‘Table 9.1 shows a utility bill. Breakdown of Current Charges Usage Hae (S) __Amouny rea Electricity Services Reading taken on 02 June 2018 Gas Services by City Gas Pte Ltd (as Trustee) Reading taken on 02 June 2018 Water Services by Public Utilities Board 315 kWh 30 kWh 0.1853 Reading taken on 02 June 2018 15.0 CuM 119 Waterborne Fee 15.0 CuM 0.78 , Water Conservation Tax oS 65 yy Refuse Removal by SembWaste Pte Ltd 1Qty 7 . _ Subtotal 18.81 Tag GST 118.84 7% 832 : Current Charges: a (inclusive of GST) Table 9.1 ‘The ‘Breakdown of Current Charges’ shows the number of units of water, electricity and gas a household hasua the billing period. Can you tell how the charges have been calculated? In this chapter, we will learn more about ratios and rates so that we can figure out how to interpret ratios and ne used in our daily lives, such as those in the above utility bill. Ratio A. Concept of ratio (Recap) — eee ‘mn primary school, we have learnt that a ratio is used to compare two or more numbers. For example, if there are 30 boys and 10 girls in a class, we say that the ratio of the number of boys to the number of, girls is 30 : 10, which als ‘we can simplify to 3:1. Thesymbel | But in zeal life ratios are often used to compare two or moze quantities that have units For example, in a map, 1 cm represents 1 km, mn this case, the two quantities have different units but they ae ofthe same kind: length or distance. pln an Camscaner‘length on a map cannot possibly be equal to the actual dist ‘Therefore, we have to convert 1. km to 100 000 cm so that both ‘Then the map scale as a ratio is 1: 100 000, rR Finding ratios Bains “There are 17 boys and 19 girls in a class. Find the ratio (the number of boys to the number of girls, (i) the number of girls to the number of bo “Solution (i) Ratio of the number of boys to the number of girl (ii) Ratio of the number of girls to the number of boy nce on the ground, so the ratio cannot be U1. quantities have the same unit of 19:17 Sp | pears in a basket. Find the Ene) (i) the number of lemons to the number of pears Pees | Geen | We have learnt in primary school, and recapped in Chapter 2, that equivalent fractions. 1:2,2:4 and 6: 12 are known as equivalent ratios, The simplest form is 1:2. Are 2: and 4 1 equivalent to 1:22 23:46= 2 8 divide both parts by 23, 1 a £46 is equivalent to 1: 2 2 4x6: $6 multiply both parts by LCM of 3 and 6, Le. by 6 1 +B isnot equivalent to 1:2. ratio of Gi) the number of pears to the total number of fruits in the basket. You can use the key on your calculator t help yo Fraction ts low eg. toexpress & 1 toobiain 4 ints lowest Similarly, simpy rau Bieves you cam also use th to simplify 6: 12, press the same sequence write ‘calculator key answer as 1:2, i have the eg. 1: 2and 2:4, ratios inthe simplest Form allows us to check if they are equivalent, Are 23 :46 and wil pln an Camscanersimplifying " ; Wee simplify each of the followings 2:0.56 Example 2,8 (@) 0.12: ( 13:2 y *Solution multiply both parts by 6 divide both parts by 5 to ra multiply both parts by 199 divide both patts by 410 reduce, Simplify each of the following. (b) 036:1.2 Finding and simplifying ratios of quantities with units Find the ratio of 600 s to 1.6 min. convert to the same unit == carci 600: 16 minbecaued colon (Lethe symbol} to denotes rain andar 25:4 divide both parts by 24 oe So 600s: 1.6minis ms dere a) 7 ‘ind the ratio of ak kg to 700 g. “Solution 1.6 min = 1. een Further Questions Exercise 9A Creo Eo} leis ic i ‘ic fractions i in f relationship between ratios and Dyce t te. | Making sense of relationship ‘There are 40 green balls and 60 red balls ina bag. LetA and B represent the number of green balls and red ballls respectively. |. Find the ratio of A to B, ‘The ratio of A to Bis! ‘The following statement is equivalent to the above statement. Als\) (fraction) of B, i, 4-g (fraction).a ARI 2, Find the ratio of Ho A, HAs 00 5 40 - ‘the ratio of Bio Ais 0s) “the following stalement ts equivalent to the above His (raction) of Ake, © Graction), 3, Draw a model to illustrate the relationship between A and f, iement. ‘Work in pairs. Come up with other scenarios involving two quantities similar to that given above, Challenge your classmate to write equivalent statements involving ratios and fractions to compare the two ‘quantities. Draw models to illustrate the relationships. From the above Class Discussion, we learn that: Although a: bis equivalent to 2a: bis notequalto f. é “Therefore, we do not write From the above Class Discussion, we have learnt that the ratio notation a: bis equivalent tothe fraction $. 1, Can we have a ratio such as 5:0 or 0:5? Why or why nott Hint: ‘Think in terms of fractions. 2. ‘the ratio of three numbers or quantities can be represented as a : bc. Can this ratio be expressed as a fraction? Why or why not? Finding unknown in ratio Wein) (a) Given that 4x:9 find the value of x. aa (b) 1f3:y=38:2%, calculate the value of y. zh “Solution (a) 4x29 4x i A7 express ratios as fractions ax=21 asl x54 Asitisharder to manipulate equality of two ratios, we ‘convert them to the equality oft fractions since the two forms are equivalent ‘Thus we see how the conversion from one equivalent form to another can help us to solve problems, | pln an Camscanerchange order of parts in each AES for easier manipulaien express ratios as fractions find the value of a. Jue of b. calculate the (b) 16526 22. find the ratio of» 2. Given that Problem involving ratios of two quantities ‘The ratio of the number of female participants to the numb is4:9. If there are 30 more male participants than female participants, calculate the total numbe people who attended the party. er of male participants at pa "Solution Method 1: Let the number of female participants = 4. Then the number of male participants = 9x. kam 30 Female SE S$ AA>_—#_ Draw aa model to help yoo Mole =" ft poten From the model, we form the equation: 9x ~ 4x = 30 5x= 30 x=6 Total number of people who attended the party = (449) x 6 =13x6 =78 Method 2: No. of male partici male participants ~ no. of female Participants = 9 parts - 4 parts + S parts = 30 ia 1 part = 6 Total number of People who. os attended the party = 13 parts Howarethe wo My =13x6 similar? Which oy fer? Why? =78 pe pln an Camscaner‘The ratio of the number of fiction books to the number of non-fiction books ina lib ry 155 :2, I'there ae 1421 fiction and non-fiction books altogether, how many mone fiction books than non-fiction books are there in the library? Cheryl and Shufen each have a sum of mone} has to that of Shufen is 3:5, After Shufen gives $150 to Cher \ Shufen becomes 7: 9, Find the sum of money Cheryl had initially. 