Compendium to ”Adjusted Rating Life (ISO Standard) or New Adjusted Load Rating?” The New STEYR Rolling Bearing Solution Where a certain operating condition (formation of lubricating film) is to be taken into consideration, this may be done by introducing the adequate (equivalent) a,, factor into the formula for the adjusted rating life which is Cc p La = 1 + 23 new) ( roa) Fe life adjustment factor for material and lubrication — see fig.4, can be determined with the aid of fig.2 and fig.3 Increased rating life Lio new Fe = P... dynamic equivalent load life adjustment factor for reliability — see fig.1 99,9 | | gg > | S[%] | 90 80 }— 70 T s 1 —_____. 0,1 0,2 0,5 a 2 ome 45 10 Fig. 1 ap a, life adjustment factor for reliability (according to WEIBULL)1000 = = =H 500 K is = pease [ m/e] Ot mm?/s NI a PO a 90 100 t | ES eo BS 50 Sa 00. 4 we mt] S eS eS a 20 Le S005 N y ze I Sas EES : Wea SRN J 3 idm [mm] Fig. 2 20 50 100 200 500 1000 Required minimum viscosity of lubricant (reference viscosity) v, as function of mean bearing diameter d,, = Y2(D + d) and speedn2 [mm/s] hi D, R 50 ov » 20 10 Viscosity index = 95 + + Fig.3 67 8910 2 S18 40) On? 89910" 2 3 Operating viscosity v as function of temperature t and nominal viscosity at 40°C v4; viscosity - temperature - (V-T) - diagram10 (new) 423 , | | | 0,5 0,2 | 0,1 ——_ noe 0/05 | | ee 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10 Operating condition Range Unfavourable operating conditions; bad or moderate sealing; contaminated or unsuitable lubricants Normal operating conditions; good or very good sealing; clean and suitable additive lubricants Ideal operating conditions; optimum sealing; extremely zz clean lubricants, surfaces are completely separated by lubricating film = transition to fatigue strength Fig. 4 Factor a2, as function of viscosity ratio =. # = “hyAddress: STEYR Waizlager Postfach 120 ‘A-4400 STEYA, Telephone: ‘Steyr (7252) 62841 A. §. » + 2688 68 27 0803 Telex: 28008 stdpwa STEYR-DAIMLER-PUCH AKTIENGESELLSCHAFTCOPYRIGHT 1962 by Steyr-Daimler-Puch AGModified Rating Life (ISO Standard) or New Modified Load Rating? The International Standards ISO 281-1977 and ISO 76-1978 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the representative body of the industrial states for the purpose of filing, discussing and establishing international standards. Its sole aim is to intensify international cooperation and technological progress. Its valid standards may be adopted directly or must be modified by the national standardization organizations according to the technical standard of the respective countries. International standards faithfully reflect positive scientific findings which have been assured and acknowledged. Individualistic activities disturb both the international cooperation and the confidence between manufacturers and users of rolling bearings. ISO 281-1977 specities the following rules: The dynamic load rating C depends on ® the number and size of the rolling elements © the contact angie between the rolling elements and the raceways ® the manufacturing accuracy © the material (conventional rolling bearing steel); The probability that the bearings will attain or exceed the rating life amounts to 90%. The modified rating life L,, depends on © the dynamic load rating, the dynamic equivalent load, the life expectancy, the lubricating conditions and the material (improvement as compared to conventional rolling bearing steel). {SO 76-1978 specifies that @ the static load rating C, is being calculated on the additional limiting condition of a certain piastic deformation. Unfortunately no figures are given for the influential factors which take into account reliable lubricating conditions, competent mounting and improved materials. As a consequence, a number of different service life values and life diagrams have developed with the individual rolling bearing manufacturers. The state of development of the rolling bearing technology The technological progress does not come to a halt. In the field of the rolling bearing technology decisive improvements have been made in the last 10— 15 years which on the whoie brought about an increase in the reliability of the products or ina figurative sense, an extension of the service life of the products.They are.as follows: ® Improved production processes and production means (industrial process technique) ® refined measuring instruments and measuring machinery (testing technique) more uniform material structure (material technique) stabler lubricants (lubrication technique) new findings on friction and wear (tribo technique) mounting and sealing made more suitable for rolling bearings (application technique) e@ © © @ The rolling bearing manufacturer has a direct influence on the first three improvements which, however, are only partly responsible for the whole. A considerable infuence is being exercised by the other factors. The lubricants which are at hand guarantee the formation of a reliable lubricating film (long service life), an assembly made more suitable for roiling bearings saves them from incalculable additional forces and more effective sealings protect the bearings from any type of dirt. The cooperation between rolling bearing manufacturers, lubricant producers. and rolling bearings users is also an important prerequisite. In order to confirm ail these important influences, vast investigations concerning the life curves and requiring both time and money were made with different lubricating states and different degrees of contamination. The hitherto existing results speak a clear language: In the absolutely clean atmosphere of a laboratory the actual service life rises by a multiple of the calculated value. Vice versa, however, it decreases to a mere fraction in the case of a higher degree of contamination. Research results have even confirmed that rolling bearings are no “special” machinery elements provided they are given the proper treatment and maintenance — they have a defined fatigue strength such as is the case with each bolt, screw, pin or shaft. Yet it's of no use for individuais to go ahead and rashly apply these lab results in practice and put them on an broad basis. Because after almost one century of rolling bearing development such findings should first be discussed and acknowledged by technical experts before being included in international standardization. This is a fundamental principle of scientific seriousness. Apart from the fatigue strength, it can be safely assumend — provided the above conditions are strictly adhered to —that the reliability and service life expectancy of rolling bearings are not detrimentally influenced by an increase of the (caiculated) rating life © for ball bearings by 2,2 times © for roller bearings by 1,5 times. In this connection it should be mentioned that according to the standard definition 90 % of all rolling bearings supplied by the manufacturer may attain this rating life, but that on the other hand according to the statistical distribution law 50% of all bearings will attain a rating life 5 times higher than the calculated one. Generally speaking, the static load rating plays a subordinate part. In American investigations, however, it has been proved that it is possible to change from the criterion of a certain plastic deformation to that of a certain Hertzian pressure. According to this calculation method the static loadratings C, are increased considerably, particularly for roller bearings. A relevant Draft ISO Standard has been under work for some years. STEYR rolling bearings are being manufactured according to the latest state of technology, Most modern manufacturing methods and materials of the highest quality are being used. This results in bearings of the highest internationai quality level. For this reason we have decided to improve the performance data of our rolling bearings. With the ‘‘modified dynamic load rating” we consider influences of the hydrodynamic lubricating film formation and the improvement of the contact geometry which has already been carried out formerly. With the “modified static load rating” we are using the calculation method of the American AFBMA-standard. The New STEYR Rolling Bearing Solution The magnitude of the modified rating life according to ISO 281/1 an/or ONORM M 6320/1 is given by the formula e C0 La = G1. A. as. | Rating life~see STEYR Technica! Manual lubricant factor material factor life expectancy factor As = G).a;= 2.2 for ball bearings = 1.5 for roller bearings @,= 1.0 for 90% reliability = 0.21 for 99 % reliability We are well aware that we will somewhat obscure the clear definition of the rating lite equation, if we include the formation of the lubricating film into the dynamic load rating and thus take this lubricating film formation granted for each individual application, though this is now being often demanded in practice. For bail bearings the factor amounts to 30% (a2, = 2.2) and tor roller bearings 12.5% (@z3 = 1.5). The influence of geometry has not yet been taken into consideration. With a modified dynamic load rating Cj.oq calculated in such a way, the probability that the bearings will attain or exceed the rating life wil! still amount to 90%, which means, according to the standard, a 90% reliability. With the help of the above load rating the increased rating life is being calculated as follows: Coooa \P ban 4B Besides we continue to use the standard load ratings Cjgo. With these load ratings the rating life retains its former vaiue; yet, given a careful treatment andmaintenance of the bearings, an operating reliability of about 100% may be expected. It goes without saying that any operating condition (formation of lubricating film) can be taken into consideration by the use of the equivalent factor az3. With the above we have tried to give you a both scientific and practical statement ( concerning the defintion of the “load rating” which has recently been \ represented in a highly divergent and thus confusing way; concerning a term which is more and more exposed to advertising and which as the “‘internationaily standardized and defined characteristic” can only be used for technical calculations without risk when strictly adhering to the respective definition.PREFACE In 197 the “STEYR Rolling Bearings Catalogue" was represented in a thoroughly changed arrangement as compared to former editions. We were very pleased about the positive echo we got from our customers and have gratefully accepted the various proposals for possible improvements. This revised and extended edition was cailed ‘‘Technical Manual" by us, since its most important purpose is the handing on of topical engineering knowledge about the roiling bearing and its environment and not the catalogueing of standardized rolling bearing data - which, of course, is aso included. We have always tried hard to comply with ail the customers’ requests —in a lot size justifiable from a manufacturing point of view. Bearings included in the standard production programme are generally on stock or can be supplied within a short period of time. With bearings of the production programme for special requirements, the special production programme and with rare specifications we try to fulfil our customers’ requests as quickly as possible. A look at the bearing tables will show you many innovations: extension within the diameter range, new bearing series, enlargement of the RS deep groove bali bearing programme with seals of a new type, reinforced pillow biocks with Lambda seals which have already proved successful for some years, and so on. For the production programme for special requirements and the special production programme new construction elements are continuously being developed and integrated in the solution of topical problems which are to bring about an optimum of economy and a minimum of energy loss. We take into consideration the latest developments in the field of technology and carry out changes which are due to progress and which are valuable for our customers —even without speciai announcement. In the equations for the calculation of the bearing life the design engineer will find all the symbols familiar to him. Use should also be made of the graphs to be found in the publications “STEYR Walzlager Technik" for the evaluation of the rating life and the relative costs. Finally one word more: Our engineers concerned with the appiication technique can offer much experience in the driving technology and would be pleased to act as your discussion partners for optimized solutions. Steyr, June 1981 SIDI BearingsTable 2.2/1 Table 2.2/2 Table 2.2/3 Table 2.3/1 Table 2.4/1 Table 2.6/1 Table 2.6/2 Table 3.1/1 Table 3.1/2 Table 3.1/3 Table 3.1/4 Table 3.1/5 Table 3.21 Table 3.2/2 Table 3.2/3 Table 3.2/4 Table 3.2/5 Table 3.2/6 Table 4.1/1 Table 4.1/2 Table 4.1/3 Table 4.1/4 Table 4.1/5, Table 4.1/6 Table 4.3/1 Table 4.3/2 Tabie 4.3/3 Table 43/4 Table 4.3/5 Table 4.3/6 Table 5.2/1 Table 6.2/1 Table 6.2/2 Table 6.2/3 LIST OF TABLES Empirical life values Dynamic toad factors for combined loading . Additionat factors for dynamic loading . Static load factors for combined loading - Thrust load factors for cylindrical roller bearings . Coefficients of friction . . . . . Suffixes and temperature factor for elevated operating temperatures : Tolerances of radial bearings, except tapered roller bearings . Tolerances of tapered roller bearings . Tolerances of thrust bearings - Tolerances for chamfer dimensions . Tapered bore tolerances . Radial clearance of deep groove ball bearings ‘without iting slots, single-row . Le Radial clearance of cylindrical roller bearings . Radiat clearance of self-aligning bail bearings . Radial clearance of spherical roller bearings. Axiai clearance of four-point contact bearings Axial clearance of doubie-row angular contact ball bearings | Recommended tolerance fields for solid shafts (of steel) Shaft fits for radial bearings . oe Shaft fits for adapter and withdrawal sieeves . Recommended tolerance fields for housings (of steel or cast iron). Housing fits for radial bearings... an Maximum peak-to-valley values of fits . Fillets and shoulder heights . - : Dimensions of contacting parts for cylindrical roller bearings. Dimensions of contacting parts for tapered roller bearings . Dimensions of contacting parts for adapter sleeves Snap ring grooves in the outer ring . . Snap rings for bearings with snap ring groove in the outer t fing . Reference values for the reduction of radial clearance and the axial dis- placement of the inner ring or the sleeve during mounting . Properties and structure of some important greases. Type coefficients Dimensions of grease valves Page a Ss BaABRLS axa SSSSRRSaR41 1A 1.4.2 12 1.24 1.2.2 4.23 124 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 133 13.