‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪٧٧‬‬ ‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬

‫‪           ‬دوره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ، 44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي – رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا در ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي‬

‫اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

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‫زﻫﺮا ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،1‬ﺗﻮرج ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻲ ﻧﺼﺮت آﺑﺎد‬
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‫و ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻋﻠﻴﻠﻮ‬

‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ از آن ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﺎراﺣﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺣﻀﻮر دﻳﮕﺮان ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪ ،‬از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ‪ Feb 2 , 2017‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ‪Apr 27, 2017‬‬

‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در روﻧﺪ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﺧﻠﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﺪادﻫﺎ و اﺛﺒﺎت وﺟﻮد اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻛﻪ در دوران ﻧﻮﺟﻮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﺎﻳﻊ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺛﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه اي در ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ و ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎي ﮔﺬارد و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺷﺨﺼﻲ و‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ آﻧﺎن در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺷﻮد ‪ .‬ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي –‬
‫رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا در ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‪ ،‬ﻃﻲ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ از ﻧﻮع ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ 300‬ﻧﻔﺮ از داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﺑﺎ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي در‬
‫دﺳﺘﺮس اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزداري‪ /‬ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي –‬
‫رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﻗﺎدرﻧﺪ ‪ 27‬درﺻﺪ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي‪ -‬رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت‬
‫اﺳﺘﺮس زا در ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اي دارﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ واژه ﻫﺎ ‪ :‬اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪ -‬رﻓﺘﺎري‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
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‫اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (SAD‬ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ اﺧﺘﻼل ﺷﺎﻳﻊ رواﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﻼل‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه دﻳﮕﺮان ﻛﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت دﭼﺎراﺿﻄﺮاب ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و از ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در آن ﻳﻚ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺧﺠﺎﻟﺖ آور‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪zahra69_y@yahoo.com‬‬
‫‪1. Social Anxiety Disorder‬‬
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‫‪ .1‬دﭘﺎرﺗﻤﺎن روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان )ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ي ﻣﺴﻮول(‬
‫‪ .2‬دﭘﺎرﺗﻤﺎن روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان ‪ ‬‬
‫‪ .3‬دﭘﺎرﺗﻤﺎن روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان ‪ ‬‬

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‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪  Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬ ‫‪٧٨‬‬

‫‪             ‬وره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ،44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ درآن ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ دﻳﮕﺮان ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻨﺪ و ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ از آن دور ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ دﻫﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺮي ﭼﻨﺪي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ در ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼل اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‪ (RST) 1‬ﮔﺮي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ‬
‫زﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﺪه در ﻣﻐﺰ را زﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﺎي ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻬﺎي ﻓﺮدي در اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻲ داﻧﺪ ‪ .‬از ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮي )‪ (1982‬اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري‪ ، (BIS) 2‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎز رﻓﺘﺎري‪ (BAS) 3‬و ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ‬
‫‪ -‬ﮔﺮﻳﺰ – ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ (FFFS) 4‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري)‪ (BIS‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺮك ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺬف‬
‫ﭘﺎداش و ﻓﻘﺪان ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ و ﻓﺮد را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﻗﻮع ﺧﻄﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺸﻴﺎر ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ دارد ‪،‬‬
‫رﻓﺘﺎر اﺟﺘﻨﺎﺑﻲ را ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ و ﻣﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮس آور ذاﺗﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ اﺿﻄﺮاب و ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ‪ ،‬اﺟﺘﻨﺎب‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺷﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و اﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻓﺮد را ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮد ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ را ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ) ﮔﺮي و ﻣﻚ ﻧﺎﺗﺎن ‪ ،2000 ،‬ﻣﻮرﻳﺲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻴﺮس ‪ ،‬دﻛﺎﻧﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻤﺮﻣﻦ‪ . (2005 ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮرآﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ BIS‬در ﻗﺸﺮ ارﺑﻴﺘﻮ ﻓﺮوﻧﺘﺎل‪ ،5‬دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻮﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﻤﭙﻲ‪ (SHS) 6‬و ﻣﺪار ﭘﺎﭘﺰ ﻗﺮار دارد )ﻫﻮﻳﻨﮓ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ‪ . (2006 ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ‪ BIS‬ﺑﺎ واﻛﻨﺶ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي اﺿﻄﺮاب ‪ ،‬اﻓﺴﺮدﮔﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻋﺘﻴﺎد ﺑﻪ اﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﻼﻻت‬
‫ﺧﻮردن و ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ )‪ (BIS‬ﺑﺎ اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﻓﻜﺮي‪ -‬رواﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﺳﺖ ) ﻛﻼﺋﺰ‪ ،‬ورﺗﻤﻦ‪ ،‬اﺳﻤﻴﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺠﻴﺘﻴﺒﺮ‪.(2009 ،‬‬
‫از ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري )‪ (BAS‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﭘﺎداش و ﻓﻘﺪان ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲ‬
‫دﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و روي آوري و اﺟﺘﻨﺎب‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد )ﮔﺮي و ﻣﻚ ﻧﺎﺗﺎن ‪ . (2000 ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎز رﻓﺘﺎري ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮد را درﮔﻴﺮ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻮﺟﺐ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﻜﺎﻧﻪ اي ﺷﺪه و ﻓﺮد را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎداش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﺮﻣﻲ اﻧﮕﻴﺰد ﺑﺪون آﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻔﻲ آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ﻣﻮرﻳﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﺮﻳﺲ ‪،‬‬
‫دﻳﻜﺎﻧﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻤﺮﻣﻦ ‪ . (2005 ،‬ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي ‪ BAS‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮء ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﻮاد ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻼت ﺟﻨﻮن ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼت رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫و ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪ BAS‬ﺑﺎ اﻓﺴﺮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﺳﺖ ) ﻛﻼﺋﺰ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ‪ . (2009 ،‬از ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ –‬