'y. The ratio of the amount of money Cheryl Yl, the ratio of the amount of money Cheryl has to that of C. Ratios involving three quantities eee v0 Ratios can also be used to make comparisons among three or more quantities. For example, if x = 18, y= 27 andz=54,then x: y:2= 18:27:54 ‘he ratio of three quantities can =2:3:6, be simplified by mukiplying or dividing each term by the same From the above, we can deduce that x:y oe i constant, but his ratio cannot ! yz : be writen as a fraction, x:2=2:6=1:3, Ratio involving three quantities A etoc) Ifx :7, calculate ead @ x: Gi) xz, OQ “Solution (@) x:y=11:8 yiz= 6:7 ‘y is the common part in the pea fatosx:yand yz. Tocalalate we find the equivalent feos fy and ye ouch that yhas the same number of units in both ratios. Siace y=8inx:y,and y=6in I ate y = 2 because the LCM of 8 and 6 is 24. ieee aS () xy: 2. Find the ratio of 600 m to 0.9 km to 30 000 Pie Further Questions Ponta (Questions 6, a) ONO} pln an Camscaneri ec quantities tios of three quantit — i snard, Li‘Ting and Yi Hao in the r. ; gand Yi Hao, the ratio becomes 16 17.15, ard had at frst. Problem involving ra Cee ‘A sum of money is divided among Be poe ‘After Bernard gives $25 each to Li Calculate the amount of money Bern “Solution Let the amor ‘Then the amount of money 9x. t of money Bernard had at first be $* unt Y ing and Yi Hao had at first is $8x and $7x respective 16 EIT 7 You can also fndthenay 16(8x + 25) 153x ~ 850 = 128 + 400 153x ~ 128x = 400 + 850 25x = 1250 x=50 J+ amount of money Bernard had at first = 9 x $50 = $450 by solving 2¥=50 Prac KNGMTZA| A sum of money is divided among Raju, Albert and Vani in the ratio 6:4 ae After Raju gives $30 to Albert and $15 to Vani, the ratio becomes 7 : ina Find the amount of money Raju had at first. Osi is ler PIAS) Making sense of ratios used in real-world contexts 1. The aspect ratio of a television screen refers to the rat while the widescreen aspect ratio is 16 :9, When an image with a4: 3 as distorted, as shown in Fig. 9.1 tio of its width to its height. The standard aspect ect ratio is displayed on a screen with a 16: 9 aspect ratio, the image be 4:31 ; image on a4: 3 screen 4:3 image ona 16: 9 screen E; ‘i Fig. 91 Explain why this happens, pln an Camscanerpore, the old-age uUpport ratio has be “ged 20 t0 64 years) to the number working. Fig. 9.2 shows the old-a n declining over the years. Iisa ratio of the number of working T of elderly people (e.g, aged 65 years and above) who are not \Be SUPPort ratios from 1970 to 2017. adults Fig. 9.2 (Source: Department of Staite, Sing (a) Why are the old-age support ratios in Fig. 9.2 given as numbers? (b) However, the retirement age in Singapore is 62 years. Ifthe elderly population [ fig 92 ihusrats the mune of computed to find the old-age support ratio is taken to be 63 years and above residents aged 20 10 64 years od instead, what will be the effect on the old-age support ratio? Becca ; and over is dithcul to ces 3. The instruction on the label on a bottle of drink concentrate reads: “Mix I part of represent 0-4 and 0.1 ofa person concentrate to 4 parts of water” Pictorial. and hence ther (a) (i) Explain what this instruction means. Cel (i) Why is the term “parts” used instead of specifying an amount, . water? (b) Write down the following. (i) The ratio of concentrate to water. (ii) The percentage of concentrate in the drink made. (iii) ‘The fraction of water in the drink made. (©) Ifyou would like to make a drink that has twice as much concentrate compared to the given ratio of 1:4, what would the new ratio be? (4) Comparing a drink with a 3 :7 ratio of concentrate to water to that with a1 : 2 ratio, which drink would have a stronger flavour? Explain why. 50 ml of concentrate to 200 ml of, Ratio in real-world contexts wees Joyce’ class sold orange juice ata school carnival. To prepare the orange juice her classmates beet mixed 5 litres of orange syrup with water, according to a dilution ratio of 1 part syrup to fs} 3 parts water. ‘The orange juice was sold at $1 for a 200-ml cup. (i) Calculate the amount they collected ifall the orange juice w: (ii) After the carnival, Joyce commented, “We could have doubled the amount collected le by mixing the orange syrup with water in the ratio I: 6” sold out. during the s Is Joyce correct? Explain. *solution (i) Amount of orange juice made for sale = (1 +3) x5 = 20 litres 20% 1000 “Amount of money collected from sale =="355—XS1 = $100 pln an Camscaner— — ————— |lLlUlmlmltl juice in the ratio 1:6. 7 e= (146) x5 = 35 litres hh water in the ratio 1: 6 does not ing 5 litres of orange Prog nade orange, {i) Suppose Joyce’ class ™ are ze made for sal Amount of orang f orange syrup witl a iuice obtained from mixi .d would not have doubled. since mixing 5 litres o 1 of orange j , the amount collecte syrup with tt a, Tras anaes mixing ratio of 1 part deterge (i) IL Ting needs to make 5 lit ultra-concentrated washing bought in part (i), Li Ting decides to make a more ts (ii) Using the number of bottles washing solution than suggested. If she makes 10 litres of washing solution, yg 1 what mixing ratio she uses instead? res 0! detergent she has to buy. f washing solution, find the number of hoe Ottles og Further Questions Exercise 9A iene 2340):(6) Golden Ratio 1. Fig. 9.3(a) shows the drawing of the Vitruvian Man. Measure the lengths of AB and BC and find the rat ios AC ang AB i and 22 correct to2 significant figures. What do you notice? AB rey eM (a) Vitruvian Man (b) Parthenon in Athens t Fig. 9.3 . Fig, 9.3(b) shows the Parthenon in Ath i thens, Greece. It was built in 438 BC and has survived to this day. Mei etl asure the length XY and breadth ¥Z of the rectangle, and find the ratio X2- correct to 2 significant f+ a i 3. Use a calculator to find the value of 195 wrrect to 2 ci re alue of signi +5 correct to significant figures. 4. Recall that in Chapter 7, ipter 7, we learnt about the Golden Ratio being the limit of the ratios of consecutivé team of the Fibonacci se a values obt: with 1.625 (which wa F -quence, Compare the values obtained i oithes ae btained in Questions 1 to 3 with 1.625 (which was wh" 5. The exact value of n Ri tS. value, truncate A the Gold io ist Jen Ratio is L+N5 Itis an irrati 4 irrational number and its value, truncated 057 places, is 1.61803 39887 4: Given that its geometric proporti oe 20 48868 3436569811 7203 09179 80576 saline ‘1 : ion “ appealing, The dimensions of ther. ‘ellcts the Golden Ratio, most people find the Partheno® i" hes’ ‘Golden Rectangle’ rectangle four ; ‘ectangle: ind in the structure are in the Golden Ratio and 0"‘The Golden Ratio is der (a) Usea ‘noted by the symbol & (pronounced as phi’). It has some interesting properties Heulator to find the values of @ and + 1, What do you notice? Lowi 1s equal to? (0) Use a calculator to find the value of What do you think itis equal r, Search the Internet to find out what other man-made structures (eg. the Great Pyramid) or natural occurrences (e.g the nautilus, a sea ¢ in Fig, 94) have to do with the Golden Ratio, Pr an Ad-sized poster: Remember to include salure, as shown ent Your findings on some photos. 