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.8 1.39 1.3.10 21 22 224 2.2.2 22.21 2.2.2.2 22.2.3 223 2.23.1 2.2.3.2 223.24 22.3.2.2 2.23.23 234 23.2 CONTENTS ‘Types and production programme of STEYR rolling bearings . Denomination of rolling bearing component parts Ball bearings Roller bearings . Designations of rolling bearings. Prefixes . Base designations : Suffixes : Examples for complete bearing designations Characteristics of bearing types . Deep groove bail bearings Magneto bearings Angular contact ball bearings Self-aligning ball bearings Cylindrical roller bearings Spherical roller bearings Tapered roller bearings . Thrust ball bearings Pillow blocks Accessory parts Determination of size and type Distinguishing characteristics for the selection of bearings . Calculation of bearing size for dynamic loading Dynamic toad rating Rating life and service life . Equation of rating life . Empirical values of rating life for various applications . Service life. Dynamic equivalent toad and external bearing load . Dynamic equivalent load. External bearing load Consideration of additional forces byt means of ‘additional factors Variable load and variable speed Loading with adjusted and preloaded bearings. Calculation of bearing size for static loading . Static load rating Static equivalent toad . Page W Wt 13 43 14 14 18 18 19 19 at 22 23 23 24 24 25 p 3 BEESESSBRLLELSRBBBBY23.3 24 241 24.2 243 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 31 32 3.2.1 3.2.2 32.21 8222 33 34 44.1 44.2 Static load carrying capacity . Limiting loads . Maximum permissible thrust load of cylindrical roller bearings: Minimum toad of thrust bail bearings . Maximum permissible thrust load of deep groove ball bearings Speed and speed limit. . Friction characteristics and operating temperature . Coefficient of friction and friction torque - Operating temperature and material behaviour. . Bearing design Dimensional accuracy, form accuracy and running accuracy . Bearing clearance initialclearance . . . . Calculation of internal clearance Reduction of radial clearance by fits . Changes of radial clearance due to the influence of temperature. Types of cages Running noise... Design of bearing applications . . Fits. Selection of fits . Selection of tolerance fields Surface finish of bearing seats . . Axial fixing of bearings . Dimensions of contacting parts . Fillets and shoulder heights . . Dimensions of contacting parts for cylindrical roller bearings . Dimensions of contacting parts for tapered roller bearings . Dimensions of contacting parts for adapter sieeves . Snap ring grooves in the outer ring Snap rings for bearings with snap ring groove in ‘the outer ring. Sealing of bearing appiications . bee Non-rubbing seals Rubbing seals 73 W 73 7 80, RES 86 88 89 a1 1 92443 Aad 51 52 53 61 6.2 6.2.1 622 63 63.1 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.4.3 6.3.4.4 6.3.1.5 6.3.2 6.3.3 64 7 7A 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Combined seals - Sealed bearings . Recommendations for the mounting and dismounting of bearings . Mounting of cylindrica! bore bearings Mounting of tapered bore bearings Dismounting of bearings. Lubrication . Selection of type of lubrication Grease lubrication Types of grease | Relubrication, grease quantity Oillubrication . Lubrication systems Oil bath fubrication . Circulating oii lubrication . Oil mist lubrication, oit air lubrication Splash oi! lubrication Total loss oil lubrication . Selection of iubricating oil - . Determination of lubricating oil quantity, oll change, ‘oil ageing Lubrication with solid lubricants. Examples of typical calculations Bearing for gears Reversing gear of an agricultural equipment Deep groove bail bearing for clutches . Wheel bearing arrangement of an automotive vehicle (truck-t frontwheel) Bearing arrangement of a fan Internal clearance (steel housing) . internal clearance (light metal housing). Bearing arrangement of an electric motor . Bearing arrangement of the countershaft of a saw- frame . BEARING TABLES . ge 95 888 ~ 105 - 106 - 106 106 . 107 . 2 2 » 12 13 5 115 115, . 116 . 118 ng 421 124 123 127 129 . 134 . 136 «138 . 141 . 144 149Types and production programme of STEYR rolling bearings Rolling bearings are classified @ in ball and roller bearings according to the type of rolling elements, @ in radial and thrust bearings according to the predominant type of ioad; © according to the type of production is being made between the standard production programme, the destinction programme for special requirements and the special production programme. The standard production programme includes ball and roller bearings, housing elements and ball and rolier bearing elemants of the standard series. It represenis that portion of our comprehensive supply programme with which most of our bearing arrangements can be built. These bearings are in stock or can be delivered within a short period of time. The production programme for special requirements represents the part of our supply programme which aims at meeting special requirements and which is being produced for one or more customers. it includes construction elements of standard bearings. Delivery is made on agreement according to the technical specifications. The special production programme deals with solving extremely difficult problems of the bearing technique. Research work and tests have to be done for the specific project. An early cooperation of designers and specialists as to the application of rolling bearings is necessary. Innovation and new technologies determine the solution. ° OBSTEYR standard production programme Deep groove ball 161, 160 bearings 60, 60 Z, 60-22, 60 RS, 60-2RS, 60 N, 60 ZN, 60-2ZN 62, 62 Z, 62-22, 62 RS, 62-2RS, 62 N, 62 ZN, 62-2ZN 68, 63 Z, 63-22, 63 RS, 63-2RS, 63 N, 63 ZN, 63-2ZN 64, 84N RLS, RMS 42 | Magneto bearings E,BO,L,M alk D2 Angular contact 5 B | ball bearings, 728,738 3 g single-row 72 BG, 73 BG = {© Four-point 3 contact bearings QJ 2, QU3 Angular contact ball bearings, double-row 92, 33 Self-aligning ball 12, 12 K, 13, 13 K 112 bearings 22, 22 K, 23, 23 K 113 4] Thrust ball 511, 512, 532, 532 U, 613, 533, 533 U, 514, 534, 5384 U E | bearings 522, 542, 542 U, 523, $43, 543 U, 524, 544, 544 U rs Cylindrical roller N 10, NU 10, NJ 10, NUP 10 bearings N2,NU2,NJ2,NUP2 NU 2E, NJ 2E, NUP 2E NU 22, NJ 22,NUP 22 NU 22E,NJ 225, NUP 22€ N3,NU3,NJ3,NUP3 NU 3E,NJ3&, NUP SE NU 23, NJ 23, NUP 23 NU 236, NJ 236, NUP 23E N 4, NU 4, NJ 4, NUP 4 8 Outer rings ANU 10, RNU 2, RNU 22, RNU 3, RNU 23, RNU 4 5 with roller set. RNU 2E, RNU 22E, RNU SE, ANU 23E 3 2 Inner rings RN 2, RN 3, RN 4 2 with roiler set 3 Angle rings HJ 10, HJ 2, HJ 22, Hd 3, Hd 23, Hd 4 3 HJ 2, Hd 22E, HJ SE, HJ 23E © Spherical roller 222 C, 222 CK bearings 223 G, 223 CK Tapered roller 320 X, 302, 303, 313 bearings 322, 323 mI14 4A 11 14d Denomination of rolling bearing component parts Rolling bearings are machine elements which are composed of various component parts. The following drafts show the most common technicai terms for component parts as well as detaiis of the various types of bearings. Ball bearings single-row bearing snap ring outer diameter : raceway snap ring chamfer outer ring shield (or sea!) cage — | ball ee inner ring cylindrical bore tapered bore shaft washer yer housing washer support washer rolling element filling slot single-acting thrust bearing double-gating thrust bearing =a N al ball set “=~ eontact angle entre washer flat housing washer double-row bearing41.2 - 12 Roller bearings outer ring with integral lips raceway ZZ _-barrel roller | iocating lip. oylindrical roller fj roller set ee) a __ a4 N NN S{--——~ inner ring without lips (lipless ring) le ll — angle ring lubricating groove _ubricating hole outer ring (cup) ~ tapered roller ———- guide lip inner ring (cone) with roller set12—~- 4.2.4 1.2 Designation of rolling bearings Bearing designations clearly identify the bearing and inform about a given specification. Rolling bearings with the same designations are interchangeable. in the case of separable rolling bearings the specification cannot always be guaranteed, once parts have been interchanged. Bearings designations consist of individual groups, each group giving some specific information. Co Prefix ee | | i Symbol for the bearing series ed Base designation {einee| for the bearing bore ——-—-— Suttix cs Prefixes normally identity components of compiete bearings Base designations consist of symbols for the bearing series and the bearing bore: Suffixes give additional information about external dimensions, external design, sealing, cage, tolerances, bearing clearance, thermal stability etc. 121 Prefixes K Cage with rolling elements (ball or rolter set), Example: K§1208 = cage with balls (bal! set) of a thrust ball bearing 512.08. L Lipiess ring (mostly of a separable bearing), Exampie: LNU 208 = inner ring of a cylindrical roller bearing NU 208, L 303 07 = outer ring of a tapered roller bearing 303 07. R Bearing ring (inner or outer ring) with roller set, Example: RNU 208 = outer ring with roller set of a cylindrical roller bearing NU 208, RN 208 = inner ring with roller set of a cylindrical roller bearing N 208, 30307 = inner ring with roller set of a tapered roller bearing 303 07. RB Bail Example: RB 30 = ball with a diameter of 30 mm. RC Cylindrical roller Example: RC 5xt5 = = _ cylindrical rolier, diameter 5mm, length 15mm_ RS Barrel-shaped roller Example: RS 22308 = barrel-shaped roller for spherical roller bearing 223 08. RT Tapered roller Example: RT 32308 = tapered roller for tapered roller bearing 323 08,1.21—122—123 BO. Loose rib of a cylindrical rofler bearing, Example: BO.NUP 208 = loose rib of a cylindrical roller bearing NUP 208, BO.NP 208 = loose rib of a cylindrical roller bearing NP 208. W Shaft washer of a thrust ball bearing, single acting, Exampie: W210 = shaft washer of a thrust ball bearing 51210 or 532 10. G Housing washer of a thrust ball bearing, single or double acting, Example: G 210 = housing washer of a thrust ball bearing 512 10 or 522 10. M Centre washer of a thrust ball bearing double acting, Exampie: M210 = centre washer of a thrust bal! bearing 522 10 or 542 10. B Spherical housing washer of a thrust ball bearing, single or double acting, Example: B 210 = spherical housing washer of a thrust ball bearing 582 10 or 542 10. U Support washer of a thrust ball bearing, single or double acting, Example: U 210 = support washer of a thrust ball bearing 532 10U or 642 10U. 1.22 Base designations Base designations identify the bearing type. The symbol for the bearing series classifies the bearing type according to outside diameter and width in coded form. Bore reference number 00 for bore diameter 10 mm 01 for bore diameter 12mm 02 for bore diameter 15 mm 03 for bore diameter 17 mm. from bore reference number 04 onwards: Reference number x 5 = bore diameter in mm. Exceptions: Deep groove bail bearing less than 10 mm bore (last figure = bore in mm) Series RLS, RMS (main dimensions in inches) 1.2.3 Suffixes Internal construction A,B,C These letters are used for the identification of changed design characteristics, Example; 7208B = angular contact ball bearing with changed internai construction. @3GO GL VH K30 2N NR Nt N2 N3 Na N5 N6 D 2wW 2G Cylindrical roller bearing with reinforced internal construction, Example: NU 2305E. Universal type of single-row angular contact bail bearings. Both O and X arrangements have a smal! amount of clearance (bearing seat j5/J6). Bearing such as G, but clearance O. Bearing such as G, but with a smail preload. Bearing without cage (full complement bail or full complement roller bearing). Bearing such as V, but with self-retaining roller set. Bearing self-retaining (only with otherwise separable bearings). &xternal dimensions and external design Bearings and accessory parts with external dimensions altered to con- form to the international standard ISO. The symbol is only used for a tran- sition period. Example: $12 06 X = thrust ball bearing 512 06 with its outside