REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN
Peace-Work-Fatherland
Paix-Travail-Patrie
MINISTRY OF HIGHER
MINISTERE DE
EDUCATION
L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR

THE UNIVERSITY OF DOUALA

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL FOR PURE

AND APPLIED SCIENCES(POSPAS)

NATIONAL HIGHER POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF

DOUALA (ENSPD)
PO Box 2701 Douala

Email: rectorat.info@univ-douala.com

--------------------------------------------

MASTER II /DEA(M.SC) of Training Unit for Engineering Sciences

Specialization: ENERGETIC

LABORATORY: Energy, Materials, Modelisation and Methods

DYNAMIC OF FLUIDS AND TURBULENCE PHENOMENS

STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A HOLE; ENGINEFOAM;

TUTORIAL DIESELFOAM;

Written by
Name and Surnames Matricule Rev
AMBADIANG Yves Bertrand 16G02881 00

Reviewed by : Pr ABBÉ CLAUDE NGAYIHI

Academic year : 2021/2022

Contents
LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. 3
I. Tutorial description: Stress analysis of a plate with a Hole......................................................... 4
I.1. Mesh generation ........................................................................................................................ 4
II. Governing equations ................................................................................................................... 6
II.1. Law of linear elastic behavior...................................................................................................... 6
II.1.1. General form ......................................................................................................................... 6
II.2. Isotropic homogeneous elastic material ................................................................................... 6
III. Discussion of results ................................................................................................................ 7
IV. II. EXERCISES TUTORIAL U60 .......................................................................................... 8
II.1. Increase the mesh resolution .................................................................................................... 8
II.1. Changing the plate size ............................................................................................................ 9
V. EngineFoam............................................................................................................................... 14
VI.1. Description of tutorial .......................................................................................................... 14
VI.1.2. Governing equations ......................................................................................................... 14
VI. DieselFoam............................................................................................................................ 15
Vii.1. Description of tutorial ......................................................................................................... 15
Vii.2. Boundary and initial conditions .......................................................................................... 16
Vii.3. Mesh generation ................................................................................................................ 16
References ............................................................................................................................................. 18

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 2

 LISTE DES FIGURES

Figure 1: Illustration of geometry of a plate with HOLE .................................................................. 4

Figure 2: Bloc structure of the mesh for the plate with hole .............................................................. 5
Figure 3: OpenFoam Mesh generation of the hole in a plate problem ............................................... 5
Figure 4:Champ de contrainte dans la plaque trouée ........................................................................ 7
Figure 5 : Normal stress along the vertical symmetry ...................................................................... 7
Figure 6:Zoom sur les contraintes normales analytique et numérique ................................................ 8
Figure 7 : Mesh resolution of a plate .............................................................................................. 9
Figure 8: Changing the plate size ................................................................................................. 13
Figure 9: EngineFoam-moving piston(The geometry of kivaTest Tutorial) ..................................... 15
Figure 10:Geometry of the dieselFoam tutorial case ...................................................................... 15
Figure 11: Mesh generation of compressible reacting flow with lagrangian evaporating particle ....... 16

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 3

 I. Tutorial description: Stress analysis of a plate with a Hole

[1] This tutorial describes how to pre-process, run and post-process a case involving linear-
elastic, steady-state stress analysis on a square plate with a circular hole at its centre. The plate
dimensions are: side length 4 m and radius R=0.5m. It’s loaded with a uniform traction of 𝜎 =
10 KPa over its left and right faces as shown in Figure 1.Two symmetry planes can be identified
for this geometry and therefore the solution domain need only cover a quarter of the geometry,
shown by the shaded area in Figure 1. We can see the picture below :

Figure 1: Illustration of geometry of a plate with HOLE

Hypothèses initiales :
The plane stress condition, in which the stress components acting out of the 2D plane are assumed to be
negligible ;
The plane strain condition, in which the strain components out of the 2D plane are assumed negligible.
The plane stress condition is appropriate for solids whose third dimension is thin as in this case ; the
plane strain condition is applicable for solids where the third dimension is thick.

I.1. Mesh generation

OpenFoam performs domain meshing assuming that the domain if breaks down into four blocks, some
of which have arc-shaped edges. The block structure of the mesh part is shown in the following
figure(Fig2).

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 Figure 2: Bloc structure of the mesh for the plate with hole

Figure 3: OpenFoam Mesh generation of the hole in a plate problem

In OpenFoam all geometries all geometries are generated in 3 dimensions even if the case is to
be as a 2 dimensional problem . Therefore a dimension of the block in the z
direction has to be chosen; here, 0.5 m is selected. It does not affect the solution since the

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 5

traction boundary condition is specified as a stress rather than a force, thereby making the
solution independent of the cross-sectional area.
II. Governing equations
To determine the evolution of a deformable system, we will define its law of behavior linking
internal forces and kinematic quantities.

