Chapter > All Mathematical truths are relative and conditional. — C.P. STEINMETZ « 4.1 Introduction In the previous chapter, we have studied about matrices and algebra of matrices. We have also learnt that a system of algebraic equations can be expressed in the form of matrices. This means, a system of linear equations like a,xtb, a,xtb, a by can be represented as “| Now, this a, b, system of equations has a unique solution or not, is determined by the number a, b, — a,b,. (Recall that if 14% or, a,b, a,b, #0,_ then the system of linear a by 2 2 (1749-1827) equations has a unique solution). The number a, b, ~ a,b, PS. Laplace a, b which determines uniqueness of solution is associated with the matrix A | 1 ;] a by and is called the determinant of A or det A. Determinants have wide applications in Engineering, Science, Economics, Social Science, etc. In this chapter, we shall study determinants up to order three only with real entries. Also, we will study various properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle, adjoint and inverse of a square matrix, consistency and inconsistency of system of linear equations and solution of linear equations in two or three variables using inverse of a matrix. 4.2 Determinant To every square matrix A = [a,] of order n, we can associate a number (teal or complex) called determinant of the square matrix A, where a, = (i, /)* element of A. 2021-22104 MATHEMATICS This may be thought of as a function which associates each square matrix with a unique number (teal or complex). If M is the set of square matrices, K is the set of numbers (real or complex) and f: M > K is defined by f(A) = k, where Ae M and ke K, then f(A) is called the determinant of A. Itis also denoted by |Al or det A or A. b a IfA aq | then determinant of A is written as|Al= | |) = det (A) b d Remarks @ For matrix A, |Al is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A. (i) Only square matrices have determinants. 4.2.1 Determinant of a matrix of order one Let A= [a] be the matrix of order 1, then determinant of A is defined to be equal to a 4.2.2. Determinant of a matrix of order two a) ay Let A= be a matrix of order 2x 2, ay G2 then the determinant of A is defined as: - aya, det (A) =IAl = A= @, Example 1 Evaluate | Solution We have 22) 4-1) =4 +428. -1 2 1 Example 2 Evaluate x‘ x Solution We have x =x(Q)-(@ +1) @-1) =¥-@-Ie=v-¥+1=1 4.2.3, Determinant of a matrix of order 3 x 3 Determinant of a matrix of order three can be determined by expressing it in terms of second order determinants. This is known as expansion of a determinant along a row (or a column). There are six ways of expanding a determinant of order 2021-22DETERMINANTS 10 3 corresponding to each of three rows (R,, R, and R,) and three columns (C,, C, and C,) giving the same value as shown below. Consider the determinant of square matrix A = [a,],,., Ay A Ay ie, IAl= | @ ay 4) hy Ay Expansion along first Row (R,) Step 1 Multiply first element a,, of R, by -1)"*" [Deen] and with the second order determinant obtained by deleting the elements of first row (R,) and first column (C,) of |A las a, lies in R, and C,, ay ie, Ca, ax yy Step 2 Multiply 2nd element a,, of R, by (-1)!*? [(C1)s" 41] and the second order determinant obtained by deleting elements of first row (R,) and 2nd column (C,) of lA as a,, lies in R, and C,, ay dy ic, HI)! 7a, CD a Lay ass Step 3 Multiply third element a,, of R, by (-1)!*? [Lei] and the second order determinant obtained by deleting elements of first row (R,) and third column (C,) of AL as a,, lies in R, and C,, ay a ic, Parla a Step 4 Now the expansion of determinant of A, that is, A | written as sum of all three terms obtained in steps 1, 2 and 3 above is given by ene Gm Ars) | yt? g, [ar as et ASIAN = (CD)! a, = 2 a5 las ays] a, 4, 135, in Aap + CD as 4, ay a VAL = ay, (Ay, yy ~ By Gay) — Bp yy yy ~ 4, 3) +45 (yy My ~ Gy, An) 2021-22106 MATHEMATICS Sy, yy Oy — By yg yy — yy Uyy yy + yy Uy yy + yy Ay yy = 3 By Gay wn (1) = Note |We shall apply all four steps together. Expansion along second row (R,) ay ay aly IAL = [421 422 23 As, 32 833 Expanding along R,,we get a2 as tals CD a] 8 Ble Cy? an yy yy Pa a, sepa, [a Fm Ay (Ay, yy — yy ig) yy (Ay yy — 4, 4,3) yy (Ay, yy — 45-43) VATS = diy, yy gy + Gay yy yy + yy yy May ~ yy yy By ~ ay yy Gy Fy Ay, Ay Fy yy Ayy — By Ang Ayy — yy Ay yy + yy My yy + yy My yy yy Ay, Ayy = Q) Expansion along first Column (C,) a 42 Ay VAl= 4a Gy das 4x, yy sy By expanding along C,, we get ila 4 salar 4 pare ay CD | | ay ene |e aq ds yy sei} 412 413, + % CD " 4 Aas F yy ag Igy ~ Aap yg) ~ yy (yy yy — yy Mag) + My (iy yy ~ My rn) 2021-22DETERMINANTS — 107 VATS ay dy G33 — yyy Gy — yy yy My Fy My My +H, My Gy = dy, Gy FG, Gy Ayy — Gy Gy Ayy — Aq