‫‪                                                        ‬‬
‫‪1.Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory‬‬ ‫‪4. Fight Flight Freeze System‬‬
‫‪2.Behavioral Inhibition System‬‬ ‫‪5.Orbital Frontal Cortex‬‬
‫‪3.Behavioral Approach System‬‬ ‫‪Septohippo Campal System‬‬

‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬

‫‪           ‬دوره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ، 44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻳﺰ – ﺗﻮﻗﻒ )‪ (FFFS‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎي ﺧﻮﺷﺎﻳﻨﺪ ) ﺷﺮﻃﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮﺷﺮﻃﻲ( ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦ اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﮓ و ﮔﺮﻳﺰ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻋﺪم ﺗﺤﺮك )اﻧﺠﻤﺎد( ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫)راس ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎزﻳﺮ ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺮاﻧﮓ و وب‪ . (2013 ،‬ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪل ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪ -‬رﻓﺘﺎري ﮔﺮي ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰي– رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻃﻴﻒ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ از اﺧﺘﻼﻻت اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي– رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﻬﺎي رواﻧﻲ ﺧﺎص راﺑﻄﻪ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰي‪ -‬رﻓﺘﺎري در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻛﻠﻲ آن ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ‪ .‬از ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻈﺮي و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰي رﻓﺘﺎري و اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ BIS‬و ‪ FFFS‬و‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ BAS‬در رﺷﺪ اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ دارﻧﺪ ) ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل‪.( 2008 ،‬‬
‫ازﺳﻮﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا در زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ) ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻮء اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ‪ ،‬آﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫رواﻧﻲ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ و‪ (..‬ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻓﺰاﻳﻨﺪه اي ﺑﺮاي آﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ رواﻧﻲ در ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ) ﻛﺴﻠﺮ ‪ ،‬داوﻳﺲ و‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﻟﺮ‪ .(1997،‬اﻣﺮوزه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﻼﻣﺖ رواﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻪ ) ‪ ( 1980‬اﺳﺘﺮس را ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ ‪.‬ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻨﻈﺮان‬
‫اﺳﺘﺮس را ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﻗﺮن ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬاري ﻛﺮده اﻧﺪ ‪.‬اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎ را ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺒﺮد و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ و‬
‫ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎي ﻓﺮد را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ‪ ،‬زﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻧﺴﺎن را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻧﻲ و ﺗﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺮد را از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎر و ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل ﺧﻮد ﺧﺎرج ﻛﺮده ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ‪ ،‬آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮدد و ﻣﺸﻜﻼت رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺣﺴﺎس اﺿﻄﺮاب و اﻓﺴﺮدﮔﻲ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد روﻳﺪادﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮس زاي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ و رواﻧﻲ ﻓﺮد اﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎ اﺳﺘﺮس ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ درك ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺸﺎرزا ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺮﺳﻮر‬
‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ را ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺮس ذاﺗﺎ ﺧﻮب ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ اﺧﺘﻼﻻت اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﻼل وﺣﺸﺖ زدﮔﻲ ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﻼل ﻫﺮاس ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﻼل وﺳﻮاس ﻓﻜﺮي –‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ و اﺧﺘﻼل اﺳﺘﺮس ﭘﺲ از ﺳﺎﻧﺤﻪ راﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮاك ‪ . ( 2003،‬ﻟﺬا ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ در ﭘﺪﻳﺪآﻳﻲ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ‬

‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪  Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬

‫‪             ‬وره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ،44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬

‫روش‬
‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﻚ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ از ﻧﻮع ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ‪300‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮ از داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ي‬
‫ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،(SPIN) 1‬ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﻮرﺗﻨﺮ‪) 2‬اﺑﻄﺤﻲ و اﻟﻮاﻧﻲ‪ (1992 ،‬و ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎز و ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري‪ 3‬ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ي ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻧﻮر و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ) ‪ ( 2000‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺿﻄﺮاب‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ‪ 17‬ﻣﺎده‪ ،‬ﺗﺮس ‪ ،‬اﺟﺘﻨﺎب و ﻧﺎراﺣﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ را ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﺎزآزﻣﺎﻳﻲ در ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﺧﺘﻼل ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ 0/78‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/89‬و ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﻲ دروﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ آﻟﻔﺎ در ﮔﺮوه اﻓﺮاد ﺑﻬﻨﺠﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪ 0/94‬ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ي ﺑﺮش ‪ 15‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ 0/78‬آزﻣﻮدﻧﻴﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﺧﺘﻼل ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﮔﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻏﻴﺮ رواﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ و ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ي ﺑﺮش ‪16‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ‪ 0/8‬اﻓﺮاد‬
‫ﺑﺎاﺧﺘﻼل ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را از ﮔﺮوه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل رواﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ از ﻫﻢ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪ)ﻛﺎﻧﻮر ‪ ،‬دﻳﻮﻳﺴﻮن ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﭼﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮوﻳﺪ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ‪.(2000 ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎز و ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ﻳﻚ اﺑﺰار ﺧﻮدﮔﺰارﺷﻲ ‪ 20‬آﻳﺘﻤﻲ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻴﻜﺮت‬
‫)‪ 4‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي( اﺳﺖ و دو ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﻧﮕﻴﺰﺷﻲ روي آوري رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري را ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري در اﻳﻦ اﺑﺰار ﺳﻪ ﺧﺮده آزﻣﻮن ﺳﺎﻳﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎدي ﺟﻮﻳﻲ و ﭘﺎداش را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫‪ .‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ BIS/FFS‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ 7‬آﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ دوﻣﻴﻦ اﺻﻼح ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ‪ ) RST‬ﮔﺮي ‪ (1982 ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ي ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ )ﻫﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﮔﻮﺳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻻرﻧﺲ‪( 2008 ،‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ از اﻳﻦ ‪ 7‬آﻳﺘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ آﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮓ ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻳﺰ‪ /‬ﺑﻬﺖ و ‪ 4‬آﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري را ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺪل ﮔﺮي ) ﮔﺮي و ﻣﻚ ﻧﺎﺗﺎن ‪ (2000،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ آﻟﻔﺎي ﻛﺮوﻧﺒﺎخ اﻳﻦ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪0/78 BAS‬و ﺳﻪ ﺧﺮده آزﻣﻮن‬
‫آن ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎدي ﺟﻮﻳﻲ و ﭘﺎداش ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 0/70 ، 0/71 ، 0/71‬و ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ BIS‬و ‪ FFFS‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬

‫‪                                                        ‬‬
‫‪1. Social Phobia Inventory‬‬ ‫‪3.Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral activation scales‬‬
‫‪2.Bortner stressful factors scale‬‬

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‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬

‫‪           ‬دوره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ، 44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ 0/49‬و ‪ 0/59‬ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ) ﻛﺴﻠﺮ و رز ‪. (2011 ،‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﻮرﺗﻨﺮ )‪ (1969‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺑﻄﺤﻲ و اﻟﻮاﻧﻲ )‪ (1992‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ‪ .‬در در‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر دﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻐﻠﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ – اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي –‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 37‬اﺳﺖ و ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﻟﻴﻜﺮت ‪ 4‬درﺟﻪ اي از ﺻﻔﺮ ﺗﺎ ‪ 3‬درﺟﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬رﺋﻴﺴﻲ و ﻇﻬﻴﺮي )‪ (1998‬ﺛﺒﺎت ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش آزﻣﻮن – ﺑﺎز آزﻣﻮن ‪ 0/ 83‬و ﺿﺮﻳﺐ آﻟﻔﺎي آن را ‪0/84‬ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي رﻓﺘﺎري ) ‪ (BAS,BIS,FFFS‬و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻼك در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫و ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ از روش ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ‪ .‬داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ‪ SPSS‬ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول ‪ 1‬ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ :1‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪11/19‬‬ ‫‪20/48‬‬ ‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0/23‬‬ ‫‪2/38‬‬ ‫‪8/55‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ‪/‬ﮔﺮﻳﺰ‪/‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0/10‬‬ ‫‪0/25‬‬ ‫‪2/34‬‬ ‫‪11/70‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0/45‬‬ ‫‪-0/01‬‬ ‫‪-0/12‬‬ ‫‪5/65‬‬ ‫‪41/89‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0/12‬‬ ‫‪0/15‬‬ ‫‪0/18‬‬ ‫‪0/37‬‬ ‫‪19/14‬‬ ‫‪42/85‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرب اﺳﺘﺮس زا‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎن ﻃﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول ‪ 2‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﺎ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار )‪ (P<0/01‬و ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي‬
‫رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﺎ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار وﺟﻮد دارد )‪.(P<0/01‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ و ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺪرﺟﺎت ﺟﺪول ‪ 2‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ %27‬درﺻﺪ از‬
‫وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺰي– رﻓﺘﺎري و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺘﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ‪/‬ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎي ‪ ، 0/12‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎي ‪ ، 0/33‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﺎ‬

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‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪  Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬

‫‪             ‬وره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ،44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎي ‪ -0/31‬و ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎي ‪ 0/33‬ﻗﺎدر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﺑﻀﻮرت ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ .2‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ورود در ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪β‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬
‫‪0/01‬‬ ‫‪  2/54‬‬ ‫‪0/12‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ‪/‬ﮔﺮﻳﺰ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P<0/001‬؛ ‪ =28/3‬؛ ‪R =0/27‬‬ ‫‪0/001‬‬ ‫‪  5/93‬‬ ‫‪0/33‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫‪0/001‬‬ ‫‪-5/60‬‬ ‫‪-0/31‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫‪0/001‬‬ ‫‪6/51‬‬ ‫‪  0/33‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ‪ /‬ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ‪ /‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﺮس زا ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎدرﻧﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران )‪ (2012‬اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ ,BIS-FFFS‬از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﺛﺮﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ روي‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ دارد ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪآﻣﻴﺰ و‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ آن ‪ BIS-FFFS‬اﺛﺮت ﺧﻮد را روي اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮدي در ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ FFFS‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻬﻤﻲ درﺑﺎره ﻧﺤﻮه‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻓﺮد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﺎص اﺳﺖ ‪ .‬در ﻳﻚ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﺮد داراي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪FFFS‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﺗﺮ از دﻳﮕﺮان ادراك ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﻳﻦ ادراك ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮس و‬
‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ آﻣﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ ) ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل ‪ ( 2008 ،‬ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪.‬‬
‫از ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ) ‪ ، ( BIS‬در ﺑﺮوز و ﺗﺪاوم ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬اﺛﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ دارد ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻓﺮد ‪ BIS‬ﻗﻮي ﺗﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي از اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ ‪.‬اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻮرﻳﻨﺎ ‪ ( 2011 ) ،‬اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ‪ BIS‬راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ دو اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ و اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه دارد ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﺷﺪان و‬
‫راﺑﺮت )‪ ( 2006‬ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ BIS‬واﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ وﺟﻮد دارد و اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻮد ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ ‪ BIS‬ﺑﺎﻻ‬

‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬

‫‪           ‬دوره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ، 44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ داﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ BIS‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب و اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺠﺐ آور ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ‪ ،‬راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﺎ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺎس ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ در اﻳﻦ‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼل اﺷﺎره داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬در واﻗﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻣﻄﺮح ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ذاﺗﻲ ﻓﺮد ﺑﺮاي اﺧﺘﻼل‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ در اول ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ‪ BIS‬و ‪ FFFS‬اﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ‬
‫اﻓﺮاد داراي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﺿﻄﺮب ﻳﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﻧﻮروﺗﻴﻚ در ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ اﺧﺘﻼل‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﻛﻮدﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬
‫از ‪ BIS‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي از ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري و ﻛﻤﺮوﻳﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ درﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬
‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺴﺎل ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻲ رود ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي از ﻧﻮروﺗﻴﺴﻴﺰم‪ ،‬اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺻﻔﺘﻲ و ﻛﻤﺮوﻳﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل ‪ . (2008 ،‬ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري اﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ از ﻛﻨﺎره ﮔﻴﺮي و اﺟﺘﻨﺎب اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺷﺪن و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ رواﺑﻂ ﺑﺎ دوﺳﺘﺎن و اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‪ BIS‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ اﺿﻄﺮاب ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ‪ ،‬اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻓﻌﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫‪ ،‬اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮروآﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ زﻳﺎد آن ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬
‫اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ﻛﺮ ‪ ( 2004 ،‬ﻋﻼﻳﻢ اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻀﻄﺮب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺮوز رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزداري و ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ و ﻓﻘﺪان ﭘﺎداش در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ ،‬در‬
‫اﻓﺮاد داراي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎزي رﻓﺘﺎري )‪ ( BAS‬در ﺑﺮوز و ﺗﺪاوم ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ دارد ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻓﺮد ‪ BAS‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺗﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي از اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران )‪ (2010‬در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺳﺎز رﻓﺘﺎري و اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ‪ BAS‬ﺑﺎ اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس دارد ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼوه ‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﻓﺮادي ﻛﻪ داراي ﺗﺮس ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ BAS‬را در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺮاد داراي ﺗﺮس ﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻧﺸﺎن‬
‫دادﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﺎﭘﻼن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ) ‪ ( 2006‬ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ‪ BAS‬راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ دو زﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس از ﺳﻪ زﻳﺮﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ )ﺗﺮس از ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ‪ ،‬اﺟﺘﻨﺎب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﺿﻄﺮاب (‬
‫دارد‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻛﺮ )‪ BIS ، (2002‬و ‪ BAS‬ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬارﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫در ﺑﻴﻦ اﻓﺮاد داراي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ BAS‬ﺑﺎﻻ و ‪ BIS‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﺪﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎداش ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ در ﺣﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ‬

‫‪www.SID.ir‬‬
‫‪Archive of SID‬‬

‫‪       ‬اﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ و رﻓﺘﺎر‬ ‫‪  Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology‬‬ ‫‪٨٤‬‬