1. What do 1 already know about ratios that could 2 What new knowledge of ratio have ide my learning in this section? Hearnt in this section? Exercise ‘There are 14 boys and 25 girls in a school e@ A certain amount of money is shared between badminton team, Find the ratio of Weiming and Kumar in the ratio 5:9 (@) the number of boys to the number of girls, We Weiming gets $44 less than Kumar, find the i) the number of girls tothe total number of ‘otal amount of money that is shared between players inthe team. the two boys. @ simptity each of the following ratios, @ iven thar @ 3,3 a (simpli oa Gi) find b:a, (© 045: 0.85 (@) 16:4 (ii) find bc @ Find tne ratio of ; , Simplify each of the following ratio (@ 15mto300cm, (6) 600 ml to 1.21, @ i rs (©) s0¢ to $1.25, 2.305 (@) 24kg to 4000 g @ 5 3°28 (c) 0.33 : 0.63: 1.8. @ ©) Fndthevatueofaifa:s00 = (©) Given that # (d@) 1.437363 325, +3b, find the value of b,Exercise Find the ratio of (a) 580 ml to 1.12 to 104 ml, (b) 2.8 kg to 700 g to 1.05 ke, (€) 32 mto2.4 km to 64.8 m, (d) $7.60 to 84¢ to $6. Nadia, Yi Hao and Devi make a total of 1530 toys in the ratio 12: 16: 17. Find (i) _ the number of toys Yi Hao makes, . (i) the amount of money Devi earns if she is paid $1.65 for each toy. In 2015, a total of $10 000 patients were admitted to hospitals. There were 12 000 doctors and 38 000 nurses registered in the country, and 800 volunteers who helped out in the hospitals. Find the ratio of (i the number of patients to the number of doctors, (ii) the number of doctors to the number of nurses to the number of volunteers. B Simplify each ofthe following ratios. 35 @) 075: 3% (b) 7. 5 rE (a) 0.84:0.84% 2 1 (a) 15 hto 800s, (b) 45 kg to 61.6g, (32 1t0250 ml, 4 (d) $2.05 to 75¢, 7 2x 3, e@ (@) Given that 2 = z%, find the ratio of x: y, . 2x _ lay (b) Given that 7 > fing the ratio of x ; ye @ ta school of 1200 students the ratio of the number of teachers to students is 1: 15 After some teachers join the School, the ratio of the e ts becomes 3: 40, Fing ichers in the school, Who join the School, the initial number of tea ii) the number of teachers DS @ Given thatxi32 5 = Gar 15 qi4 and of y- ‘Albert, Imran and Siti invested $427 «xy, ‘and $305 000 in a property respective agreed to share the profit in the ratio of yh, investments. ‘After a few years, they sold the property for $1 897 500. Find the amount of profit each of ther rec ve ‘The numbers of roses, sunflowers and tulips a has are in the ratio 5: 6: 9. After the florist sells 50 roses, the ratio become, 3:4:6. Find the number of roses left after 50 of theme sold. Vani makes a fruit drink for a party. She uses lemonade, strawberry syrup and carbonated wz (i) Strawberry syrup is sold in 240-ml bottles Find the number of bottles of strawberry syrup she has to buy. Gi) Vani decides to use up all the strawberry syrup bought as calculated in part (i). Find the additional amounts of lemonade and carbonated water Vani has to buy in ordert maintain the ratio of 3: 1:4. Find the number that must be added to 3 and that the ratio of the first number to the second number becomes 2; 3,Exercise Given that x: yiz= @ ier a 7 3:dand y:2=5:8, find the e@ Bernard and Shufen are competing in an election to value of ee raze . be the president of the Student Council. ‘The ratio of votes Bernard receives to that which Shufen receives from Class A is 1 : 2, “The ratio of votes they receive from Class B is 3:2. (a) Bernard claims that neither he nor Shufen ‘wins the election because the ratio of votes he receives to that Shufen receives is 4: 4. Is Bernard correct? Explain. Qo Shufen claims that she has won the election, Suggest one set of the number of votes each of them received from each class such that Shufen's claim is true. )) Three numbers x, y and z are such that xiyiz=5:4:3, (a) Suggest one set of values of x, y and zif.x 5. (b) Suggest one set of values of x, y and z if O pln an CamscanerPart 5: Postage rates Table 9.2 shows the local post (es for envelopes of diffe 20g 40g 100 g Table 9.2 (How much do you have to pay if you are posting CS envelope that weighs 21 g, + anon-standard envelope that weighs 40 g, + aC envelope that weighs 18 g, + C6 envelope that weighs 43 g? ‘The postage rates are not expressed as the cost per gram or per 10 g, but in terms of $0.60 $0.90 does not have tobe tim eg, postage rates. Think of other ‘examples where nether quantity istime weight step categories or brackets. Another example is income tax brackets (see Worked Example 16 later). From the above Class Discussion, we learn that: Rates involving quantities of different kinds Nite Shop A Shop B (eli 6 eggs cost $1.50 12 eggs cost $2.40 Shop A sells eggs at $1.50 per half dozen whereas Shop B sells eggs of the same size and quality at $2.40 per dozen, Which shop should we buy the eggs from? “Solution Method 1: Shop A: Shop eons a? ae vogg cots 3 $025 = $0.20 “i we should buy the eggs from Shop B. In Worked Example 9, wo {quantities (the number of eggs and their cost) vary proportionally. When one quantity is divide! by 6 (or nuit by 2), wean ao Aivide the other quantity by 6 ‘We sy that the cost of the ees is directly proportional tothe ner of ees We als note that when two quantities are nother, the Fate of change of one quantity with respect tothe other quantity isa constant. Sain Method 2, we ca also use this ‘constant rate for comparison, pln an CamscanerMethod 2 Fase Shop A: Price = $150 _ $0.25 per egg problems ist Shop B: Pric a = $0.20 per egg -. we should buy the eggs from Shop B. 11 type 720 words in 16 minutes, Vani can type 826 words in 18 minut B ; ype 798 words in 19 minutes. Who is the fastest typist? eter} Rates involving qui of same kind aie ‘The unemployment rate measures the number of unemployed ae people against the number of working people. is better t itis caleulated by dividing the number of unemployed people pe by the number of working people, and then expressed as a ae ; percentage. difficult to read ‘The unemployment rate of Singapore in the three months to January 2018 was 2.1%, Explain what an unemployment rate of 2.1% means. "Solution Explanation 1: An unemployment rate of 2.1% means that there are 2.1 unemployed people per 100 working people. aE “The two exp Explanation 2: different ways of An unemployment rate of 2.1% means that there are same thing. Ca 21 unemployed people for every 1000 working people. Gabematber wey A survey was conducted in 2015 to find out the lite Singapore. The literacy rate is calculated by di by the total resident population aged 15 ye, Results ofthe survey found that the literacy 96.8% means, : racy rate among the resident populati iding the number of residents who are lit Sand over, and then expressed as a percent’ Fate was 96.8%. E plain what a literacy rate ¢ pln an Camscanerrate of change of B with A Rate of change of A with B v es two deals for the body wash she wants to buy. Which option gives the rua Shute better value for money? : 1 bf Option A Option B comes act 950 ml + 250 ml Body wash $7.95 950 ml Body wash $6.95 “Solution Method Dost per 100 ml of body wash “Although rates can be calculated a ‘cost per 100 ml’ or “cost per ml’, why do we calculate the rates in Method 1 as ‘cost per 100 ml’ instead of “cost per ml? = $0.73 (to the nearest cent) Option B: Cost per 100 ml of body wash = $0.66 (to the nearest cent) Since the cost per 100 ml for Option B is less than that for Option A, Option B gives the better value for money, Method 2: om Ac ae 930 =u Option A: Amount of body wash per dollar = 25% We can compare two rates by as calculating the number of units =137 mM (to35.