A, Gy + iy Gy, By) = a ay, a -@) Clearly, values of || in (1), (2) and (3) are equal. It is left as an exercise to the reader to verify that the values of |Al by expanding along R, C, and CG are equal to the value of |A| obtained in (1), (2) or (3). Hence, expanding a determinant along any row or column gives same value #4, a, ay Remarks (@_ Foreasier calculations, we shall expand the determinant along that row or column which contains maximum number of zeros. Gi While expanding, instead of multiplying by (1)'*/, we can multiply by +1 or =I according as (i + j) is even or odd. 2 0 1A| =0-8=-8 and IBI=0-2=-2. Observe that, |Al = 4(— 2) = 21Bl or IA square matrices A and B. 2 1 (i) LetA= : | and B= [ 5 ‘| . Then, itis easy to verify that A = 2B, Also 2"IBI, where n = 2 is the order of In general, if A = KB where A and B are square matrices of order n, then | Al= k" 1B 1, where n= 1, 2,3 12 Example 3 Evaluate the determinant A= |-1 3 4 0}. 410 Solution Note that in the third column, two entries are zero. So expanding along third -1 3) |i 2 column (C,), we get 12 +0 41 41 -1 3 = 4(C-1-12)-0+0 =-52 0 sine cos a Example 4 Evaluate A=|-sina 0 sin B cosa -sinB 0 2021-2210s MATHEMATICS Solution Expanding along R,, we get 0 sin -sina sin seo] P| sina cosa (0 inB =0-sin a (0 —sin B cos ct) ~ cos ot (sin ot sin B - 0) = sin & sin B cos o— cos ot sin ot sin B = 0 3 Example 5 Find values of x for which |” 3 x 3.2 Solution We have r 41 ie ie. Hence |EXERCISE 4:1 Evaluate the determinants in Exercises and 2. 2 4 uly 4 5 @ [es ~sin 8 x41 xl © | sin cos @ T ctt xtl 2 12 3. If al, peste sow ta 241=-4 181 10 | 4. If A=|0 1 2}, then show thatl3A1=271A1 00 4] 5. Evaluate the determinants 3-1 2 3-4 5 @)o oA @ fl 1 2 3-5 0 231 2021-22DETERMINANTS 109 o12 2 -1 2 gi) 2 0 3 @y jo 2-1 23 0 3.-5 O 112 6. wA=|2 1 3], find Ar 54-9 7. Find values of x, if 2 4] lox 4 2 3|_|x 3 ls ifrlo x @ |; ; 2x ; s. ul% \ then x is equal to 18 x] [18 6 (A) 6 (B) £6 (© -6 (D) 0 4.3 Properties of Determinants In the previous section, we have learnt how to expand the determinants. In this section, ‘we will study some properties of determinants which simplifies its evaluation by obtaining maximum number of zeros in a row or a column. These properties are true for determinants of any order. However, we shall restrict ourselves upto determinants of order 3 only. Property 1 The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged. 4 a, 4; Verification Let A= |b, bi by 4 Oo & b,| |b G 1 +a, =a, (b,c, - b,c) b, & ~ 4, (b ¢, —b, ¢) + a, (be, —B, &) By interchanging the rows and columns of A, we get the determinant a bg A=|@ bo a bs ty 2021-22110 MATHEMATICS Expanding A, along first column, we get A,=4, (b, ¢,- 6, b) ~ a, (&, &, - b, &) +4, (b, & — b, ¢) Hence A=A Remark It follows from above property that if A is a square matrix, then det (A) = det (A’), where A’ = transpose of A. = Note] If R, = ith row and C, = ith column, then for interchange of row and columns, we will symbolically write C, > R, Let us verify the above property by example. 23°55 Example 6 Verify Property 1 forA=|6 0 4 15 7 Solution Expanding the determinant along first row, we have 6 ; 5 1s 2 (0-20) +3 (42-4) +5 30-0) 40 - 138 + 150 =- 28 By interchanging rows and columns, we get 26 1 5| (Expanding along first column) (0-20) +3 (42-4) +5 (30-0) 40 - 138 + 150 =- 28 Clearly = A=A, Hence, Property 1 is verified. Property 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign of determinant changes. qi ae Verification Let A= |, >) 5 ee, ey 2021-22DETERMINANTS — LI Expanding along first row, we get A=a, b, 6-6, 6) - a,b, 6, — b, 6) +a, (b, 6 b,c) Interchanging first and third rows, the new determinant obtained is given by ey ey a=|b bb a a a Expanding along third row, we get A,=4, (c, by ~ by ¢,) ~ a, (c, by - ¢, by) +4, (bc, ~b, Ia, (b,c, - by ¢,) ~ a, (b, ¢, - b, &) + 4, (b, ©, ~ Clearly A, =- A Similarly, we can verify the result by interchanging any wo columns, == Note] We can denote the interchange of rows by R, © R, and interchange of columns by C, > C, 23 SS Example 7 Verify Property 2 for A=|6 0 4). -o5 7 23 °5 SolutionA=|6 0 4 28 (See Example 6) 1 5 -7 Interchanging rows R, and R, ie., R, © R,, we have 1 7 + 6 4 15 6 0 =2 (20-0) +3 (4 +42) +5 (30) = 40 + 138-150 = 28 2021-22112 MATHEMATICS Clearly Hence, Property 2 is verified. Property 3 Ifany two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical (all corresponding elements are same), then value of determinant is zero. Proof If we interchange the identical rows (or columns) of the determinant A, then A does not change. However, by Property 2, it follows that A has changed its sign Therefore A=-A or A=0 Let us verify the above property by an example. 