‫‪             ‬وره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ي ‪ ،44‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن ‪  1396‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪2017, Volume 11, Number 44‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺨﺪﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ در اﻓﺮاد داراي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ‪ BIS‬ﺑﺎﻻ و ‪ BAS‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺛﺮات اﻧﮕﻴﺰﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ دارﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ‪ BIS‬و ﻫﻢ ‪ BAS‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ﭘﺮ ﭘﺎداش ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻢ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات ﭘﺎداش دﻫﻨﺪه ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ) ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪،‬‬
‫‪ . (2010‬اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﺧﺮده ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻛﺮ ) ‪ ( 2002‬درﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ آن ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ BAS‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ‪ BIS‬را ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺳﺎزد و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاب و اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺮك‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ آﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬از اﻳﻨﺮو ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل ) ‪ (2008‬ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪ BAS‬اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺳﺎز اﺿﺎﻓﻲ در رﺷﺪ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ‪ ،‬اﻓﺮاد داري اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺎزداري رﻓﺘﺎري ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ دارﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫و ﻓﻘﺪان ﭘﺎداش ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻨﺪ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰﺗﺮي روي ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ دارﻧﺪ و رﻓﺘﺎر ﻓﺮار و‬
‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻼﻧﻪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ‪ .‬وﺟﻮد ‪ BAS‬ﻗﻮي ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﻮي ﺑﻮدن ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎداش‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ اﻓﺮاد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻮد ‪ .‬در ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ از ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫‪ BAS‬در اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ اﺷﺎره داﺷﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜﻪ اﻓﺮاد داراي‬
‫ﻧﻮروﺗﻴﺴﻴﺰم ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺑﺮوﻧﮕﺮاﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
‫)اﺳﺘﻤﺒﺮﮔﺮ ‪. (1995 ،….‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ داده ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺎرب اﺳﺘﺮس زا ﺑﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ دارد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﻤﺘﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻌﺘﺒﺮي و اﻣﻴﻨﻲ ) ‪ ( 2012‬ﻫﻤﺴﻮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داد آﻣﻮزش ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺮس و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ درﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﻫﺮاس اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬در ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﻴﺎن داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي اﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ‪ ، BIS‬ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺮس ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮس ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاﻋﻲ از ﻣﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ آﻣﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد ‪ ) .‬ﮔﺮي و ﻣﻚ ﻧﺎﺗﺎن‬
‫‪2000،‬؛ ﺗﺎﻛﺎﺷﻲ و ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻦ ‪1999،‬؛ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ از ﻛﻴﻤﺒﺮل ‪ . (2008 ،‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ - BIS‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋه‬
‫ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﺎﻣﭗ – ﺷﺪﻳﺪا ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات اﺳﺘﺮس ‪ ،‬آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮاﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺳﺎﺳﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬
‫ﻛﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻮاﺳﺘﺮوﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺮس رﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻗﺮار دارد ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم در‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض دوره ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﻳﻲ از ﻣﺎدر ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴﺪ در ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﺎﻣﭗ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ‪ .‬آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺗﺮس در آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎي‬
‫رﻓﺘﺎري ﺟﺪﻳﺪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪي وﺟﻮد دارد ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ آﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﺎﻣﭗ در اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎ ﺷﻮد )ﺑﺮﻣﻨﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ‪ .(1997 ،‬ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﮔﺮي و ﻣﻚ‬

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  1396 ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬، 44 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره ي‬،‫ دوره ي ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ‬              2017, Volume 11, Number 44
 

‫( ﻣﻄﺮح ﻛﺮده اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻي اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻣﺒﻬﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‬2000) ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺎن‬
‫ﻛﻪ در آن "ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ " ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪت ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﭙﺘﻮ ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﺎﻣﭙﺎل و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ‬، ‫ﻫﻮرﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺘﺮس‬
. ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي روان ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ روﻳﺎروﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺘﺮس زا در آﻳﻨﺪه را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺪل ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ از اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ و‬، BIS ‫ﺗﺠﺎرب اﺳﺘﺮس زاي آﻳﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ اﺧﺘﻼل اﺿﻄﺮاب اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن از ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ را دارﻧﺪ‬

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6Ž”¾6 H ̪¡Ê, Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology 88

1396 FŽ”§Ž“ #44 J G6ŽÈ© #ÆÍ47Ž J G6H4 2017 Volume, 11, Number 44

Journal of
Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology
Vol. 11 (No. 44), pp. 77-88, 2017

The role of brain-behavioral systems and stressful experiences in symptoms

of social

Yousefi Kalekhane, Zahra

Tabriz university, Tabriz, Iran
Hashemi Nosratabad, Touraj
Tabriz university, Tabriz, Iran
Mahmoud Alilu, Majid
Tabriz university, Tabriz, Iran

Received: Feb 02, 2017 Accepted: Apr 27, 2017

Social anxiety which is defined as uncomfortable experience in the presence of others, is a

phenomenon that damages social development of people and impede their talents from
flourishing. This phenomenon which is prevalent among adolescence has Impediment
effects on performance and dynamism and causes destructive personal and social
performance in several areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of brain-
behavioral systems and stressful experiences on social anxiety disorder symptoms. This
study was conducted on a population of 300 students from university of Tabriz, selected by
multistage cluster sampling and the subjects were examined in Social anxiety, behavioral
inhibition/activation systems, general health and stressful experience. The results of
regression analysis indicated that brain–behavioral systems and stressful experience can
explain 27% of social anxiety disorder symptoms. According to results brain-behavioral
systems and stressful experiences have determinant role in social anxiety symptoms.

Keywords: Social anxiety disorder, brain – behavioral systems, stressful

experience

Electronic mail may be sent to: zahra69_y@yahoo.com

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