£) — Grquaniedrermecieel Option B: Amount of body wash per dollar = 250+250 pissste? cos the sumnber of 755 units of quantity B per m units of quantity A. 151 ml(t035£) —putthe basi of comparison ts Since the amount of body wash per dollar for Option Bis more Mifferent. “] than that for Option A, Option B gives the better value for money. ‘A.900-g tin of chocolate drink powder costs Sate $12.50 and a 1.45-kg tin of the same brand of Pinel chocolate drink powder costs $17.90. Which ti SEES gives the better value for money? Cee 900 g for $12.50 1.45 kg for $17.90 pln an CamscanerUe aols [OTe aa ava ten ects) After learning about rates, can you use the concepts learnt to verify the calculations shown in the ut Hity bitin Introductory Problem? Discuss this with your classmates. ‘Take @ look at your household utility bill and explain to your parents how it is calculated. Class mA Discussion “The Body Mass Index (BMI) of a person is obtained by dividing his or her mass, in kg, by the square of his or, Body Mass Index height, in m, ic. Mass (kg) BMI= >. (Height (m)) ‘Table 9.3 shows the different classifications of BMI in Singapore. "— Emaciation <149 Underweight 1 Normal 18.5 - 22.9 Health Organisation r i classification. Why do¥. Overweight PES there is a difference bet Obese 27.6 - 40.0 Asian BMI and Western: Morbidly obese > 40.0 Table 9.3 1. What quantities does the BMI compare? Are they of the same or different kinds? ‘Table 9.3 shows that the BMI has no unit. Why? From your answers to Questions 1 and 2, do you think the BMI is a ratio or a rate or neither? Explain yout xv reasoning. 4. Using the formula for BMI given above, calculate your BMI. Which category do you belong to? 5. Find out how medical practitioners in Singapore make use of the BMI to assess patients’ health ris From the above Class Disc chang The n, we observe that BMI is a rate that compares how one quantity (ie. the mass) with another quantity (ie. the square of the height). s actually kg/m?, But because the unit is rather complicated, we remove it and use an index ( without any units) instead. ‘This is why it is called the Body Mass Index, je. amu Can you think of other real-life examples of ‘index’? Are they all rates without units?Average pulse rate 1. ‘Take your pulse for minute, Record your reading in Table 94+ 2 Repeat Step 1 ty 3. Are the three pulse rates in ‘Table 9.4 equal? Explain your answer, your pulse rates in Table 9.4 happen to be equal, check one of your ¢ rates equal? Why or why not?) e all hither Jassmates’ readin 4, Find your average pulse rate per minute. ‘The three pulse rates in Table 9.4 are usually not equal because your h fake a look at your first reading. Do you think your heart was beating at a com Explain your answer, 6. Give another real-life example ofa rate that is not constant. 4 7. Anexample ofac of working in a café, Ifthe hourly wage for working in a café is $6, we will earn $12 if we work for 2 hours, $18 if we work for 3 hours, and s0 on. Give another real-life example of a rate that is constant, Applications of constant and average rates, (a) A shopping centre charges a fixed amount per minute of parking. Raju pays $6 for parking his car in the shopping centre for 2.5 hours. Calculate how mucl he pays to park his car in the shopping centre for 3 hours. (b) On another occasion, Raju drives from Singapore to Malaysia. His car requires 18 litres of petrol to travel a oer E E ‘Are the rates in (a) and (b) distance of 243 km. Constant or average? Explain (i) How far, on average, can his car travel on 44 litres your answer, of petrol? — Given that the cost of petrol is $1.87 per litre, how much, on average, does he have to pay for the petrol to travel a distance of 675 km? “solution (a) Method I: parking cost $6 5c hr of parking cost 8° «2.5 Proportionality 9S hr of parking costs 35 3 Jn Worked Example 12, the wi Bs PYG parking cost is proportionally 43 hrofparking cost 2x1 related to the duration of 1 P 254 ; x parking. We observe that when = $4.20 ‘one quantity is divided by 2.5, . hat Raju will have to pay = $4.20 the other quantity is also divided ¢. amount that Raj Pay by 2.5;and when one quantity mens a Is multiplied by 12, the other Cost of parking per hour = 75 antity fs also multipied by 12 =$2.40 In this proportional relationship, 3 the parking rate ave to pay = $2.40 x 13. Wate isa constant and ount that Raju will have to pay = $2.40 y 80 we can use it in Method! 2 to = $4.20 solve our problem, :. am2 (b) (i) Average distance travelled on | litre of petrol = ea = 13.5km “Average distance travelled on 44 litres of petrol = 13.5 44 =594km (4). Average amount of petrol required to travel a distance of 675 kin = “Average amount that Raju will have to pay = 50x $1.87 = $93.50 charges $2.70 per kilometre to ferry 36 children for an outing (a) Abus company travels for free. What is the cost per child if the distance accompanying teacher travelled for the trip is 32.5 km? (b) Acar uses 25 litres of petrol to travel 265 km. Find, on average, (i). the distance thatthe car can travel on 58 litres of petrol, (ii) the amount thatthe car owner has to pay to travel 1007 km if lite of ey costs $1.95. 5 people can eat 20 steamed buns in 3 minutes 20 seconds ‘umes steamed buns at the same rate and that the rate of find the number of tea ae! Further Qu 2, Inacompetition, ‘Assuming that everyone cons consumption remains constant throughout the competition, buns 10 people can eat in 5 minutes. 133 musicians take 33 minutes to play Beethover' Fifth Symphony, how long does it take 22 musicians to play same piece? ‘Albert thinks that the answer is 22 minutes. Do you agree? Explain your reasoning. Rates in real-world contexts farin Section 9.2, there are many other real-life applications of dd income tax rates. We shall take a look at these rats? Other than the rates you have encountered so rates as interest rates, hire purchase, currency exchange rates an‘ Simple interest If we deposit our money (called the principal amount, or simply, ‘ve will earn interest on the principal If we borrow money from a bank or other financial in be charged interest, which is a fee for borrowing money. For example, ifa bank charges a simple interest rate of 5% per annum (ie. per year) J The following form and Yi Hao borrows $1000 from the bank for two years, we can calculate the amount simple inter ee reasoning in the mai® institut the principal) in a bank or a financial ill? stitutions, we ¥ of interest Yi Hao has to pay in this manner: PR, nt = PRE, here = Amount of interest = $1000 x 5% x 2 Pepa a principal = " enter Principal { Lnumber of years Se Tor ar aie he of interest called For simple interest, the interest remains the same each year. cee secon Interest rate per yearSimple int (a) Ch m yl borrows $1000 from a bank that charges simple interest at a rate of 4% Pet annus to pay at the end of 3 years. 