3.23 Example 8 Evaluate A=|2 2 3 3.23 Solution Expanding along first row, we get A=3(6-6)-26-9 +3 (4-6) =0=2(-3)+3(-2)=6-6=0 Here R, and R, are identical. Property 4 If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k, then its value gets multiplied by k. a b 4 Verification Let A= | >: ¢ a by & and A, be the determinant obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row by k Then ka, kb ke, A=|@ b © a bh Expanding along first row, we get A, =k a,(b, ¢,-b, 6) - kb, (a, c,- 6, 4) + ke, (@, b,-b, a) K la, , 6, by &) ~ By (@, &, ~ ea) + 6, (@, bs ~ by a} =ka 2021-22DETERMINANTS 113, ka, kb ke, a bh G Hence 4% bh G lek] kh oe aq by oy a bo Remarks @ By this property, we can take out any common factor from any one row or any one column of a given determinant. Gi)_If corresponding elements of any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are proportional (in the same ratio), then its value is zero, For example 4 4, a A=| >, bbs | =0 (rows R, and R, are proportional) ka, ka, kay 102 18 36 Example 9 Evaluate | 1 3 4 17 3 6 102 18 36{ 6017) 63) 6@)| |I7 3 6 Solution Note that} 1 3) 4 |=] 1 3 4 |=6/1 3 4=0 17 3.6 17 3 6 17 3 6 (Using Properties 3 and 4) Property 5 If some or all elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants. ath ata, asths| fa a For example, 4, b, “ & Verification LHS. = 2021-2214 MATHEMATICS Expanding the determinants along the first row, we get A= (a, +2,) (b,c, - ¢, B,) - (a, + 4) (B €, - B, 6) + (4, +2) © ¢,-b, 6) =a, (b, ¢,— ¢, b) ~ a, (B&B, 6) +, (b&b, &) + Ay (by 6, — 6 bY) Ay (b, €, — by 6) +, (H, CB, (by rearranging terms) a, a, @| | a ay =| b b|+|h b 4 3] 1G Similarly, we may verify Property 5 for other rows or columns a b c Example 10 Show that |a+2x b+2y ¢+2z/=0 x y z a b c abe| la be Solution We have }a+2x b+2y c+2z|/s]a b c|+|2x 2y 2z x y z xy2l fx oy oc (by Property 5) =0+0=0 (Using Property 3 and Property 4) Property 6 If, to each element of any row or column of a determinant, the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other row (or column) are added, then value of determinant remains the same, i.c., the value of determinant remain same if we apply the operation R, ORF or, 96 +kC. Verification a a a a tke, a tke a tke; Let A=|h & &| and Ay=| 4 by by 6 GG 6 G 6 where A, is obtained by the operation R, > R, + AR, . Here, we have multiplied the elements of the third row (R,) by a constant k and added them to the corresponding elements of the first row (R,). Symbolically, we write this operation as R, > R, + kR,. 2021-22DETERMINANTS 115 Now, again a, a, a| [koa ke ke, A,=] & &|+]b bb, | (Using Property 5) ga alla a « =A+0 (since R, and R, are proportional) Hence A=A, Remarks @ If A, is the determinant obtained by applying R, AR, or C, > KC, to the determinant A, then A, = kA Gi) _Ifmore than one operation like R, > R, + AR, is done in one step, care should be taken to see that a row that is affected in one operation should not be used in another operation. A similar remark applies to column operations. a atb atbte Example 11 Prove that |2a 3a+2b 4a+3b+2c|=a* 3a 6a+3b 10a +6b + 3c Solution Applying operations R, > R, determinant A, we have R, and R, > R, - 3R, to the given a atb atbte A=|0 a 2a+b 0 3a a+b Now applying R, > R, - 3R,, we get a atb atbte 0 a a+b 2021-22116 MATHEMATICS Example 12 Without expanding, prove that xty yt c+ A=| 2 x y [=0 1 1 1 Solution Applying R, > R, +R, to A, we get xt+y+z xtyte xtytz A= z x y 1 1 1 Since the elements of R, and R, are proportional, A = 0. Example 13 Evaluate la be A=|l b ca 1c ab Solution Applying R, > R,-R, and R, > R, =R,, we get loa be A=|0 b-a c(a-b) 0 c-a b(a-c) Taking factors (b — a) and (c ~ a) common from R, and R,, respectively, we get 1 a be| A= (b-a)(e-a)|0 1 -c 0 1 -b 'b —a) (ca) [(b + c)] (Expanding along first column) {a — b) (b- 0) (c-a) bte aoa Example 14 Prove that} b eta b |=4abe © © atb bte aoa SolutionLet A=| b eta b © © atb 2021-22Applying R, > R,-R,-R, to A, we get 0 2c -2b A=|b c+a b © © ath Expanding along R,, we obtain cta ob b c A=0 = (2c) © a+b abe Example 15 If'x, y, < are different and A=|y Solution We have xe 1+x Ity? I+z at 2c(ab+h-be)-2b(be- abe+2cb?-2 be —2 Be + 2 be +2 abe DETERMINANTS 117 scan? ore c 7 ac) lex’ 1+ y'|=0, then +z =|l yy y|(+ay2) 2021-2211s MATHEMATICS = (l+2y2)|0 y-x y?- (Using R,>R,-R, and R, > R,-R,) JO z-x =x? Taking out common factor (y — x) from R, and (< — x) from R,, we get lx x A= (L472) x) (Z-2)0 1 oy +a] 0 1 z+. = (1 + xyz) (vy — x) (@— x) (Z— y) (on expanding along C,) Since A = 0 and x, 1+xyz=0 are all different, i.,x—y#0, y-z#0,2—x #0, we get Example 16 Show that +a 1 7 ‘ 1 146 1 [sabe(14t444 1) R, + R, + R,, we have Litotiai tia W+—+o4— 14-44 14-424] abe abe abe 1 1 1 = abl = a4 2 a b b 1 1 1 ¢ © 2021-22DETERMINANTS 119 f 3 = 7 te L Te tL als Now applying C,> C,~C,, C,> C.