Therapeutic Alliances in Couple and Family Therapy An Empiri lly Informed Guide to Practice Myrna L. Friedlander Valentin Escudero Laurie Heatherington ton, DCwomg mag sensu fo rg Pon mp Ped -imagry sing op wos ajgmyeas#p0985 ID ¥ ssorzoso07 “cspron I {ooce 63 cx'Sock Yum MEeINDIng MoPON ¢ men Mey eT ‘ganodeiagiogaieg"p-Roodsyy ye —suORE|OY sUMTE, TBUDIRNoN “ELOY OD pope ide Sdnag 7 “sundays ase — spore —KSeEL AE“ IHLING] sepxoled spe Ades mT ea espn aur pm opr pote appa “Tm | oboe cx opi pomonaipesucies Os: Adeiotp Ae pue ojdnos ut ssouee Snademey “TeeIyy SHUM Jweq_wontoigng-urfurfopeeS seubu05 Jo Sse -woumzossy eordojoyakeg urououry au jo synod sup auoseidos Apuesonou sou op stusuanee ow FUOISS ‘poe pu "2ounne 2p jo foypgiaodes xp az paygnd masts pu Fuori oy4 ENGAGEMENT IN THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS Generally, people try to solve their problems in ways that reflect their {idiosyncratic interpretation of those problems. They make attributions about ‘the causes of the problems and have preconceived ideas about how problems like theirs should be addressed. Moreover, their worldview helps them make sense of proposed solutions, Indeed, 2 person's response to psychosocial prob- ‘ment, the client must first become engaged in the therapeutle proces 7‘AEVABRLL ATINVS QNY STENOO NI SEONVITIV OULNGIVESHL = ZL “uoneyar natn on) aarp # se sso001d sanaderatp xp aayeored eur sraquuauy =] ‘Ayparey Te 30 wos ‘soBueyD a2peus o2 Sem ese Adeioyp 03 SurAOo} snIdsoq] vvonesedoog snsia, suEsIsoy TSS AROIEES yw Ue pow SRY on Bailisyeys SOT sq wes Conerndoos susns IH ust udine sou os) GM Tar eps atria VOSA ce aay ees Hp om bo spusdop jynumeats re auouunesn :Swol]O} 3 ss00ig ouradoioy a WHISTSIETY ou -9p 24 (WLEOS) ssouerTe Aderatp dase) Buyas9sqo 20} woseKs axp Uy‘gpportunity. Thus, the concept of resistance has been central in family sys- ‘ems therapy, and techniques espoused by many different theoretical schools reflect the expectation that someone in the family is likely to be resistant. In Despite the intuitive appeal of this explanation, the concept of resis ‘tance uns challenged by.theorists in the 1960s. De Shazer (1984), for ex- ample, boldly proclaimed the “death of reistance” (p. 79). Indeed, solution focused therapists have been the TOSt VoCaT tics of the notion (de Shazer, 3985, 1985; OHanlon & Weiner Davis, 1969). Focusing instead on coop could come about ‘0 faulty calibration between what is taking place in session and the ways in ‘hich the family wants to change. ‘Whether from the perspective of resistance o: from the perspective of efforts. To enhance engagement, therapists can change focus or change strat- ENGAGEMENT IN THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS. «73nil AaVYEHLL ATV ONY S14OO NISEONVITIV OUNAIVEEHL fg 284 oup UT siuoyy> ypuss 2oaUUOD on dem aUO SY “(COO “Te 39 “ATI, opwET potty fssord wr 7839 “orepnorg. sepueppelig) Ssooog snnsdery], i qeaaasqo Haxp Yate parejoosse AyfenuEasgAs sf Teuonowa on parejas io}aeyoq ,aueq ey bm Ypreoser ano Bupuy snp Yat TWers|suoD “suna{qord romp o2 ypeordde ,puoreseyoad,, \qpeuy sasideroup oxp sono Bune pu ssouDar1p pane swusy]> ata ‘poapay pure ‘uodder ‘ssourysroasnn ,asideiotp atp paveisaadde stusy> oxp ‘spom m1aip jo sivedse jeoruypaa stp tpioe poursoucs dqirewmd exam seideiotp x 1561) WOO Pe“ Sanenenb eo Spr SRE sexsjqou stoua ut potaienu Afpuinuad 30 FuizeD ve aidesoys te Snionsed sou pip oa sragizou sure ~Aderatp 30 oreyd yen) up yo urnsoda oy porset duro