PRUDENCE SCHOOL

GEOGRPAHY NOTES

CHAPTER - 6

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

What is Manufacturing?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is
called manufacturing.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
Q1. Why manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic
development in particular?
Or

Write the importance of manufacturing sector?

Ans. a) Help in modernizing agriculture – Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture

by providing modern factors of inputs which help in increasing the productivity of land, which forms the
backbone of our economy.
b) Helps in reducing the burden from agriculture – It helps in reducing the burden of employment on
agriculture. As manufacturing industries creates more jobs in secondary and tertiary sector.
c) Eradication of unemployment and poverty – Industrial development helps in eradication of
unemployment and poverty.
d) Bring down regional disparities – It brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in
tribal and backward areas.
e) Foreign Exchange – Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much
needed foreign exchange.
f) Prosperity of the countries/ development of economy – Countries that transform their raw materials
into finished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Relationship between agriculture and manufacturing industries:-

• They both move hand in hand.

• Industries are dependent on agriculture for raw material and agriculture is dependent on
industries for products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, pesticides etc.
• This interaction helps in boosting the growth of agriculture by raising its productivity. Also has
made the production process efficient.

Relationship between urbanization and industries:-

• Industrialization and urbanization goes hand in hand.

• After an industrial activity starts, urbanization follows.
 • Cities provide markets and services like insurance, banking, labour etc to industry. Therefore
many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantage offered by the urban centers
known as urban agglomeration/ agglomeration economies.

Contribution of industry to National Economy:-

• Over the last 2 decades the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP.
• This is much lower than in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25% to 35%.
• The annual growth rate of manufacturing industries is only 7% but the desired growth rate is
12%. Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum.
• With appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to
improve productivity, economists predict that manufacturing industries can achieve its target
over the next decade.
• The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up to promote the
growth of manufacturing industries.

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION

Location is influenced by the availability of –

• Raw material, Labour, Capital, Power, Market etc.
• It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place. Manufacturing activity tends to
locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available
or can be arranged at lower cost.
• Government policies and specialized labour also influence the location of industry.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES

1. On the basis of raw materials used:

a. Agro Based Industries: they derive their raw material from agriculture. Example - Cotton,
woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, etc.
b. Mineral Based Industries: their raw material is mineral based. Example - Iron and steel,
cement, aluminium, petrochemicals, etc.
2. According to their main role:
a. Basic or Key Industries: These industries supply their products or raw materials to
manufacture other goods, e.g. iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
b. Consumer Industries: These industries produce goods which are directly used by
consumers, e.g. sugar, paper, electronics, soap, etc.

3. On the basis of capital investment:

a. Small Scale Industry: If the invested capital is upto Rs. one crore, then the industry is
called a small scale industry.
b. Large Scale Industry: If the invested capital is more than Rs. one crore, then the
industry is called a large scale industry.
c. Cottage Industry: In this industry the investment is very less and almost all the work is
done by hand. Basket making, hand spinning etc.

4. On the basis of ownership:

a. Public Sector: These industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g.
SAIL, BHEL, ONGC, etc.
 b. Private Sector: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of
individuals, e.g. TISCO, Reliance, Mahindra, etc.
c. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly owned by the government and individuals or a
group of individuals, e.g. Oil India Limited.
d. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. The resources are pooled by each
stakeholder and profits or losses are shared proportionately. AMUL which is milk
cooperative is a good example. The sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in
Kerala is another example.
5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods:
• Heavy Industries: Their raw material and finished goods are bulky and heavy. Eg- Iron and
steel.
• Light Industries: Their raw material and finished goods are light. Eg - Electronics

AGRO- BASED INDUSTRIES

TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation
and foreign exchange earnings.
• This is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e
from raw material to the highest value added products.

Value Added Chain: Textile Industry

Fiber Production ----- Spinning ---Weaving and Knitting ---Dyeing --- Garment Manufacture

Raw Fiber Yarn Fabric Garments

 I Cotton Textiles:
• Cotton textiles were traditionally produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving
techniques. Power-looms came into use after the 18th century.
• Our traditional industries suffered set back during the colonial period because they
could not compete with mill-made cloth from England.
• The first textile industry was set up in Mumbai in 1854.