dia- meter reduced in accordance with ISO, AHX 2322 = withdrawal sleeve AH 23 22 with its bore dia- meter increased in accordance with ISO. Tapered bore bearing, taper 1:12, Example: 1207. Tapered bore bearing, taper 1:30, Bearing with snap ring groove in the outer diameter of the outer ring, Example: 62 07 N. Bearing with two snap ring grooves in the outer diameter of the outer ring. Bearing with snap ring groove and appurtenant snap ring, Example: 62 07 NR. Bearing with one supporting groove in the outer ring. Bearing with two supporting grooves on one side of the outer ring. Bearing with one snap ring groove on the one side and one supporting groove on the other side of the outer ring. Bearing with one snap ring groove on the one side and two supporting grooves on the other side of the outer ring. Bearing with one snap ring groove and one supporting groove on the same side of the outer ring, Bearing with one snap ring groove and two supporting grooves on the same side of the outer ring, Bearing with collar on the outer ring. Doubie-row bearing with split inner ring or two-part adapter sieeve, Example: 33 10D. Spherical roller bearing with split outer ring. Raceway of lipless ring, spherical. Thrust bail bearing with two shaft washers, Example: $12 12-2 W. Thrust ball bearing with two housing washers.Sealing Zz Bearing with shield (non-rubbing seal) on one side, Example: 62 07 Z. 2z Bearing with shields on both sides, Example: 62 07-2 Z_ RS. Bearing with seal (rubbing seal} on one side, Example: 62 07 RS. 2RsS Bearing with seals on both sides, Example: 62 07-2 RS. ZN Bearing with shield (seal) and snap ring groove on the opposite side, (RSN) Example: 6207 ZN. ZNB Bearing with shieid (seal) and snap ring groove on the same side, (RSNB) Example: 6207 ZNB. ZNBR __ Bearing such as ZNB (RSNB), however, with snap ring, (RSNBR) Example: 6207 ZNBR. Cage Additional symbois for cages are only used if the type of cage differs from the stan- dard type. Solid cage: F Steel cage. L Light metal cage. M Brass cage. T Plastic cage with plies of fabric. TN Plastic cage. TG Plastic cage with glass fibre filling. ™ Plastic cage with MoS, filling. TS Plastic cage with graphite filling Pressed cage: J Pressed steel cage. Y Pressed brass cage. Type of cage: These symbols may only be used in connection with the symbols for cages. A Guided by outer ring, Example: MA or FA. B Guided by inner ring. P Metal cage: one-part cage (window cage). Plastic cage: closed on both sides. Surface treatment: These symbols may only be used in connection with the symbols for materiai and/or types of cages. E Bonderized cage. H Hardened steel cage. T Plastic coated cage.1.23 Tolerances P 0{~ABEC 1) Standard tolerance (without symbol). P6(~ABEC 3) Closer tolerance. P 5 (~ABEC 5) Closer tolerance. P 4(~ABEC 7) Closer tolerance. Clearance Ct Radial clearance smaller than C 2. C2 Radial clearance smaller than standard. co Radial clearance standard (without symbol). C3 Radial clearance greater than standard. C4 Radia! clearance greater than C 3. cs Radiai clearance greater than C 4. For bearings of a design which requires suffixes for both tolerances and clearance, the figure for the clearance is added to the symbol for the tolerance, Example: P 63 = P 6 + C 3 = tolerance class P 6 + radial clearance C 3. R 1015 Special radial clearance R = 10... 15 um. A 20.30 Special axial clearance A = 20...304m. Noise a6 Low noise. Thermal stability Inner and outer ring (shaft and housing washer) stabilized. STEYR bearings which are not identified can be used up to limiting temperatures of 150° C (423 K). 81 up to limiting temperature 200° C. 82 up te limiting temperature 250° C. $3 up to limiting temperature 300° C. $4 up to limiting temperature 350° C. Example: 63 15 S 1 = deep groove ball bearing 63 15, inner and outer ring stabilized up to limiting temperature of 200° C. Speciai design sv Detail according to customer’s requirements, Example: 223 26 C/MA/SV 34 = Spherical roller bearing with solid brass cage guided in the outer ring /spherical roller bearing, special design for centrifugal forces.1.2.3 —1.24—13—13.1 1.24 1.3 4.3.1 Lubricants Special grease in sealed bearings (with shields or seals): LT Low temperature ranges. MT Medium temperature ranges. HT High temperature ranges Example: 63 06-2 Z/LT 2= deep groove ball bearing 63 66-2 Z, free of maintenan- ce with lubricating grease LT 2. Quantity of grease: These symbols may only be used in combination with the symbols for greases. x Maximum grease charge. P Minimum grease charge, Example: 62 05-2 Z/MT 2P. Housing G Housing with taphole for relubricating device. Vv Housing with grease valve. Exampies for complete bearing designations 6205... ..... . . Deep groove ball bearing of series 62 with bore diameter d= 25mm. . 6205-2AS/C3/Q6/MT 15. . the same bearing with seals at both sides, with clearance C 3, according to special STEYR speci- fication for electric motors and filled with grease MT 15. NU 213E/MA/P 63/81. . . Cylindrical roller bearing of type NU with solid brass cage guided on the outer ring, tolerance class P 6 and radial clearance C 3 and thermal stability of bearing rings up to 200° C (473 K). Characteristics of bearing types Deep groove bail bearings Deep groove bali bearings are rigid non-separable radial bearings. Their bails are guided in deep running grooves in the inner and the outer rings. Single-row deep groove bail bearings can carry both high radiat and high axial loads. They have the highest speed limits of all types of bearings. If operating conditions are consi- dered to be normal, the permissible deflection from the central position may be 8 to 16’ — according to the radial clearance. The standard production programme of STEYR Waiziager includes single-row deep groove bail bearings both with non-rubbing shields (suffixes Z, 2 Z) and rub- bing seals (suffixed RS, 2 RS). Bearings with shields or seals on either side (2 Z, 2 RS) do not require any maintenance and permit operating temperatures of 20° © (253 K) up to +120° G (393 K) (see section 4.4.4).1.3.2 1.3.1— 1.3.2—-1.3.3 In order to enable a simple and space saving axial Jocation in the housing, deep groove ball bearings are offered with either snap ring groove in the outer ring (suffix N) or with snap ring groove pius snap ring (suffix NR). atte Double-row deep groove ball bearings can carry higher radial loads than single-raw deep groove ball bearings, in axial direction, however, the load carrying capacity is rather iow because of the filling slots, Angular deflections are not permitted, Magneto hearings The design of magneto bearings is similar to that of single-row deep groove bal! bearings, the only difference being that | there is only one shoulder in the outer ring. On the other side the shape of the groove turns into a short cylindrical part. The | | mounting of two magneto bearings on one shaft is done with a smali amount of axial clearance, which allows compensation of length variations caused by the influence of temperature. Thrust loads can be trans- mitted to a limited degree. The inner ring with the ball set and the outer ring are exchangeable and are mounted separate- ly. Thus both bearing rings can have tight fits, and advantages are offered in the case of series mounting. Angular contact ball bearings Angular contact ball bearings are available as single-row double-row bearings. Single-row angular contact bail bearings absorb thrust loads in one direction only, therefore they are adjusted against another bearing. Single-row angular contact ball bearings are not separable, the contact angle amounts to 40°. Optimum load transmission starts with F,/F, = 1. They are suitable for high speeds. The distance between the two bearings should be kept small, since due to changes in temperature length variations of the shaft may affect the internal clearance.133 For rigid bearing arrangements with a slight axial clearance, angular contact ball bearings can be mounted in pairs. These bearings are identified with the suffix G and are separately packed when being delivered. The buyer orders the number of bearings and arranges them according to his needs (tandem, O- or X arrange~ ments). Angular contact ball bearings mounted in pairs in tandem arrangement. Thrust lo- ads, equally distributed over both bearings, are absorbed in one direction only. Angu- jar contact ball bearings in tandem arran- gement must be adjusted against another bearing which accommadates the oppo- sed thrust joad. Angular contact ball bearings mounted in pairs in O-arrangement (indirect or back to back). Thrust loads are absorbed in either direction by one bearing only. Due to the large support range this bearing arran- gement is characterized by high rigidity and a great abillty to absorb tilting mo- ments. In the case of bearing arrange- ments with several bearing applications, it should be noted that loads are transmitted the better, the more careful the alignment of the bearing applications Is done. le fel1.3.4 1.3.3 —~ 1.3.4 Angular contact bail bearings mounted in pairs in X arrangement (direct or face to face). Similar to the O arrangement, thrust loads are absorbed in either direction by one bearing only, Due to the small support range a bearing arrangement with several bearing applications does not require such an extreme exaciness of alignment. The X arrangement is characterized by lower rigidity and consequently less ability to absorb tilting moments. Both O and X arrangements feature a small clearance if the shaft is machined according to j5 and the housing bore according to J6. Four-point contact bearings are singie-row angular contact ball bearings with split inner ring and a contact angle of 36°. STEYR four-point contact bearings are characterized by an increased load-carrying capacity; thrust loads are absorbed in either direction. The optimum load transmission staris with a toad ratio F,/F, 2 1,27. Four-point contact bearings are suitable for high speeds. The outer ring with bali set and the split inner ring are mounted separately. If thrust joads are transmitted only, the outer ring will be provided with a loose fit in the housing. For fixing purposes, larger four-point contact bearings are provided with supporting grooves in the outer ring. Double-row angular contact ball bearings correspond in their function to two O-arranged single-row angular contact bal! bearings. Bearings of standard design are not separable, the contact angle amounts to 32°. The bearings should be mounted in such a way as to ensure that larger thrust loads are absorbed by the raceways without filling slots. Double-row angular contact ball bearings are also available as separable bear- ings with a spilt inner ring (suffix D), the contact angle amounts to 45°. These bearings have no filling stots, thrust loads can thus be equally accommodated in either direction. Self-aligning ball bearings1.34—1.35 13.5 Seif-aligning bali bearings are double-row non-separable bearings with a spherical raceway in the outer ring. They are thus adjustable in an angle and shaft deflections and misalignments are permissible up to 4° from the central position. The STEYR standard production programme includes both cylindrical bore and tapered bore (taper 1:12) self-aligning bail bearings (see table 3.1/5). Tapered bore bearings can be mounted either directly on tapered shaft seats or on cylindrical shafts with adapter sieeves (see chapter 5.2). Selt-aligning bail bearings with extended inner ring (serles 112 and 113) are suitable for mounting on solid-drawn shafts. With such inner rings the deviation of the bearing bore is within tolerance class J7. Relative motion of the inner ring against the shaft is avoided by a cylindrical pin which projects into a recess on one side of the inner fing. if a bearing arrangement consists of two self-aligning ball bearings with extended inner ring, the locking pins in the groove of the inner ring must either be put both inside or both outside the bearing arrangement. Cylindrical roller bearings Cylindrical roller bearings are separable radial bearings. The line contact between rollers and raceways is modified, thus eliminating edge stressing. The radial toad carrying capacity and the speed limit are very high. The permissible angular defection from the central position amounts to 2 to 4’. The various types of cylindrical roller bearings are determined by the arrangement of the lips. Type N has two lips on the inner ring and a lipless outer ring. Type NU is characterized by two lips on the outer ring and a lipless inner ring. Cylindrical roller bearings of types N and NU can compensate fength variations of the shaft within the bearing itself and are thus ideal floating bearings. Cylindrical roller bearings of type NJ have two lips at the outer ring and one lip at the inner ring. Thrust loads are absorbed in one direction only (see section 2.4.1). Complemented with an angle ring HJ, type NJ becomes a locating bearing which can carry thrust loads in both directions. Type NU may only be used with one angle ting. Cylindrical roller bearings of type NUP act as fixed bearings which can carry thrust loads in both directions. They have two integral lips at the outer ring, an integral lip at the inner ring and a loose rib. If with a bearing arrangement space is limited, type RNU, which is a cylindrical roller bearing NU without inner ring or type RN, a cylindrical roller bearing N