Suypuy SupsoseatySynojired ug -suseDue> stn Joy SUSHI Dye Tayo o2 ajgeun sng Sure> se aeadezav afotn paquovep foun owoono “(oz sng) 1p wely fgg67 ‘UoRIIEg °9 ‘SITUIOD ‘BIH GoHOG seBuEYD SuSE -Bns 40 xoyaryoq Jenprarpur Funen[eAo) Furuonsonb oxBoxes 20 TOUT 19K “19 ubip uoReiogeyo> yo ssuds 19a v adwosd 02 wow syrure sussayip Sussodeaxn! Aq wojgord ou arjnoiid“Adeiowp jo ares axp ae ~qoad a Sunuagop sjoanse sua dee jeortnjoan op “eroge|joa torsteh-n sata» SumeaTOg UO UETB (hEgI SOND Hag “S0) snodosp Sutproae pue uonuara: Butznsus uo ax0W U9eq sey OOS up YEOG “ye ‘idesotp Ayres pue aydnoa wy souerTe shmedesou orp jo toose 1ouso ‘Ae uo up quowsbefup éqyaigy uo Ypuedsox 230W sep U2dq Sey a2ot | juoweseBug Arum -porres envy uomexoqerjoo 39119 ovsdwone soqpo sje usys pasn 2q 02 A[UO 631 (CgT “y>TeBIOg % UOSOMEY 8:9) paresiputesuco sfjerous8 st uomeusTe siawp sealdseo Aqs22q9 10 “uoN | -eaniow 238] ‘25uarapIpU! mous os SURI[9 jo woNEMMOAsUOS 25 eda Jeuopeanour exp ygnonp som 20 “Adexota at Jo s2ed atp oresopou S129session, therapists can counteract demoralization by showing respect for the family’s resourcefulness. When family. members explain thar solutions that hhad been effective in the past no longer work, the therapist needs to help them find “new” solutions, all the while showing respect for their perspective ‘and making suggestions that build on the family’s existing resources. Asking clients to radically change their point of view to follow the therapist's direc- ‘es can rent in decreased engagement and, potentially, ery cemination. the past or new ones that are cond : ‘Arps puerto leat gaat Parapet Pro cess is the easiest dimension of the alliance ro observe. Three behavioral ration and willingness to bring up problems for disci and articulate the anticipated outcomes of treatme tion in specific therapeutic tasks (eg, enactments, naires) and in setting the pace for the therapy (eg. the frequency of sessions and duration of treatment); and (<) motivation for change, thats, the: expressed recognition of small improvements, of positive results from home- work assignments, and of the efforts made by ocher family members. The therapist’s contribution lies in stimulating these three aspects of client en- gagement—by explaining how therapy works, by actively asking clients for their input in defining goals and tasks, by exploring clients’ willingness to try out new behavior during or after the sessions, by inquiring about clients’ reactions to various therapeutic events, by engaging the attention and par- ticipation of everyone attending the sessions, and by praising and amplifying cach small change as itis achieved. CASE ILLUSTRATION: REASONING WITH “REASONABLE” PARENTS As an example of the therapist's role in initiating family engagement, take the case of Melanie and Paul Blayne, desperate about their 12-year-old daughter, Hilary, and what they described as her lack of discipline and be- havior problems at home and at school. When the therapist asked about how the Blaynes had tried to solve these problems, Melanie's answer reflected the eardde Jo sivm ayo 02 [Poroddo syjeoinewerp are 10 aoypentoo dav asneseq ang popinsera axe Act ‘e20q 204 Sfx0% 204 op sua] god Busj0s Jo skex tos “SasE9 29\N0 Uy - ____‘assedus sry ca mamp aysnoq ygoud oxp uy aB Uys assy pyc wisp ox possess ieqp ‘obtas open Adesoyr UY BUIOP SISK ASH Teen 2eYF SARIS Or Papoou asxy dowp ‘ssso01d snnadesorp oxp wr pases Ay oq, 3 soudeig, ap 3, 2sues © uo spuad d asnoe 9q 02 ssauduryian