Location of Cotton Textile Industries:

Initially cotton textile industries were located in cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and
Gujarat because of availability of raw cotton, market, transport, post facilities, labour, moist
climate etc.

Importance of Cotton Textile Industries:-

• Dependency on agriculture for raw material.
• This industry provides livelihood to farmers who grow cotton
• Provides livelihood to workers engaged in spinning, weaving, dyeing, packing, tailoring
etc.
• This industry creates demand for other industries such as chemical and dyes, mill stores,
packaging etc.
• It helps in bringing foreign exchange as cotton yarn is exported to Japan. Other
importers of Indian cotton are – U.S.A., U.K, Russia, France, Nepal, Singapore, African
countries etc.

Problems in cotton textile industry:

(a) Erratic power supply (b) outdated/ obsolete machinery.
(c) Low output of labour (d) stiff competition from synthetic fiber.

Spinning and Weaving Sector in India:

Spinning in India is centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Most of the high
quality yarn is exported.
Weaving in India is decentralized and is fragmented in smaller units to cater to needs of local
markets.

Important questions:
Q1. Why weaving in India is decentralized?
Ans. Weaving is decentralized in India due to the following reasons:
a) To incorporate traditional skills and designs of weaving in silk, cotton, zari and embroidery.
b) It has been localized due to factors like availability of raw cotton, labour, market and
transport.
c) Weaving sector in India is fragmented in small units which is decentralized
d) to cater to the needs of local markets.
e) Most of the weaving is done by cottage industry which is decentralized.

Q2. India has world class production in spinning but weaving supplies low quality fabric.
Explain.
Or

Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel / garment manufactures have to

import fabric. Give reasons.

Ans. India has a world class production and quality in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality
of fabric because

a) The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of high quality yarn that is
produced in the country as the yarn gets exported.
b) Weaving sector is fragmented in small units, which cater the local market needs and they
could not afford expensive high quality yarn.
c) The industries also face erratic power supply problems which decreases labour productivity.
d) Then there is a stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry and Jute textiles.
e) The machineries are not upgraded.

Q3. Why Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
Ans. He did this for the following reasons:-
a) To boycott foreign made cloth as a means of protest.
b) To develop a sense of nationalism among the people.
c) To give employment to a large number of people who were unemployed.
d) To promote cloth making as a cottage industry.
e) To prevent migration of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Q4. Why is it important for our country to keep mill sector loomage lower than power
loom and handloom?
Ans. It is important for our country to keep mill sector loomage lower than power loom and
handloom because
a) Powerloom and handloom provide employment to large number of people in the rural areas.
b) To reduce poverty.
c) To make rural people self sufficient
d) To develop cottage based industries.
e) To prevent migration of rural people in search of work towards urban areas.

Q5. Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in
large quantities?
Ans. It is important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large
quantities because
a) Employment - Majority of the rural population in India apart from agriculture is involved in
weaving cloth.
b) Eradication of poverty/ sustaining livelihood - Weaving is an important occupation of the
rural people. It helps them to earn income to sustain their families especially at the time when
crops fail.
c) Increase in GDP/ Foreign Exchange - We produce best quality yarn which is exported but
if we will improve our weaving sector the yarn can be used in India and the goods could be
sold at higher value which will contribute to our GDP.

II . Jute Textiles:
a) India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in the world and is the second largest
exporter of jute after Bangladesh.
b) First jute mill was established in 1855 at Rishra in west Bengal. After partition most of our
jute producing areas and mills went to Bangladesh.
c) Most of these mills are located in West Bengal; mainly along the bank of river Hooghly.

Jute Mill in Hooghly basin:

(a) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(b) Inexpensive water transport, Good rail and road network.
(c) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities.
(d) Abundant water for processing raw jute.
(e) Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.

Challenges of Jute Industries and steps taken to promote Jute production:

• Jute industry is facing challenge from synthetic fiber and also from other competitors
like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
 • But the internal demand has been rising because of government policy of mandatory use
of jute packaging.
• Due to growing global concern for environment friendly and biodegradable material the
demand for jute has raised up.
Note : USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and Australia are the main markets.