without outer ring, can be mounted, In both cases the quality of the hardened and ground raceways on the shaft or in the housing required in accordance with the respective bearing, must be guaranteed. For type RNU the shaft must normally be machined according to g6 and the housing bore according to K7. With type RN care must be taken that in the case of tight fits the inner ring H fq al r yy WU N NU NJ NUP Nat HU RN RNU1.3.5 ~~ 1.3.6—~ 1.3.7 on the shaft is expanded and that this fact has to be taken into consideration when: selecting the housing tolerance class. Normally all cylindrical rotier bearings are delivered by STEYR within the clearance group “rings paired” (see table 3.2/2). The smaller range of clearance of "rings paired” is maintained if paired inner or ou- ter rings are not interchanged during the mounting procedure. If they are inter~ changed, the greater range of clearance will correspond to that of “rings inter- changed”, if bearings with “non-interchangeable rings” (rings are identified by suffix NA) are supplied, the clearance conforms with “rings paired". The rings must not be inter- changed, For the accommodation of extremely high radial loads, cylindrical roller bearings with optimized roller sets are available. The design is identified by sutfix E. Spherical roller bearings Spherical roller bearings are doubie-row, non-separabie bearings with a spherical raceway in the outer ring. They are thus adjustable in an angie. Shaft deflection and misalignments are permissible up to 0,5° from the central position. The standard production programme in- cludes spherical rotier bearings with both oylindrical and tapered bore (1:12) (see table 3.1/5). Tapered bore bearings can either be mounted directly on tapered shaft seats or with adapter sleeves on cylindrical shafts (see section 5.2). Limiting loads may result in lubrication problems in the case of larger bearings. Such bearings should thus be provided with a lubricating groove and several lubricating holes in the outer ring. Tapered roller bearings Tapered roller bearings are separable. The modified line contact between roliers and ~~] raceways eliminates edge stressing Lo Thrust loads are absorbed in one direction only. Loads acting in the outer direction are absorbed by an opposed tapered rotler bearing. Bearing applications for tapered roller bearings must be carefully aligned. The permissible angular deflection from = the central position should not be more po than 2’. With series 320, 202, 303, 322, 323 the optimum load transmission starts with the load ratio F,/F, 20,3, with series 313 with F,/F, 20,7. Length variations of the shaft due to temperature changes affect the internal clearance, thus the distance between the two bearings should be kept small. The internal clearance is adjusted by mounting the bearings in opposition to each other (see section 5.1).13.8—13.9 1.3.8 1.3.9 Thrust ball bearings Thrust ball bearings are separable and are manufactured as single-acting and doubie-acting bearings. The single-acting type consists of the shaft washer, the ball set and the housing washer. The double-acting type of two housing washers, heen , two ball sets and the centre washer (shaft washer). Both types can take high axial loads. They must not be used for the accomodation of radial loads and for high speeds. Minimum loads dependent on speed should be taken into account (see section 2.4.2). To compensate angular deflection thrust bail bearings with spherical housing washers and, if necessary, with support washers should be used. Pillow blocks STEYR pillow blocks used for the mounting of rolling bearings are made of cast iron as a construction which meets ail stability requirements. For special purposes cast steel is being used. Pillaw blocks of the STEYR standard production programme form, together with the respective bearings and accessory parts, units of bearing arrangements which have proved successful in many applications.1.3.10 13.9-—~ 1.3.10 Split pillow blocks are available for deep groove bail bearings, self-aligning bail bearings and spherical roller bearings with cylindrical bore as well as for self-aligning ball bearings and spherical roller bearings with tapered bore. The outer rings of the bearings have slide fits in the housing (floating bearings); by providing them with locating rings they become fixed bearing arrangements. Grease valves, cover plates and lubrication devices are available upon request. Unsplit pillow biocks for self-aligning bail bearings with extended inner ring as well as delivery wagon-pillow blocks for self-aligning ball bearings and spherical roller bearings are only part of the bearing units which are available for every-day uses. In addition, STEYR Walzlager would be pleased to put at your disposal their experience in the driving technology for individual optimized special bearing units. Accessory parts Accessory parts for rolling bearings include bearing components of separable bearings (angle rings, ribs, support washers), components for the locating of bearings (adapter and withdrawal sleeves, locknuts, lockwashers, snap rings, locating rings), seals for standardized felt ring grooves (Lambda seals, felt strips) as well as balls and roliers. Ail STEYR accessory parts are manufactured in accordance with the latest developments in the field of technology in a quality which guarantees their satisfactory functioning.Determination of size and type The seiection of the proper type of rolling bearing is governed by space conditions, type and magnitude of the loads to be transmitted, requirements in terms of rating life and operational safety of the bearing arrangement. Dynamic load. In the case of a bearing rotating under load, the caiculation is based ‘on the fatigue which develops in the material at the raceways of the component parts of the bearing. Material fatigue is a natural process within a given period of time which depends on the magnitude of load and the number of revolutions. The end of life of a rolling bearing is indicated by spalling or flaking, the socalled pitting. Static load. in the case of a loaded stationary, oscillating or slowly rotating (less than 33 r.p.m.) bearing, the calculation will be based on the total permanent deformation at the most heavily stressed point of contact between raceway and roiling element. According to experience, the resulting extent of deformation will not impair bearing performance.24 24 Distinguishing characteristics for bearing selection Rolling bearings are not among those parts of machinery which ate calculated first in overall designing. Yet they are of utmost importance and extreme care must be taken in selecting them. In order to find the right bearing out of a large number of possibilities, a variety of external influences has to be taken into careful consideration. Since ali types of bearings vary in quite a number of individual characteristics but have also many identical properties, it is quite difficult to choose the optimum bearing. Much experience is required. In the following the attempt is made to sum up the characteristics which are decisive for the selection of bearings. Load. The magnitude of the external load is not quite so Important for the selection of the bearing type as is its direction, that is to say, radial or axial direction or both combined. In the case of low or medium loads, the deep groove ball bearing should be given preference, although, given the same main measurements, roller bearings may be subjected, above all, to higher radial loads. Higher loads increase the economy of the rolier bearing. Cylindrical roller bearings are above all radial bearings, whereas thrust balt bearings are capable of sustaining thrust loads only. Ail other types may basically accommodate both radial and axial loads. Deep groove ball bearings can carry both radial and axial loads in elther direction. Single-row angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings must not rotate without thrust load and are considered to be the ideal roiling bearings for combined loads. Thrust loads are absorbed in one direction only. Since they are usually mounted in pairs, the internal thrust reactions of the adjusted bearing will produce thrust loads which are sufficiently high to guarantee satisfactory functioning ~ even if purely radial loads are imposed. Four-point contact bearings and double-row angular contact bail bearings can accommodate thrust loads in both directions. Self-aligning bali bearings and spherical roller bearings are specially suited to sustain radial loads and great angular deflections can be tolerated if a single bearing cannot carry the combined load, two different bearings can be assembled to separately absorb axial and radial loads. Bearing location. The space for bearings is often limited by the overali design. For a given shaft diameter, all bearing types are graduated as to outside diameters and widths according to the plans for standardized boundary dimensions. This results in a variety of possibilities. Angular deflection. Self-aligning ball bearings and spherical roller bearings are well suited for correcting angular deflections as a result of misaligned bearing seats and shaft deflections, Due to the increased radial clearance, deep grooveat ball bearings may accept angular deflection to a limited extent only. Cylindrical roller bearings and tapered roller bearings are moderately insensitive to angular deflection due to a modified line contact between raceways and rollers. Angular contact ball bearings and thrust ball bearings do not correct angular defiections. Permissible angular deflection: Deep groove ball bearings Standard clearance... . 8 (Fits: k 5/5 6) C8clearance 12° C4 clearance Soe 16" Self-aligning ball bearings . 4a Spherical roller bearings 30° Cylindrical roller bearings 2.4 Tapered roller bearings 2 Rigidity. The deformation of the component parts of rolling bearings resulting from the load they transmit is negligible when compared to the standard manufacturing tolerances. With machine tool spindies, however, rigidity of the bearing arrangement is a decisive factor. They may thus be considered an exception. Cylindrical roller bearings and tapered roller bearings with line contact are more rigid than deep groove bail bearings with point contact The tigidity of paired single-row angular contact ball bearings may be increased by axial preloading. Axial displacement and mounting. As a rule, double or multiple-supported shafts do not carry more than one jocating bearing which absorbs all thrust load. All other bearings are of the floating type. Cylindrical roller bearings with a lipless ring of types NU and N are floating bearings which offer no problems. Here, displacement takes place within the bearing itself; the inner ring and the outer ring may therefore be provided with tight fits. If e. g. deep groove bail bearings are mounted as floating bearings, one of the two rings must be provided with a slide fit. Tapered bore bearings are used for easy mounting by means of adapter sieeves; the tightening of the jocknuts, however, has to be done with extreme care, otherwise the internal clearance would be too smaii (see table 5.2/1). Accuracy. There is a standard tolerance class for all types of rolling bearings. Higher standards are set for extremely accurate shaft guidance (e.g. machine too! spindles) and shafts operating at high speeds; in such cases the bearings must be produced according to closer tolerances. In this connection it should be noted that shaft and housing seats must meet the same standards with regard to accuracy as the component parts of the rolling bearing For high-precision bearings no limitation to certain types or series is given. Running noise. The running noise of the standard bearing is so low that in most cases it is fost in the noise of the environment. in cases, whére environment requires bearings of lower noise (e. g. electric motors used in lifts and household appliances) low-noise level bearings are available. Their classification is not standardized, but all manufacturers of rolling bearings adhere to roughly the same standards.22 2.21 2.2.2 2.2.2.4 24 —2.2—- 2.2.1 222—— 22.21 Speed. Speed and internal structure of a bearing are directly connected. In the case of radial loads, high speeds are best achieved with deep groove ball bearings, self-aligning ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings; in the case of combined loads angular contact bail bearings are best suited. They are followed by tapered roller bearings, spherical roller bearings and thrust bail bearings, in the order mentioned above. For the accommodation of thrust loads and for higher speeds radial deep groove bail bearings are better suited than thrust bat! bearings. Calculation of béaring size for dynamic loading Dynamic load rating The dynamic load rating of a rolling bearing is defined as the purely radial load (for radial bearings) or the central purely axial load (for thrust bearings) of constant magnitude and direction which a sufficiently large group of apparently identical bearings can endure for a rating life of one million revolutions or more. The values ot the dynamic load rating C for radiai bearings and C, for thrust bearings are shown in the Bearing Tables. These values apply to maximum operating temperatures of up to 180° C (423K). Higher temperatures will reduce the ioad carrying capacity, a fact which