sroquiom: Aqraseg tp aup eva Joos Aatp at sa8ue> posses 35efs0 “Taasmoy APUG uoAssBns Asox9 aoTfoy PUR Wopsta sasidesotp {yoy Burp Aquo ap “ew srotp uo sotaeyaq samaysoep neg 2 uEreg j2o}aeYDq Poo$ jo sopra a1seq seIP|OIA ays Z9AgUIyE ATTY ‘ystund on saife souseg op Pl .2ndo[eIp, pur ,uoseas, Zu _ueiETFOWpe a10u aq oa Surwse9], se [eos yansdesorp axp 395 4 ‘oa arom asideso axp Jt aq neg pue aTuR|>Wy Pino dain ‘xp uo pus 104 wo ‘st zoraeyaq 194 FuHBeurep soy 995 224 aia wosear oa pols pue 214 jo 20d sno paureydxe pus woo! zy ost sua o/g, ‘Parsmsue [neg “jooups Sunddpys uaaq pey Awe} ees Ino FUIpUY 2 uonseds ,quared ays mnoge aunjse ‘sotpany porefnsontt asidesomp Syy oy ue ou eh 10 saypaBon an PIT ton 0 peta ae “paumDs worTege 94 aus “A HPI ‘uyyp ape 03 pota sKeaye am or Borvoreas pus onSopeip omy sao] -ud poojos shen on am syne no uy suop aq pneys sau Ae ur nou jo suoneueea ty an am it itor Supe ne penseae ni Sanpissne euirenbep 30 SBUSIETUREATSD -glenging to negotiate a common therapeutic goal. Typically, one parent un- 9 unusual for one oe ‘sean a hope the therapist will be able to make.my spouse uniderstand that his (or her) attitude is wrong and needs to change.” SOME COMMON CHALLENGES TO ENGAGEMENT Difficulties related co engagement and cooperation can arise from a famnly's lack of resources—i following sections we high! ing the expressed concerns of one family member or not recognizing or rebal- ancing a split alliance (see chap. 9). The therapist’s personal history and ‘background can also affect his or her ability to create an atmosphere that resonates with the family’s ethnic, religious, or other cultural beliefs or val- vues (see chap. 10). Adolescents An exploratory study (G. M. Diamond, Liddle, Hogue, & Dakof, 1999)erences iil AaWAGLL AUNWS NY SHNOONISZONVITIV OULNEVESLL = ‘s sso0id oop wr uopedjonized 29y 20 syy 2eyp SuppeR® Apseaq> pue seo yeuos ‘ur asare1uy ouNUD8 SuLmoYs wo noge somoD aEIOT qa thie diqsuonejar ojqeisoyio> pur AITGES € "ypeoudde siyp Uy] -mn990 02 28ueyp 10} popoou st uowiedisrred siowp aetp pue ‘sdiysuone|ss aoa: yoy cura Adesaup aewp ‘paroedser aq pia sBunjaaj at wYp “Ademmip Woy ays -xpiow Sormpamos ures ueo dovp 2etp suse2 MOY cH SuORUBAIENUT TEENS ausoeotope 2yroeds een (zooz “AHEayaS 79 SIPPYT {2007 ‘SIPPFD) saideap "a ‘pauormusu! AImoraeid sy “suaDs9] ope aUEIIN|=E ‘ytoads pautsap aany sjapour tusuEa yo soqUINK, ‘V cstusred sop wpm Adezaup ut 4yoanse axeioge}jo> jue Aaya 230;0q OR “uone yeppods axnbar uoyo siuassojope seamo}] “AOMMe 2 AUEIEIAH se suoas Je arusizezey> 02 s7emozeut 9q pnows 7 ‘sHoys a[durExs sm SY -doueufoud posueasun te i paryteo: poy 4oq uesHoUTy ‘ue 20} ono] 294 2eyA Paso|oNIP wUBSAO “suased roy Woy paxane soo s9t ‘andere o¢p o3 épanp Bupjeodg “uonenauy axp 30s AJsnoaBeaneo CURIS ‘engojerp & ur used suezonyex oxp oBeSua or ojge sem 2sideIaLp axp “APE, >years 01 vorssrauad zanysnep netp aar8 on suared seuESIO BuSEmoou 4q ‘aauyy “seumapno ona usemneg aysne> “Ur JTestey puny ays 2>e|d YBN at PUE ‘wei Banuroddesip jo rej zoy “cwuared 0y 205 r90ds01 pre 40] $,2UE|O uo paiusumios adi op ‘earmopp uoeMapose 5.4991 au BURMAN] ‘squared 201, ured prom Aes Go pey ays ys set s43U0] ay BsNeOq INg “BU -Tvatun sess ays amevaq 10u ‘Suifusy[eNp sem awe UI eUEDIO BuxBeBy asdaioyp © Woy djay 2yBhos sruared axp ‘send ystEd mM Jo BUM op Ww pasejos| pur possazdap sea a steak } sdomg waiseg uu nanan pey Ayrumey soya pjo-ze94-61 ® “EUBSIO ‘SHED 300 14 pan eu ses osous I ata ae noon LOAGt 222 PD) SSP -Aexotf