Pages PAVERS 5 Definitions 54 Young's Modulus (E) ‘The Youngs modulus [Nims 9 material property and can be assessed according to NEN-EN 13296, [NEN 8579 or NBN B18.230. An inden of Young's meduus can be assessed rom governing design ‘odes, 52 Stiffness Module (8) ue to the viscolasic nature of biuminous mixes, the Young's modults of asphalt varies wit temperate and losing me, The behavior modus ie deserved wih 2 sitfess modulus (Nran'] versus loading time reaonship st varous oadng tines (Master-cuve). The back-caleulated sites ‘modulus at ambient tonperature of FWD lasing shoul be shifted to asifnass a reference temperature 153. Poisson's ratio) “The Poisson's rato] canbe measured using resonance measurements andthe ‘betontester. NEN 6720 suggests Patsso’ ats for concrete between 0,10 and 020. A common vale e015. The suggested Polseon rato for aephal and unbound mater e028 and © 80 respectively. 54 Subgrade modulus (k) ‘The subgrade modulus [Nim is @ material propery. The constant. k which defines the subgrade andr feundeton in classical works of raed paverrents tha modus of subgrade reacton. The reacion ‘he foundaton onthe sab ls k tos the deflection, and represents the reacWve pressure ta load Induces dafiecton.t ean be determined tough plate icing tests ata stand plate areter of 760 centimetres or by bactcalubtion of FMD tests. Noto that kis tess and geomaly dependant charatenste 55. Shear modulus 6) The shear moras parameter G (Ninn) canbe seen asa horzental damping ping, which is connected {o Winkers verteal raping. The inrodueton of haraontal unkage, Pastenakes Shoat modus. ‘irwers mods allows fr the removal ofthe sisrepancies between Westegear'sthery and Mul layer theory, whe the great advantapos of Westorgaaré's mode! (edge anc come’ loadig) can be ‘mantaned incase G=0, oe aves ta Wekler type foundation. 55 Detection ratio “The detection rato [defined 2s the aio ofthe defecon measured athe edge ofthe unloaded sab and te doecton measure atthe edge ofthe loaded sad The shear tanster at he jon can be entered 8 efecton rat, 57 Flexural strength “The flexural sirngth [Ninn is datned as the strength ofthe material when abjecte to bending. The fexuralstengt ofthe concrete i used nthe fatgue relation and can be dave rom the rect tere {eat (spite unin compression test on cove or cube apacimen For several ages of te cones ‘and two types of aggregst (ound or broken) regressions equations have buen detved In ors t alu the esr song 5:8 Surface Curvatwe Index ‘The Surface Curvature index or SCI is datned asthe dference between destin (ym) at the oad canter and ine dalton ata cotan dstance Wom th load center, For spo pavement @ distance of $000 mms taken 59° Lateral wands ‘Due to ferent gear assombles thse ctical postions are not equally loaded by all akeat's. Arca can nave two or mors landing gears at aifrentpostons trom to body ofthe aera. Fustharmor a ‘movements of one aie, me staring and landing, do ot occur atthe same postan. The poston of landing for example i iuenced by the pits accuracy, cross wind, wth of runway et. Ths ‘Phenomenon sealed lateral wander and is normaly smplfed by ding ell mavements nto & normal ‘Sstuton around the cntrine marking onthe pavernant {$2000 NATO Athi poo oa oy wal yy erm “we apo ‘erate worse NATO nations memoers cea yt Sie@ Pago? 540 Fatigue Like ote structure! materials, pavement matrils are subjoct othe effects of fatgue. Fatigue can be defined as the phesomenon of Facure under repealed o hucuating sess, having 8 masmum valve of {general lss than the ultmate stength of he matera. Fatigue fture induced by load repetitions ad {emperature vations fs one of th basic stucual dsvesses which afet perfomance of pavements For concrete the load varies between a minimum sess due fo temperature and 2 maximum stess de © the combined ef: of temperature and wae Induced stresses, The mist or Centar of ote edge ‘garded as the mest tal postion ofa concrete (ia) pavement. In fatgue relations of cone the ‘minum and masmum stresses ae exmaly exrested In percentages of the allowable Fen ‘Sength For asphat ne wate ncuced sain the governing fatigue parameter. 