13 (b)_ Weiming invests $4000 in a savings scheme that pays simple interest at a rate of 2% PEF annum, Calculate the time taken for his investment to grow to $4400, ANC) Example |. Calculate the amount of interest she “Solution (a) Amount of interest Cheryl has to pay at the end of 3 years = $1000 4% x3 4 = $1000% 79g %3 = $120 (b) ‘Total amount of interest Weiming earns Amount of interest We 1g earns per year = $4000% 755 = $80 i ‘ scan ‘Time taken for his investment to grow to $4400 = = 5 years ‘ EZ (a) Bernard takes a loan of $150 000 from a bank to start a business venture, ‘The bank charges him simple interest ata rate of 5.5% per annum. Ife plans to repay his loan at the end of 3 years, find the amount of interest he has to pay and hence, the total amount he owes the bank. (b) Joyce invests $6000 in a savings plan that pays simple interest ata rate of 3% per annum, Find the time taken for her investment to grow to $6720. Pin Further Questions ocr) Cte cara ONO) ic or a financial institution will pay us interest if we deposit our money with it, and in {Ewe borrow money from it? PRT 2. Why do you think we usually use the formula 1= "799 , where R% is the interest rate, and not 1. Why do you think a ban! turn, charges us interest i = PRT, where R sla is simpler, but what would happen ifthe interest rate is less than 1%, which is the interest rate? ‘The latter form ofa bank savings account? is often the case for the interest rate Hire purchase oe 7 i Pa si Gaswmers who wish to purchase an expensive item may not ave the money fo Pay i willing to fork out such a large sum of money. Pee a cine s customers still owe the seller for the item in full, or may be um Very often, stores offer the option of faire purchase, where part of the purchase price money they are not the owners is paid first (called the down payment or deposit) and the remaining amount is paid but the hier ofthe item or the ‘purchase (thus the term “hit £9 invmonthly instalments. We need to pay interest o” the monthly instalments. Why? Pence ine pln an CamscanerHire purchase Nbr A washing machine is priced at $450, A man buys the washing machine on hire py bcTuT CE : hig with these terms: a down payment of 15% and the remaining to be paid in month), 2 instalments over 2 years at a simple interest rate of 105% per annum, Calculate (i)_his monthly instalment, (ii) the total amount the man pays for the washing machine. "Solution ; 15 (i Down payment = 755%8450 = $67.50 Remaining amount = $450 - $67.50 = $382.50 Amount of interest the man has to pay at the end of 2 years = $382.50%102% x2 10% = $382.50x 755 x2 = $81.60 Total amount to be paid in monthly instalments ear = $382.50 + $81.60 ‘The total amour - sma bast pay ae includes the interest sace1O) years = 24 months 1 Monthly instalment = 24 = $19.34 (to the nearest cent) (ii) Total amount the man pays for the washing machine = $81.60 + $450 = $531.60 Anair conditioner is priced at $900. Nadia buys the air conditioner on hire purchas? We these terms: a down payment of 20% and the remaining to be paid in monthly ins Ps ei over 4 years at a simple interest rate of 10% per annum. ety a Crea (i) Find her monthly instalment. (ii) Find the total amount Nadia pays for the air conditioner. i) How much more does she have to pay for buying the air conditioner on hit® post Currency exchange Different countries use different currencies. The dollar ($) is used in Singapore, but Malaysia uses ringgit (RM) and Thailand uses baht (B). Furthermore, Si Us dollars (USS). Knowing how to convert from one currency to another is useful in the real world. pore dollars ($8) are diferent from Australian dollars (AS) or eS pln an CamscanerUUTTeny CAC gS nadousad (a) ‘The rates of exchange between the Australian dollar (AUD), Korean won (KRW) and bad singapore dollar (SGD) are AUD 1 = SGD 1.0158 and KRW 1000 = SGD 1.1930. Convert () AUDS43, (ii) KRW 48 500, into Singapore dollars, giving your answers correct to the nearest cent (b) The rates of exchange betwen the pound sterling (E), Japanese yen (¥) and Singapore dollar (SS) are £1 = $$1.7882 and ¥100 = $$1.2087. Convert (i) $86800 into pound sterling (£); (ii) $$8450 into Japanese yen (¥), giving your answers correct to the nearest unit of foreign currency. "Solution (a) @) AUD 1 =SGD 1.0158 = SGD 551.58 (to the nearest cent) (ii) KRW 1000 = SGD 1.1930 — gp 11930 KRW 1 =SGD 000 1.1930 KRW 48 500 = SGD 1000 x48 500 = SGD 57.86 (to the nearest cent) (b) (i) $$1.7882 = £1 1 Sst = 7982 =e: 886800 = £7955 6800 ‘= £3803 (to the nearest £) (ii) $$1.2087 = ¥100 = - ‘you realise that the sg =¥ 0. ‘exchange rates ae all given to ae ‘more than 3 significant figures? ll What would happen if the rat 2 ¥ 100, Ppa es 888450 = ¥75997%8450 were given to only 3 significant = ¥699 098 (to the nearest ¥) eset J (a) The rates of exchange between the New Zealand dollar (NZD), Philippines peso (PHP) and Singapore dollar’ youknow how to code, write (SGD) are NZD 1 = SGD 0.9383 and PHP 100 = Spbepgram to calculate the amount of 10 different foreign Ee SGD 2.5109. Convert currencies (that Singaporeans Sona (i) NZD 2360, (ii) PHP 25 600, ‘would likely exchange for) you into Singapore dollars, giving you will receive when you exchange into Singap giving your answer correct to tnain monet or Sigapors the nearest cent. Pia (b) The rates of exchange between the euro (€), Thai baht (B) and Singapore dollar ($8) are €1 = $$1.5736 and B100 = $$4.1559. Convert (i) $85690 into euros, (ii) $$7460 into Thai baht, giving your answers correct to the nearest unit of foreign currency. 2. A family travels from Hong Kong to Singapore for a holiday. They exchange HK$35 000 to Singapore dollars at an exchange rate of HK$100 = $$16.988. They spend a total of, '§83500 in Singapore and convert the remaining Singapore dollars into Hong Kong dollars at the end of the trip at an exchange rate of HK$100 = $$16.995. Find the amount of Hong Kong dollars they receive, giving your answer correct to the anvact dollar pln an CamscanerMans) ecu 16 Income tax In 2017, Albert earned a gross annual income of $84 000. OF this $84 000, the amount that will not be subjected to income “The CPF is « mandatory tax is shown in the following tabl. social security savings ° scheme in Singapore. is Earned Income Relief [s1000_} funded by contributions Wife Reliey $2000 | from employers and Chitd Relief? 