flie iuS nedano tn suusosojope owos se nt opeahAe os PUEITEA, 30 Aqjerauas2 pue 2n0 21 >foras anq Aten guouneaN poassex srUs|IeM Jo now’ “ns e osemopy ausuns9st feuOsiadiozuy zareax8 poxsods pus saiay 0u 198 guns se poredisetp posed uoounsouoy, woys v asnesaq 41q}ssod ‘sp9 year temp souso7no sex00d ypua PayerDONse I9ky UT BID F9OUE Buons ‘(097 ‘Suey 79 ‘neue "pre y-assNH ‘TwegloIoYg “Ur sauonedut ausosojope Jo Apnis iowoue Joi uy Tenawoyy -swaiqoxd [uo -rodronuy auanin9 ¢;u3e0 9yp jo Aayzaase o1p 02 paae[au sea ssoxBoud spnaderonp \ aevalued. An important part of the process involves using specific parental reconnection interventions to address the adolescent-parent bond. Accord ing to Liddle and Schwartz (2002), active participation of the parents in the therapeutic process can be achieved by “reestablishing parental feelings of Multistressed Families Many low-income, multistressed families find it difficult to engage in the therapeutic process, despite a pressing need for help. Often these families the engagement of hard-to-reach sbusing adoles ), which begins with ‘he family’s first telephone contact to the therapist. SSSE involves joining the family. by demonstrating concern, interest and empathy, reframing the problem, and even visiting the reluctant client's home to forge alliances and facilitate engagement before treatment begins. agency where the cherapist is working. According to one author, therapy ‘wich mulcistressed families is essentially “a cross-culrural negotiation in which, the owo parties act in a mutually influencing relationship” (Madsen, 1999, P-97). [Flamily and helpercan be seen as distinct nicro-cultures with their own beliefs and preferred styles of interaction... . Therapy proceeds betret ENGAGEMENT IN THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS © 79)AEVUSELL ATINWE ONY F1ENOO NISSONVITIV ONAL OB “dont quay mage Huhypa seep skerfoq uot Rue “9S 30; SoaTaTS wT ‘uy -soGefequnt opus’ sii OT joi THROAT WS Kepd Gee sonea’ ne ou JO SeTE0q 05 5 sry “Afguunsatad (ataes & Sina Jo PRgeN op hia Sue sadeso oD 94 ‘UNY moge SUTE|du1o> saya sty on UaTST] OD SUITE YSNOMBTE YAIMOPY “aurefduioo anowpin suoysos 01 UES ayy ‘aa}suajep em Aue Uh AON] EID co amu prey e, se puegeny 94 paquosep Adeiatp fexnew uy uEWoR Y © Dy “(9 “deuD 258) Aaapes 30 >e] & YEN poreOssE Sie Siffory pastors “tynun oBeBu9 op Bursa vr Jerunosus siidensyp SSR yROURP aUp Jo AUP (268) -(geneg asoup ur sosuasoysp Jo jysodsax pure sxeae 228lems is humiliating because it means they have been unable to solve those problems on their own (Santiago-Rivera, Aredondo, & Gallardo-Cooper, 2002). Sometimes both father and mother view men as incapable of han dling the emotional involvement of therapy, even when the concems in- their children, or theiz extended family. reluctant men in treatment requires diferent serat- ‘female therapists. Female therapists need to walk a fine the husband or father o involve him in treatment, not alienating the wife or mother, on the other. A wom Th competition with or betrayed by a female therapist ‘whom she expected to confirm her point of view. Male therapiss may have an easiei time relating to the man in the family, but their attention to the wife may be misinterpreted or even used as an excuse for the husband tod Levant and Philpot (2002) summarized four approaches to couple therapy that reflect a “gender-aware” philosophy (p. 319). Each of these ap- proaches involves avoiding triangulation with the couple in a “who's right?” 