is expressed by the temperature factor f,. G=f.6 or Q=h.C, Operating temperature t [°C (K)] <150 (423) <200(473) <250(523) <300(573) Temperature factor f, 1.0 09 075 06 Rating life and service life Equation of rating life The rating life of a rolling bearing is defined as the number of revolutions that a sufficiently large group of apparently identical bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops. The life curves which are the result of experiments and investigations have shown that most of the tested bearings have a longer running period and that 50% of all bearings are functional for a period which is five times the rating life or even ionger. if the following environmental conditions are observed, each rolling bearing might meet the definition of rating life: © perfect mounting, © sufficient lubrication, @ perfect sealing.2.2.2.1 — 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.2 The magnitude of the rating life is given by the formula: for radiai bearings L = rating life expressed in millions of » revolutions [10° rev] Le (3) ©, Ca = dynamic load rating [daN] Cos in “ o£, Se ti Bp = carrying ratio P = |ife exponent for bail bearings p= 3 for roller bearings p = z for thrust bearings: P, P, = dynamic equivalent load [daN) P (see section 2.2.3) La {& =tE Rating life expressed in operating hours: _ 108 L Ly = rating tife [h] hs oh n = speed [1/min] Rating life expressed in terms of distance [km]: rating life {km] _ ke = ly = Lia.D D = wheel diameter [mm] Calculation data Bearing Tables Main dimensions, load ratings Fig. 2.2/1 Relation between L [10° rev} and C/P, C,/P, Fig, 2.2/2 Relation between L. {10° rev} and L, [h] Table 2.2/2 Dynamic load factors for combined loading Fig. 22/4 Graphic representation of load factors for deep groove ball bearings Fig. 2.2/8 Equivalent axial loading of single-row angular contact ball bearings and tapered rolier bearings The relations between bearing type (ioad rating), radial and axial loads and rating life are represented by means of a graphical method of caiculation developed by STEYR. They can be found within the framework of the publications “STEYR Waizlager Technik’. Diagrams for the various bearing series enable a quick and easy reading of rating life and relative costs. These data help to find the optimum bearing within a short period of time. Empirical values of rating life for various applications As the result of many individual estimates as to the rating life, empirical data generally used in industry have been developed for many applications. Table 2.2/1 includes such empiricai values. @ -Table 2.2/1 Empirical life values Rating life L, expressed in operating hours Operating conditions 2.2.2.2 La (h] Equipment and appliances rarely used, @. g. household appliances Equipment used for short periods of time, ©. g. passenger cars Medium daily operating time, minor breakdowns, 6. g. agricultural machinery Medium daily operating time, great operational reliability imperative, e. g. elevators Equipment daily in operation for extended periods ot time, not always fully loaded, e. g. conveyors 500... 2060 2000 ... 4009 4000 .. 8600 8000 .. 42.000 12000 .. 20000 Equipment in daily operation for extended periods of time, normally fully loaded, €. g. machine tools, railway vehicles Continuous operation, 40 000, €. g. large motors, compressors 40000 ... 80000 Continuous operation with great operational reliability, @. g. pulp and paper machinery, public power plant generators: 80000 ... 200000 Rating life ., expressed in terms of distance [km] Type of vehicle Ls [km] Wheel bearings for road vehicles: passenger cars 400 000 trucks, busses | 200000 ... 300000 Railway axie boxes: freight cars (at continuousiy acting maximum axle load) 800 600 vehicles used in short-distance traffic, tramways 4.500 000 railway coaches for long-distance traffic 3.000 COG rail motor cars for long-distance traffic diesel and electric locomotives for long-distance traffic 3000000 ...4 000000 3000000 ...5 00000022.2.2 ' 2 os 5 67 Bek 2 HREM BH OO c/P, C/o Fig. 22/72.2.2.2 Fig. 22/22.2.2.3 —m 2.2.3 — 22.3.1 2.2.2.3 2.2.3 2.2.3.1 6B Service lite The faot that the environmental conditions mentioned in section 2.2.2.1 such as perfect mounting, sufficient lubrication and perfect sealing cannot easily be controlled has led to the attempt to use these external influences as the basis of a calculation. Thus besides the rating life (fatigue life) the term service life (wear jite) was coined, which was intended to incorporate the specific influences of various applications. Basically a distinction must be made between rating life and service life. An effective control of the influences disturbing the ideal state, however, is so difficult to accomplish that it has not yet been possible to evaluate them mathematically in any exact way. The service life may thus only be used to estimate the size of the margin between the theoretical fatigue life (rating life) and the practical wear life @which represents the iower limit of service life). itis practically impossible, now and probably also in the near future, to include all influences in the evaluation of the life of a bearing. This is definitely not due to a lack of efforts, but shows very clearly how much care has to be taken in the selection and design of a bearing. An illustrative example for the term service life is offered by the maintenance-free deep groove ball bearings of type 2Z and 2RS. The service life of these bearings may correspond to the rating iife or is determined by the temperature-dependent life of grease. Although ideal running conditions exist in such bearings, the service life may be shorter than the rating life. It is thus not justified to refer to these bearings as “lubricated for life”. The service life of maintenance-free deep groove ball bearings is graphically represented in “STEYR Walzlager Technik 2.12/2". Dynamic equivalent load and external bearing load Dynamic equivalent toad Load P which is necessary to evaluate the rating life L Is determined by the definition of the dynamic load rating C. All other loads have to be transformed into a fictitous load, the dynamic equivalent load, which can be defined as that constant tadial or axial ioad which would have the same effect on bearing life as the actual load. Radial bearings Purely radial load: P = dynamic equivalent load [daN} P= F, x Y = dynamic radial load factor = dynamic axial load factor Combined ioad: F, = radial load [daN] P=X.F+Y.R F, = axial load [daN]2.2.31 Fig, 2.2/322.3.1 With single-row radial bearings, an axial load has only to be taken into account, if the load ratio is as fotiows F,/F, > e. The timiting load value e (see table 2.2/2) is a characteristic value for the internal structure of a bearing. For load ratios F,/F, = @, use X= 1 and Y = O, that is to say, p 2 F,, For double-row radial bearings even smallest axial loads have to be taken into consideration, although there is also a limiting load ratio. Tabie 2.2/2 shows the numerical values of the dynamic load factors X and Y in the case of standard clearance. The axial load carrying capacity of deep groove ball bearings rises with increasing operating clearance. Fig. 2.2/3 for deep groove ball bearings XYe with standard operating clearance x, Ye with 75... 80% increase of the initial clearance (increase by one clearance group) xX", Y", e" with 150... 160% Increase of initial clearance (increase by two clearance groups) dependent on F,/C, and constant fits, Determination of factors X and Y: For all bearing types, with the exception of deep groove ball bearings, a fixed limiting load value e is given, which permits the direct reading of the factors X and Y. For deep groove bail bearings, however, the limiting load value e is dependent ‘on the F,/C, ratio. First a certain bearing will be chosen which can be expected to meet the given requirements. With value C, now determined, F,/C, can be formed; table 2.2/2 or fig. 2.2/3 then permits the reading of the values X and Y for the selected bearing subject to the timiting load value @ at the given joad ratio F, /F,. if a wrong bearing is chosen, the calculation will have to be repeated. Cylindrical roller bearings of the types N and NU can carry radial loads only. Therefore such loads alone will enter the caicutation of the rating life. Cylindrical roller bearings with integral lips of the types NJ, NJ+HJ and NUP can also accommodate thrust loads; in this case, power is transmitted by sliding between the lips and the cylindrical rollers. The calculation of the maximum axial load which can be transmitted is described in section 2.4.1, irrespective of the calculation of the rating life. Thrust ball bearings The dynamic equivalent load of thrust ball bearings is equai to the purely axial load, since such bearings cannot accommodate any radial loads, P, = dynamic equivalent load [daN] F, = axial load [daN]Table 2.2/2 Dynamic load factors for combined loading 2.2.3.1 Single-row radial bearings :X=tY=0 Bearing type Bearing type @ x Y oa 7.45) 161, 160, ong 5 oe 60, 62, 69, 64 0.22 Cao | tas RLS, RMS. 0,28 oH 34 028 | 056 * 8 og; 0,44 1 0334 0.29 at 08 9,90 2.0 O42 Ost lod | te 044 O34 475 ELM, 80 0s [6a [or 2B, Be 14 | 0,05 07 18 5 040 18, are aia} a5 | 08 $e iis 20 04 X, 820/22 X 0,39 155 940 04 | 15 3X"... 07 X Oe 435 042 145 08 X.* 08 x 09 | o4 | 1,55 043 w4 0X O44 1,35 9.42 445 nX 039 1155 0.8 tA = 40X 1,38 30 2a 302 03... 04 175 ost jo | tg 05° 208 0.38 | 04 | 16 0134 175 09 0.48 15 *)F/F, Se unsuitable Double-row radial bearings F, Fy Fy ae ear am bt >e Bearing tyne ose) Bearing type Sse) Ge > e |X Y x ei Xx Y |x 2 ‘330 single-row deep groove Tot [O58 TH ball bearings, bul Liloa F over 1,35 (Fe/C0) max = 05 ojg9 18 0s...07 | 0.97 4.78 2, 39 066] 1 1078 03.209 | ost, 1 | 2105 | 06s. to... 44 | O27 23 T2BG, 73 8G")i14 | 1 | 085 as. 1a | 0.25 25 48.119 | 027 23 ta 333 135 2011122 | 028 22 oe 033 1195 oe 10 co 0,20 21 a2 0,57 At 04 O31 20 34 048 18 oS 0,29 215 3335 943 | 1 | 4145 | 0,66 6 025} 1 | 26 3.88 0,88 185 or os 265 a1 0.37 hd 0a...09 | 0,22 29 45 10 a2 2.95 48 oar 13 n 920 32 5.0 35 is 12...18 | 019 325 Sit 0.88 20 Vo. [ote 35 54 3 aa 13.00 0,33 19 3,0 027 | 1 (25 | ogr ot 035 18 28 0.28 26 o2...03 | 0,38 19 3.0 0,25 27, M08 fog} | | at 8.25 O27 2165 : y Fs 3165 o 245 . 025 255 395 os 28 32. 0,24 28 4A a 0,23 208 iB og is 24 a 0,25 245 39 oo VW, 3 2 O08 oe oa 039 175 28 : " i oa7 | 4 i148 | os7 | 27 O89 475 26 *)Values applicable with X and O arrangements, with 97 18 a7 ‘Tandem arrangement the factors ot 728,738 must 0,38 18 28 be used. 037 18 27223.2 2.2.3.2 External bearing load The calculation of the rating life L requires, according to its definition, a purely radial toad or a central purely axial load of constant magnitude and direction. In this form, the loads conform to the external forces which can be calculated most precisely according to the laws of mechanics (e.g. forces due to acceleration, theoretical bear load, weights). Most of the loads encountered in practice, however, cannot be calculated exactly (e.g. actual gear toad, cutting forces of machine tools) or are influenced by additional forces recurring at regular intervais or by shocks (e. g. out-of-balance forces, starting of the cutting process with machine tools). In all these cases the additional force components are taken into consideration by multiplying the theoretical forces by factors based on experience or estimate, which are then known as constant mean loads. Table 2.2/3 Additional factors for dynamic loading Applications Factor f, Gears pitch and geometrical < 0,02 mm 1,05... 