-C, we get 100 abe(iete tet) tio abe > u -—o1 11 5 abe teat ab \p0-o)] 111 ate{eLatet) = abe + be + ca + ab = RS. abe = Note | Alternately try by applying C, > C, ~C, and C, > C, —C,, then apply C,3C,-ac, EXERCISE 4.2 Using the property of determinants and without expanding in Exercises 1 to 7, prove that: x a xta| la-b b-c e-a| 1. |y b y+b]=0 2. |b-c c-a a-bl=0 z © zte| lc-a a-b b-c| 2 7 65 I be a(b+e) 3. [8 8 75/=0 4. fl ca b(ct+a)/=0 5 86] Jl ab c(a+b) b+e gtr yz} la p 5, eta rtp ctxJ=2)b q | lath p+q x+y |e r g 2021-22120 MATHEMATICS oa ae 6. Fa 0 ~cl=0 7. be |=4a7 b*c* be 0 cach ~c* By using properties of determinants, in Exercises 8 to 14, show that: ha a? 8. @ [Lb B|=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) hc 11 @ lab cl=(a-b)(b-c)(c-a)(atb+e) las b* x x? ye oly al=(v-y) 0-9 & =) Gy +2 + 2x) z 2 x» Ie+4 2x 2x 10. @ | 2x xt4 2x f=(5x44)(4—x)' 2x 2x xt tk oy y Gi) | y ytk yy |=? (By+k) yoy yea la-b-c_ 2a 2a i. @ | 2b b-c-a 2b |=(atb+e)° 2c 2% e-a-B| et+y+22 x y z ytrt2x y |e2(x+y4z) z x gtx42y| 2021-22DETERMINANTS — 121 x rol +a*-b> ab 2b 13. | 2ab tea? 0? 2a f(a? +02)’ 2b a l-a? -8* la*+1 ab ac 14, | ab B41 be |=14a° +b? +e? cach + Choose the correct answer in Exercises 15 and 16. 15. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 x 3, then [KAI is equal to (A) KAI (B) RIAL (© IAL (D) 3K1Al 16. Which of the following is correct (A) Determinant is a square matrix. (B) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix. (C) Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix. (D) None of these 4.4 Area of a Triangle In earlier classes, we have studied that the area of a triangle whose vertices are (ys Gy) and (x, y,), is given by the expression Flor -y,) + Oy) + x, 0,9] Now this expression can be written in the form of a determinant as 1 (1) ee Remarks (@ Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the determinant in (1), 2021-22122. MATHEMATICS Gi) If area is given, use both positive and negative values of the determinant for calculation. ii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero. Example 17 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (~ 4, 2) and (5, 1). Solution The area of triangle is given by 3.81 a+)-4 21 "sad = 5[3(2-1)-8(-4-5)+1(-4-10)] 1 61 = > (3+72-14)= = 2 B+ yea Example 18 Find the equation of the line joining A(1, 3) and B (0, 0) using determinants and find k if D(K, 0) is a point such that area of triangle ABD is 3sq units Solution Let P (x, y) be any point on AB. Then, area of triangle ABP is zero (Why?). So oo | om 2 This gives 3x) =O ory =3x, which is the equation of required line AB. Also, since the area of the triangle ABD is 3 sq. units, we have 3k This gives, —— Bees EXERCISE 4.3 1. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following @ (1,0), 6,0), (4,3) Gi) (2.7), (, 1), 10, 8) Gi) (-2, -3), (3, 2), Cl, -8) 2021-22DETERMINANTS — 123, 2. Show that points A(a,b +0), B (b,c +a), C (© a +b) are collinear. 3. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and vertices are @ (0), 4,0), @,2) Gi) 2,0), ©, 4), 0.8) 4, (@ Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6) using determinants, Gi) Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants. 5. Ifarea of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, ~ 6), (5, 4) and (k, 4). Then kis (A) 2 (B) -2 (©) -12,-2 (@) 12,-2 4.5 Minors and Cofactors In this section, we will learn to write the expansion of a determinant in compact form using minors and cofactors. Definition 1 Minor of an element a, of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column in which element a, lies. Minor of an element a, is denoted by M,, Remark Minor of an element of a determinant of order n(n > 2) is a determinant of order n — 1 Example 19 Find the minor of element 6 in the determinant A = TES 23 5 6 8 9 Solution Since 6 lies in the second row and third column, its minor M,, is given by 17, 7 8) 4 =~ 6 (obtained by deleting R, and C, in A). Definition 2 Cofactor of an element a,, denoted by A, is defined by 1)" M,, where M, is minor of a, Example 20 Find minors and cofactors of all the elements of the determinant Solution Minor of the element a, is M, Here a,, = 1. So M,, = Minor of a,,= 3 M,, = Minor of the element a,, = 4 2 Minor of the element a,, 2021-22124 MATHEMATICS M,, = Minor of the element a,, = 1 Now, cofactor of a, is A,. So A,=CD*! M, = Cl? A,= (CD? M, = Cl -4 Ay = CD?! M, = (1 2) =2 A= (DP? M,=CbD*()=1 Example 21 Find minors and cofactors of the elements a,,, a,, in the determinant lay, dys A= [4 dn Gos 31 yy Aas Solution By definition of minors and cofactors, we have 422 3] Minor of a,, = M,, = F ayy dye dy, 1 My = la ayy) = 2 Oa Sas Cofactor of a,, =A, = CI)!! My = a, ay, — 