2/~ Datel by valida and emy rea isl Just as culture can be framed as the culprit in acculeuration-based family conflicts, in gender-aware approaches the source of the couple's problems is stenibuced ro gender-based misundertandings. By defining the problem in this. way, the therapist is able to engage the couple in a dialogue about che degree to which deseructive stereotypes and messager abOU appropri be- havior are jump t engagement in treatment. In family therapy, finding creative ways to engage reluctant fathers 8) caential because their absence from treatment threatens the remaining fam-4 ily members’ involvement and willingness to change. This priority was the carly focus of therapy with William Ryerson, the father of an adolescent who ‘The therapist kindly but firmly insisted on William’s involvement in facure sessions. The father fact, attend the second session, but his participation was minimal; he tured co his wife to answer every question posed by the therapist. Despite his promise, William did not attend the third appointment. Nicole made an excuse—something had come up at work at ENGAGEMENT IN THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS © 81_ ne ASVASELL ATINVS ONY STENOO NISRONVITIV SunaavERL ZB. -xorawyaq marp Uy saSueyp Tews aye o2 s2oYs net preydde pus ooed _Noyp 28 pom O2 Bar sf oy asideroyp v Woy UORUDRIE JetDeds aarooan Korn uoys qusumean yp ur squedronred penuonyuT sw039q syenauaas Ue> sue] ‘awog “S200 atp Ur paajosu 9q 2 IESE 51 OH sOquISUE AyruTEy TENpT peemg pumie o2 esrmoid sens Pantone adexwp ow “HN seseasodeny sj uonedionied 1os—2u09 or nod 203 #1 paau am rey “At=Y 2908 pOsU | pUE AIR “Ty9g} 01 Op PIno> ays reWPs pore oys UY "woTGoxd xp jo IuSMIESOEEE [ERNE 394 pue wed ausunzan Sup ano pre] asdesoup yp “Bunsom amp Burn ‘puone 01 auns 9q pjno> ay ways a1ep pue awn v asooyp ca mena pose asideioyp axp , uoises dderoqp zeqpoue ou ‘Sunaew, e Smsonba: sem sus 26yp 2085 stp Sgseydoag “UE Tuo -aven ¥ smosrp pu ruojroefenquy dons 24 JO ssoDONE ap BENIEA9 C2 wOOENY yuenodan ap Super ayy “suoyd 49 UY pazoeiuoa ays ‘TBRUSEES 3q 02 ‘wonedionzed sayy sup parepisuco aseo siyp Ur asiderstp oxp ssne3aq “geo tps dn rot pos pos fen) exp mod ep aint Waa com Sy ‘aogj i somousot pousyire 2p Jo aed sy UO 204 pey onomoy WHT A «pose asdessep ata FenpAaso op op, waskp pros Pee we etp poured “We cooing Spe aeed exp sono waited arogqe susjronD wayeasery aya ex araodsor Ui “ene 298 00 ety 203 qisodu 1 Suppew uswiow ae] yp SieoeesSENSITIVITY TO CHANGE For engagement to be strong, clients must he sensitive to the changes that are slowly taking place and ateribute them to thei therapeutic procest. When problems are serious and tie conve ‘ad from ‘ying out new behavior. For example, the therapist can optimistically point ‘our that a change is likely or that a change has already taken place. Aleerna- ai ‘therapist can propose simple homework taske whoee aim is merely being able eo come here” or “My daughter said she missed coming to therapy when we skipped a week.” (CASE ILLUSTRATION: BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ‘The following case illuscrates many points in the previous discussion, the personal and contextual challenges to client engagement and suggested ENGAGEMENT IN THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS 83,er ‘4 AeVREELL NUNS NV S14NOO NISEONVITIV OUNSIVERHL = vomyaott ‘nok Suma a qunp nok saqeus 2eyss [1 pue opS UE ARPES -ao9 nod zeyp Jo ojdwexo Ur our SAID SRP IE|EAE nod WED) ado aay ou ou Runaal