41 inaccuracies > 0,02...0,1 mm Wt. 18 Chain drives 1 Belt drives V-beit 15...25 flat belt with jockey pulley 2...3 flat belt without jockey pulley Applications Factor fy Processing few shocks only machines (electric rnachines, turbo machines) 46...4.2 medium-sized shocks (combustion engines, machine tools) 1.2...4,5 heavy shocks (mills, crushing machines) 1,5...3,0 Axle boxes spring-suspended 13 not spring-suspended 15...47 Wheel bearings —_ with pneumatic tyres 43...462.2.3.2.1 2.2,3,.2.2 2.23.2.1—2.2.3,22 Consideration of additional forces by means of additional factors In the case of bearing applications in gears distinction must be made between additional forces which develop within the gear itself (mesh) taking Into account the degree of manufacturing precision, and additional forces which are caused by the machines attached to the bearing. The actual gear load is given by the formula: = coefficient of mesh (see table 2.2/3) Kore tty K f, = coefficient for the machine attached to the bearing (see table 2.2/3) theoretical gear load x ul Belt drives have always a preload as well as additional dynamic forces (belt vibrations). For this reason a common factor for both influences can be qucted. The tabulated values £, thus apply to the increase of the circumferential force computed from the torque. For smaller shaft distances, low speeds and severe operating conditions the larger values are taken. The effective belt force is given by the formuta: _ {, = preload and dynamic factor (see table 2.2/3) Ku =f .U 5 . U = theoretical circumferential force For other applications the additional factors have to be applied accordingly. Variable load and variable speed If the variabie speed and load pattern is known for a given period of time (period T) and repeats itself, the magnitude of the constant mean load which is necessary for the design of bearings may be calculated with the help of the law of rating life (life exponent p) as follows (fig. 2.2/4) Fig. 2.2/4 Far more frequently the speed is constant over an extended period of time (e.g. gear shift); if the load is also constant over such a period of time, the mean load is given by the formula:2.23.22 and the average speed (fig. 2.2/8) by Mt + ne. te T Pon The various periods t,, & ... t can be expressed in percentages of the period : Load of straight-line variation at constant speed: approximate formula: Fain + 2 Fax Fm = 3 exact formula: ( 1; )* Fp = foe meine P #1 Fmax—~ Frain Fig. 2.2/6 Load of sine-shaped variation at constant speed: Fig. 2.2/7223.23 2.2.3.2.3 Loading with adjusted and preioaded bearings Two single-row angular contact ball bearings or tapered roiler bearings can be assembled in O or X arrangement with or without clearance (with or without preload). Each external radial force gives rise to an internal axial force which again turns into an external force for the opposing bearing. This thrust load component only enters the life calculation of the bearing which is effecting the smaller thrust load and if F,/F, > e, Fig. 2.2/8 shows the equivalent axial loads F,, oF F,y for the various mounting and loading possibilities; Y, and Ye are the dynamic axial load factors for F,/F, > e taken from table 2.2/2. Rolling bearings are preloaded to achieve rigid shaft guidance, vibration damping or better load distribution over the rolling elements or to balance thermal expansions. The influence of preloading forces of up to a maximum of 50 % of the external axial forces upon the rating life of a bearing is negligible. This limit should not be exceeded, since any further increase of rigidity bears no logical reiation to the decrease of rating life. For the calculation of the preloading force for special applications our technical advisory service can be calied upon.22.3.23 BearingA Bearing B Bearing B Bearing A Tapered rolier bearings Single-row angular, = fa ~ fe, Fe — Fa Equivaient axial ioad contact ball bearings By, Be Fra Fes ash R+a = > &—de F + % > 4, jane + $e - a FS ~ be ~ | om Be index: A... Bearing A* B... Bearing B t oy - f | foam, bt ~- SRY cs o is “ Bearing A is defined as that bearing which has to absorb the external axial force Fig. 2.2/82.3 : 23.4 i E 23.2 23—231—23.2 Calculation of bearing size for static loading Static load rating The static load rating of a rolling bearing is defined as the purely radial static load (for radial bearings) or the central purely axia! static load (for thrust bearings) which corresponds to a total permanent deformation of bali and raceway at the most heavily stressed point of contact, set at 0,01 % of the bail diameter. In single-row angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings the static load rating relates to the radia! component of that load which causes a purely radial displacement of the bearing rings in relation to each other. In the case of non-rotating, oscillating or slowly rotating (n < 33 r. p. m.) bearings, loads which are not higher than the static load rating will give rise to deformations of raceways and rolling elements which can be tolerated and will not impair bearing performance even at higher speeds. The values of the static load rating for radial bearings Cy and thrust bearings Co, are fisted in the Bearing Tables. Static equivalent load Combined radial and axial loads must be transformed into a fictitious load, the static equivalent load, which is defined as that static radial load or axial load which causes the same permanent deformation as that which occurs under the actual conditions of ioading. Radial bearings Purely radial toad: Po= static equivatent load {daN} Po = F, X,= Static radial load factor Yo= Static axial load factor radial load fdaNj axial joad [daN] Combined load: Po = Xo. Fit Yo - Fy it must always read: Py = F, The numerical values of X, and Y, are quoted in table 2.3/1. For the radial load and the axial load the maximum values which develop during operation must be used, If the static equivalent load Pa, which Is calculated with the help of the load factors, is smaller than F,, Py & F,. The axial load is not to be taken into consideration. Table 2.3/1 Static load factors fer combined loading Bearing type Xe Yo Deep groove ball bearings 0,60 0,50 Single-row angular contact bail bearings 0,50 0,26 Four-point contact bearings 4,00 0.58 Double-row angular contact ball bearings 1,00 0,63 Self-aligning balt bearings 1,00 0,68 Y*) Spherical roller bearings 1,00 0,66 Y") Tapered roller bearings 0,50 0,55 Y") °) ¥ = dynamic axial load factor for F/F, > @ according to table 22/22.3.2—23.3— 24 — 2.44 Thrust bearings Thrust ball bearings cannot carry radial loads. P,, = static equivalent ioad {daN} F, = axial load [daN} u Pow = Fe 23.3 Static carrying safety Asa tule, the static load carrying capacity of a rolling bearing should only be taken into consideration in applications where bearings are just oscillating or slowly rotating. In applications where dynamically stressed bearings are subjected to high shock loads, it must be checked whether or not the static load carrying capacity is of adequate size. The highest foad (shock) must not exceed a certain ratio to the static load rating Cy. This is expressed by the static carrying safety sy. so = S28 or gy = Loe Cu, Cun = static load rating [daN] Bo Pus Po. Pra = Static equivalent load [daN] Reference values for So: 2 if a very low noise levei during operation is required 1,5... 2 for high shock loads 1 if operating conditions and demands on operational smoothness are considered to be normai 05 if Steady static ioading free from vibrations prevails and the noise level is of minor importance 24 Limiting loads 24.1 Maximum permissible axial toad of cylindrical roller bearings Cylindrical rotler bearings should be used for the accommodation of radial loads. The types NJ, NUP, NJ + HJ can also absorb thrust loads via the roller ends and the lips of the rings. The thrust load carrying capacity depends on an adequate fubricating film between the sliding surfaces. In the case of a continuous constant thrust load, the joad ratio F,/F, S 0,4 must be adhered to. Oils with a high viscosity guarantee a satisfactory power transmission at low speeds; high speeds, on the other hand, cail for oils with a low viscosity and (if necessary) for cooling. Constant thrust loads are more unfavourable for the lubrication ot sliding surfaces than intermittent or interrupted thrust loads. Considering the variety of influences, it is quite obvious that nothing more than an approximate evaluation of the maximum permissible thrust load can be achieved. Grease lubrication; oil lubrication n, E 3 1,2. 10°: m = diameter of the raceway of outer ring [mm] speed [r. p. m.] Famax = fy. fy E2 (3) idan} Oil lubrication .E > 1,2. 10° a aE fy, operation factor is fh Be ( eS ) es f, = series factor —_ table 2.471) at Fainay 105 According to fig. 2.4/1 Fin applies to constant and continuous thrust load (f, = 0.2)247 GREASE |_| CUBRICATION Fa/ fp SOA "RULES EEE SEROES BES sansa RAs RRA Ee aa 3 bea ba bith TE GLEE _ SEESOARE H RARSBEDAR RE 83 ees oe 2 2 ak 8 a NSRHSS BS geauaes aw eB EER Fig. 2.4/1241-242 —243 Table 2.4/1 Thrust load factors for cylindrical roller bearings 24.2 2.4.3 Duration of thrust joad fy Series Constant and continuous 0.2 Nd 2, NJ 22, NUP 2, NUP 22 oa NV 3, NU 28, NUP, NUP 23, , Nd 26, NJ 226, NUP 2E, NUP 22E Intermittent 06 y4, NUPS Variable and temporary NJ 3E, Nd 23E, NUP SE, NUP 23E 0,35 The method of calculation shown above is based on the principle that the heat generated by sliding friction wilt not exceed a certain limiting value and rubbing ‘on the sliding surfaces will be avoided. Minimum load of thrust ball bearings For their perfect functioning, thrust ball bearings require a minimum thrust load (centrifugal forces of the rolling elements). If the calculated minimum values cannot be reached by the external load, preloading by means of compression springs will be appropriate. The minimum thrust load is: Fain =A oy Ian} A = minimum load factor (see Bearing Tabies) ‘ 7000 n = speed (1/min) Fig. 2.4/2 shows the minimum thrust load, Maximum permissible thrust load of deep groove ball bearings Deep groove ball bearings can accommodate combined toads to an optimum degree. At high speeds deep groove ball bearings are better suited to carry thrust loads than thrust ball bearings. The ability of deep groove ball bearings te carry purely axial loads is limited by the shoulder height. In the case of purely axial loads, the following reference values for deep groove bail bearings of series 160, 60, 62, 63 and 64 can be stated: Radial Faux! Co clearance 60 d> 60 ~ “wn Fanax = maximum thrust load standard 05 0,75 Co static load rating d = bore diameter Cs 0.45 0,87 Cy 04 06 Under conditions of combined loading, the point of application of force moves towards the middle of the grooves; the maximum permissible thrust load can thus be higher.243 i ee se7 512 522 932,532U 542,542U 513 523 833,533 543,543 U 514 524 534,534U — 544,544U Fig. 2.4/225 25 Speed and speed limit The speed limit of a rotting bearing is influenced by the following factors: ® the type and size of the bearing © the type and size of load © bearing clearance © type of cage © the type of lubricant and of lubrication © heat dissipation it is thus not possibie to determine exactly the limit of the permissible speed of a rolling bearing. The speed limit n,, tabulated in the Bearing Tabies, apply to standard type bearings, that is to say, to radial bearings where pure radial loading exists and to thrust bearings accommodating thrust loads only; in this case the foad should not exceed 10% of the dynamic load rating. Under conditions of combined loading, the speed limit is expressed by the equation n’, = f, .n,. The correction factor f, for the speed limit can be obtained from fig. 2.5/1. At low and medium speeds the consistency of the grease or the viscosity of the lubricating oil are of minor importance. The kinematical viscosity, however, should not be lower, on operation, than 12 mm?/s (cSt). In the case of grease lubrication this is meant to be the viscosity of the basic oil (see also section 6— Lubrication). Angular contact 1 ball bearings Deep groove bail bearings . «: 3} t Spherical roiler bearings. . .£, Tapered roller bearings. . Selt-aligning ball bearings... « Fig. 2.5/1 With increasing speeds the quantity of lubricants used must be reduced, otherwise the amount of frictionai heat generated within the bearing would become too great. if the actual speed is lower than the speed fimit, special cooling devices are not necessary. For sealed RS-type bearings the speed limit should be reduced by one third: = 45 ye The stated speed limits can be increased, if form and running accuracy are increased (P6, P5), @ the radial clearance is increased, @ the design and type of guidance of the cage are changed, © special lubrication devices are availabie.2.6 2.6.4 25—26—261 Shaft and housing must be manufactured according to bearing tolerances. Even if jubrication is done most carefully, the frictional heat will increase with rising operating speeds and provision must therefore be made so that it is carried off properly. Friction and operating temperature Coefficient of friction and friction torque Friction develops within the bearing by: rolling resistance between rolling elements and raceways, slipping (partial sliding) of contacting areas of rolling elements and rings, sliding of the cage at the roiling e‘ements and also at the rings in the case of solid cages which are guided on shoulders ; displacement resistance of the lubricant > sliding of rubbing seals with sealed bearings, oO8 ee The magnitude of the friction torque depends on the load and the iubricating condition (type of lubricant, quantity of lubricant) as well as on the speed of the bearing. Fig. 2.6/1 shows the basic shape of the characteristic friction torque M —speed n and the lubricating conditions. a. boundary layer EEE. tupsicant layer liquid tubrication Se Fig. 26/126.4 The friction loss M, caused by elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHD) increases with the rolling speed. The loss friction torque My caused by the hysteresis of material, however, is not affected by speed. The micro-sliding which occurs between the raceways and the rolling elements results in a load dependent friction torque Mz which is maintained as long as there is no complete separation of the surfaces by the iubricating film. As speed increases, this part of friction decreases. With the complete separation of the surfaces, it finally decreases to the mere shearing within the lubricating flim. The surfaces are separated, if the minimum thickness of the lubricating film S,,,, Is higher than the effective sum of peak to valley values, We then have EHD iubrication. The minimum value of the friction torque is to be found at lower speeds, when the surfaces are not yet completely separated. In such a case, EHD lubrication exists only partly, we speak of limiting or mixed lubrication. For the approximate estimation of the friction torque the mean constant coefficient of friction » can be used according to table 2.6/1. It applies to a minimum joad of P/C 20,1 and to normal operating conditions. This coefficient can only be obtained after an appropriate running-in period. The starting friction, that is the friction during the starting of the bearing and its running up to its operating speed, may be higher by more than 50%. Similarly as the speed limit decreases with increasing thrust load, friction will increase. The increase does not apply to angular contact ball bearings, it must be doubled in the case of pure thrust load with deep groove ball bearings and has to be trebled for all other types. The approximate friction torque of the bearings is M = p.F.d/2 » = coefficient of friction F = bearing load d = bore diameter During the starting of the bearing the friction torque may be higher by up to 50%, in addition, the increased friction torque due to rubbing seals has to be taken into consideration, Tho following equation can be used for a more detailed caiculation M = My +M, Mz = load independent part of torque M, = load dependent part of torque With vn 2 2000 My = 10-2. fy (v.n)23, da? [Nmm] f. = factor depending on bearing type 1 and lubrication (values taken from with vn < 2000 table 2.6/1) Mo = 1,6.10-5. fp. dm? [Nmm] 2 u speed {1/min] vy = kinematic viscosity of lubricating oil (in the case of lubricating grease that of the basic oil) at operating temperature [mm?