Old, shrinking and broke ‘The burden of an ageing and declining population is felt most keenly in the countryside ‘ten Hisaaki Nakajima ran for mayor “oftmabetsu, on the northernmost tip of Honshu, Japan's main island, he said he had avision of atown of,000 people. That may have sounded odd, given that Ima- ‘Detsu had 2,700 inhabitants at the time in ou). But its shrinking fast. Since Mr Na- {eajima took office, the population has de- lined by around 150, or some 6%. On a pleasant spring day the streets are almost ‘Empty; many buildings are disused. A [pachinko parlour at the entrance to the ‘ownlies in ruin. ‘Villages and towns across Japan have ‘een shrinking for decades because of mi- gration tobi cities. Since 20m the national ‘population has been falling, too. Last year {t shrank by 450,000. The two frends are ‘emptying rural areas: whereas Japan as a ‘whole’s projected tolose 16% of ts popula ‘ton between 2015and204s,the population fof Aomori prefecture, where Imabetsu is Jocated, will plunge 37%, reckons the Na- tional Institute of Population and social Security Research (wtessn),athink-tankin, ‘Tokyo (see charton next page). “The numbers tell only part of the story. Locals who move away, who account for around two-thirds of the 150 people Ima- ‘Detsu has lost since Mf Nakajima took of- ‘ice, are predominantly young people seek- {ng education or work. obs in tmabetsu ‘are mainly in farming and fishing) Youto Komura, 4 27-year-old who works at the town hail, says only sixof the 40 people he ‘went f0 school with stil live in Imabetsu. Only one ofthe four children of Mir Naka- Jima, who worked in a sewing shop and flower shop before becoming mayor, re- mains; the others are in Tokyo, Sapporo and Aomori city. "Women leave in greater numbers than “34 Coalin Austral “3s Banyan: South Asian identity politics ies MIS are men, says Hiroya Masuda, the author ofan alarming report on rural depopulation. “There is a glass ceiling for women every- ‘where, but in uralareasittends tobemade Of thick steel” he says. “In offices in rural areas they tend to be pouring tea, while in ‘Tokyo there is more chance of fulfilling jobs" Young men who might otherwise stick around are put off by the lack of po- tential brides. "This movement of young people, and Japan's longand lengthening lifeexpectan- (G, has led to an extraordinary preponder- ‘Ice ofold peoplein far-flung places. Some [37% of those living in depopulated areas [Areovertheage of 6s, aboutten percentage points more than the national rate, accord- Ing to the government. Imabetsu as the accolade ofbeing the town with the highest ‘proportion of over-6ss in Aomori: they are ‘lready around half the population. ‘Because baby-boomers are starting to die off, the depopulation of rural areas is ‘set to spike, reckons Shiro Koike of the ‘resse. In 2014 Mr Masuda predicted that £896 of Japan's 1700 municipalities would beextinctby 2040, Hehasnow revised that to92s. In the five years to 2006, by the ov fernment’s count, 190 places disappeared from the map (although a handful of those ‘were emptied by the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster of 20m). “The impact ofthe dwindling population in rural areas is clear to see. Imabetsu has ‘no supermarkets and no restaurants, cafésms SB we HG ‘ce nl ent Pptan Siento orsnackbars, bar the konbini (convenience ‘store) on the outskirts of the town. In the 1980s, residents say, there were dozens of Tunch joints. Now the townsfolk must drive elsewhere or wait for occasional vis- its from trucks that sell vegetables. ‘The three schools have only 30 to 40 children each. From October one will stop Aacceptingnew pupils. “itisnotgood forthe children,” says Mr Nakajima. “They need company, competition, healthy atmo- ‘sphere” In depopulated areas primary schools have on average 18 pupils each; ‘those in the rest of the country have 320. "There are also fewer paediatricians and ob- stetricians than the national average. “The national government wants toraise the fertility rate froma children perwom- ‘an to18. Tthatend, itis trying to provide more support fr families, sch as making, nursery free. It has also begun admitting ‘mote migrants, butnot enough tocompen- sate for the decline in the native popula ‘on—and anyway, the government insists it will not let them settle permanently. ‘What is more, immigrants, like Japanese themselves, peferto livein cities. ‘Shrinking localities tend to focus on tuying to get people from elsewhere in Jar pan to move there. They talk notjust of en- ‘couraging people to return to the country- side from citles but also of persuading people to move from towns to rural areas. ‘Many offer families free housing and other subsidies to attract younger people. Ima- Cancer treatment. But the number of peo- pile such incentives attract is very small (aero in Imabetsu's case). They “will never change the demographicdynamics ofsiow, steady decline’, says Peter Matanle of Shef- field