5 employees and serves to Cs _|$4000 per child meet retirement, housing and Central Provident Fund (CPF) contributions | $16 800 healthcare needs. (Donations $940 «+ ‘The year of assessment (YA) ' is for income earned in the (i) Given that Albert has a wife and 3 children, calculate his receding yu eg the come, chargeable (or taxable) income for the year of assessment (YA) tax for YA 2018 is charged 2018. ‘on income earned from ane 1 Jan 2017 to 31 Dec 20 | The following shows a simplified table containing the income tax rates for different tax brackets: Next $10 000 2 Next $10 000 35 Next $40 000 Z (ii) Find Albert’ income tax payable for YA 2018. "Solution (i) Total reliefs = $1000 + $2000 + 3 x $4000 + $16 800 + $940 $32,740 = $51 260 a Tax First $20 000 : 30 Next $10000at2% : <2 x $1000 = $200 $51 260 ae Next $10 000 at 3.5% : 25 x $10 000= $350 Next $11 260 at7% 25 x $11 260= $788.20 “income tax payable = $0 + $200 + $350 + $788.20 = $1338.20 In 2017, Yi Hao earned a gross annual income of $105 600. Of this $105 600, the amount that will not be subjected to income tax is shown in the following table: Earned Income Relief |$1000 Child Relief $4000 per child DED vite wees Parent Relief, $5500 per parent not staying with parent(s) can CPE contributions _|$21 120 ‘claim $5500 per parent and '9000 per parent he/she docs (j) Given that Yi Hao has 2 parents who do not stay with him and 2 children, calculate his chargeable income for YA 2018. (ii) Using the same table for income tax rates as in Worked Example 16, find Yi Hao’ income tax payable for YA 2018. pln an Camscaner3 Worked txample 16 and Practise Now 16A show that it is quite troublesome to calculate the income ty Pajty, so many tax bra when the chargeable income c , in Singapore, which will help simplify the calculation, Table 9.5 shows the actual table for income tax Next $10,000 First $40.000, Next $40 000 3350 4600 . 7950 15 6000 44500 2 Table 9.5 In Worked Example 16, Albert's chargeable income was $51 260. Since this is more than $40 000 and less than $80 000, we use the entry in Table 9.5 that says, ‘First $40 000’ (in pink), and read the gross tax payable as $550 (which is equal to $0 + $200 + $350 used in the calculation in We ample 16). Tax First $40 000 : $550 $51 260 = 7 Next $11 260 at 7% : 775 x $11 260 = $788.20 ‘ome tax payable = $550 + $788.20 = $1338.20 MCGEINOWAG] — Using Table 9.5, find the income tax payable if the chargeable income is: Saceat (a) $42000 (b) $119000 (©) $120000 (a) $400 000 Exercise 98 Cree aExercise 3 @w number of words that she can type per minute, (b) 17$120.99 is charged for 654 units of electricity used, find the cost of one unit of electricity. (c) Aman pays a total of $4800 for flat rental in 3 months, Find his monthly rental rate. (€)_ Ifthe mass of'a metal bar which is 15 kg, find its mass per metre. @® Ali folded 15 paper planes in 20 minutes, Nad folded 18 paper planes in 25 minutes and Kumar folded 16 paper planes in 21 minutes. Who folded the paper planes at the fastest rate? @ tre crime rate measures the number of crimes recorded against the total population in Singapore. Itis calculated by dividing the number of crimes recorded by the total population in Singapore, and then expressed as a percentage. The crime rate for violent and serious property crimes in 2017 was 0.004%. Explain what the rate of 0.004% means. @ Poreach ornament that a worker makes, he is paid $1.15, He makes 4 ornaments every 15 minutes. Find the amount earned by the worker if he works for 3 hours. @ A car requites 22 litres of petrol to travel a distance of 259.6 km. Find (i) _ the distance that the car can travel on 63 litres of petrol, (ii) the amount that the car owner has to pay to travel a distance of 2013.2 km ifa litre of petrol costs $1.99. @ 200 of fertitiser is required for a plot of land that hasan area of 8 m?. Find (i) the amount of fertiliser needed fora plot of land that has an area of 14 m?, (ii) the area of land that can be fertilised by 450 g of fertiliser A typist types 1800 words in 1 hour, Bind the @ Albert borrows $48 000 from a bank that charges simple interest at a rate of 6% per annum, Find the total amount of money he has to pay the bank at the end of 2 year: ‘A man invests $16 800 in a savings plan that pays simple interest at a rate of 5% per annum, Find the time taken for his investment to grow to $18 900. A computer system is priced at $3200. A man buys the computer system on hire purchase according to the following terms: a down payment of $480 and the remaining to be paid in monthly instalments over 2 years at a simple interest rate of 9.5% per annum. (i) Find his monthly instalment. (ii) Find the total amount the man pays for the computer system. (iii) How much more does he have to pay for buying the computer system on hire purchase? @® Tre rates of exchange between the American dollar (USD), Indonesian rupiah (IDR) and Singapore dollar (SGD) are USD 1 = SGD 1.3334 and IDR 1000 = SGD 0.0955. Convert (a) USD 765, (b) IDR 2560 000, into Singapore dollars, giving your answers correct, to the nearest cent. Property tax is a tax on land, houses, flats or buildings, which is computed as follows: property tax payable yearly = annual value x tax rate, where the annual value of a property is the estimated amount of money the owner will get if he or she rents out the property for a year. Given that the annual value of a flat is $28 800 and the tax rate is 10% per annum, find the property tax payable for 6 months. @© Using Table 9.5 on page 60, find the income tax payable if the chargeable income is: (a) $38 500 (b) $107 000 (©) $160 000 (a) $412.000oe Exercise i = | | IWrand A faclal tissue Brand B facial tsste $5 200 per pack 15% 150 per pack Huy 2 and get $1.05 off ‘S $3.95 ws the pric Help Shufen determine which brand is the best buy. A piece of metal is heated to 428 ° before it is lett to cook ‘The temperature of the metal falls at a rate of 23°C per minute for the first 3 minutes, at a 15°C per minute for the next 15 minutes and then ata rate of 8 °C per minute until it seaches room temperature of 25°C. Find (i) the temperature of the metal after 9 minutes, (ii) the total time needed for the metal to reach a temperature of 25 °C from 428 rate ‘A cook uses 15 2-litre bottles of cooking oil in weeks, Ihe decides to buy 5-litre tins of cooking ud, how many tins of cooking oil he rate at which he ws oii over a 10-week perio remains unchanged? 4) 224 hours are required to completa project. men ire employed for this project. (i) ‘The hourly rate of each man is $7.50. Find the total amount to be paid to the men, (ii) ‘Their normal working hours are from 9 a.m, to 6 pm., with a one-hour lunch break. Given that the rate, find the total amount to be paid to the 4 men if the project is to be completed in 4 days. @ iting deposits $20 000 in a bank that pays a simple interest rate of 2.75% per annum, If the interest rate decreases to 2% per annum, she will receive $50 less every year. ind the value of x, Brand C facial tissue overtime rate is L.5 times their hourly (2B) A couple travels from 3 ev of woe facial tissues she intends to buy. PvP)? Brand D facial tissue 5 % 200 per pack Buy 2 and get $1.75 off $5.75 5 x 200 per pack $4.45 (6B ‘he following information is advertised by abe 10 Year High-Yield Account 2.35% Simple Interest Cheryl found the interest rate attractive and decided to deposit $3600 in the bank. One year later, she only received an interest of $8.46. Upon reading the above advertisement carefully, she realised