/s = cSt] d,, = pitch circle [mm] For M, the following relation is valid: M, =f. 0. dy [Nmm] f, = factor depending on bearing type and static carrying safety (table 26/1) I = factor depending on load size and load direction. Values taken from table 26/1 with F, and F, in [N]2.6.2 261 —-26.2 As mentioned before, the starting friction torque Is higher. The load dependent part of torque is about twice as high (2M,), with tapered roller bearings of series 313 even higher. Table 2.6/1 Coefficients of friction Bearing type B t iy r saan ~3 {1 \o85 Deep groove 0.0018... 0,002 f1,8...2,0 0,9. 079 f-——| 2. ..3) Fy 04. FB FY ball bearings 0 Angular Qy 2° QU 3 80 contact Bearings ~8 f_1.\ 088 92, 03 fo,co24...0,0027 4 1? (a 14. F,—01.F, 2 F, -8 0,33) 72.8, 73.8 |0,002 ...0,002] 2 19,1078 (~~ F,~Ot.F, 2 F, Selt-atigning 9.0012... . 0.0015 14. YF, —01.F, ball bearings ‘a Te Fe Cylindrical -3 roller Bearings Ooot ...0,0015) 2...9 | 25... 0,8). 10 F, Spherical roller bearings eh] e018. .0,0025| 4...6 | (04... 08).1079 U2. Fy B Fy rater be : “3 2.Y.F,2F, rolier bearings 0,018. ..0,0025) 3...4 | (0,4...0.5). 10 22Fy 4 Thrust ball bearings 00013 15...20] 4,2 ()" F, Fa 5 = static carrying safety « Values in parentheses corresponding to G8 = 1... Ort Y = dynamic axial foad factor for F,/F,> @ according to tabla 2.2/2 0 ‘The values for fe listed in the tables apply to horizontal shatt position and oll-bath lubrication (cit ievel: middie oflowest rong alement) or small quantity of grease. In the case of oll mist lubrication the values de not amount to more than 80% of the values indicated in the tables, Vertical shaft position with off bath or circulating oil Tubrication will increase the tabufated value by up to 160% Operating temperature and material behaviour Roiling bearing rings and rolling elements are made of chrome steel and are hardened and heat treated to meet the standardized values. Rolling bearings will teach the listed load ratings at operating temperatures of up to 120° G (393K). Temperature peaks of up to 150° C (423 K) are permissible. At higher temperatures the grain structure of the bearing steel undergoes changes resulting in a joss in hardness and a loss of dimensional stability. To avoid the latter, the bearing rings must undergo a special heat treatment. The joss in hardness caused thereby subsequently results in a reduction of the dynamic load rating which is taken into consideration by temperature factor f, (see also section 2.2.1). Bearing rings which have undergone a special heat treatment are identified by a suffix (table 2.6/2).26.2 Table 2.6/2 Suftixes and temperature factor for elevated operating temperatures Suffix maximum operating temperature °C (K) Temperature factor f, $0 150 (423) 1.0 $i 200 (473) 09 $2 250 (523) 0,75 83 300 (573) 06 The suffix S 0 is not marked (STEYR standard design). The operating temperature of the bearing is influenced by several factors, the most important ones being: self-heating in the bearing, due to the friction torque © external heating via shaft, housing or thermal radiation © ambient temperature © heat dissipation © type and quantity of lubricant. The variety of influences makes it rather difficult to determine the operating temperature. By observing machines of similar design which have run under similar conditions, an estimate of the magnitude of the probable operating temperature can be taken. With higher operating temperatures higher demands are made on the temperature stability of lubricants. Greases must not leak out of the bearings and the oil viscosity should not be lower than 12mm? /s (12 cSt).31 3—31 Bearing design Dimensional accuracy, form accuracy and running accuracy The main dimensions and the tolerances of rolling bearings are covered by international standards. Distinction is made between rolling bearings with standard tolerance (tolerance group 0) and closer tolerances (tolerance classes P6, P5 and less), which means, the lower the number, the higher the accuracy. The mounting of rolling bearings of closer tolerances demands a higher degree of precision. Shafts, housings and contacting parts must be machined to the same degree of accuracy to which the bearings are made. Close tolerance classes are identified by suffixes. The symbols listed in the tables below have the following meaning: d = nominal bore diameter of inner ring (radial bearings) or shaft washer (thrust bearings) d, = mean bore diameter (two-point gauging) D = nominal outside diameter of outer ring (radial bearings) or housing washer (thrust bearings) D, = mean outside diameter D (two-point gauging) B = width of inner ring or outer ring {in the case of tapered roller bearings cone width oniy) overall width of tapered roller bearings nominal chamfer dimension = width variation (difference between largest and smallest width of an individual ring) R, = radial runout of inner ring (difference between largest and smallest radial distance of the inner ring bore from the raceway of the inner ring) R, = radial runout of outer ring (difference between largest and smallest radial distance of the outer surface from the raceway of the outer ring) S$, = face runout of inner ring (difference between largest and smallest axial distance of reference surface of the inner ring from a piane vertical to bore axis) S$, = face runout of outer ring (largest radial displacement of points which are situated on the outer diameter and a plane paraile! to the reference surface) A. = axial runout of inner ring (difference between largest and smallest axial distance of the reference surface from the groove shape of the Inner ring) A, = axial runout of outer ring (difference between largest and smaliest axial distance of the reference surface trom the groove shape of the outer ring) A, = axial runout of shaft washer or housing washer (difference between largest and smallest axial distance of the contact surface from the raceway of a washer) as)Table 3.1/1 Tolerances of radial bearings (except tapered rofler bearings) inner ring Standard tolerance (tolerance class 0) Tolerances in um Nominal bore diameter over} «10 «48 «30 50. 80«120«180 260 d [mm] to 18 30 50 80 120 180 260 315 4 8 —10 —12 —16 —20 —26 —90 —95 in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bore d 11 138 15 1G 25 B18 43°43 +3 +4 +5 48 +8 +9 : . 0 0 0 0 0 ® 0 90 Width B" | _.129 —120 —120 —180 —200 —280 —300 350 Width variation Up 20 20 20 2 26 90 30 35 Radial runout Ri 70 18 15 + 20 25 90 40 50 Tolerance class P 6 Nominat bore diameter over} 10 «48-30 6D «80 120:«180- 260 d {mm] to 1B 30 120 180 260 315 d “7 8 —10 —12 —18 —18 —22 —25 in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Bore re 4 —8 9 —11 —14 18 —21 —26 —20 41 41 44 42 43 43 +4 45 i . oo o 0 o0 0 0 O Width B" | _429 —120 —120 —180 —-200 ~250 —300 —350 Width variation Up 20. 90 20 2 25 30 90 35 Radial runout Ri 7 8 10 10 18 18 2 2 Tolerance class P 5 Nominal bore diameter over 10 18 «©6300 «68080 120 180-250 d [mm] to 18 30 60 80 120 180 250 315 d —5 56 -8 —9 —10 13 —15 —18 in 0 0 0 © 0 0 0 O Bore _ 4 “5 6 —8 —9 —10 —139 15 —18 0 9 0 0 0 0 o O : 0 0 o0 09 0 0 0 O width B* | _g9 120 —120 —180 —200 ~-250 —300 350 Width variation Up 5 56 5 6 7 8 0 18 Radial runout Fi 35 4 #5 #5 6 8 W 18 Face runout S 7 8 8 8 9 10 W 13 Axial runout Ai 7 8 8 8 9 10 13 1 © 8 applias to inner and outer rings; the valuss refer to the bore.34 Outer ring Standard tolerance (tolerance class 0) Tolerances in pm Nominal outside diameter over) 18 30 50 80 120 160 180 250 315 400 D{mm] to 30 50 80 120 150 486 250 315 400 500 D, o 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 0 m | 9 —11 —13 —15 —18 —25 —-30 —35 —40 —45 Outside diameter na D +2 +3 +4 45 +6 +7 +8 +9 410 +12 AT 14 AT 20 24 32 98 —44 —-80 —87 Radial runout Ra | 15 20 25 95 40 458 80 60 70 80 Tolerance class P 6 Nominal outside diameter over; 18° 30 50 80 120 150 180 250 315 400 D[mm} to 30 50 80 120 150 180 250 315 400 500 D o © 0 0 0 © 0 0 68 @ 1 | 8 9 —11 —13 —15 —18 20 —25 28 —33 Outside diameter mp p | #1 £2 42 42 439 43 44 +4 45 48 9 11 18 15 18 —21 —24 —29 —33 —28 Radial runout Ra 8 10 #13 #18 20 23 25 30 85 40 Tolerance class P 5 Nominal outside diameter over; 18 30 60 80 120 150 180 260 315 400 D [mm] to 30 50 80 120 150 180 250 315 400 500 D 0 0 0 © 0 0 0 @© 68 0 | mn 2 HQ —AD AT 13 15 —18 —20 —23 Outside diameter § ——}-————$ $a D o 0 9 © 6 0 09 09 Oo 90 —6 7 —9 10 —11 13 —15 —18 —20 —23 t Width variation Up 5 5 6 8 8 8 10 1 #13 «18 Radial runout Ra 6 7 8 10 11 13 18 #18 20 2 Face runout Sy 8 8 8 9 10 10 11° #13 13 15 Axial runout Aa 8 8 1 1 #13 14 156 18 20 234 Table 3.1/2 Tolerances of tapered roller bearings Cone (inner ring) Standard tolerance (tolerance class 0) Tolerances in um i Nominal i bore diameter —over 10 18 30 80 8 120 d fmm] to 18 30 «50 80120 180 4 —8 —10 —12 —18 —20 —25 i 0 o 60 0 0 6 Bore | 4 1 19 18 —19 —25 —31 +3 43 43 +4 +5 +6 wi o o oOo oO oO oO Width B 200 —200 240 —-200 —400 —-500 Radial runout Ri 16 18 «420 25 «9085 Overall width T +200 “F200 +200 +200 +200 +1360 Tolerance class P 6 Nominal bore diameter over 10 18 3 50 8 120 d {mm} to 18 «6300650 80 120180 ¢ —7 —8 —10 —12 —15 —18 in 0 0 9 0 0 0 Bore ey ¢ —8 9 —11 —14 —18 —21 +1 +1 44 +2 43° 43 - 0. 0 0 0 0 O Width B 200 —-200 —240 —300 —-400 —500 Radial runout Ri 7 8 1 10 13 18 Face runout Si wo 10 12 12 15 15 - 4 +200 +200 +350 Overall width T F200 ON 200 20 oO 380 Tolerance class P 5 Nominal bore diameter over 70 618 ©6380 50 80 120. d [mm] to 18 30 «50 «80 120 180 4 —7 ~8 —10 12 —15 —18 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bore _—_ é —8 —9 —11 —14 —18 —2t +1 bt Ft +2 43° +3 fo 0 0 oOo 6 0 0 Width 8 200 —200 --240 300 —400 —00 Radial runout Ri 35 4 #5 5 6 8 Face runout Si 7 8 8 8 9 1 Overall width 7 “F200 +200 +200 +200 +200 +950 0 —200 —250Cup (Outer ring) Standard tolerance (tolerance class 0) 34 Tolerances in wm Nominai bore diameter over 30 50 80 120 150 180 D [mm] to 50 80 120 150 180 250 + o o © oO © 0 Dm 11 13 15 —18 —25 —30 Outside diameter D +3 $4 +5 +6 47 48 —14 17 20 24 ~32 38 Radial runout Re 20 28 8540 458 Tolerance class P 6 Nominal bore diameter over 30 50 80 120 150 180 D [mm] to 50 80 120 180 180 250 D, 0 o oOo oOo oO oO a 8 11 18 15 —18 —20 Outside diameter > +20 +2 42 +3 +3 +4 11 13 15 —18 21 —24 Radial runout Ba 10 13 18 «20 23 8B Tolerance class P 5 Nominal bore diameter 30 50 80) 120180 $80 D [mm]f 50 80 120 150 180 260 o 0 0 9 oO 0 | —9 1 13 15 —18 —20 Outside diameter D +2 +2 +2 +3 43 +4 11 138 15 18 —21 24 Radial runout Ra 7 8 0 1 13 18 Face runout Sa 8 8 9 10 10 143 Table 3.1/3 Tolerances of thrust bearings Shaft washer Standard tolerance (tolerance class 0) Nominal Tolerances in pm bore diameter over 18 30 50 80 120 180 260 315 400 d {mm} to 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 316 400 500 8 —-10 —12 —15 —20 —25 —-30 —35 —40 —45 Bore gm [oo o 0 9 0 9 0 0 9 Axial runout As 10 70 10 #10 #15 #15 20 26 30 3&0 Tolerance class P 6 Nominal bore diameter over 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 d [mm] to 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 8 —10 —12 —-15 —20 --25 —30 —35 ~~40 —45, Bore dan 0 oO 0 9 0 0 oO 90 a 9 Axial runout As 5 5 6 7 8 98 0 13 145 18 Tolerance class P 5 Nominal bore diameter over 38 30 50) 680 120 180 250 315 400 d [mm] to 38 30 50) 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 —8 —10 —12 —15 —20 —25 —30 35 —40 —45 Bore da 0 0 0 9 0 oO 0 o o 0 Axial runout As 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 7 7 9 Housing washer Standard tolerance (tolerance class 0) Nominal Tolerances in ym bore diameter over 78 30 80 80 120 180 250 315 400 D [mm] to 3050 80 120 180 260 315 400 600 0 0 0 0 6 0 O 0 Outside diameter Om 13 —16 —19 —-22 —25 ~-20 95 —40 —45 Axial runout wR 10 10 10 16 16 20 2 30 30 Tolerance class P 6 Nominal bore diameter over 18 30 50 80 120 180 260 315 400 D [mm} to 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 a . 