University in Britain. “There ate some more successful cam- paigns, of course. Tokushima prefecture hhas attracted rr companies by setting up a {fastinternetconnection. Butas Karen Mak- ‘shima, an ap for Kanagawa in eastern Ja- ‘pan, points out: "Many towns wantto have people move there permanently. ButJapan_ fs a whole is losing people so if we shift ‘people, other places lose out.” She thinks the solution is to work on attracting do- ‘mestic and especially international tou- ism, which is growing rapidly. Tothatend, ‘she is trying to encourage people to buy holiday homes in her region, or to make regular visits, in part by creating relation ships between visitors and local. The de- ‘populating islands ofthe Seto Inland Sea, Insouth-castem Japan, area model for this sort of initiative. Visitors lock there to see ‘ew artinstallations. Tn the absence of such lifeline, the1o- ‘al government in Imabetsu is struggling to pay for education, health care and other services. Its budget is 2.4bn yen ($223m) a ‘yeat. Only half of that comes from the na- ‘ional government on a routine basis, al though one-off grants and money fun- nelled via the prefectural government help ‘make up the shortfall. Local tax revenue thas been dwindling for years, and now brings in only 200m yen a year. The town hhas resorted at times to borrowing, Mr'Na- Jkajima says, but the cost of servicing the debt only adds to its fiscal problems inthe longrun. “The central thas tied 10 ‘help place like Imabetsu, not only by up- ping the budget for “rural revitalisation’, ‘but also through a scheme called furusato nozei, which allowstaxpayerstosend a pro- portion oftheir taxes toa locality of their ‘Choice, instead of the one where they live (Gowns and villages compete for this cash by offering gifts in return, such as local sakeordried fish). Theintentionisforemi- ‘grants from rural areas to the cities to be ble to funnel money to their hometowns. ‘Nonetheless, small towns are having to ‘cut back. In some areas local authorities ‘are trying to gather services in one town, from Which they offer transport to other towns and villages in a sort of hub-and- spoke model. Others are looking at ride- ‘sharing asa way to relieve the pressure on, ‘or replace, publie transport. Private busi- nesses such as konbini and the post office, ‘which by law has to have outposts in re- mote places, are also being used ro offer public services. Technology could help. “It ‘may be fun to get pizza by drone in Tokyo, ‘ut more important is getting silk and newspapers to elderly people in rural ar- fas” says Ms Makishima, She also advo- ‘ates online medical consultations. ‘Mr Nakajima’s vision for imabetsu is modest: to promote tourism, preserve ex- {sting industries rather than try to conjure Lup new ones, use remote instruction to ‘keep schools going and create a single hub for people to obtain information and ser- ‘vices, Yet even that isa struggle, he says. For example, the town government looked at tax-sharing, but found it unfeasible Since Imabetst has only one taxi. Next time heruns,itmay have tobe witha vision ‘ofeven fewer people. India and America AHarley-hating ally ‘America faces a choice between, ‘geopolitics and trade Mime rome Amerson of state, had two objectives during his ‘uip to Dethi on June asth. The first was to affirm Indias importance to America, ‘which envisages a grand Indo-Pacific ali- ance to counter China. The second was to Soothe an increasingly heated row about ‘rade. Achieving the first was easy enough, Dutthe second is proving harder. ‘America and India have bickered about tuade for years. India's averagetariffishigh, ataround:%. Its bureaucrats arealsokeen ‘on other barriers to trade, from obscure ‘ules on packaging to prohibitive red-tape fon the import of dairy products. But over ‘the past few years Narendra Modi, India's prime minister, has furtherinflamed these invitations. His government has increased tariffs on lots of American exports, includ- ing telecoms equipment, medical devices ‘and nuts, Ithas also expanded rules favour- ing locally made goods in public procure- ‘mentand has proposed anew law demand- ‘ng that tech firms store data about Indian ‘customers within India. And last year it abruptly announced rules on e-commerce that seemed to target two American firms, ‘Amazon and Walmart, the latter through its parchase of Flipkart, a fast-growing lo- caletailer. ‘The complaints of American trade ne- gotiators about Indian protectionism, however, ae typically drowned out by ip- Jomats and soldiers, who see India asanat- ‘ura and indispensable aly against China. "The two countries established a new high- level diplomatic dialogue last year and hhave increased their military co-operation. “America wants India to stop importing oil from Iran, which India recently and reluc- > - Losing balance ‘ecia, goods and sense ‘wth United States, Som Egor ee 8 ry Sauce oestrone eet we se52 Europe Demography A baby boomlet ‘Why Germany's birth rate is pulling away from Italy's [2907 2% ancous Austrian, Emil eich, predicted that Germany would have population of 50m in 980 and 2s many as, 200mby the year2000.Itseemed plausible atthe time. Germany had a high birth rate and falling mortality rate. Reich's predic- tion, in his book "Germany's Swelled Head’, turned out to be completely wrong. By the early 1980s East and West Germany hhad a combined fertility rate lower than anywhere in the world except Denmark and the Channel Islands. Far from explod- ing, Germany's population seemed doomed to rapid dectine. ‘But in the past few years something un- expected has happened. The fertility rate, anestimate ofthe numberof children cach ‘woman can expect to have in her lifetime, has climbed off the floor. Between 2006 and 2017 itrose from133 to157-The rate for 2owhas notyetbeen worked out, but more babies were born that year than in 2017. Germany's fertility rate has pulled away from Italy's and Spain's (see chart) and is ‘now almost identical to the euro-areaaver- ‘age. On June 17th the uw estimated that in 12050 Germany will have 38 people over the _age of 65 for every 100 people aged 20-64. ‘Thats alot, but comfortably less than Ita- lyspredicted ratio of74to100. ‘What has happened? Its partly astatis- tical quirk. The fertility rate is influenced by the timing of childbirth. women move ‘enmasse to have children atolderages, the ‘ate will fll, then rise again as the average age of childbearing stabilises. This has ‘happened in Germany and other tch coun- ules. Butt does not explain the whole rise inthe fertility rate. German women born in 1973 (who can be assumed to be done with babies by now) have more children than ‘women born in1968. ‘Another explanation is immigration. Germany hasnotonly accepted alot of peo- ple in the past decade—it has taken them ‘rom countries where large familiesare the ‘norm. In 2017 Syrian women in Germany nad 20,200 babies, up from just,300 three years earlier. Afghans and Iragis had more than 5,000 each. Tomas Sobotka, a re- searcher at the Vienna Insitute of Demog- ‘raphy, estimates that about half the rise of Germany's fertility rate in the past few yearsis explained by immigration. ‘That boast will not lst, because immi- grants adjust quickly to native ways. Mona Shinar, a Palestinian woman in her ‘mid-30s who fled Damascus for Potsdam, -_ ‘Achtung baby “eta erly ate 16 SND soy u dra 3 u ao 05TH as We Seu Set pen ‘ear Berlin, comes froman enormous fam- ily. Before Syria's civil warbegan, shehad 12 brothers and sisters. She already has four children, including one who was born just ‘wo days after she arrived in Gesmany. She believes her children will have no more thanoneortwobabieseach. Shehas"anAr- abic head’, as she putsit. Her children have German heads. ‘The other explanation for the baby bboomletis that Germany has made teasier to aise children, What crushes birth rates, ‘Whether in Burope or East Asia s opening, higher education and attractive jobs 0 women while continuing to expect moth- erstodoth great majority ofchild careand housework. Ifa society forces women to ‘The Economist june 2sth 2019 ‘choose between jobs and ‘many will keep working. Western Germany hhas a tradition of stigmatising working ‘mothers, and a special slur for them: Ra- ‘benmutter Craven mother’). ‘This is gradually changing, In2007 Ger- ‘many’s federal government introduced ‘generous parental-leave laws and tweaked the rules to encourage fathers to take time off. In 2013 it declared that children over ‘one year old had aright to nursery places. Although there aze still not enough places to meet demand, supply is growing. Be- tween 2006 and 20%7 the number of chil- ddren under three enrolled in nurseries rose from 286,000 762,000. Unlike those in rance, Scandinaviaand eastern Europe, German politicians sel- dom talk explicitly about boosting the birth rate—probably because the Nazis did. Instead they talk about empowering wom en. Still,their policiesseem to promote fe- ‘cundity. Lena Reibstein ofthe Bertin Insti- tute for Population and Development says they could do more if they changed the tax system. At present married couples are al- lowed tofilejointincome-tax returns. This encourages mothers to stay at home by re- ‘ducing theirhusbands'taxbillsifthey do, ‘Compare all that tothe situation in ta- ly. Ithas immigrants too—but many come ‘from low fertility countries like Romania and Albania, its economy has stagnated, ‘which puts people offhaving children. And Malian politicians haveno dea how toraise ‘the birth rate. Three years ago the govern- ‘ment ran an advertising campaign inform- ing women that their biologleal clocks ‘were ticking, as though this had not oc- ‘curred to them. The campaign was with- ‘drawn amid heckling. Maly is now the ‘worlds second-oldest country, afterJapan. ‘And the truth is, says Maria Letizia Tan- tur, a demographer at the University of Padova, that“people don'tcare”,