III. Sugar Industry:

(a) India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world. It is the largest producer of gur
and khandsari.
(b) Mills are spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty percent mills are in UP and
Bihar.
(c) This industry is seasonal and hence is more suited to the cooperative sector.
(d) Raw material used in this industry is bulky and in haulage it’s sucrose content reduces.

Q1. There has been a growing tendency to shift sugar mills in the southern and western
states of India; especially in Maharashtra. Explain.
Ans. There has been a growing tendency to shift sugar mills in the southern and western states
of India; especially in Maharashtra because -
a) The cane produced in this region has higher sucrose content.
b) The cooler climate of this region ensures a longer crushing season.
c) Cooperatives are more successful in Maharashtra.

Challenges for Sugar industry:

• Seasonal nature of industry.
• Old and inefficient methods of production.
• Transport delay can lead to reduce in sucrose content.
• The need to maximize the use of baggase.

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

IV. Iron & Steel Industry
(a) This is a basic, heavy and large scale industry. These industries are the feeder industry
whose products are used as raw material for other industries. Their raw material and finished
good is bulky to transport.
(b) Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country's
development.
(c) Iron ore, coking coal and limestone is required in 4:2:1 proportion to make steel.
Manganese is required to make steel hard.
(d) In 2018 with 106.5 million tonnes of crude steel production India ranked 2nd among the
world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron.
e) Average consumption of steel in India is around 70.9kg per annum. World’s average is
224.5kg.
(f) SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) is the major public sector company in this sector,
while TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is the major private sector company in this
industry.
Note: China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of steel.

Location of Iron and Steel Industries:

• Most of the iron and steel industries are in the Chotanagpur plateau region.
• This region has plenty of low cost iron ore, high grade raw materials, cheap labour and
good connectivity through railways and roadways.
Note : Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment has given boost to the industry.

Reasons for underperformance of Iron and steel Industry in India:

(a) High cost and limited availability of coking coal.
(b) Low productivity of labour.
(c) Erratic energy supply.
(d) Poor infrastructure.

Q1. Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?

Ans The average per capita consumption of steel in India is only 70.9 kg per annum in
comparison to world’s average of 224.5 kg . This is because
• Poor infrastructure
• Nearly ¾ of Indian population live in villages which require very small quantities of
steel.
• To carry steel to these areas is difficult because of improper means of transport.
• Low developed remote areas are not in need of steel.
• Per annum 70.9 kg steel is being used in India because it is expensive and cheap
substitutes are easily available .

Q2. Write the difference between mini steel plants and integrated steel plant?
Ans
Mini Steel Plants
a) These are smaller steel plants
b) These plants use steel scraps and sponge
iron in making steel.
c) They use electric and induction furnace.
d) They are decentralized smaller units to
meet local demands.
e) Use re rollers
Integrated Steel Plants
a) These are larger steel plants
b) These plants use basic raw material in
making steel.
c) They use blast furnace.
d) They are concentrated near the source of
raw material and market and also cater to
both domestic and international needs.
e) Use rolling and shaping

V. Aluminium Smelting
a) It is the 2nd most important metallurgical industry in India. It is light, resistant to corrosion, a
good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
b) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
c) This industry has gained popularity as aluminium is used as substitute of steel, copper, zinc
and lead.
d) Important aluminium plants are : Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, U.P., Maharashtra etc.
e) Bauxite as a raw material is used in smelters is very bulky, dark, reddish, coloured rock used
to produce Aluminium.

4 to 6 tonne of Bauxite is used to produce 2 tonnes of Alumina from which 1 tonne of

Aluminium is produced.

f) Regular supply of electricity and assured raw material at minimum cost are the prime factors
for location of this industry.

VI. Chemical Industrial

a) It is the fast growing and diversifying industry. Rapid growth has been recorded in both
organic and inorganic sector.
b) Inorganic Chemicals include: - Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, soda ash, caustic soda. These
chemicals are used in glass industry, plastic industry, paint industry, dyes industry etc.
c) Organic Chemicals – It includes petro chemicals and these industries are located near oil
refineries and petro chemical plants.
d) Chemical industry is it own largest consumer as basic chemicals undergo processing to
further produce other chemicals which are used in agriculture, industries etc.

