‘artapur By-pass Road, Meerut-250103, U.P EXPRIMENT NO- ve fo plot input/output characteristics for common base transistor. ut resistance 2. Output resistance 3,Current gain ants Needed : Power supplies +12V, -SV from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. ital Multimeter & numbers) s are the curves, which represent relatibnship between id voltages of a transistor. These are helpful in studying the stor when connected in a circuit. The three ‘important eristics of a transistor are: Input characteristic. it DC currents an Constant current transfer characteristic. mut Characteristic ; 1on base configuration, it is the curve plotted between the input current (Ip) 1s input voltage (Vee) for various constant values of ‘output voltage (Vcs).9 approximated plot for input characteristic is shown in figure 1. This teristic reveal that for fixed value of output voltage Vp, as the base to ler voltage increases, the emitter current increases in a manner that closely les the diode characteristics.{put Characteristic : ‘This is the curve plotted between the output current Ic versus output voltage Veo for various constant values of input current If.) (the output characteristic has three basic region of interest as indicated in figure 2 ihe active region, cutoff region and saturation region.) In active region the collector base junction is reverse biased while the base emitter junction if forward biased. This region is normally employed for linear (undistorted) amplifier. In cutoff region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are reverse biased. In this region transistor acts as an ‘OfT” switch. In saturation region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are forward biased. In this region transistor acts as an ‘On’ switch, eta) ae Active region I i __ioma 0 a 10 15 20, Cutoff region DNs Constant current transfer Characteristic : This is the curve plotted between output collector current He seam emitter | curent Ig for constant value of output vol Wee fF ee fe ere eC F F ¢ ECommon Base (NPN) Transistor Characteristicsae 4 different cons stant value of output voltage Veg in an observation Table 1. 14, Rotate potentiometer CCW directi meter P; fully in CC 1S. Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of output voltage Ven. Plot a curve betweet Plo curve between input voliage Vag and input curren! eas shown in ewe et itable scale with the help of observation Table |. This curve is the required input characteristi “TT Observation Table \s Input | Input current Ip(mA) at constant S.No. | voltage value of output voltage Vor_| Vers 1V | Von=3V_| Von =5V, 1 0.0V 2. O.1V 3. 0.2V 4. [| 03v 5. | o4v 6 | osv 7._| ov 8. [ov 9._| osv 10. | 09v To plot output characteristics proceed as follows: 2. Switch ‘Off? the power supply. Rotate both the potentiometer Py and P2 fully in CCW (counterclockwise direction). Connect voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage nnect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current nd other Ammeter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output 1" the power supply. + Pi and set a value of input current Ie at some constant; s - eat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of input current Ig. .Plot a between output voltage Vcp and output current Ic as shown in figure 2 Suitable scale with the help of observation Table 2. This curve is the output characteristic. n Table 2: Input current Ic (mA) at constant value sno ae of input voltage Ves [Te= | le= ] le= | le= | e= OmA | imA | 2mA +j 3mA_| 4mA 1. OV Bs [i ov [ 3. [osv 4. 1.0V 5. | 2.0V. 6. | 30v fs 4.0V 8. | Sov x. 6.0V 10. | 7.0V. To plot constant current transfer characteristics proceed as follows: Switch ‘OfP the power supply. Rotate both the potentiometer P, and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction), Connect voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage Ves. Connect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current Ie (mA) and other Ammeter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output current Ic (mA). Switch ‘On’ the power supply. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage Ves at maximum value. Vary the potentiometer Pi so as to increase the value of input current Ie from_ zero to 10 mA in step and measure the corresponding values of output Ic in an observation Table 3. Plot a curve between output current le and input current Ie as shown in fi using suitable scale with the help of observation Table 3. 