II.1. Law of linear elastic behavior

II.1.1. General form
In the absence of thermal effects and initial stresses, we have:

𝐶 C is a fourth-order tensor, the components of which are coefficients of elasticity of the material

Using the properties of stress and strain tensors, it can be shown that:

The tensor 𝐶, whose representative matrix includes

II.2. Isotropic homogeneous elastic material

All directions are equivalent, so that the law of behavior is invariant in any rotation of the
reference configuration. This model applies to most materials: steel, concrete, … [2]
If the configuration is free of constraints, then the law of behavior is written:

or in index scoring

The material coefficients λ and μ, which depend on the particle considered, are called the Lamé
coefficients. Their expression as a function of young's modulus E and the poisson coefficient ν
is :

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 6

 III. Discussion of results

Figure 4:Champ de contrainte dans la plaque trouée

Observation : Nous obtenons après ajustement

Figure 5 : Normal stress along the vertical symmetry

Figure 5 shows the plot of the analytic normal stress curves and that of the numerical prediction

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 7

We see that, the numerical plot of the analytic normal stress

D’après la figure 5 , nous constatons que la courbe analytique de la contrainte normale suivant
la direction xx est paraît plus moins égale à celle de la valeur de la contrainte normale calculée
expérimentale. Un zoom sur les deux courbes nous permet de mieux apprécier leurs différences.

Figure 6:Zoom sur les contraintes normales analytique et numérique

IV. II. EXERCISES TUTORIAL U60

II.1. Increase the mesh resolution

Increase the mesh resolution in each of the x and y directions. Use the mapFields to map the
final coarse mesh results from section 2.2.3 to the initial conditions for the fine mesh.
In the different files created, we increase the resolution of the mesh by changing its coordinates
in the BlockMeshDict. The coordinates (10 0 1) will be replaced by (40 0 1). After that we
record and execute in the OpenFoam program.

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 Figure 7 : Mesh resolution of a plate

Observation : Nous observons un resserrement du maillage de la cavité en mailles plus petite.

Ceci s’est effectué de manière spécifique suivant les différents blocs de la cavité.
II.1. Changing the plate size

The analytical solution is for an infinitely large plate with a hole of finite size. So this solution
is not quite exact for a finished size plate. To estimate the error, increase the size of the plate
while keeping the hole size at the same value. For this, on the flat folder Hole infinite we
modify in the section Verticles we enter les valeurs 20 à la place de 2 et nous enregistrons le
fichier. Enfin nous exécutons les nouvelles dimensions de la plaque.
// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
convertToMeters 1;
vertices
(
(0.5 0 0)
(1 0 0)
(20 0 0)
(20 0.707107 0)

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 (0.707107 0.707107 0)
(0.353553 0.353553 0)
(20 20 0)
(0.707107 20 0)
(0 20 0)
(0 1 0)
(0 0.5 0)
(0.5 0 0.5)
(1 0 0.5)
(20 0 0.5)
(20 0.707107 0.5)
(0.707107 0.707107 0.5)
(0.353553 0.353553 0.5)
(20 20 0.5)
(0.707107 20 0.5)
(0 20 0.5)
(0 1 0.5)
(0 0.5 0.5)
);
blocks
(
hex (5 4 9 10 16 15 20 21) (10 10 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
hex (0 1 4 5 11 12 15 16) (10 10 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
hex (1 2 3 4 12 13 14 15) (20 10 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
hex (4 3 6 7 15 14 17 18) (20 20 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
hex (9 4 7 8 20 15 18 19) (10 20 1) simpleGrading (1 1 1)
);
edges
(
arc 0 5 (0.469846 0.17101 0)
arc 5 10 (0.17101 0.469846 0)
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 arc 1 4 (0.939693 0.34202 0)
arc 4 9 (0.34202 0.939693 0)
arc 11 16 (0.469846 0.17101 0.5)
arc 16 21 (0.17101 0.469846 0.5)
arc 12 15 (0.939693 0.34202 0.5)
arc 15 20 (0.34202 0.939693 0.5)
);
boundary
(
left
{
type symmetryPlane;
faces
(
(8 9 20 19)
(9 10 21 20)
);
}
right
{
type patch;
faces
(
(2 3 14 13)
(3 6 17 14)
);
}
down
{
type symmetryPlane;
faces
(

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 (0 1 12 11)
(1 2 13 12)
);
}
up
{
type patch;
faces
(
(7 8 19 18)
(6 7 18 17)
);
}
hole
{
type patch;
faces
(
(10 5 16 21)
(5 0 11 16)
);
}
frontAndBack
{
type empty;
faces
(
(10 9 4 5)
(5 4 1 0)
(1 4 3 2)
(4 7 6 3)
(4 9 8 7)

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 (21 16 15 20)
(16 11 12 15)
(12 13 14 15)
(15 14 17 18)
(15 18 19 20)
);
}
);
mergePatchPairs
(
);
// *************************************************************************
//
By running the code on OpenFoam, we get the following geometry:

Figure 8: Changing the plate size

Observation : Nous constatons que la géométrie du domaine ayant changée, cela a entraîné
une modification du champ de contrainte à l’intérieur de la plaque. Suivant la direction x-y
nous avons une contrainte.
D’après la Figure 7 obtenu sur l’interface, nous constatons que pour un