gar paw ‘soy Big e Bupyeut wr yenp [uy peo ‘a sade prod, jraxang ‘suns wy andes vmpygend ou sary PRUE iso atod sty saad fon preuowg 2H Pung "eAaRD Yo ROK IND oi AOS Fudan) sndouy ot pue mata josuod snok say “ype su enous ays + 3g ‘sons 290g "9 sygo sides He ayqencyme9 2200 |99j 01 NOK 303 -stwos atop 2] se 203 e NOK 209 Supa SRS ap FE BIT ‘Bajop 23308 yoy} Sens 20U ws] *-* Paasosos poe U9D|Ie GANG, serpaon Adesou p: Benq 01 popioop aa pue Anuesoyo sem wr ‘ou sei dapenb uonedionued ur a2usieyp 9X “Pe “sos sea ded 2up ‘pp 2y way pur ‘ax0ds WOP| fp Jo Aue zapystios 20 uormeuzoyUT 3930 02 2083 Radnog peuoy Sunplce Bis cf powodap sleanwed bea oop taearea 2yetp pur pjeuoy dyoy 02 suorsse83ne pure seapr Surzayo ‘payse Bulag mow ‘wopeunoyuy mreasps2 ynysod pur aanoe sea WED BUDGE a8in my life, she's always been special, she's ave live with a person who's JIwhen you're with her head many social engagements, and like Beauty and the Beast! This bie of ‘humor, surprising in Ronald, produced laughter that was shared by the therapist and couple—the first lighthearted momene since therapy began. ‘Therapie: Caryn: Therapie Ronald: ‘Therapist: ‘Caryn, can you tell Ronald why you chose him as your partner? {ve abways loved him very.much—he's always been very good ‘to me. Now I realize thar maybe I don listen to hism enough. Tim afta chat in che other sessions we talked a lot about you, Ronald, abo feeling and what you're going through, buc we given you cime so that you could ex- press allthis yourself. How ean we make this up o you! ‘There's something that’s helped in rehab... writing. Ican write things, and we could read chem and talk about them. (Of course, thar a great idea! From that moment on, things changed radically. The focus became Ronald's ideas and needs. Caryn discovered many new things about her hus- band, his feelings about gerting married and his hopes for their life together. For her, it was difficult but gratifying to hear what Ronald, with great effort, needed to say. ‘As is common when family members display varying engagement lev- cls, the key to success in this case was recognizing the extraordinary effort Ronald was making to get psychological help and to talk about his problems. ENGAGEMENT IN THE THERAPEUTIC FROCESS 8SAE VUSHLL KTONWS ONY TENOD NISEONVITTY OUNEAVERHL = «9B 99 asm Adexoup jo s4sea pue s[eo8 21 suomoSeius Suons—Arenuos atp 02 2etp sseooid & jo stuardives eatssed 20u 97 ‘-aenyeao wl aisdxe ap pamssep s1ae1der 230 aomposd arp st anderocp stp Yai dh “sida[gosd Butajos pur 3a "uf foemuo> feuo|sajoud rae] ap YBNOTY “ond stam ump Surusieanp azow afueyp soypu 1eyp aoyyguos asane> autos hq PIPOKG 5 Aff xp uot 40 ‘seq qond z9tp0 Burajos tu ssouauodxe auasaid 30 aed sting 2p pio Tueproonp 3 yeowide 5 asiJesstp ayp Uoye ae SBIR] “nuo|qond Surpueresopun jo dese SsUSIOerEYD Hoxp 10 aStApOM aU TEM {ype isiderotp auf Aq posodord roanpooosd pue ‘nfs ‘sfeo8 sup uatps Tuam “Jean pin Buraeuogeyfoo AOI aaey os[e ue> SUB] “uoRNjos st ca yed xp pue woigord sip uo ssaniodared 2uareyP aaey 10 ‘faaa] VOREATON unwgip saty oto yee ypla oqyuoD wy ave saquIou A uNe Ua U3] “yeup amibiun sed uatuasesue ‘ewio} usuEAN [Te 01 LouNLED YBROWTY Jpiafon Suvyion jo aguas pe matgord atp uo saaftzodsiod suatuBuo> 2a on andeayy pue 1uaqp saxon ssoooud sanadesayp aup wy USuOREBU NOISNTONOD aowpalon amary exp 203 sueyd apeur ue ‘ajdnoo v se ay ewp paxepisuco SpUIO! Sov YRS wl TuIMDsjOAtT Pose -70q ® sea 21 pur ‘ssa90ad srnadeistp stp ur poffefus ouresoq soured nog.