7 ce eecearre rrr re cae wer enn i ae. | required Transfer characteristic.‘Observation Table 3 : eee Input | Output current Ic (mA) at S.No. current constant output voltage le (mA) Ven = 10 V iL 1 | 0.0 mA 2. 1.0mA 3. 2.0 mA 4. 3.0 mA 5. 4.0 mA | | 6. 5.0 mA 7. 6.0 mA 8. 7.0mA in 9. 8.0 mA 10. 9.0 mAnt kite, DC power supply, function generator, CRO, 2mmpatch cords DMM. Single amplifier circuits, such as a common emitter, common base and common F amplifiers are seldom found alone, as a single stage amplifier, in any system. Generally, {Ko oF more than two stages are connected in cascade combination. If the output of one is connected (coupled) to the input of another amplifier the stages are said to be d in “cascade”. The benefit of cascaded _arnplifiers is to develop an output voltage larger stage alone can develop. in fact ,the overall gain of the cascaded amplifiers(called -gain) is the product of each individual stage gain, or AVL Ay2 x Avin = gain of first X gain ofsecond X gain of any stage stage number of stage Signal Stage 1 | Stagé2, Staye 3 * | Stage 4 Av Ay2 ea | = AVAL he —— i A A ee ae a complete system AveAVIAVAXAVE Ain iese of this the gain of a single stage is not as important as the system gain. rs usually set individual stage gains relatively low to reduce sigaal Ortion. One of the very important requirements to cascade one stage of amplifier 5 another is the impedaice matching. When the output impedance of previous ag aches with the input impedance of its next e, maximum power is (ferred, one of the coupling methods to couple the wo stages is RC - pling. KC coupling has the advantages of wide frequency response end relatively all cost and size.( (C — Coupled Amplifier edure:- ‘Connect the power supply at their indicated position, ‘Connect 2Vpp, 1 KHz sine wave signal at the input (between points Vin and gl) Connect point b and c using a patch cord (this will connect a load RL at the wut of stage!) Observe the output waveform of point a and g? on CRO Calculate the voltage gain (Av1) b Apply the same signal of input of stage2 between point d and g3 E Observe the output waveform of point Vout and g4. cn CRO j Calculate the voltage gain (Av2) b Calculate total voltage gain (Av) using Eq. |. Remove the previous connections and connect point b with point dathis will ade the two stages through Re coupling. ICconnect 2Vpp, | KHz sine wave signal at the input (between points Vin and gl) E Observe the output waveform of point Vout and 24 on CRO j. Calculate the voltage gain (Av’) and compare the two results obtained from step 9812. ‘aution:- ~All the connection connected in indicated position. }. All the connection should be tight. |, Check the wave form carefully on CROoO Dewan V. S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut roved by New Dethi and Affiliated to U.P.T.U, Lucknow) Partapur By-pass Road, Meerut-250103, U.P EXPRIMENT NO - 4 £ Characteristic of FET in common sauce configuration. ical measurement of its Parameters gm, Rd & from input & output teristic aratus Required :- |. Experimental Board | DC power supply +12V, - SV from external source Digital multimeters Qty 3 Patch Chord ‘ircuit Diagram aay OOP OP Pula PP PF OO OP © ee 6 6 prises Theory: FET is a voltage control current unipolar device so its characteristic is the ‘curves which represent relationship between different DC currents and yoltaves. These are helpful in studying different region of operation of a i a all al oethe eurve plotted between output current ID versus output drain to Voltage VDS for constant values output drain to source voltage Saturation Region Breakaoen ZEEE. ve) in diagram above there are four regions Ohmic Region: OA: - This part of the characteristic is linear indicating that for low ‘alues of VDS current varies directly voltage following ohms low. It ‘means that JEET behaves like on ordinary resistance till point A | (Called knee reached) Carve AB; In this region ID increases at inverse square law rats {up to point B which is called pinch OFF point. This progressive fall Jn the rat of increase of ID is caused by the square law inerease in the depletion region at each gate up to point B where the to regions