that she had been misleé= {a) How much interest had Cheryl expected? receive after one year? (b) Explain how Cheryl had been misled byt advertisement. (B) tHe price ofa sofa is Sx. A man buys the soft hire purchase with these terms: a down patie of 2546 and the remaining to be paid in moo instalments over 30 months at a simple inte of 12% per annum, Given that his monthly instalment is $52, find the value of x Nev Zealand to ing for a holiday. They exchange NZ$3200" Singapore dollars at a rate of NZS100= 339 ‘They spend a total of $5256 convert the remaining Singapore Zealand dollars at the end of the NZ$100 = $897 65. Find the amount Zealand dollars they receiv correct to the nearest cent. | f 0.20 in SingaPo™ dollars trip ata NefExercise tos | Money changers usually display exchange rates in a table form. There are two columns in the table with the headers ‘We Sell’ and ‘We Buy. The column «We Sell refers to the money changer selling 1 unit of foreign currency for the local currency. ‘We Buy’ refers to the money changer buying 1 unit of foreign currency from the customer and giving him/her the local currency. Below are some exchange rates offered by two money changers in Singapore. PQ Money Changer United States dollar __ 1.3780 1.3580 New Zealand dollar 0.9136 _|_0.8826 RS Forex United States dollar __ 1.3775 1.3593, New Zealand dollar 0.9102 __0.8860 (a) Vaniis leaving for New Zealand and she wants to exchange some Singapore dollars for New Zealand dollars. Which money changer would you recommend to her? (b) Raju just returned from Boston and he wants to exchange his excess United States dollars for Singapore dollars. Which money changer would you recommend to him? @ 1n 2018, Weiming earned a gross annual income of $125 000. Of this $125 000, the amount that will not be subjected to income tax is shown in the @ In 2017, Yi Hao earned a gross annal incon $130 200. Of this $130 200, the ; amount that will not be subjected to income tax is shown in the following table: Earned Income Relief 1000 $2000 500 per parent $26 046 esRelief $4900 Parent Relief a CPF contributions Course Fe (i) Given that Yi Hao has a wife and 2 parents, calculate his chargeable income for YA 2018, (ii) Using Table 9.5 on page 60, find Yi Hao's income tax payable for YA 2018. @ ‘A watch was priced at €430 on website G, based in Germany and at US$600 on website U, based in the United States. Siti lives in Singapore and wishes to purchase the watch from either of these websites She found that the exchange rates are SS1 = €0.6368 and S$1 = US$0.7478. (a) Which website offers a better buy? Explain your answer. (b) Both websites charge delivery fees to send the watch to Singapore. Find the maximum difference in the delivery fees so that the website in part (a) remains a better buy. @ Bernard paid an income tax of $1474 forthe year 2018. Of his gross annual income, the amount that will not be subjected to income tax is shown in the following table: following table: Earned Income Relief | $3000 Personal Relief, $3000 Child Relief $4000 per child Wife Relief $2000 Parent Relief $9000 per parent Child Relief $4000 per child CPF contributions $25 000 Parent Relief. $5000 per parent, : ; CPF contributi 96 ine Given that he lives with 1 child and 2 parents, find Dopauttibutions ra ——— is income tax payable using the same table as in ~ = Worked Example 16 on page 59. Given that he has a wife, 4 children and 2 parents, and that for the remaining income that will be taxed, the gross tax payable for the first $40 000 is $550 and the tax rate for the rest is 7%, find his gross annual income,In this section, we will learn about speed, which is a special type of rate. A. Concept of speed (Recap) eee In primary school, we have learnt thatthe speed of an object isthe distance travelled by the object per unit time: Sera are moving. lis obtain viding the measure bythe measute of time. . ' ; Inother words wecan ‘he speed of an object tells us how fast itis moving, Speed can be expressed in combine the measures different units, such as m/s, km/h, m/min and cm/s. attributes to detive ano. measure, Problem involving speed Hane De A ferry travels 20 km from the southern tip of Singapore to Batam. fit stats juny Singapore at 10.50 a.m. and reaches Batam at 11.30 a.m. (Singapore time) on the samed G7) calculate the speed of the ferry in (i) km/h, (ii) m/s. "Solution (i) Duration from 10.50 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. = 40 min 40 ooh 2h jistance travelled Speed of ferry = SS en 20 km a gh 2 = 20+ km/h Wo ='20x5 km/h = 30 km/h ii _ 30km (ii) 30 km/h = TF convert 30 km intom Bi and 1 hintos apitie ne " ep it fens, oO fez0n0 8 2100 5 bebe specs in —_ ee pln an Camscanertravels 168 km in 25 minutes. Find the speed of the train in ‘A train trav - @ kml (ii) mis. a speed of 85 km/h Find the distance travelled bythe ar 2 minute Bee ravels at SoS 7 oa so seconds, ging your answer in metres Pe eu 3. In Singapore, the speed li its for cars depend on the type faa "of roads. The highest speed mit for cars is 90 km/h, Fr tin sh Express this speed in sis a @ mis, (ii) cm/min. imal, with a fastest recorded leap of 109 km/h. In July ‘The sailfish is the fastest marine ani © poe ¥s 100 m freestyle was set at 46.91 seconds. How many 2009, the world record for the men times faster is the sailfish than this swimmer? Class Discussion i in real-world contexts on Making sense of speeds in real a 1. The picture shows the speed limit ata Silver Zone in Singapore. ince 2014, Silver Zones have been introduced in selected residential areas to enhance road safety forthe elderly When Ali drove along this road, he was travelling at 30 m/s. Should he continue driving at that speed? 2. ‘The greatest human running speed on record is 12.4 m/s. ‘The record is held by Usain Bolt who attained this speed in a 100 metre sprint complete this sprint. (a) (i) Calculate Usain Bolt’s average speed during the sprint. (ii) Explain why your answer in (i) is not 12.4 m/s. (b) ‘The maximum speed of a zebra on record is 40 miles per hour. Given that 1 mile is approximately 1.6 km, determine whether this zebra is faster than Usain Bolt. 2009. He took 9.58 seconds to B. Constant speeds and average speeds {the speed of an object does not change throughout its journey, the object is said to be travelling at a constant speed. f However, in real-life situation Rai pecsoncis oh is unlikely for an object to travel at the same speed witha speedameter, which gives its speed at a particular instant. throughout its journey. a ferry’s speed of 30 km/h in Worked Example 17 is actually its average speed. ‘The reading ofthe speedometer te ‘means that on average, the ferry travels 30 km every hour. . a cng fom =; ey ' is it not possible for the ferry to maintai prec cn espeen ee eee ty ain a constant speed of 30 km/h from constant. Th “sverage speed of an object is the total distance travelled by the object per unit time:rage apecd Problem involving average see Ee) Nadia sets aff front her home ¢ aT yo kan ourney to ber friend's house, She travel Farad kanflyand the reanaining ata speed Of 0 king, 40 kn of her Journey at spe 18 Caleulate the average speed for her entire Journey. olution distance travelled “Fine taken for first part of JOURNEY ©“ yyeqage speed Ao 40 th celled distance tray 1 for second part of JOUrMeY erage spect 70-40 60, ‘Time t Average speed km/h msa distance of 1.5 km at an average speed of 2.5 km/h, cycles!) GEENA ina triathlon, Raju si Em Further Questions in 4 hours and runs at an average speed of 9 km/h for 1 hours. Find his average spe Eads the entire competition. recat 1. In Worked Example 18, Shufen did this calculation: Average speed = ‘pec for 1 part ofjoueney + spec for 2” part of journey +60 2 50 km/h How would you explain to Shufen that she is wrong? 