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 V. EngineFoam
VI.1. Description of tutorial
[4] This tutorial describes the basic physics of the premixed turbulent combustion in the Spark-
Ignition (SI) engine. The tutorial helps the user to understand the implementation of the
engineFoam solver by presenting a brief explanation of different parameters as well as different
classes used in the solver. The engineFoam solver is also modified by implementing the
different flame wrinkling (Xi) models. Finally, a test case set-up is explained for the
engineFoam solver.
VI.1.2. Governing equations

𝑇−𝑇𝑢
Progress variable : 𝑐 = 𝑇 (1.1)
𝑏 −𝑇𝑢

Where T is the Temperature, with subscript b stands for burned gas, and u stands for
unburnt gas. It is seen that c is a normalization of a scalar quantity.
In engineFoam solver, the flame front propagation is modelled by solving a transport
equation for the density-weighted mean reaction regress variable denoted by b, as:

Where, ρ is the density, ~ u is the filtered velocity, Sct is turbulent Schimid number and Sc is
the reaction source term which is modeled as:

By substituting equation 1.4 into the equation 1.3 we would have:

where:
b : mean reaction regress variable
𝑆𝑢 : laminar flame speed [m/s]
D : diffusion coefficient [m2=s]
Ξ : wrinkling factor (or Xi)
ρu : density of unburnt mixture [kg/m3]

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 14

 Figure 9: EngineFoam-moving piston(The geometry of kivaTest Tutorial)

VI. DieselFoam
Vii.1. Description of tutorial

[5] This tutorial describes how to pre-process, run and post-process a case involving
compressible reacting flow with Lagrangian evaporating particles in a three-dimensional
domain. It also describes how to copy the solver, copy an evaporation model and how to add a
second material to the discrete particles.

Figure 10:Geometry of the dieselFoam tutorial case

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 15
 Vii.2. Boundary and initial conditions
the boundary conditions for the dieselFoam tutorial are very simple. All walls are modeled as
adiabatic.
The boundary conditions for the injector can be found in /constant/injectorProperties file see
example below. injectorType unitInjector; unitInjectorProps
{
position (0 0.0995 0);
direction (0 -1 0);
diameter 0.00019;
Cd 0.9;
mass 6e-06;
temperature 320;
nParcels 5000;
X(
1.0
);
massFlowRateProfile
(
(0 0.1272)
(4.16667e-05 6.1634)
(8.33333e-05 9.4778)
...
);
Vii.3. Mesh generation

Figure 11: Mesh generation of compressible reacting flow with lagrangian evaporating particle

By AMBADIANG Yves Page 16

The geometry consists of a block filled with air, with a 0.01x0.01 meter base and a length of
0.1 meter (figure 1.1). An injector is centrally placed on the top boundary where n-Heptane
(C7H16) is injected. When the discrete droplets enter the domain they evaporate and combustion
take place in the gas phase. There are several gas phase reaction schemes supplied
With the case ranging form a reaction with 5 species and one reaction up to a reaction involving
300 reactions and 56 species.

Figure 12:Droplets entering the domain, droplets colored by diameter

Figure 13:Droplets entering the domain, droplets colored by diameter

La géométrie se compose d’un bloc rempli d’air, avec une base de 0,01x0,01 mètre et une
longueur de 0,1 mètre (figure 1.1). Un injecteur est placé au centre sur la limite supérieure où
n-Heptane (C7H16) est injecté. Lorsque les gouttelettes discrètes pénètrent dans le domaine,

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elles s’évaporent et la combustion a lieu en phase gazeuse. Après les réactions de combustion,
selon la nature de la molécule injectée, on peut observer les différents champs former par les
particules.

Pour certains gaz comme alphat il n’y a pas une réaction de combustion, raison pour laquelle
le champ est uniforme(bleu)

References
1.Christopher J. Greenshields, User Guide version 6 , OpenFoam The OpenFoam foundation,
10th july 2018 Author: CFD Direct Ltd, https://openfoam.org
2. F. Golay, Stéphane Bonelli. Mécanique des Milieux Continus - Support de cours.
France.2018, pp.72.hal-02608374 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02608374

3. Per CARLSSON, NaiXian Lu, H˚akan Nilsson, Energy Technology Center, Lule˚a
University of Technology, CFD with OpenSource software, assignment 3”, Tutorial
dieselFoam by review February 17, 2009
4. Wadekar, S.: engineFoam tutorial with different flame wrinkling (Xi) model. In Proceedings
of CFD with OpenSource Software, 2018, Edited by Nilsson. H.,
http://dx.doi.org/10.17196/OS_CFD#YEAR_2018

5. Tao Xing and Fred Stern IIHR—Hydroscience & Engineering C. Maxwell Stanley
Hydraulics Laboratory The University of Iowa 58:160 Intermediate Mechanics of Fluids
http://css.engineering.uiowa.edu/~me_160/ Sept. 7,

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