0 Outside diameter Dr 13 18 18 —22 —28 09 9 —ah 48 Axial runout Ay 6 6 7 68 9 10 13 15 18 Tolerance class P § Nominal bore diameter over 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 D [mm] to 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 - 00 0 68 0 0 0 0 0 Outside diameter Om 18 18 —19 —22 25 30 —35 —49 08 Axial runout As 3 3 4 4 5 5 7 7 Qie f L 34 Table 3.1/4 Tolerances for chamfer dimensions t Nominal chamfer dimension ‘min = The smallest single chamfer dimension tmox = The largest single chamfer dimension Dimensions in mm Tin 08 05 G7 O98 17 15 19 23 27 31 39 47 63 r 05 08 4 42°15 2 25 3 a5 4 5 6 8 Naax 08 12 16 47 24 27 33 4 45 52 65 76 10 Table 3.1/5 Tapered bore tolerances Nominal Deviation from nominal Deviation from nominal dimension dimension taper angie pay = Bearing bore nominal diameter [mm] d+ 0,083333 . B = Nominai diameter at jarge end of bore [mm] Widih of cone [mm] = 2° 23' 9,4" = Nominal taper angle Deviation from nominal diameter d (um) Deviation from bore diameter d, (um) = 171648 — 54 — angle deviation [minutes] bes nla Fania oF 0 Tolerances in um Nominalbore jover 10 18 30 60 80 120 180 260 315 400 diameter d{mmj to 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 d(H) min o 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Oo Oo max +27 +93 +39 +46 +54 +63 +72 +81 +89 +97 Adi—Ad | min o 09 0 0 0 0 0 6 Oo (IT 7) max +18 +21 +25 +30 +95 +40 446 +52 +57 +6332-321 3.2 3.24 Bearing clearance initial clearance Rolling bearings should guide shafts as accurately as possible. The radial clearance of the mounted bearing (operating clearance) should not be more than a few pm. In order to ensure such an operating condition, various points must be taken Into consideration. Differential thermal expansion of the bearing rings and the surrounding parts may lead to a preloading of the bearing. ‘Tight fits of the bearing rings reduce the clearance. In most cases the operating clearance is smaller than the initial clearance (clearance of the unmounted bearing). The initial clearance must be adjusted to a wide range of operating and mounting conditions. Thus bearings with larger or smailer clearance are available in addition to standard clearance bearings. Standard clearance bearings are not specifically identified. if fits and operating conditions are considered to be normal, they will guarantee the right operating clearance, Bearings with smaller radiai clearance are identified by the suffix C2. Bearings with larger radial clearance are identified, according to increasing values, by C3, C4 and C5. The standardized clearance groups will practically cover all applications. ff, In exceptional cases, bearings with a tolerance field closer than the standardized ones are needed, they are identified by suffix R (for radial clearance) or A (for axial clearance) together with the limiting values of the bearing clearance, e. g. R 30.40, Cylindrical roller bearings are usually delivered as bearings of the type “rings paired". If these rings are interchanged during the mounting procedure, the clearance may correspond to that of “rings interchanged". In some exceptional cases bearings with “non-interchangeable rings" (NA) may be available, their clearance corresponds to that of “rings paired”. Paired rings, if they are separately packed, are identified as paired rings. The radial and axial clearance values are listed in tables 3.2/1... 3.2/8. @-EC Le 3.24 In tapered bore bearings the internal clearance must be checked when pressing the corie on to the tapered seat. The listed values of radial clearance are larger than those of cylindrical bore bearings. For double-row angular contact bal! bearings the axial clearance is quoted instead of the radial one. With bearing arrangements with two single-row angular contact ball bearings or tapered roller bearings (X or O arrangement), the axial clearance will be adjusted during the mounting procedure, Whether clearance or preloading should be adjusted, will finally depend on the operating conditions. Recommendations on the selection of internal clearance: Standard clearance is chosen under normal operating conditions, if one of the two bearing rings gets a light press fit. Radial clearance of group C2 should be used in cases where bearing arrange- ments without clearance, as far as this is possible, are required; fits must not be too tight, Bearings of increased clearance groups C3, C4, C5 should be provided, whenever special operation conditions exist such as tight fits in the case of high loads, press fits for both rings in the case of undetermined load direction, large temperature differences between inner and outer rings, cooling of the housing or heat supply via the shaft. The clearance group might also be combined with the suffix of a tolerance field tor close tolerances. In this case “C"’ is omitted and the number of the clearance group added to the number of the tolerance field, e.g. P6 + C3 = P 63. Table 3.2/1 Radial clearance of deep groove ball bearings without filling slots, single-row, cylindrical bore Nominal bore Radial clearance R [pm] diameter d [mm] C2 standard C3 C4 C5 over__t0 min max min _max prin max min max min _ max 6 10 0 7 2 13 8 23 14 29 200 7 10 18 0 9 3 18 WW 26 18 33 25 45 18 24 a 40 5 20 18° 28 20 36 28 48 24 30 1044 5 20 13° 28 230 41 30 53 30 40 1044 6 2 1533 28 46 AQ 64 40 50 tO 6 23 18 36 BO O51 45 73 50 65 1 15 8 2s 23° «43 38 61 65 90 65 80, 1 15 190 30 25 51 46°71 65 105 80 100 1 18 12° 36 30 «58 53 84 75 120 100 120 2 20 15 At 36 66 61 7 90 140 120 140 2 23 1 48 41 81 71 «114 105 160 140 160 2 23 18 53 460 ai 130 120 180 160 180 2 25 20. «61 53 102 a1 147 135 200 180, 200 2 30 250071 63 117 107 163 150 230 200 225 4 38 32.79 72 127 116 184 4170 274 225 250 4 41 34 89 Be 144 132 204 188 304 250 280 4 48 40 94 85 154 142 229 212 334 280 315 8 50 45 110 100 180 170 260 250 360 315 355 8 50 45 120 110 200 190 290 280 390 355 460 8 60 85 140 130 230 220 330 320 450 61B24 Table 32/2 Radial clearance of cylindrical roller bearings Cylindrical bore Radial clearance R (um) Nominal bore C1 ‘diameter c 2 standard in rings d fmm} paired interchanged paired interchanged over to min max min max min max min max min max = 18 5 15 10 20 0 30 20 30 10 40 18 24 5 15 10 20 0 30 20 30 10 40 2480 5 18 10 25 0 30 25 35 10 45 3040 5 18 12 2 0 35 25 40 15 50 40 50 5 18 15 30 5 40 30 45 20 55 50 8S 5 20 16 35 S 45 35 50 20 65 65 a0 10 25 20 40 5 55 40 60 25 75 80 100 10 30 26 45 10 60 45 70 30 80 100 120 10 30 26 60 10 65 50 80 35 90 420 140 10 35 30 60 10 75 60 90 40 108 140 460 10 35 35 65 15 80 65 190 50 115 | 160 180 10 40 85 75 20 88 75 110 80 125 180 200 18 45 40 80 26 95 80 420 65 135 200228 15 50 45 90 30 105 90 135 75 180 225 260 18 50 50 100 40 115 100 150 90 165 250 280 20 58 85 110 45 125 110 165 100 180 Radial clearance R [»m} Norninal bore standard c3 c4 a fmm] pared interchanges pared. ‘inlerenanged —_pairad_ interchanged over 40 min max min max min mex min max min max min max —- 18 20 30 10 40 35 45 25 55 45 55 35 65 18 24 20 30 10 40 35 45 26 55 45 55 35 65 2480 28 95 10 45 40 80 30 65 50 60 40 70 30 40 25 40 15 50 45 55 35 70 58 70 45 80 40 50 30 45 20 55 50 65 40 75 65 80 55 90 50 65 35 50 20 65 55 75 45 90 75 90 65 105 65 80 40 60 25 75 70 90 55105 90 110 75 125 80 100 45 70 30 80 80 105 65 115 105 128 90 140 100 120 50 80 35 90 95 120 80135 120 145 105 160 420 140 60 90 40105 105 185 90 155 186 160 115 180 140 160 65 100 50115 115 180 100 465 150 180 130 106 160180 75110 80125 © 125 165 110 175 165 200 180 215 80 200 80 120 66 135 140 180 125 195 180 220 165 235 200.225 90 136 75 150 185 200 140 215 200 240 180 265 225 260 100 150 90 165 170 218 155 230 215 265 205 280 260-280 110 165 160 180 185 240 176 255 240 295 230 3103.24 Table 3.2/3 Radial clearance of self-aligning ball bearings Cylindrical bore Nominal bore Radial clearance R (um) diameter d{mm] C2 standard C3 C4 cs over to min mex min_ max min_ max 6 16 25 23° 32 6 Ww eT 25 36 3444 7 18 28 26 36 35 45 7 19 31 26 38 3547 8 19 32 28 42 40 55 8 23° 36 3447 46 65 40 50 8 19 14 27 25 38 37-80 50 70 50 65 9 20 16 30 30. 45 45 65 65 «90 65 80 9 21 18°35 35° (54 54 76 76 106 80 100 9 22 220 42 42 84 64 89 89 124 100 120 10 25 25 50 60 75 75 105 105 145 Tapered bore Nominal bore Radial clearance R [um] diameter dimm] ij c2 standard cs C4 ch over to | imia max min max tin_max min max min _ max 18 24 10 49 14 26 22 84 29°C 38 «50 24 30 1200241 15 28 23 36 33°46 44 59 30 40 14 24 19 32 29° «42 40 53 52 74 40 50 16 27 22 36 3346 46 58 56 78 Bo 65 20 31 a7 41 41 86 56 76 76 10t 65 80 24 36 33° «50 50 69 699 81 121 80 100 29° 42 42 62 62 84 84 109 t09 144 100 120 35 «50 50 75 75 160 100 130 130 170 as)3.24 Table 3.2/4 Radial clearance of spherical roller bearings Cylindrical bore Nominal bore Radial clearance R fam} diameter d [mm] c2 standard C3 C4 over to min_max_omin max min max min__max 24 30 158 25 25 40 40 55 55° 76 30 40 15 30 30° 45 45 60 60 80 40 50 200 3h 35° (55 55 75 75 100 50 65 20 40 40 65 65 «90 96 120 6 80 30 60 50 80 80 110 © 110 145 Bo 100 35 «60 60 100 100 135 135 180 100 120 40 75 75 120 120 160 160 210 120 140 50 (95 95 145 4145 190 190 240 | 140 160 60 110 110-170 170 220 220 280 180 180 65 120 420 180 180 240 240 310 180 260 70 430 430 200 200 260 260 340 200 © 225 80 140 140 220 220 290 290 380 226 250 90 150 180 240 240 320 320 420 Tapered bore Nominai bore Radial clearance R [xm] diameter d [mm] C2 standard C3 C4 over___to min max min max min max rnin max 24 30 20 30 30040 40 65 86 76 30 40 26 36 35 «50 60 65 65 85 40 50 30 (46 45 60 6 80 80 100 50 65 40 55 55 75 75 96 96 120 65 80 50 70 70 98 95 120 120 160 80 100 55 80 60 110 119 440 140 180 100 120 65 100 100 135 135° 170 170 220 120 140 80 120 120 160 460 200 200 260 140 160 90 120 130 180 © 180-280-280 800 160 180 100 140 140 200 200 260 260 340 180 200 110 160 160 220 220 290 290 370 200 225 120 180 180 250 250 320 320 410 225 250 140 200 200 270 270 350 350 450E . i 3.24 Table 3.2/5 Axial clearance of four-point contact bearings Nominal bore Axial clearance A {um} diameter d [mm] C2 standard C3 C4 min max min_max max Table 3.2/6 Axial clearance of double-row angutar contact ball bearings Nominal bore Axial clearance A (um) diameter [mm] c2 standard c3 ca over to mia max. min max min max min max 4 40 4 18 4 20 4 30 4 40 80 4 14 18 24 24 38 36 48 5068 4 2 2 33 33 47 47 Bt 65 80 4 2 2 37 a7 St 8 @ 80 100 4 22 22 460 4 59 89 20 100 #10 4 22 2 44 44 66 66 88 R= 06A3.2.2—3.2.2.4 3.22 3.2.2.1 Calculation of operating clearance For the determination of the correct clearance group it will often be necessary to calculate the anticipated operating clearance in advance. The following should be taken into account: © Reduction of internat clearance by tight shaft and housing fits, © Change of internal clearance due to the influence of the operating temperature. Reduction of radial clearance by tight fits Theoretical interference The selected fits yield the theoretical interference Ad. AD. between shaft and inner ring [um] between outer ring and housing [ym] The maximum, probable and minimum values of the interference are indicated, according to the possible coincidence of the actual values, in tables 4.1/2 and 4.1/5. The probable interference was calculated on the assumption that the actual values are one third away from the go-side end of the tolerance field. Effective interference Ad—G [pm] AD—G [um] G ui total smoothing /fitting joint 6 = 2.(Gr+Ga) [um a= smoothing of inner part Ga = smoothing of outer part On an average, the smoothing corresponds to six tenth of the maximum peak to valley value R,. Reference vaiues for G: d,D [mm] G [um] over to precision ground precision turned _- 50 4 6 50 100 6 8 100 8 10GOO 0209 OF OSCE EOP NH RON SET BO? ARAB HOMO MARE sol 3 He oe t sa CC} ; Gee Ce or WO OF OL Og OF O05 OF CHOU OH 167 A RO OH OMI Bore reference number ~* Fig, 32/1 Fig. 3.2/1 shows the cross section ratios C, and C; for deep groove ball bearings. For cylindrical roller bearings approximately a, = F, D; see Bearing Tables.3.221 Diameter increase of inner ring raceway 4 L, (expansion of the inner ring) ALL p Eis Ey fan Paw Ader qd haa a Ch d & 2000. : a = oi in 7-02 Pp [um] Go a Ce 4 Adest | {N/mm?] d 1 1462 1 14092 1000 . Ee (28+ wn) + ee + (Green specific pressure in the fitting joint between inner ring and shaft modulus of elasticity of the inner ring of the rolling bearing: 210.000 N/mm? modulus of elasticity of shaft: 210 000 N/mm? (steel) poisson’s ratio of inner ring material: 0,3 poisson’s ratio of shaft material: 0,3 (steel) effective interference [um] bore diameter {mm] Fig. 3.2/2 shows the diameter increase of the inner ring as 4L,/A dus, ratio. PT G05, Ly 0,9 [a Bde [oes oof 40.8. PLS 20,75 p+. CS mS ofa Pad cel og NS 0.55 2s 05 > rr | hm ® or 92 03 96 a8 a6 G7 o8 a0 Cc, Fig. 3.2/2| | 3.2.24 Diameter reduction of outer ring raceway A L, (contraction of outer ring) Ala = 2000 fe {um} oy = 2 = 2 poo BBE ae palace IN I woo | (HERE + no} +21 (HSE — oul] Pp specific pressure in the fitting joint between housing and outer ring Eo modulus of elasticity of housing: 210 000 N/mm? (steel) 105 000 N/mm? (cast iron) 76 000 N/mm: (light metal) Exe “= modulus of elasticity of outer ring: 210000 N/mm? Be = poisson’s ratio of housing material: 0,3 (steel, cast steel, light metal), 0,25 (cast iron) Bean poisson’s ratio of outer ring material: 0.3 AD, = effective interference [j:m) dD = outside diameter of bearing [mm] Diameter reduction of outer ring raceway 4 L,/D,;;: fig. 3.2/3 for steel housings, fig. 3.2/4 for cast iron housings, fig. 3.2/5 for light metal housings. ree AL, 0.9 i, SDen oes [4 | 38 oa TN SEERA 088 —~] \ I 26 eB SPE SS | 25. oa 98 on. on ° Or Oz os of 05 36 OF of O° CG St-housings Fig. 3.2/3