4,4, yy 3, Minor of a,, = 4), a,,- ~ 432 G3] " Cofactor of a (APE My, = CD) (yy = 4,5 yy) = = yy yy ty yy Remark Expanding the determinant A, in Example 21, along R,, we have 41 pp lay ap 4, lao) A: +14 +CD™ a, l@s2 Gs: las) As] An tay Ay, + ,, As. where A, is cofactor of a, = sum of product of elements of R, with their corresponding cofactors Similarly, A can be calculated by other five ways of expansion that is along R,,R,, C, C, and C,, Hence A = sum of the product of elements of any row (or column) with their corresponding cofactors. <= Note] If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero, For example, 2021-22DETERMINANTS 125, Example 22 Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant 2 3 5 6. 0 4 /and verify that a, Ay, +4, Ay +a, A, 1 5 -7 20; Aj, = (-1)'*! (-20) = -20 A, = (CD! 46) = 46 A, = (1)! 0) = 30 C4) =4 1)? (19) =-19 (1)? (13) = -13 (Cy! C12) =-12 2021-22126 MATHEMATICS Ay = C1) 22) = 22 and Ay, = C1) (18) = 18 Now . d,, =-3,4,,= 5; Ay =-12, A, = 22, A, = 18 So 4, Ay t a) Ay + 43 Ags = 2 (-12) + (3) (22) + 5 (18) = -24 - 66 + 90=0 [EXERCISE 4.4 Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants: 1 4 ae Ol 4 Ba 100 10 4 2 @ |0 1 0 qi) |3 5 =1 oot 01.2 538 3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate A = 201 123 lox yz 4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate A = Loy zx, loz oy in in 3 5. A= ay, @) ay3) and A, , is Cofactors of a, then value of A is given by }43, yy 3 A) a Ayta, A, ta,A, (B) a Ayta A, +a, A, (©) a Aytan,A,ta,A, (D) a, Auta, Ay + a, Ay 4.6 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix In the previous chapter, we have studied inverse of a matrix. In this section, we shall discuss the condition for existence of inverse of a matrix. To find inverse of a matrix A, i.c., A“! we shall first define adjoint of a matrix. 2021-22DETERMINANTS 127 4.6.1 Adjoint of a matrix Definition 3 The adjoint of a square matrix A = [a,], ., is defined as the transpose of the matrix [A], ,,» Where A, is the cofactor of the element a, Adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj A q 42 3 Let Azlay ay ay yy gy 3 Au An An] [An Aa As Then adjA=Transposeof|A,, A.» Ay Ay Aa An 7 23 Example 23 Find adj Afor A =| 7 7 Solution We have A, =4,A,,=-1,A,, = 2 [ | (‘ 3] He dj A= = ene aH Ta An] [1 2 Remark For a square matrix of order 2, given by ay My A= 4) dy The adj A can also be obtained by interchanging a,, and of a,, and a,,, ie, adj A= nen . . a Change sign Interchange and by changing signs ‘We state the following theorem without proof, ‘Theorem 1 If A be any given square matrix of order n, then A(adj A) = (adj A) A= |A|I, where Lis the identity matrix of order n 2021-22128 MATHEMATICS Verification 4 & as An An As] Let A=] 4 4], thenadj A=|An Ay Ay ay ay Ay An An! Since sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding cofactors is equal to [AI and otherwise zero, we have lal 0 0 100 A(adjAy=|0 |A| O}=|al]O 1 0] =|alT 0 0 [Al oo1 Similarly, we can show (adj A) A= |A| 1 Hence A (adj A) = (adj A) A= |A| I Definition 4 A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0. 1.2 For example, the determinant of matrix A = [ £ ‘1 is zero Hence Ais a singular matrix. Definition 5 A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |A| # 0 12 1 = A| -6=- Let A [: aetna [ 1 4-6=-240. Hence A is a nonsingular matrix We state the following theorems without proof. ‘Theorem 2 If A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are also nonsingular matrices of the same order. ‘Theorem 3 The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their respective determinants, that is, |AB| = |A| |B], where A and B are square matrices of the same order Jal 0 0 Remark We know that (adj A)A=|A[ T=] 9 [A] 0 | JAl¥0 o 0 Al 2021-22DETERMINANTS — 129 ‘Writing determinants of matrices on both sides, we have JA] 0 0 \(agjAyAl= 0 |Al 0 oo |al 10 9 ie. Wadj ANAL = |Al]O 1 (Why?) 0 01 ie. Kadj A)MAL=1AP (1) ie. Kadj A) =1AP In general, if A is a square matrix of order n, then ladj(A)l = 1AP-!. ‘Theorem 4.A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is nonsingular matrix. Proof Let A be invertible matrix of order n and I be the identity matrix of order n. Then, there exists a square matrix B of order n such that AB = BA=1 Now AB=L. So |AB| = [I] or {Al |B] =1 (since [II |AB|=|Al[B) This gives |A|# 0. Hence A is nonsingular. Conversely, let A be nonsingular. Then |A| #0 Now A (adj A) = (adj A) A= |A|I (Theorem 1) a{iadja \=( adja |a=1 o a aa 1 or AB = BA =I, where B= yadiA Thus Ais invertible and At = —>adj A 133 Example 241fA=]1 4 3}, then verify that A adj A=1AIT. Also find A 134 Solution We have |A| = 1 (16-9) -3 (4-3) +3 G-4)=140 2021-22130 MATHEMATICS Now A,,=7, A, =-l,Ay=-1.Ay = A,=1 7333 Therefore adjA=|-1 1 0 -1 0 1 13 3/73 3 Now A(adjAy=|1 4 3]/-1 1 0 13 4][-1 0 1 7-3-3 -3434+0 34043 =|7-4-3 34440 34043 7-3-4 -3434+0 -3+0+4 100 100 =|0 1 o}=q) |o 1 Of =|al.r oo4 oot 7 3 -3 73-3 1 Also At = adjA = |-1 o}=|-1 1 0 {al -1 0 1] [-! 