fare closest without touching each other. The drain to source voltages “corresponding to point B to point be is called pinch of voltage VPO. « Mepis rr rrp eer re PC AOL COOH RF RF RF FF FR. Pinch of reading — BC : this also known as saturation region, Here JFET operates as a constant current device because ID is relatively independent of VDS. tis due to the fact that VDS increased channel resistance also increases proportionally there by keeping ID practically constant at IDSS, Drain ‘current in this region is given by Shockley's equation Id = Idss[1 -(VGS/ UPOY) Break down region: If VDS is increased beyond it’s value orresponding to point C the current ID increased to an extensive value. {this happens because the revised biased gate PN junction undergoes lavalanche break down when small change in VDS produces vary large "change in ID JEET Characteristic with External Bias: °o _e i035 20, 25 so Region of lincanty ‘he slope of the the oain yD Transfer curv for a JFET fatter Dielenaertar & Holton) ransfer Checterstic: is the curve between drain current ID versus VGS (Voltage between to source) for constant value of output drain to source voltage VDS as {Own in diagram it is similar to that trans conductions of transistor. [tis Annan Oe Oe -~- FARRAR RR RF RF PFRC RAR AR ARBRAA4 when VOR = 0, 1D 6 TON when We 0 VGH Av 0 ‘Hw main parameters of HHT are as 111 Is tho AC renlstanes between drain & rerminals when IVEY is operating in pinch jon, His given rife olange (VIDS /ehnnge in ID AL VGN constint or he YDS 1D 4. iy simply the slope of transfer Shange in 1D / change in VOS , at constant Its unit is siemens ( S/ mho) Amplification faetor-pt 3 It is given by joe gm ard jue change in VDS/ Change in VGS at AW constant DC drain Resistance Ras 11 is also called the static oF ohmic resistanee of channel Rds = VDS/1D. Procedure Drain characteristic 1. Connect +12V &- SV at indicated position 2. Rotate both potentiometers Pl & P2 in CCW (Counter clock wise), 3. Connect Ammeter between 3 & 4 to measure ID 4. Connect volt meter between I & ground to measure input, volageVGS.c « 2. Connect the volt meter between test point 3" & ground to measure ‘ ‘output voltage VDS, : 3. Connect another volt meter between test point I" & ground to ‘measure input voltage VGS, « 4, Connect Ammeter between test point 3" & four to measure output current ID. < 5. Vary potentiometer P2 to set the value of VDS at some constant value(1V 2V 3V.---) ¢ 6, Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of VGS ( from 0 to maximum in stapes & measure output current ID & fill up the readings in observation table no.2 7. Rotate potentiometer PI filly CCW direction. 8. Repeat the procedure for different sets of output VDS. 9. Plot a curve between input voltage VGS & output current ID using suitable scale with the help of observation table no.2. this is the required transfer characteristic Observation table no.2: Sno Input Voltage Output Drain current ID (mA) at constant value of VDS ves VDS=1V_VDS=2V VbS=3V vps=4; av NDS=5V r 2. B. 4. 5 6. Calculation AC drain Resistance rd To calculate AC drain resistance calculate the slop of drain characteristic in the pinch of reason obtained from table no. 1 Rd = Chang in VDS /Chang in ID at VGS constant Trans conductance (gm) _‘To calculate the trans conductance determine the slop of the transfer characteristic obtain from table n ‘gm = Chang in ID / Chang in VGS at VDS constant Amplification factor-y; B=GMxRDdrain Resistance Rds drain Resistance Rds = VDS/1D A. AC drain Resistance =AD = B. Trans conductance factor j1 = C. Amplification factor 1 = D. DC drain Resistance RDS = recaution : 1, Ensure correct voltage applied with correct poetry. 2. Ensure voltmeter & ammeter are connected at correct testing point & Ensure correct range also, 3. Take readings carefully & enter the same in observation table. Carryout calculations with the help of readings in observationExperiment No fo study and perform Trans) Stor as a switch, satus: Trainer Kit, Patch co; rds, DC Power Supply, Functi i Diagram Square wave tip ryjure yonnect th: & =F circuit as shown in figure. ply | Hz square wave signal to the base and ground from function generator. PI pply 5V Vecto collector and ground. serve the indication of LED and see the output waveforms on CRO. raph: Draw input and output waveforms.