What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum? Scientists have found that many types of wave can be arranged together like notes ona piano keyboard, to form a scale. What do I need to know about it? For your GCSE's you need to know:- @ Thenames of the types of wave, and the order that they are arranged in. @ Theuses of each type of wave. @ How each type of wave is made. @ The dangers of each type of wave.* electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation * EMR extends over a wide range of energies or wavelengths or frequenciesThe electromagnetic waves are grouped into types that have similar wavelengths and so have similar properties. radio visible gamma Waves microwaves infrared light ultraviolet X-rays rays 100nm 1nm 0.01nm 100m 10cm 1mm 0.01 mm ee ooo smaller wavelength higher frequency, energy and hazard. Electromagnetic waves form a continuous serles in order of changing wavelength, frequency and energy. This series is called the electromagnetic spectrum.* Radio: Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations, bringing your favorite tunes. Radio waves are also emitted by stars and gases in space. * Microwave: Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few minutes, but is also used by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies. * Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin. In space, infrared light helps us map the dust between stars.* Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and are the reason skin tans and burns. "Hot" objects in space also emit UV radiation * X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses them to see through your bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays * Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray in the treatment of dangerous diseases.Radio waves Longest wavelength EM waves UKs = TV broadcasting AM and FM broadcast radio Heart rate monitors Cell phone communication MRI (MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING) . Uses Short wave radio waves with a magnet to create an imageRefraction of Waves at a Boundary Refraction is the change in direction gf a wave due to the change of the speed of wave when the wave move from one medium to another medium.Refraction of Waves at a Boundary SWAT R WEEN Sky propagating from a CTS beso) Pe nue adit} wave will be refracted Ey mea emt nt wit) 8Refraction of Waves at a Boundary Watt) Cole \ cM) propagating from a deeper region toa Z Deeper SEV Ce) mney toda Pada Normal | Region wave will be refracted approaching the eee Incident wave Refracted waveMaral eet propagating from a deeper region toa shallower region, the NEN cM UILM XM cola -LeLncre| approaching the eile Deeper Region Incident wave Refracted waveRefraction of Waves at a Boundary MATS lea eerie Lis propagating from a shallower region to a deeper region, the wave will be refracted away from the normal. Incident wave Refracted waveiar wa lite White cardReflection of Waves | _ * Apparatus/Materials * Ripple tank, plane reflector, a piece of white paper, | wooden bar, lamp, motor, sponge and mechanical stroboscope.Main Parts Functions Lamp To project the image of the water waves onto the white paper below the ripple tank = Mumination INE ROLLINS. FL AVI WING. SCHOEN. LADIC meeeRipple tank Wrerher you are deaing wicm the Wave properties OF Jara, electromagnetic waves, sound or other types oe Pace thar Genauior ip arsiogows to the behanee of waves Of 2 water Surface dra tovcting station water waves have tne artanea. gt atbeirg msble tnd movng $0 shuwiy Out shaders Ean cbsorve ware prevcrans diver. 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MitoRipple Tank _| Main Parts Functions Motor The vibrations of electric motor causes the plastic sphere to produce spherical waves, and the wooden bar to produce plane water wayes. isn As onetime tema, patterns.on.a.viewing.screen.or.tablRipple Tank _| Main Parts Functions Rheostat Controls the frequency of the water waves produced | Wave patterns on a viewing screen or table da |_| Main Parts Functions Sponge To line the inside of the transparent tray to prevent reflection of water waves from the side of the tray. Trane patterns on a viewing screen, or,tabl Tiumination Shallow tank of water Oscillating paddle See ATRipple Tank _| Main Parts Functions Stroboscope To freeze the image of the water waves © _ tlumination ‘Shallow tank of water Oscillating paddle / Wave patterns on a viewing screen or tablele Tank Ri. ¢ Procedure * 6 Steps 4and 5 are repeated with the reflector | repositioned so that the wave is incident at angles, i | = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50° and 60° on the reflector as shown} in Figure 1.24. Reflection of Waves | plane waves direction of Propagation plane reflector | j | 77” normal | | oo_ * Procedure * 5 The pattern (on the white paper) of the i reflected waves produced by the vibrating wooden | bar is observed with the help of a mechanical stroboscope. The incident waves and the reflected waves are sketched. Reflection of Waves |Reflection of Waves _ © Example 6 ¢ A water wave of frequency 20 Hz appears stationary when observed through a stroboscope with 4 slits. What is the frequency of rotation of the stroboscope? enrol ice) Reflection of Waves Example 6 * Solution * Frequency of wave = Number of slits x Frequency of stroboscope ° 20=4xf * f=5Hz } | | | | | i | ot ea| to &cpn) (a _f—1N_1o0_sCalg Lamp To shine light on the water surface in the tray and to project wave pattern on the white paper below the tray t 7 f 2 ) 4 White Screen (Paper) ~ Transparent Tray To form image of crests itis levelled and filed with water and troughs of water to. depth of less than 1.0 cm for waves generating water waves with Uniform velocity‘I — Stroboscope » —- & | | | | is easier to see the wave pattern ) through the stroboscope as the Wooden Bar pattern will appear stationary when To generate plane waves the frequency of the waves same as the frequency of the stroboscope Metal Sphere Electric Motor To generate circular waves To vibrate the wooden bar and the metal sphere in order to generate water waveshae Tag een |) Mi poemlRe ut Ee Mondera» tre beep beni 5p cal}, Al waWets te ee $ | —) —9 replaces ——— z& | 22a de [se L SR Vrferteyenta La <| SUR ies ET Repl TA w — el —- L | peat tw 1 init ipl —‘" Ayo Wav pass areC1 WA Nyro. walvet vipoley Pardue bat) atbarhoS bo 4p. aS a OM Beate, or canis tap lee gpa : — te Prue. 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