0 1 23 1 2 Example 25 If A= [ ne B [1 | then verify that (AB)? = BA“! 3 Solution Wehave AB=|> 3{| 1 2/41 > Solution WehaveAB=|> ||) 3) 5 14 Since, |AB| =-11 #0, (AB) exists and is given by i 4j(apy=-t{-!4 -5 _1fl4 5] (aby = Taga y=) _s | nls 1] Further, |A] =-11 #0 and |B] = 1 #0. Therefore, A“ and B~' both exist and are given by 1f-4 3 [3 2] /B | 2 11) 2021-22DETERMINANTS — 131 4 “14-5 5 Therefore Btav=-L|> 7/4 1 _ifia s mir afl-1 2} uiL-s -1) “Tis 1 Hence (AB)! = B+ A+! 23 Example 26 Show that the matrix A = [: | satisfies the equation A?- 44 +I= 0, where I is 2 x 2 identity matrix and O is 2 x 2 zero matrix. Using this equation, find A”. : 3 2 Solution We have A?=A.A= (; |? at ' | 1 iia 2) [4 7 2 7 12] [8 12] [1 0] _[o 0 Hence AP-4A41= 5 + = =0 47] |4 s}'lo 1] [0 o Now A’-4A +150 Therefore = AA-4A=-1 or A A(A*)-4A A" =~1A7 (Post multiplying by A“! because lAI #0) or A(AAY) -41=- At or Al-41=- A" : 4.0] [2 3 or At=41-A=|9 4h] 9 Hence EXERCISE 4.5) Find adjoint of each of the matrices in Exercises | and 2. 2 1-12 1 |, ‘| 2/2 3 5 . 201 Verify A (adj A) = (adj A) A= Al Lin Exercises 3 and 4 a3 1-1 2 30 2 [43] «pes 2021-22132 MATHEMATICS Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exis s) given in Exercises 5 to 11 123 2 2 -1 5 024 5 ]4 3 6. |_3 9 7. 005 213 1-1 2 gs. [33 9 | 4 -10 10. |0 2 3 52-1 721 324 1 0 0 11, ]O cosa sino 0 sina —cosa 37 25 6 8 12, LetA= [ | and B = [; x Verify that (AB! = B+ A“! 301 13. fA 3 3] sow that A? — 5A + 71 =O. Hence find A“, 32 ‘14. For the matrix A= [ i} find the numbers a and b such that A? + aA + bI =O. 1 a1 15. For the matrix A=|1 2 2-13 Show that AX 6A?+ 5A + 11 1 =O. Hence, find A“. 2-101 is. WA=|-l 2 -1 1-1 2 Verify that A? — 6A? + 9A — 4 = O and hence find A“ 17. Let A be a nonsingular square matrix of order 3 x 3. Then ladj Al is equal to (A) IAI (B) IAP (© IAP (D) 3IAl 18. IfAis an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A~!) is equal to 1 Aaa Beg O! @) 0 2021-22DETERMINANTS 133, 4.7 Applications of Determinants and Matrices In this section, we shall discuss application of determinants and matrices for solving the system of linear equations in two or three variables and for checking the consistency of the system of linear equations. Consistent system A system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution (one or more) exists. Inconsistent system A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not exist. © Note]in this chapter, we restrict ourselves to the system of linear equations having unique solutions only. 4.7.1 Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrix Let us express the system of linear equations as matrix equations and solve them using inverse of the coefficient matrix. Consider the system of equations a,x+by +e, a. x+ a bo x d, Le = As|a by |, X=|y| and B=| d, a, by z d, a b Glfx] [a a, by |} y¥) =|dy a, by al lzl Ld (Case I If Ais a nonsingular matrix, then its inverse exists. Now AX=B or AX (AX) =A7B (premultiplying by A“) or (AA) X= AT B (by associative property) or IX=A'B or X=A'B This matrix equation provides unique solution for the given system of equations as inverse of a matrix is unique. This method of solving system of equations is known as Matrix Method. 2021-22134 MATHEMATICS (Case 1 If A is a singular matrix, then | Al = 0. In this case, we calculate (adj A) B. If (adj A) B ¥ O, (O being zero matrix), then solution does not exist and the system of equations is called inconsistent. If (adj A) B = O, then system may be either consistent or inconsistent according as the system have either infinitely many solutions or no solution. Example 27 Solve the system of equations w+ 5y=1 3x42y=7 Solution The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where oo Soe Now, |A] =-I1 #0, Hence, A is nonsingular matrix and so has a unique solution. Note that Therefore ie, Hence Example 28 Solve the following system of equations by matrix method. Bx —2y +3: Qety-cel 4x -3y +2 Solution The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where 323 x| 8] A=|2 1 -1|,X=|y/ and B=] 1) 43 2 z| 4| We see that JA] =3 @-3)+24+4)+3(-6-4)=-1740 2021-22DETERMINANTS 135, Hence, A is nonsingular and so its inverse exists. Now A,=-8 Therefore 8 So 1 4 x -17 1 ie. y|=-—|-34]= 17 z SI Hence x=l,y=2andz Example 29 The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third number by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. By adding first and third numbers, we get double of the second number. Represent it algebraically and