VII. Fertiliser Industry

a) It is centered on places where production of nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers and
ammonium phosphate and other complex fertilizers which have combination of nitrogen,
phosphate and potash takes place.
b) After Green Revolution this industry has expanded to several parts of India like Punjab,
Kerala, U.P , Gujarat, Delhi etc.

VIII. Cement Industry

a) Essential for construction activity i.e. building houses, airports, dams etc. It requires bulky
and heavy raw material like limestone, silica and gypsum.
b) Coal and electric power are required apart from railway transport.
c) Plants in Gujarat are strategically located to cater to the demand raised in market in Gulf
countries.
d) First cement plant was located in 1904 in Chennai.
e) Improvement in quality has created demand in East Asia, Middle East , Africa and South
Asia apart from huge demand within the country.

IX. Automobile Industry

(a) Provides vehicle for quick transportation of goods, services and passengers. Vehicles like
trucks, buses, cars, scooters, 3- wheelers, multi utility vehicles are manufactured in India.
(b) After liberalization with the launch of new and contemporary models the demands for
vehicles have increased.
(c) Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad,
Jamshedpur, Bengaluru are the major centers of automobile industry.

X. Information Technology and Electronics Industry

(a) Electronic industry covers wide variety of products like transistors, T.V., telephone, cellular
telecom, radio, computer etc. Bengaluru is often termed as the electronic capital of India.
(b) Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the
other important centers.
(c) There are many software technology parks in the country like Bengaluru, Noida, Pune,
Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai etc. This industry had generated a large number of employments.
(d) Continuous growth in hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in
India.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

• Industries are responsible for majorly four types of pollution: Air, Water, Land and Noise.
• The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.
(a) Air Pollution: High proportion of undesirable gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide
and carbon monoxide create air pollution. Suspended particulate matters also create problems.
Smoke is emitted from chimneys of various factories like chemical, paper industry. Few
factories run on fossil fuels also produces lot of smoke. Some industry also pose the risk of leak
of hazardous chemicals; the way it happened during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Air pollution has
adverse effect on human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the atmosphere as a whole.

(b) Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents cause water
pollution. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, etc. are the
main culprits of water pollution. Some industries also produce a solid waste which is released
in water like fly ash, phospo gypsum, steel and iron slag.

(c) Thermal Pollution: It occurs when hot water from factories or thermal plants is drained
into rivers and ponds before cooling. This impacts the aquatic life. Waste from nuclear power
plants contains highly radioactive materials and it needs to be properly stored. Any leakage of
radioactive material can cause short term and long term damages to humans as well as to other
life forms.

(d) Noise Pollution: Noise pollution can result in constant irritation, stress, and hypertension
and hearing impairment. Factory equipments, machinery, generators, electric drills, etc. are the
major sources of noise pollution.

(e) Land Pollution: The Industrial waste is dumped into ground causing soil/ land pollution.
Rain water when seeps through it cause contamination of ground water.

Preventing Environmental Degradation by Industry:

Every litre of waste water pollutes 8 times the quantity of fresh water.
Some Suggestions are:-
a) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry should be regulated legally.

b) Particulate matter in air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories – fabric filters,
scrubbers etc.
c) Water should be reused and recycled in the industry. This will help in minimizing the use of
freshwater. Rainwater harvesting should be promoted.
d) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
e) Machines and other factory equipments and generators should have silencer installed to
reduce noise pollution. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear
plugs and ear phones.
f) All machineries should be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Q1. How can the industrial pollution of Fresh Water be reduced?

Ans. Suggestions:
a) Minimising use of fresh water for processing, reusing or recycled water should be used for
this purpose.
b) Rain water harvesting to be promoted.
c) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents:

a) Primary treatment – by mechanical means like screening, sedimentation etc.
b) Secondary Treatment – by biological processes.
c) Tertiary Treatment – by biological, chemical and physical processes.

Q2. Explain the role of NTPC in conservation of environment.

Ans . NTPC – National Thermal Power Corporation. It has ISO certification for Environment
Management System.
The corporation has proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources
like water, oil, gas, fuels etc.
This has been possible through –
a) Minimizing waste generation and maximizing ash utilization.
b) Recycling and reusing water.
c) Establishing green belts for promoting ecological balance.
d) Adopting latest techniques and upgrading of machineries.
e) Reducing environment pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling etc.