ME1480 Engineering Drawing

Dr. Piyush Shakya

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai

1 20-Jan-22
Conic Sections
Conic Sections are the curves that appear when a plane intersects a double right circular cone
at different angles.

2 20-Jan-22
Common Definition of Conic Sections
Conic section curve is the locus of a point moving in a plane such that the ratio of its
distance from a fixed point (focus) and from a fixed line (directrix) remains constant. The
ratio is called eccentricity.

The portion of a tangent to a conic section curve cut off between the directrix and the curve
subtends a right angle at the focus.

For Ellipse e<1

For Parabola e=1
For Hyperbola e>1

3 D. A. Jolhe, Engineering Drawing with an introduction to AutoCad (Tata McGrawHill publications) 20-Jan-22
Ellipse

θ
θ

For Ellipse e<1

An ellipse is the locus of a point moving in a plane such that the sum of its distance
from two fixed points (foci) is constant.

The normal at any point on the ellipse bisects the angle subtended by the foci on
that point.

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Ellipse (Focus-Directrix method)
Draw an ellipse when the distance of its focus from its directrix is equal to 50 mm and the
eccentricity is 2/3. Also draw a tangent and normal to this ellipse at a point 75 mm from the
directrix. g
e f g
d
c Eccentricity = 2/3
B

b P P5
P6 P7
a P3 4 QV1 V1F1
Directrix

Q P1 P2 R1V1
=
R1V1
=

R1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V1 F1 Dist. Between directrix &
focus = 50 mm
90°
P1’ 1 part = 50/(2+3)=10 mm
T P2’
P3’P ’
4 P5’ P6’ P ’ V1F1 = 2 parts = 20 mm
S 7
A

V1R1 = 3 parts = 30 mm
T

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Ellipse (Concentric Circle Method)
Draw an ellipse by concentric circle method Take major axis 120 mm and minor axis 90
mm long.

1. Draw both axes as perpendicular

bisectors of each other & name their ends 3
as shown. 2 4
2. Taking their intersecting point as a
center, draw two concentric circles
C
considering both as respective diameters. 1 3 5
3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts & 2 4
(𝑎 − 𝑏)
name as shown. 1
5 (𝑎 − 𝑏) cos 𝜃 (x,y)
4. From all points of outer circle draw b
𝑏 sin 𝜃
vertical lines downwards and upwards 𝜃
A B
respectively. 𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑎 cos 𝜃
5. From all points of inner circle draw 10 6
horizontal lines to intersect those vertical
lines. 10 9 7 6
6. Mark all intersecting points properly as 8
those are the points on ellipse. D
7. Join all these points along with the ends
of both axes in smooth possible curve. It is 9 7
8
required ellipse.
; ;
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Ellipse (Rectangle method)
Draw an ellipse by Rectangle method Take major axis 120 mm and minor axis 90 mm long.
D (0,b)
4
1. Draw a rectangle taking
major and minor axes as 3 3
sides.
2 2
2. In this rectangle draw
both axes as perpendicular 1 1
bisectors of each other.
3. For construction, select A 3 4
B
1 2
upper left part of rectangle. (-a,0) (a,0)
Divide vertical small side
and horizontal long side
into same number of equal
parts. (here divided in four
parts)
4. Name those as shown. C (0,-b)
5. Now join all vertical points 1,2,3,4, to the upper end of minor axis and all horizontal points
i.e.1,2,3,4 to the lower end of minor axis.
6. Then extend C-1 line up to D-1 and mark that point. Similarly, extend C-2, C-3, C-4 lines up to D-
2, D-3, & D-4 lines.
7. Mark all these points properly and join all along with ends A and D in smooth possible curve. Do
similar construction in right side part along with lower half of the rectangle. Join all points in smooth
curve.
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Reason (Ellipse Rectangle method)
Assume that the half of the major and minor axis is divided
in n parts.

Coordinate of ith point on the vertical line passing through B

(Vi) in the first quadrant = 𝑎,

Coordinate of ith point on the horizontal line passing through

( )
B (Hi) in the first quadrant = ,0

( )
Eq. of line passing through D (0,b) and Vi 𝑎, Eq. of line passing through C (0,-b) and Hi ,0

𝑌 −𝑌 𝑌 −𝑌
𝑦−𝑌 = 𝑥−𝑋 𝑦−𝑌 = (𝑥 − 𝑋 )
𝑋 −𝑋 𝑋 −𝑋

𝑦−𝑏= (𝑥) ………….. (1) 𝑦+𝑏= (𝑥) ………….. (2)

-b

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Reason (Ellipse Rectangle method)
-b From eq.(1),

( )
𝑏
𝑥
𝑛
−
𝑖−𝑛
= 2𝑏
Simplifying we get, ( ) ( )
𝑎 𝑛−𝑖 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−𝑖
𝑥 + = 2𝑎 [ ( ) ]
𝑛−𝑖 𝑛
( )
( )
[ ( ) ]
( )