find the numbers using matrix method. Solution Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and z, respectively. Then, according to given conditions, we have ul 2y orx—2y+z=0 This system can be written as A X = B, where 11 6 A=|0 1 u 1 2 0 Here |A] = 1(1+6)- (0 - 3)+(0-1) =9 #0. Now we find adj A A, =10+6)=7, A,=-@-3)=3, 9 A,=-1 =-(1+2)= A, A,=-@2-)=3 A, =G-D=2, A, =-G-0)= A,=(1-0)=1 2021-22136 MATHEMATICS Hence Thus Since or Thus L, xt2y=2 Qv+3y=3 A oxtyt 2x + 3y +225 ax + ay + 2az= 7 3 2 adjA=|3 0 3 -13 1 4 tat aga 43 A= ay adi) = 5 ; X=A'B 7 3 27/6 x=] 3°00 -3i11 -1 3 1]0 x 42-33+0 9] fi y|_ 1 |is+ 0+0]_ 1 Jis}_}2 z] 9 [643340] 9 [27 xaly=2253 [EXERCISE 4.6 6. Sx-y44z 2x + By +52 5x 2y +6 Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method, in Exercises 7 to 14. 7. Sxt2y=4 Tx+3y=5 10. Sx+2y=3 But 2y=5 13. We+3y432=5 x-2ytz=-4 3x-y-2z53 8. 2k-y=-2 9. 4x-3y=3 14. x-y+22=7 3x4 4y—52=-5 Qe-y 432512 2021-22DETERMINANTS 137 23 =¢5 15. If A=|3_ 2-4}, find AX. Using A~ solve the system of equations 11 2 2x-3y+5c=11 3x4 2y—4e= —5 xty—225 -3 16. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is €60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4-kg wheat and 6 kg rice is @90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is € 70. Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method. Miscellaneous Examples Example 30 Jf a, b, c are positive and unequal, show that value of the determinant A=|b cal isnegative. cab Solution Applying C, + C, + C, + G, to the given determinant, we get latb+c b I bc A=|atb+e ¢ al=(a+b+o)|l ¢ a@ latb+c a Bl lab 1b oe =(a+b+0|0 —b a~c|(ApplyingR,>R;-R,,andR, 9R,-R,) 0 a-b b-c =(at+b+0)[(c-b) (b-0)-(a-0) (a—b)] (Expanding along C,) =(atb+-a-P C+ ab + be + ca) -1 =F @ +b +6) Qa? + 26+ 2c — Lab ~ 2be ~ 2ea) = = (a+b +) [(a— bY + (6-0 + -a))] which is negative (since a + b + ¢ > 0 and (a— by + (b—c)'+ (¢—a)’> 0) 2021-22138 MATHEMATICS Example 31 Ifa, 6 c, are in A.P, find value of I2y+4 Sy+7 8yt+a By +5 6y+8 9y+b 4y+6 7y+9 10y+el Solution Applying R, > R, + R,- 2R, to the given determinant, we obtain o 0 0 By+5 6y+8 9y+b | _9 l4y+6 7y+9 1y+e Example 32 Show that (Since 2b = a + ¢) (ytz) ay x A=| xy (xz) xz = 2ayz (x+y (x+y) Solution Applying R, > aR,, R, > yR,.R, > zR, to A and dividing by xyz, we get x(ytz) oy | wy yey oye Applying C, > C.-C, C, > C,- C,, we have 2021-22DETERMINANTS 139, Taking common factor (x + y + z) from C, and C,, we have A=(x+y+2F Applying R, > R, ~ (R, + R,), we have Qye -22 0 -2y As(ety+zF Xty-z Applying C, > (C,+ + C,)and C, > C,+4C, , we get Di z 2yz 0 0 : y As(etytey [yi xte Finally expanding along R,, we have As (x+y +2) (2yz) [e+ 2) (vt y)— ye] = (x + y + 2) (2yz) (0? + xy + xz) = (ety +2) 2x2) 1 127)f201 Example 33 Use product |0 2 3) | 9 2 to solve the system of equations 3.2 4][6 1 2 xoyt2=1 2y-3z=1 Bx-2y44z= 1-1 2}f-2 0 1] Solution Consider the product | 2 2021-22140 MATHEMATICS -2- 9+12 0-2+2 143-4] [1 0 0 =| 0+18-18 0+4-3 0-6+6)=/0 1 0 -6-18+24 0-444 346-8] |0 0 1 fi a 2 20 1 Hence 0 2 3) =|/9 23 3.264 6 1 -2 Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix form, as follows 1-1 2][x 1 0 2 -3/;y}=]1 32 4]lz} [2 20 17f1 or =/9 2 3} ]1 61 2 Hence Example 34 Prove that atbx ctdx p+qa lac pl As|ax+b cxtd px+q|=(-x)|b d ql u v w luv wy Solution Applying R, 9R, —x R, to A, we get a(l— e(l-x*) pQ-x*)| arth extd — pxtq u v w a cp (-x)laxt+b extd pxtq| u v w 2021-22DETERMINANTS 141 Applying R, > R, — x R,, we get lac pl A=(-x)|b d qi lu vw Miscellaneous Exercises on Chapter 4 x sin@ cos) 1. Prove that the determinant|-sin@ -x 1 | is independent of 0, coo tox la a’ bel fla a 2. Without expanding the determinant, prove that|b b’ cal = |l_ b* Bb’). lc & abl fl ee lcosacosB cos.sinB -sinal 3. Evaluate | —sinB cosB 0 sinacosB sina sinB cosa 4, Ifa, b and care real numbers, and b+ ca atb| Az|cta atb b+e lath b+e etal Show that either a+b +c =Oora=b=c. Inta x x 5. Solve the equation] x xta x |=0,a%0 x ox xta a be acte’ 6. Prove that ja’+ab ac | = 4a°b ab b’+be 30-11 12 2 7. wAt=|-15 6 -SfandB=|-1 3 0 |, find(AB)" 5-2 2 o 21 2021-22142 MATHEMATICS 121 8. LetA=| 2 3. 1), Verify that 115 @ [adj AP! = adj (A) @ AYytsA 2 oe 9. Evaluate] y oxty ox xty oxy lox oy 10. Evaluate | x+y I ox xty| Using properties of determinants in Exercises 11 to 15, prove that: la a Bry il. [BB y+o} =(B-y (y-0) (@-B) @+B+Y) fy ¥ a8) x xt lt pr’ 12. y+ py'| = (1 + pxy2) (wy) (y — 2) © —¥), where p is any scalar. Zo lt? 3a -atb -a+d 13. b+a 3b -b+e| = 3(a+b +0) (ab + be + ca) -cta -c+b 3c 1 lt+p I+ p+q sina cosa cos(a+8)] 14, [2 3+2p 443p4+2g)=1 1s. |sinB cosB cos(B+8)|=0 8 6+3p 10+6p+3q| siny cosy cos(y+8)} 16. Solve the system of equations 10 2021-22DETERMINANTS 143 Choose the correct answer in Exercise 17 to 19. 