zvi Mob I Kvh©KiZvi
ai‡bi w`‡KI mgvb bRi ivLv n‡q‡Q, †hb, Dcwb‡ekvqb wew”Qbœ wbqš¿K I GKgvÎ mwµq mËv n‡q ¯’vbxq mwµqZv‡K gy‡Q bv †`q|
A‡kvK †mb we`¨vmvM‡ii cvV-cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, GwU we‡klfv‡e we`¨vmvM‡ii g~j¨wePvi bq| eis Zuvi Kv‡ji msKU¸‡jv AvR‡Ki
msKU eyS‡Z wKfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i ZviB wePvi-we‡kølY:
The story points to a broader effects of imperialism than are usually considered in settling profit and loss
accounts of our so-called modernity. In this sense the power of colonial darkness did not cease with the
country’s political independence. Time and again, the cause of reason, enlightenment and even socialism has
met with reverses in its inability to reach deep into the roots of our society and people. This is where
Vidyasagar’s experience has contemporary meaning. (Sen 1977: xiv)
eiæY †` GB ÔAvaywbKZvÕ cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb: ‘The belief that modernity is replicated in modernization is a fallacy that flaws
the understanding of the real modernization process itself.’ (De 1976: 124)
iYwRr ¸n Jcwb‡ewkK BwZnvmZ‡Ë¡i g~j Mj` wPwýZ K‡i bZyb BwZnv‡mi Rb¨ KiYxq wba©viY K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e:
To assert the autonomy of Indian historiography amounted, therefore, to challenging that right—Britain’s right
to rule India. In other words, no historiography of colonial India would be truly Indian except as a critique of
the very fundamentals of the constitutive power relationship of the colonialism itself. If with all the help it had
from a maturing Bengali prose, historiography in that language still continued to be tied to the colonial model,
it was because of its failure to develop a critique of colonialism in any fundamental sense. (Guha 1988: 50)
c~e-© ewY©Z Z…Zxq avivi BwZnvm GB A‡_© ÔwbR¯^Õ BwZnvm I BwZnvmZ‡Ë¡iB ev¯Íevqb|
9. fvlvi ï×Zvi aviYv AwZ cÖvPxb| wVK †Kvb iƒ‡c fvlv m¤ú~Y© ï× nq, †m m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv my¯úó gZ ˆZwi Kiv Am¤¢e| Zey †`Lv
hvq, wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z wbwe©‡k‡l mevi g‡a¨ GB ï×Zvi aviYv Av‡Q| Gi wecix‡Z Av‡Q fvlvi weK…wZi aviYv| Zyjbvg~jK I
HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁv‡bi cÖkÖ‡q Ges bZybfv‡e ms¯‹…Z fvlvi gwngv Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi †cÖ¶vc‡U KjKvZvi evOvwj wn›`ymgv‡R GB
ï×vïw×i aviYv fqven AvKvi aviY K‡iwQj| hv wKQz cÖPwjZ Zvi cÖvq meB AvL¨v †c‡qwQj Aïw×i| GgZve¯’vq fvwlK ïw×Ki‡Yi
GK weKU Kg©Kv‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q evsjv fvlv‡K †h‡Z n‡qwQj|
10. wjLbixwZ m¤ú‡K© eøygwd‡ìi cÖvmw½K gšÍe¨: ‘Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by
means of visible marks. … In order to study writing, we must know something about language, but the reverse is not
true.’ (Bloomfield 1967: 21)
11. Dcwb‡ekvqb-cÖwµqv Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi ev¯ÍeZv‡K KZ Mfxifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i‡Q, Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq fvi‡Zi eY©c_Ö vi BwZnv‡m|
b„weÁvb ev mgvRwe`¨vq, ev fvi‡Zi mgmvgwqK ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvq, fviZxq ms¯‹…wZ memg‡qB ewY©Z n‡q‡Q e‡Y©i mv‡c‡¶| eY©B
fviZxq HwZ‡n¨i AvKi wnmv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, Ges GL‡bv—Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡ji g‡ZvB—eY©c_Ö v‡K †`Lv nq fvi‡Zi AvaywbKvq‡bi
cÖavb evaviƒ‡c| wKš‘ m¤úªwZ GKRb M‡elK G e¨vcv‡i m¤ú~Y© wfbœ wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb:
Much of what has been taken to be timeless tradition is, in fact, the paradoxical effect of colonial rule, where
culture was carefully depoliticized and reified into a specially colonial version of civil society. In ethnographic
 fieldwork, in the reading of texts traditionally dismissed as so much myth and fabulous legend, in
reconstructing the precolonial history of Indian states and societies, in regarding colonial texts, and in charting
the contradictory effects of colonial rule, I found that the categories of culture and history subverted each other
opening up supplemental reading of ‘caste’ that made it seem more a product of rule than a predecessor of it.
(Dirks 2007: 61)
Ggb `„óv‡šÍi ci Zuvi GB wm×všÍ m½Z e‡jB g‡b nq: ‘This reference to anthropology reminds us that Western scholarship
has consistently been part of the problem rather than the solution.’ (Dirks 2007: 61)
12. gyn¤§` wmwÏK Lv‡bi evsjv gy`ªY I cÖKvk‡bi †Mvovi K_v G `„wófw½i Av‡iK D`vniY| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: ÔAviex-dvimxewR©Z
ms¯‹…ZMÜx evsjv fvlvi Dbœq‡b Bs‡iR‡`i GB Drmvn wQj ev½vjx gymjgvb‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Rxeb c½y Kivi
eûwea KvimvwRi Ab¨ZgÕ (gyn¤§` wmwÏK 1371: 28)| G MÖ‡š’i GK mgv‡jvPbvq Avwbmy¾vgvb m½Z Kvi‡YB G lohš¿ -ZË¡ evwZj
K‡i w`‡q‡Qb (Avwbmy¾vgvb 1373: 266)|
13. GWIqvW© mvB‡`i g‡Z: ‘That is the partial tragedy of resistance, that it must to a certain degree work to recover
forms already established or at least influenced or infiltrated by the culture of empire. This is another instance of
what I have called overlapping territories.’ (Said 1994: 253)