541 Paverentite Pavements do not fi suddenly but gradually. Deviation in marl svength and constructed layer thickness havea pofound nuance on te fabgue behavior and ths onthe span of the avert ie This implies that pavement periomance or remaring Ife predictors must consier ths vara, ‘Therefore the remaring Ife predictors win tis standards deduced fom an evaluation ofa ast 30 Indveua test resuts @ 9. asphat test localons or concrete slab. Sitsics ore appled to eaoees representative pavement ie at a cetain percent pat and wih a certain confidence ntval of the ‘pavement ie datauton. The pavement ile of Both asphat and concrete pavements based on fl Eraceng 1542. ACN-PCN mithod Universal system fr detaining the welght intaton of scraft operating on alrort pavements by a [procedure of comparing an arport's PavarertClasiicaton Number (PCN) witha Aiplane Caesscaton [Number (ACN): According to this waddle standard, aeraf can safely operate on a pavement f ha [ACN is lss than or equal to the pavement load Bearhg capacty or PCN An erat having ACN. ‘qual oo ess than a PCN can operate wrinoutwelght retiesons ona pavement. 8y the defntion of the ACN-PCN matt, the PON i the ACN af the aera whicn imposes a severly of lading aval f the maximum permted on the pavement for unrestricted use. i of vnaton nay fom andy ay mean wee aot ‘esored wornide or NATO atonal members coated byt itPogo PAVERS 6 Measurement Devices 6.4 Falling Weight Deflectometer ‘Tho Feling Weight Dsfeclometer (FAD) is device that divers a transient free impute to the pavement sutace. The equipment uses a woigt fats ied fo a gven aight on a gud sytem and is {hen cropped. The fang weight stkes 2 300 mm crelar fect at. By varying the mass ofthe faking weight or the drop height or bth, the impulse oad can be varied. Tris lad may be varied between 10 KN {0 160 KN forthe roplar FWD types and 30 RN to 250 kN fort heavy FWWD'. Usually the acronym WD (Heavy Weight Celctomete) is used to indcate FIND's capable of produceg lad lovls of some 200 KN or more. I stoud be noted thatthe pulse duration ofthe FWD and HD are ental Hence the Beak oad ony ffects he magnitude ofthe deflections The rescuton ofthe deflections should be such {hat an adequate recotion for back caklatonf oblaed. When De te FIMD is used inthis Standard, the tent abo apples fOHD and veo ore, excapt forte maximum oad level Figure 6.4 Van and FWD traler combination; Principe of FWD in operation “The main pnp of the fling welght detectomster Is based on measuring the surface delctons due to'a fling welght. The defectors are measured by moans of vlocty Wanssucers (geoprenes) st Varous dstaneas fom the load center "The FWD test equipment must comply with specicatont publshed i CROW Record 18 52 Ultrasonic measuring device ‘The dynamic sifoess modulus must be detemined by means of ulasoni teeing. The apparatus consists ofan electcal pulse generate, a pa of Vaneduce's, an ampifer, and an slecronc Sing fevice for measuring the timo interval elapsing between the enoot ofa pulse ganeate at ansmiting ‘wansducer andthe ensat ofs rrval atte evaivng Vansdicr The tet equipment must mpl wth _specfeatons according to NEN-EN 12296, ‘623 Indivect tena test equipment ‘The flexural strengthcan be determined fom the recut of the indirect eile test. At tho indect tense ‘teat the specimens subjected toa dametral compressive load force. The test equipment ofthe indirect “one tst must comply with standards publahed in NEN-EN-T2390, \64 Uniaxial compression test equipment “The flexural strength may be dedvcted from the cesuts of the uniaxial compressive svength using @ ‘laton between conprassve and Hexual strength Al the Une compression test the specmen is ‘subjected to an ungwal compressive ad. Th test equpment ofthe unawal compressive tst mest ‘empy with slandares published in NEN-EN-12300 ‘BDNNO NATO sae of egctaton nay om ad by ay re ven apero esewed werd fr NATO nasonal mentee ceatedbyht Set