2𝑎𝑛(𝑛 − 𝑖) 𝑥 4𝑛 𝑛 − 𝑖
𝑥= =
𝑛 + (𝑛 − 𝑖) 𝑎 [𝑛 +(𝑛 − 𝑖) ]

( )
Let us assume and and
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

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Ellipse (Parallelogram method)

10 B. Agrawal and C. M. Agrawal, Engineering Drawing (Tata McGrawHill publications) 20-Jan-22

Ellipse (Arcs of circle method)

11 B. Agrawal and C. M. Agrawal, Engineering Drawing (Tata McGrawHill publications) 20-Jan-22

Parabola (Focus-Directrix method)
Draw a Parabola for distance of the focus from the directrix being 60 mm

For Parabola eccentricity is 1.

12 D. A. Jolhe, Engineering Drawing with an introduction to AutoCad (Tata McGrawHill publications) 20-Jan-22
Parabola (Rectangle method)
A ball thrown in the air attains 100cm height and covers a horizontal distance of 150cm on the
ground. Draw the path of the ball (projectile).

1. Draw rectangle of above size 6 6

and divide it in two equal vertical
parts.
2. Consider left part for 5 5
construction. Divide height and
length in equal number of parts 4
4
and name those 1,2,3,4,5& 6.
3. Join vertical 1,2,3,4,5 & 6 to the
top center of rectangle. 3 3
4. Similarly draw upward vertical
lines from horizontal1,2,3,4,5 and
wherever these lines intersect 2 2
previously drawn inclined lines in
sequence. Mark those points and
further join in smooth possible 1 1
curve.
5. Repeat the construction on right
side rectangle also join all in 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5
sequence. A
This locus is Parabola. (0,0)
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Reason (Parabola Rectangle method)
Consider five points , and E .

Divide the DE in n-parts and consider the ith point on the vertical line passing through D,
Vi

Divide AD in n-parts and consider the ith point on the B 0, 𝑎 E ,𝑎

horizontal line passing through D, Hi .

Equation of the vertical line through Hi ,

C D
𝑏 A
− ,0 𝑏
2 (0,0) ,0
2

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Reason (Parabola Rectangle method)
Equation of the vertical line through Hi ,

B 0, 𝑎 E ,𝑎

C D
𝑏 A
− ,0 𝑏
2 (0,0) ,0
2

15 20-Jan-22
Parabola (Parallelogram method)

16 B. Agrawal and C. M. Agrawal, Engineering Drawing (Tata McGrawHill publications) 20-Jan-22

Parabola (Tangent method)
Draw a parabola by tangent method given base 7.5cm and axis 4.5cm

O
6

5
1’

4.5cm
4
2’

3 F 3’

2 4’
4.5cm
1
5’

6’
E B
A
7.5cm

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Hyperbola (Focus-Directrix method)
Draw a hyperbola when the distance between its focus and directrix is 50 mm and
eccentricity is 1.5.

For Hyperbola
eccentricity > 1.

18 B. Agrawal and C. M. Agrawal, Engineering Drawing (Tata McGrawHill publications) 20-Jan-22

Hyperbola (Point method)
Point P is 40 mm and 30 mm from horizontal and vertical axes respectively. Draw Hyperbola through it.

1. Extend horizontal line from P to 2

right side.
2. Extend vertical line from P
upward.
3 On horizontal line from P, mark
some points taking any distance and
name them after P-1, 2,3,4 etc.
4 Join 1-2-3-4 points to pole O. Let
1
them cut part [P-B] also at 1,2,3,4
points.
5. From horizontal 1,2,3,4 draw 2 1 P
vertical lines downwards and 1 2 3
6. From vertical 1,2,3,4 points [from
P-B] draw horizontal lines. 1
7. Line from 1 horizontal and line 40 mm
2
from 1 vertical will meet at
P1.Similarly mark P2, P3, P4 points.
3
8. Repeat the procedure by marking
four points on upward vertical line O
from P and joining all those to pole
O. Name this points P6, P7, P8 etc. 30 mm
and join them by smooth curve.

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Reason (Hyperbola Point method)
Consider .
Divide the PM in n-parts and consider the ith point on the vertical line passing through P,
Vi

Equation of line passing through O, Vi

Equation of the horizontal line through P

These two lines intersect at Hi

(an, bn)

Therefore

and Vi M
(0,0)
20 20-Jan-22
Reason (Hyperbola Point method)
Vi

The x coordinate of and y coordinate of together form the coordinates of a point on a

curve.
Therefore, the coordinates of a point on the curve

(an, bn)

M
(0,0)
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Hyperbola (Oblique Asymptotes Method)

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Hyperbola (Rectangle method)

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 Thank you

24 20-Jan-22