2. In Chapter 8, we have learnt that we should not add or take the average of two or more percentage Do you remember why? Compare this with Question 1. Why i it that we should not add or take the average of two of mo™ oe From the above Thinking Time, we learn that: pln an CamscanerRate of revolution HIye Singapore Flyer! the Singapore Flyer t caleulate the number of iving your answer correct to the n sa diameter of 150m. IFeach capsule of avels at an average speed of 0.262 m/s, Re 1 of revolutions refers je by a capsule per hour, » to number compl made by the caps olution: est whole number, “solution Radius of the Singapore Flyer = Circumference of the Singapore Plyer = 2% 1% 75 2471.3 m (tol dp.) .262 x 3600 3.2m Distance travelled by a capsule in 1 hour = | 43.2 Number of revolutions made by a capsule per how rd 2 (to the nearest whole number) truck is 0.73 m, Ifthe truck travels at an average speed of 14 m/s, made by the wheel per minute, giving your answer correct to ‘The diameter of a wheel of find the number of revolutions the nearest whole number. Further Qu Brant Clore) Average speed problem involving algebra ‘Acar travels at an average speed of 60 km/h from Town A to Town B. If the car travels at an average speed of 72 km/h instead, it would reach Town B 15 minutes. earlier, Calculate the Meet fect nice between ‘Town A and Town B. 20 “Solution Let the distance between Town A and Town B be x km. “Then time taken to travel from ‘Town A to Town Bat an average speed of 60 km/h = 25 hy and time taken to travel from Town A to Town Bat an average speed of 72 km/h = 3h. eae ” 60°72 60 — xl xox oth x isthesameas 360° 4 oe ee x290 700 * 60" Distance between ‘Town A and Town B= 90 km Inother words, we are auding durations here CO A car ‘Town A for‘Town B, which are 550 km apart, at general, why, aa io and average speed of 72 km/h. At the same time, a truck leave durations and distancest J Rue ‘Town B for Town A and travels along the same road as the ear xe speed of 38 kin/h, Find the time taken for the two ss to meet, Peretz. Client pln an CamscanerSearch the Internet to complete Table 9.6 to get a sense of how fast a human being and diffe nob rch : ects, Give the answer in a range of values where appropt te, then convert each speed to km/h. hn Rees Average speed | Average speed converted to ky (a) | Average person walking ( Average person jogging (a) Cor (| MRT train (f) | Aeroplane (cruising speed) (g) | Space shuttle (orbital speed) Table 9.6 2. Based on Table 9.6, answer the following questions. (a) On average, how many times faster is a car than an average person walking? (b) On average, how many times faster is an aeroplane than a car? (©) Does the speed of a space shuttle surprise you? Why does it have to move so fast to remain in Earthy: 3. What other examples of speeds might you encounter in real life? 4, Present your findings for the above questions to your class. Shil=fetaleyp} 1. What isthe difference between (a) rate and speed? (b) constant speed and average speed? 2. What have I learnt in this section or chapter that I am still unclear of? ea A particle travels 24.6 km in 30 minutes. Find the speed of the particle in (i) km/h, Exert Express each of the following in km/h. m (a) 8.4km/min (b) 315m/s Sa (©) 242 m/min (a) 15emis— | Ahigh- , high-speed train travels at a speed of 200 kan/h. Express each of the following in m/s Ifthe tran sets off from Station A at 1224 hours, (a) 65 cm/s (b) 367 km/h and reaches Station B at 1412 hours, find the 0 cm/mi (a) 86 km/mit distance betwe a (©) 1000 cm/min i en the two stations, giving your ; answer in metres, !Exercise @ A bullet train travels at a speed of 365 km/h. In August 2001, Singapore's national record for the men's How many times isa bullet train as fast as the fastest Singaporean sprinter? 100 m sprint was set at 10.37 seconds, @ A car travels the first 19 km of its journey at an average speed of 57 kni/h and the remaining 55 km at an average speed of 110 km/h. Find the average speed of the car for its entire journey. @ the diameter of a wheel of a car is 30 em. I'the car travels at an average speed of 13.2 m/s, find the number of revolutions made by the wheel per hour, giving your answer correct to the nearest whole number. @® Acarand a bus are travelling towards each other. They are 510 km apart at 1320 hours and they pass each other at 1620 hours. Ifthe car is travelling at a speed of 90 km/h, find the speed of the bus. @ Two points, x and ¥, are 120 m apart. M isthe midpoint of X and Y. An object travels from X to M in 12 seconds and then from M to Y at an average speed of 15 m/s, Find (i) _ the time taken for the object to travel from Mto Y, (ii) the average speed of the object for its entire journey from X to Y. (48) two points, Land N, are 160m apart, M lies on the straight line joining L and N. An object travels from L to M at an average speed of 10 m/s in 6 seconds and then from M to Nat an average Speed of 25 m/s, Find the average speed of the object for its entire journey from L to N. GY A car travels the first km of its journey at an average speed of 25 m/s and the next 120 km at an average speed of 80 km/h, The car completes the last part of its journey at an average speed of 90 km/h in 35 minutes. Find the average speed for its entire journey, giving your answer in km/h. Acar travels at a speed of x km/h for 4 hours and ata speed of y km/h for the next 2 hours. Its average speed for the entire journey is 60 km/h. Suggest two possible values of x and y. ® ‘A passenger train travels at a speed of 72 km/h. A man on the passenger train observes a goods train travelling at a speed of 54 km/h in the opposite direction. If the goods train passes him in 8 seconds, find the length of the goods train. @ Deviteaves Town A and travels towards Town B at an average speed of 100 m/min. At the same time, Kumar and Li Ting travel from Town B towards Town A at an average speed of 80 m/min and 75 m/min respectively. If Devi meets Li Ting 6 minutes after passing Kumar, find the distance between Town A and Town B, @ On his outward journey, Ali travelled at a speed of 1 skm/h for 25 hours. On his return journey, he increased his speed by 4 km/h and saved 15 minutes. Find Ali’s average speed for the whole journey.