17. Ifa, 6, c, are in A.P, then the determinant Ix+2 x+3 x+2al x+3 x44 xt2b) i. x+4 xt+5 x+2c] (A) 0 (B) 1 Ox (D) 2x x 0 0] 18. If x, y,zare nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A=|0 y O|is 00 x! 0 (A)] 0 yt oO (B) xyz oo 2 0 0 ct x 0 0 [12% ( Oyo (D) —|0 1 0 xyz aye 00< 001 f 1 sine 1 | 19. LetA=|-sin®@ 1 sin@|, where 0< @< 2m. Then -1 -sind 1 | (A) Det (A) =0 (B) Det(A) € (2, >) (©) Det(A) € (2, 4) (D) Det (A) € [2,4] 2021-22144 For any square matrix A, the JAI satisfy foll MATHEMATICS Determinant of a matrix A = [a,,],,, is given by la,, a, 4 Determinant of a matrix a a "| is given by ay, dy tin i 4G, Gy, a, lay, a. 11 ay — Byp a bg Determinant of amatrix A=|a, b,c; | is given by (expanding along R,) a [Al=|a, = FoF la IA‘1= IAL, where A’ = transpose of A. If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes. If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of determinant is zero. If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a determinant by constant &, then value of determinant is multiplied by k. Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one column) by k. If A=[aj}3,,then|k.A|=k* [A If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more determinants. Ifto each element of a row or a column of a determinant the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows or columns are added, then value of determinant remains same. 2021-22DETERMINANTS 145 Area of a triangle with vertices (x,, y,), (%, ¥,) and (x,y) is given by 4 yt ol eae ae % ys 1 Minor of an element a, of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting * row and j* column and denoted by M,,. Cofactor of a, of given by A, = (- 1) M, Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding cofactors. For example, IA[= ay, Ay # a Ag # ay Ate If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For example, a,, A, + 4), +4,,A,=0 ay 2 M3 Ay Ay Ag, If A=|a dy a], then adj A=|Ay An As.|, where A, is Gy dy yy A; Ax Ax cofactor of a, A (adj A) = (adj A) A= ALI, where A is square matrix of order n. A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as IAL =0 or Al #0. If AB = BA =I, where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse of A. Also A! = B or B“'= A and hence (A“!! = A. A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non-singular. Ie axtb,y+e,2=4, a,x+b,y+c,z=d, a,x+byte,z=d, then these equations can be written as A X = B, where a bh G x d, A=|a, b, © |,X=|y|andB=|d, a by Cs z d, 2021-22146 MATHEMATICS Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by X = A“'B, where |A|#0 A system of equation is consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not. For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B @ 1AI#0, there exists unique solution Gi) 1A1 =0 and (adj A) B # 0, then there exists no solution Gii) 1A1 = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then system may or may not be consistent. ‘The Chinese method of representing the coefficients of the unknowns of several linear equations by using rods on a calculating board naturally led to the discovery of simple method of elimination. The arrangement of rods was precisely that of the numbers in a determinant. The Chinese, therefore, early developed the idea of subtracting columns and rows as in simplification of a determinant Mikami, China, pp 30, 93. Seki Kowa, the greatest of the Japanese Mathematicians of seventeenth century in his work ‘Kai Fukudai no Ho’ in 1683 showed that he had the idea of determinants and of their expansion, Buthe used this device only in eliminating a quantity from two equations and not directly in the solution of a set of simultaneous linear equations. T. Hayashi, “The Fakudoi and Determinants in Japanese Mathematics,” in the proc. of the Tokyo Math. Soc., V. Vendermonde was the first to recognise determinants as independent functions. He may be called the formal founder. Laplace (1772), gave general method of expanding a determinant in terms of its complementary minors. In 1773 Lagrange treated determinants of the second and third orders and used them for purpose other than the solution of equations. In 1801, Gauss used determinants in his theory of numbers. The next great contributor was Jacques - Philippe - Marie Binet, (1812) who stated the theorem relating to the product of two matrices of m-columns and n- rows, which for the special case of m= n reduces to the multiplication theorem. Also on the same day, Cauchy (1812) presented one on the same subject. He used the word ‘determinant’ in its present sense. He gave the proof of multiplication theorem more satisfactory than Binet's. ‘The greatest contributor to the theory was Carl Gustay Jacob Jacobi, after this the word determinant received its final acceptance. 2021-22